Editing Papa Legba

{{Short description|Ginen in Haitian Vodou}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
| name            = Papa Legba
| feast_day       = June 13
| venerated_in    = [[West African Vodun]], [[Haitian Vodou]], [[Louisiana Voodoo]], [[Folk Catholicism]], [[Dominican Vudú]] and [[Winti]]
| image           = VeveLegba.svg
| imagesize       = 220px
| caption         = [[Veve]] of '''Papa Legba'''
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| titles          = 
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}}

'''Papa Legba''' is a [[lwa]], or loa, in [[West African Vodun]] and its diasporic derivatives ([[Dominican Vudú|Dominican Republic Vudú]], [[Haitian Vodou]], [[Louisiana Voodoo]], and [[Winti]]), who serves as the intermediary between God and humanity. He stands at a spiritual crossroads and gives (or denies) permission to speak with the spirits of Guineé, and is believed to speak all human languages. In [[Duvalier dynasty|Haiti]], he is the great [[elocution]]er. Legba facilitates communication, speech, and understanding. He is commonly associated with dogs. Papa Legba is invoked at the beginning of every ceremony. Papa Legba has his origins in the historic West African kingdom of [[Dahomey]], located within present-day [[Benin]].

==Appearance==
He usually appears as an old man on a crutch or with a cane, wearing a broad-brimmed straw hat and smoking a pipe, or drinking dark rum. The dog is sacred to him. Legba is [[Religious syncretism|syncretized]] with [[Saint Peter]], [[Rich man and Lazarus|Saint Lazarus]],<ref>Morris, Brian, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&dq=legba+st.+lazarus&pg=PA196 ''Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805212855/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA196&dq=legba+st.+lazarus&hl=en&ei=utaNTsGVM-PY0QH6uIUQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=legba%20st.%20lazarus&f=false |date=August 5, 2019 }}, Cambridge University Press, p. 196.</ref> and [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/aa.1937.39.4.02a00080 | volume=39 | issue=4 | title=African Gods and Catholic Saints in New World Negro Belief | journal=American Anthropologist | pages=635–643| year=1937 | last1=Herskovits | first1=Melville J. | doi-access=free }}</ref> His ''[[veve]]'' incorporates a walking cane on the right side.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |title=New Orleans Voodoo (A Virtual Tour) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aksVg8mNtPg&t=20m00s |language=en |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref> Offerings to him typically include candy.<ref name=":03"/>

Legba is a favorite lwa of children due to his jolly, grandpa-like image.<ref name=":03"/> He is often tasked with babysitting and distracting children (a typical male role in the matrilineal religion) while more serious rituals are being performed by the adults.<ref name=":03" />

==In popular culture==
In his study of the [[Delta blues]], [[Robert Palmer (American writer)|Robert Palmer]] discusses the appearance of Legba in blues lyrics and lore. Palmer notes that Legba can be referred to/identified as "the Devil", "Papa Legba", and "The Black Man" throughout the history of the blues.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Palmer|date=1981|title=Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta|location=New York|publisher=Penguin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/60 60, 126]|isbn=978-0-1400-6223-6|url=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/60}}</ref> This is also made clear in ethnomusicologist [[Bruno Blum]]'s text for the CD box set ''Voodoo in America''<ref>[https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.livrets&content_id=7008&product_id=1380&category_id=34 ''VOODOO IN AMERICA | BLUES, JAZZ, RHYTHM & BLUES, CALYPSO 1926–1961''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115135207/https://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.livrets&content_id=7008&product_id=1380&category_id=34 |date=November 15, 2020 }}, Frémeaux & Associés. (scroll for English version)</ref> where reference to Papa Legba, deity of roads and crossroads, in [[Robert Johnson]]'s iconic song "Crossroads" is explained.

There is extensive referencing to voodoo in the [[Sprawl trilogy]] (1984-1988) by [[William Gibson]]. In the second book, ''[[Count Zero]]'' (1986), Papa Legba stands at the gateway to cyberspace as the "master of roads and pathways," with other loa appearing throughout the book. Papa Legba and Voodoo appear again in ''[[Spook Country]]'' (2007), a book from one of Gibson's other trilogies.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/19/qa_with_william_gibson/ Q&A with William Gibson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115135204/http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/19/qa_with_william_gibson/ |date=November 15, 2020 }}, ''The Boston Globe''.</ref>

A 1985 episode of the TV series ''Miami Vice'' (Season 2, Episode 8, "Tale of the Goat") centers on a malign Vodou priest by the name of Papa Legba (played by [[Clarence Williams III]]). In keeping with the image of Legba often conceptualised in Haitian Vodou subculture, Papa Legba is depicted as "controlling" the gateway to the spiritual world (through the use of drugs), walking with the aid of crutches,<ref>Filan, Kenaz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&q=cruches&pg=PA75 ''The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa''].</ref> and smoking a pipe.<ref>Laister, Richard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nYwhMipCK9EC&q=crutches%2F ''Looking for Mr. Legba''], p. 12.</ref>

The musical group [[Talking Heads]] made a song named after him. The song can be found on their 1986 album (and soundtrack to the [[David Byrne]] [[True Stories (film)|film of the same name]]), ''[[True Stories (Talking Heads album)|True Stories]]''.<ref>Tiller, Joe [https://www.thisisdig.com/feature/true-stories-talking-heads-album/ TRUE STORIES: THE STRANGE TALES OF TALKING HEADS’ SOUNDTRACK ALBUM]</ref> In the film, this song is sung by [[Pops Staples]], whose character performs a kind of love ritual. The Danish band Volbeat features what appears to be a cartoon interpretation of Papa Legba in their 2017 animated video for "The Black Rose."

Papa Legba is a recurring character in ''[[American Horror Story]]'', appearing in the [[American Horror Story: Coven|third]] and [[American Horror Story: Apocalypse|eighth]] season, as a gatekeeper of the afterlife. He is an acquaintance of [[Marie Laveau]], having granted her immortality in exchange for the offering of one innocent every year. Papa Legba’s portrayal in the show has attracted some criticism, with many noting that the portrayal of Papa Legba was more similar to [[Baron Samedi]] than the mythical Papa Legba himself.

In the 2024 Sony Pictures Universe of Marvel Movies (SPUMM) film Kraven the Hunter, the titular protagonist (Aaron Taylor-Johnson) develops supernatural abilities after receiving a potion allegedly derived from the traditional spiritual scholarship of Papa Legba by the grandmother of the film's primary female protagonist, Calypso (Ariana DeBose).

==See also==
* [[Elegua]]
* [[Baron Samedi|The Father of Spirits]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
 11 Felix Kuadugah, contributor- Legba worship among the Gbe speaking people of Nigeria, Benin, Togo and  Ghana.

==External links==
* [http://www.americanethnography.com/gallery.php?id=121 Papa Legba, protector of the home and guardian of gates and crossroads] photo from {{cite book |last= Galembo |first= Phyllis |title= [[Vodou: Visions and Voices of Haiti]] |publisher= [[Ten Speed Press]] |date=March 2005 |isbn= 1-58008-676-4}}

{{Afro-American Religions}}

[[Category:Haitian Vodou gods]]
[[Category:Crossroads mythology]]
[[Category:Liminal gods]]