Editing Paradox of hedonism

{{Short description|Philosophical paradox}}{{Over-quotation|date=May 2025}}{{utilitarianism|expanded=Problems}}
The '''paradox of hedonism''', also called the '''pleasure paradox''', refers to the practical difficulties encountered in the pursuit of [[pleasure]]. For the [[hedonist]], constant pleasure-seeking may not yield the most actual pleasure or [[happiness]] in the long term when consciously pursuing pleasure interferes with experiencing it.

The utilitarian philosopher [[Henry Sidgwick]] was first to note in ''[[The Methods of Ethics]]'' that the [[paradox]] of [[hedonism]] is that pleasure cannot be acquired directly.<ref name="Paradox of Hedonism">{{Cite web |title=Paradox of Hedonism |url=http://sophistsociety.tumblr.com/post/5196531729/paradox-of-hedonism |publisher=The Sophist Society |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508152144/http://sophistsociety.tumblr.com/post/5196531729/paradox-of-hedonism |archive-date=8 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=WP:RSSELF.|date=April 2025}} Variations on this theme appear in the realms of [[philosophy]], [[psychology]], and [[economics]].

==Quotations==
{{hedonism}}
Failing to attain pleasures while  deliberately seeking them has been variously described:

{{Blockquote
|text=But I now thought that this end [one's happiness] was only to be attained by not making it the direct end. Those only are happy (I thought) who have their minds fixed on some object other than their own happiness[...] Aiming thus  at something else, they find happiness along the way[...] Ask yourself whether you are happy, and you cease to be so.
|author=[[John Stuart Mill]]
|source=''Autobiography'' (1909)<ref>John Stuart Mill, Autobiography in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 25, Charles Eliot Norton, ed. (New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company, 1909 (p. 94)</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=
Happiness cannot be pursued; it must ensue, and it only does so as the unintended side effect of one's personal dedication to a cause greater than oneself or as the by-product of one's surrender to a person other than oneself.

The more a man tries to demonstrate his sexual potency or a woman her ability to experience orgasm, the less they are able to succeed. Pleasure is, and must remain, a side-effect or by-product, and is destroyed and spoiled to the degree to which it is made a goal in itself.
|author=[[Viktor Frankl]]
|source=''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]''
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=
What is good? Everything that heightens the feeling of power in man, the will to power, power itself.

What is bad?  Everything that is born of weakness.

What is happiness?  The feeling that power increases—that a resistance is overcome.
|author=[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
|source=[[The Antichrist (book)|''The Antichrist'' (1895)]]<ref name="antichrist2">''[[The Antichrist (book)|The Antichrist]]'', § 2</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=[...] it is significantly enlightening to substitute for the individual 'happiness' (for which every living being is supposed to strive) ''power'' [...] joy is only a symptom of the feeling of attained power [...] (one does not strive for joy [...] joy accompanies; joy does not move)
|author=[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
|source=[[The Will to Power (manuscript)|''The Will to Power'' (1901)]]<ref name="derwillezurmacht688">''[[The Will to Power (manuscript)|The Will to Power]]'', § 688</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=Nietzsche's "will to power" and "will to seem" embrace many of our views, which again resemble in some respects the views of Féré and the older writers, according to whom the sensation of pleasure originates in a feeling of power, that of pain in a feeling of feebleness.
|author=[[Alfred Adler]]
|source=''The Neurotic Constitution'' (1912)<ref name="adler">{{Cite web|author=Adler, Alfred|author-link=Alfred Adler|year=1912|title=The Neurotic Constitution|pages=ix|publisher=Moffat, Yard and Company|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/neuroticconstitu00adle}}</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=
The love of praise, howe'er concealed by art,<br />
Reigns more or less supreme in every heart;<br />
The Proud to gain it, toils on toils endure;<br />
The modest shun it, but to make it sure!
|author=[[Edward Young]]<ref>Geoffrey Brennan. [http://www.assa.edu.au/publications/occasional/2005_No1_The_Esteem_Engine.pdf The Esteem Engine: A Resource for Institutional Design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305211621/http://www.assa.edu.au/publications/occasional/2005_No1_The_Esteem_Engine.pdf |date=2014-03-05 }}</ref>
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=Happiness is like a cat, if you try to coax it or call it, it will avoid you; it will never come. But if you pay no attention to it and go about your business, you'll find it rubbing against your legs and jumping into your lap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Bennett Quotes |url=http://thinkexist.com/quotation/happiness_is_like_a_cat-if_you_try_to_coax_it_or/331085.html |publisher=Thinkexist.com |year=1999 |access-date=2013-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quote by William J. Bennett |url=http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/214763-happiness-is-like-a-cat-if-you-try-to-coax |publisher=[[Goodreads|Goodreads Inc.]] |year=2013 |access-date=2013-04-27}}</ref>
|author=[[William Bennett]]
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=Happiness is found only in little moments of inattention.
|author=[[João Guimarães Rosa]]<ref>Rosa, Guimarães. Tutaméia – Terceiras Estórias (8.a ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Nova Fronteira, 2001, p. 60.</ref>
}}

==Suggested explanations==
''Happiness'' is often imprecisely equated with ''pleasure''. If, for whatever reason, one does equate happiness with pleasure, then the paradox of hedonism arises. When one aims solely towards pleasure itself, one's aim is frustrated. [[Henry Sidgwick]] comments on such frustration after a discussion of self-love in the above-mentioned work:

<blockquote>I should not, however, infer from this that the pursuit of pleasure is necessarily self-defeating and futile; but merely that the principle of Egoistic Hedonism, when applied with a due knowledge of the laws of human nature, is practically self-limiting; i.e., that a rational method of attaining the end at which it aims requires that we should to some extent put it out of sight and not directly aim at it.<ref>Henry Sidgwick. ''The Methods of Ethics''. BookSurge Publishing (1 March 2001) (p. 3)</ref></blockquote>

While not addressing the paradox directly, [[Aristotle]] commented on the futility of pursuing pleasure. Human beings are actors whose endeavours bring about consequences, and among these is pleasure. Aristotle then argues as follows:

<blockquote>How, then, is it that no one is continuously pleased? Is it that we grow weary? Certainly all human things are incapable of continuous activity. Therefore pleasure also is not continuous; for it accompanies activity.<ref>Aristotle. ''Nicomachean Ethics'', [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.10.x.html Book X, page 4]</ref></blockquote>

Sooner or later, finite beings will be unable to acquire and expend the resources necessary to maintain their sole goal of pleasure; thus, they find themselves in the company of misery. [[Evolutionary theory]] explains that humans evolved through natural selection and follow genetic imperatives that seek to maximize [[reproduction]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Sociobiology: Evolution, Genes and Morality| url = http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/sociobio.html | author = Raymond Bohlin| access-date = 2007-01-03 }}</ref> not [[happiness]]. According to [[David Pearce (philosopher)|David Pearce]], the extent of human happiness is limited biologically by a genetically determined baseline level of well-being that cannot be permanently altered through environmental improvements alone. He argues in his treatise ''The Hedonistic Imperative'' that humans might be able to use [[genetic engineering]], [[nanotechnology]], and [[neuroscience]] to eliminate suffering in all human life and allow for peak levels of happiness and pleasure that are currently unimaginable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=The End of Suffering {{!}} Issue 56 |url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/56/The_End_of_Suffering |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Philosophy Now}}</ref>

Competing philosophies seek to balance hedonism with good acts and intentions, thus "earning" the pleasure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essay 1 on Hedonism at the Church Of Carnal Knowledge |url=https://churchofcarnalknowledge.com/essay-1-hedonism#paradox |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=churchofcarnalknowledge.com}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Altruism]]
* [[Anti-consumerism]]
* [[Cognitive dissonance]]
* [[Crab mentality]]
* [[Easterlin paradox]]
* [[False pleasure]]
* [[Hedonic treadmill]]
* [[Intrinsic value (ethics)|Intrinsic value]]
* [[Negative hedonism]]
* [[Leisure satisfaction]]
* [[Psychological egoism]]
* [[Rat race]]
* [[Tantalus]]
* [[Willpower paradox]]
* [[Wireheading]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Aristotle, ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' 1175, 3–6 in ''The Basic Works of Aristotle'', [[Richard McKeon]] ed. (New York: Random House, 1941)
* John Stuart Mill, ''Autobiography'' in ''The Harvard Classics'', Vol. 25, Charles Eliot Norton, ed. (New York: P. F. Collier  & Son Company, 1909)
* Henry  Sidgwick,  ''The  Methods of  Ethics'' (London: Macmillan  & Co.  Ltd., 1874/1963)

== External links ==
* {{IEP|/paradox-of-hedonism/}}
* Konow, James, & Joseph Earley. "[http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2728/ The Hedonistic Paradox: Is homo economicus happier?]" ''Journal of Public Economics'' 92, 2008.

{{paradoxes}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paradox Of Hedonism}}
[[Category:Hedonism]]
[[Category:Utilitarianism]]
[[Category:Philosophical paradoxes]]