Editing Panorama

{{Short description|Wide-angle view or representation of a physical space}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Improve lead|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Panorama of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Panorama photograph of the inner courtyard of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]], in Tunisia]]
[[File:360° interior panorama of San Gregorio church in Breglia, Italy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|360° interior panorama of San Gregorio church in Breglia, Italy]]
A '''panorama''' (formed from [[Greek language|Greek]] πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any [[Obtuse angle|wide-angle]] view or representation of a physical space, whether in [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[photography]] ([[panoramic photography]]), [[film]], [[seismic images]], or [[3D modeling]]. The word was coined in the 18th century<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/nyregion/a-review-of-the-panoramic-river-at-the-hudson-river-museum.html A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com]</ref> by the English ([[Irish people|Irish descent]]) painter [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] to describe his [[panoramic painting]]s of [[Edinburgh]] and [[London]]. The motion-picture term [[Panning (camera)|''panning'']] is derived from ''panorama''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture/Expressive-elements-of-motion-pictures|title=Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en}}</ref>

A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, [[cognitive space]]s<ref>For more see the [[International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics]].</ref> used to capture the larger scale.

== History ==
[[File:Vue circulaire des montagnes qu ‘on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet, from Horace-Benedict de Saussure, Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve. Neuchatel, l779-96, pl. 8.jpg|thumb|"Vue circulaire des montagnes qu'on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", from Horace-Benedict de Saussure, ''Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve''. Neuchatel, 1779–96, pl. 8.]]

The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in [[mural]]s, as early as 20 A.D., in those found in [[Pompeii]],<ref>{{Citation | author1=Grau, Oliver | author2=Custance, Gloria | title=Virtual art: from illusion to immersion | year=2003 | publication-date=2003 | publisher=MIT Press | edition=Rev. and expanded | isbn=978-0-262-07241-0 }}</ref> as a means of generating an immersive "[[Panopticism|panoptic]]" experience of a [[:wikt:vista|vista]].

[[Cartography|Cartographic]] experiments during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] era preceded European [[Panoramic painting|panorama painting]] and contributed<ref>as argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans.  Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)</ref> to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction.

This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America by [[Benjamin Franklin]] who was present for the first manned balloon flight by the [[Montgolfier brothers]] in 1783, and by the American-born physician, [[John Jeffries]] who had joined French aeronaut [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard|Jean Pierre Blanchard]] on flights over [[England]] and the first aerial crossing of the [[English Channel]] in 1785.<ref>John Jeffries. ''Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons''. Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.</ref>

== As popular spectacle ==
In the mid-19th century, [[panoramic painting]]s and models became a very popular way to represent [[landscapes]], topographic views<ref>The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [https://www.loc.gov/maps/?fa=subject%3Aunited+states%7Cpartof%3Apanoramic+maps%7Cpartof%3Acities+and+towns&dates=1800-1899&st=gallery] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [http://www.bl.uk/search/og/search?q=Panorama&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Submit&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&proxystylesheet=public_onlinegallery&client=public_onlinegallery&site=public_onlinegallery]</ref> and [[historical events]]. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, [[Immersion (virtual reality)|immersed]] in a winding 360° panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The ''panorama'' was a [[360-degree view|360°]] visual medium patented under the title&nbsp;''Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures'' by the artist [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]'', referring to this visual spectacle.<ref>This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', ''Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts'', edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)</ref> Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of [[Calton Hill]]), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] at the center of London's entertainment district in [[Leicester Square]], where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190508-the-surprising-history-of-the-word-dude|title=The surprising history of the word 'dude'|last=Grovier|first=Kelly|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref> before being converted into the church of [[Notre Dame de France]].
{{wide image|Panorama of London Barker.jpg|600px|A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792}}

Inventor Sir [[Francis Ronalds]] developed a machine to remove errors in [[Perspectivity|perspective]] that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the [[University of Westminster#History|Royal Polytechnic Institution]] in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London}}</ref>

Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The [[Bourbaki Panorama]] in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland was created by [[Edouard Castres]] in 1881.<ref>The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of [[Jeff Wall]]'s 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. ({{Citation | author1=Mieszkowski, Jan | title=Watching war | date=22 August 2012 | publication-date=2012 | publisher=Stanford, California Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-8240-1 }} p.91)</ref> The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a [[circumference]] of 112 meters.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC&dq=Bourbaki+Panorama+Lucerne&pg=PA214 Bernard Comment (2004),''Panorama'', Reaktion Books, page 214]</ref> In the same year of 1881, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Seascape|marine]] painter [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]] created and established the [[Panorama Mesdag]] of [[The Hague]], Netherlands, a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the [[Atlanta Cyclorama]], depicting the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Battle of Atlanta]]. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres).<ref>Marty Olmstead (2002), ''Hidden Georgia'', Ulysses Press, page 204</ref> Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the [[Racławice Panorama]] (1893) located in [[Wrocław]], Poland, which measures 15 × 120 metres.<ref>Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), ''Kosciuszko and Pulaski'', Interpress, page 220</ref>{{Clear}} In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the [[Velaslavasay Panorama]] in Los Angeles, California (2004).

== Photographs ==
{{Main|Panoramic photography}}
Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the [[Daguerreotype]] in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image.<ref>for example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168</ref> In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180°.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
{{wide image|SonyCenter 360panorama.jpg|600px|360° panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch}}

Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.<ref>Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140</ref>

Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, [[Multi-image]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesimagesimag0000kenn|url-access=registration|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael F.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Raymond F.|publisher=[[Eastman Kodak]]|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=978-0-87985-327-3}}</ref> (also known as multi-image slide presentations, [[slide show]]s or diaporamas) [[reversal film|35mm slide]] projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an [[audio signal|audio]] [[voice-over]] or music [[Music track|track]]. Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.

{{wide image|In-camera_panorama_stitch.jpg|600px|A 270° panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.}}

[[File:Jebel Jais vertical panorama.jpg|thumb|120px|Vertical panorama of [[Jebel Jais]] on the border between Oman and United Arab Emirates]]
A vertical panorama or '''vertorama''' is a panorama with an upright orientation instead of a horizontal. It is created using the same techniques as when making a horizontal panorama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyden Kivowitz |first1=Scott |title=Go Wider with Panoramic Photography |date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=9780133904383 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOnxAwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

=== VR photographs ===
{{Main|VR photography}}
{{Further|Image stitching}}

Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as ''image stitching''. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of [[virtual reality]] movies, using technologies such as [[QuickTime VR]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[Java 3D|Java]], or even [[JavaScript]]. A [[rotating line camera]] such as the [[Panoscan]] allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for [[image stitching]], but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution [[gigapixel]] panoramic images.

{{wide image|ALMA_Panoramic_View_with_Carina_Nebula.jpg|600px|Panoramic view of the antennas of the [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array]] under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.<ref>{{cite news|title=ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula|url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1345a/|access-date=12 November 2013|newspaper=ESO Picture of the Week}}</ref> }}

== Motion picture ==
{{See also|Immersive video}}
On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at [[theme park]]s, [[world's fair]]s, and museums. Starting in 1955, [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] has created [[Circle-Vision 360°|360° theaters]] for its parks<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cV50CpKZ4YEC&dq=false&pg=PA200 Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), ''Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide'', AuthorHouse, page 200] {{ISBN|1452063125}}</ref> and the [[Swiss Transport Museum]] in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, [[Cinerama]] used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and [[IMAX#IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX|IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX]] movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

== Non-photographic representations ==

Panoramic representation can be generated from [[digital elevation models]] such as [[Shuttle Radar Topography Mission|SRTM]]. In these diagrams, a panorama from any given point<ref>McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.</ref> can be generated and imaged from the data.<ref>Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Circle-Vision 360°|Circle-Vision]]
* [[Cyclorama]]
* [[Diorama]]
* [[EveryScape]]
* [[Google Street View]]
* [[International Panorama Council]]
* [[Leme panoramic camera]]
* [[Moving panorama]]
* [[Multi-image]]
* [[Omnidirectional camera]]
* [[Panoramic painting]]
* [[Panoramic photography]]
* [[Panoramic tripod head]]
* [[Route panorama]]
* [[Widescreen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Altick, Richard (1978). ''The Shows of London''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0674807316}}, 9780674807310
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Panorama|noicon=1}}
* Garrison, Laurie et al., editors (2013). ''Panoramas, 1787–1900 Texts and contexts'' Five volumes, 2,000pp. Pickering and Chatto. {{ISBN|978-1848930155}}
* Marsh, John L. "Drama and Spectacle by the Yard: The Panorama in America." ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 10, no. 3 (1976): 581–589.
* Oettermann, Stephan (1997). ''The Panorama: History of a mass medium. ''MIT Press. {{ISBN|0942299833}}, 9780942299830
* Oleksijczuk, Denise (2011). ''The First Panoramas: Visions of British Imperialism. ''University of Minnesota Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4861-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4860-3}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|panorama}}
{{Commons category|Panoramas}}
<!-- READ FIRST: External links that do not completely conform to the external link policy should be submitted through the Open Directory Project. Please read up on this by visiting the ODP article and external link policy:
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links
-->
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Panorama |volume=20 | page=681 |short=x}}
* [http://www.peakfinder.org Peak finder]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panoramic art| ]]
[[Category:Panorama photography]]
[[Category:Photography by genre]]