Editing Panola County, Mississippi

{{short description|County in Mississippi, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox U.S. county
 | county               = Panola County
 | state                = Mississippi
 | seal                 = 
 | founded              = February 9, 1836
 | named for            = name of [[Cotton]] in the [[Choctaw language]]
 | seat                 = [[Batesville, Mississippi|Batesville]] and [[Sardis, Mississippi|Sardis]]
 | largest city         = Batesville
 | area_total_sq_mi     = 705
 | area_land_sq_mi      = 685
 | area_water_sq_mi     = 20
 | area percentage      = 2.8
 | population_as_of     = 2020
 | population_total     = 33208
 | pop_est_as_of        = 
 | population_est       = 
 | population_density_sq_mi = auto
 | web                  = www.panolacoms.com
 | ex image             = Batesville MS 013.jpg
 | ex image cap         = Panola County Courthouse (designed by [[Pritchard & Nickles]])<ref>[http://www.courthouses.co/us-states/m/mississippi/panola-county/ Panola County Courthouses]</ref>
 | district             = 2nd
 | time zone            = Central
}}

'''Panola County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] located in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Mississippi]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population was 33,208.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census - Geography Profile: Panola County, Mississippi|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Panola_County,_Mississippi?g=0500000US28107|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 14, 2023}}</ref> Its [[county seat]]s are [[Sardis, Mississippi|Sardis]] and [[Batesville, Mississippi|Batesville]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The county is located just east of the [[Mississippi Delta]] in the northern part of the state. It is bisected by the [[Tallahatchie River]] flowing to the southwest; travel difficulties because of the river resulted in two county seats being established.

Panola is the [[anglicization]] of ''ponolo'', a word meaning "thread" in both old [[Choctaw]] and [[Chickasaw]] and "[[cotton]]" in modern Choctaw.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Muriel |author-link=Muriel Hazel Wright |date=1930 |chapter=Organization of Counties in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations |title=Chronicles of Oklahoma |volume=3 |pages=324–325 |url=https://cdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p17279coll4/id/2615/rec/31 | access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> This was one of twelve large counties organized from the Chickasaw Cession of 1832.

==History==
Following [[Indian Removal|forced removal of most of the historic Chickasaw tribe]] to territory west of the Mississippi River, Panola County was established February 9, 1836, by the state legislature. It is one of the twelve large northern [[Mississippi]] counties created that year from the territory of the [[Chickasaw]] Cession of 1832. The original act defined its limits as follows:
''{{blockquote|text=Beginning at the point where the line between ranges 9 and 10 strikes the center of section 6, and running thence south with the said range line, and from its termination in a direct line to the northern boundary of [[Tallahatchie County, Mississippi|Tallahatchie County]] and thence along the northern boundary of [[Tallahatchie County, Mississippi|Tallahatchie]] and [[Yalobusha County, Mississippi|Yalobusha]] counties, to the center of range 5 west; thence north through the center of range 5 west, according to the sectional lines, to the center of township six; thence west through the center of township six, according to the sectional lines, to the beginning.}}''

On February 1, 1877, when [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman County]] was organized by the legislature, it took a small fraction of Panola's southwestern area, reducing Panola from an area of {{convert|756|sqmi|km2}} to its present land surface of {{convert|705|sqmi|km2}}. By 1920 the county had a population of 27,845. Its inhabitants gradually increased in numbers from 1850 to 1910, from 11,444 to 31,274, reaching a peak of population in 1940. Through this period the area was based on agriculture. From then until 1980, population declined markedly, as many African Americans moved west and north in the second wave of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], to take jobs on the West Coast in the burgeoning defense industry. Whites also left the rural area. In 2020, the county was 48.3% African American and 47.1% white.

Starting in 1803, sixteenth sections in each township in Mississippi were established for school purposes. These sections of land were to be used exclusively for school projects.<ref name="federal"/> In essence, schools were later founded on land that had been Chickasaw territory.

Two of the oldest settlements in Panola County were at Belmont and Panola, which were a few miles apart and located on opposite sides of the [[Tallahatchie River]]. For several years there was a spirited contest between these two towns to gain the county court of Panola County.

With the advent of the Mississippi and Tennessee (now the Illinois Central railroad), Belmont was absorbed by [[Sardis, Mississippi|Sardis]], and Panola was absorbed by [[Batesville, Mississippi|Batesville]]. The legislature authorized two judicial districts for the county, with Sardis designated as the seat of justice for the first judicial district, and Batesville for the second judicial district.

===Early education===
During the early period of county formation, most education was done at home. There was no public education, and only wealthier families hired tutors or sent their sons to seminaries or academies. The informal education consisted of basic math, basic reading, and study of biblical concepts. Through the antebellum period, the state generally forbade education of slaves and [[free people of color]].

By 1840, four small private schools with a combined student population of 92 pupils were operating in the county.<ref>James Herron, "Private Academies in Panola County" ''The Panola Story'' 2 (1) (March 1973): 2-4; Wren, "Panola Education", pg. 11</ref><ref>Panola County Historical and Genealogical Society (Pan‑Gens), comp., "Schools: The Early Years," in ''Panola County History'' (Dallas: Curtis Media Corp., 1987), 139;</ref><ref name="Fowler">Fowler, "Schools and Churches: Education Efforts, 1840‑60," in ''History of Panola County, 1836‑1860'', Unpublished master's thesis (University of Mississippi, 1965), pg. 63</ref><ref>Sara L. Vance, "Early Schools of Panola County," ''The Panola Story'' 9, no. 1 (January‑March 1980): 1.</ref> Documentation has not survived about these schools. During the early 1840s, the first school‑related advertisements were published r in the county newspapers. The ads attempted to present the virtues of these early schools.

During this period, Judge James S.B. Thacher, a highly educated Bostonian, devised a popular educational program for the state of Mississippi. The proposed scheme received considerable discussion and was finally incorporated by the state legislature (March 4, 1846) into "An Act to establish a System of Common Schools."<ref name="Rowland">Rowland, ''History of Mississippi: The Heart of the South'' (Chicago‑Jackson: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1925), vol. II, pg. 647.</ref><ref name="Rowland2">Rowland, ''The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi‑1912'' (Nashville: Brandon, 1912), pg. 286.</ref>

The act "provided for a board of five school commissioners in each county, to license teachers and have charge of schools, lease the school lands and have charge of the school funds in each county."<ref name="Rowland"/><ref name="Rowland2"/> To a large degree, this act was passed because A.G. Brown, a candidate for Mississippi governor, decided to make the establishment of a general school system a campaign issue. By 1846, Governor Brown (1844‑48), succeeded in getting the Act passed.<ref name="federal">Federal Writers' Project (Worker's Project Administration), ''Mississippi ‑‑ A Guide to the Magnolia State'' (New York: Hasting House, 1949), pg. 120.</ref>

Schools established under this rule "had no uniformity since they differed as the counties differed in wealth and efficiency of management."<ref name="federal"/>

Although the Act had proved to be of little assistance in Panola County, progress was being made for wealthier white students. By 1850, the seventh census in Panola County listed 18 schools and a total student population of 439 pupils<ref>Pan Gens, "Schools: The Early Years," 139; Vance, "Early Schools", pg. 1.</ref> (approximately four times that of the 1840 census). This census (unpublished returns) recorded that 18 individuals stated their occupation as educators or teachers.<ref>Fowler, "Schools and Churches: Education Efforts, 1840‑60", ''History of Panola County, 1836‑1860,'' Unpublished master's thesis (University of Mississippi, 1965), pg. 65</ref> By the spring of 1854, several members of the local Shiloh community (Capt Thomas F. Wilson, Dr H. Moseley, and Jesse Smith) constructed a small log cabin to be used as the community's school house.<ref>"Early Schools", ''The Panolian'', September 11, 1975; Vance, "Early Schools", pg. 1.</ref>

This school, known as the Jones' School, at first employed only one teacher. It slowly grew in size and popularity. Several years later, the facility was moved to Peach Creek, where the school was informally known as the "Greasy Smith Schoolhouse," being named for the local village blacksmith.<ref>Pan Gens, ''Schools: The Early Years'', pg. 139.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed, if any --></ref> In 1882, the facility was moved to Pleasant Grove.

==Geography==
[[Image:Panolacountymap.gif|thumb|right|360px|Panola County]]

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|705|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|685|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|20|sqmi}} (2.8%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_28.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 6, 2014|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928074019/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_28.txt|archive-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref>

===Major highways===
* [[Image:I-55.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 55]]
* [[Image:US 51.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 51]]
* [[Image:Circle sign 3.svg|20px]] [[Mississippi Highway 3]]
* [[Image:Circle sign 6.svg|20px]] [[Mississippi Highway 6]]
* [[Image:Circle sign 35.svg|20px]] [[Mississippi Highway 35]]
* [[Image:US 278.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 278]]
* [[Image:Circle sign 315.svg|20px]] [[Mississippi Highway 315]]

===Adjacent counties===
* [[Tunica County, Mississippi|Tunica County]] (northwest)
* [[Tate County, Mississippi|Tate County]] (north)
* [[Lafayette County, Mississippi|Lafayette County]] (east)
* [[Yalobusha County, Mississippi|Yalobusha County]] (southeast)
* [[Tallahatchie County, Mississippi|Tallahatchie County]] (southwest)
* [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman County]] (west)

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1840= 4657
|1850= 11444
|1860= 13794
|1870= 20754
|1880= 28352
|1890= 26977
|1900= 29027
|1910= 31274
|1920= 27845
|1930= 28648
|1940= 34421
|1950= 31271
|1960= 28791
|1970= 26829
|1980= 28164
|1990= 29996
|2000= 34274
|2010= 34707
|2020= 33208
|estyear=2023
|estimate=32669
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 5, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 6, 2014}}</ref><br />1790-1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|access-date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> 1900-1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ms190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 6, 2014}}</ref><br />1990-2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=live|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> 2010-2013<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/28/28107.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 5, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721012252/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/28/28107.html|archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Panola County Racial Composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US28107&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 7, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]]
|15,642
|47.1%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]]
|16,035
|48.29%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
|52
|0.16%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
|62
|0.19%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]]
|4
|0.01%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
|735
|2.21%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|678
|2.04%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 33,208 people, 12,488 households, and 8,512 families residing in the county.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States Census]], there were 34,707 people living in the county. 49.4% were [[White American|White]], 48.6% [[African American|Black or African American]], 0.2% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], 0.2% [[Asian American|Asian]], 0.6% of some other race and 0.9% [[Multiracial American|of two or more races]]. 1.4% were [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race).

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 34,274 people, 12,232 households, and 9,014 families living in the county. The [[population density]] was {{convert|50|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|people&nbsp;|people|}}. There were 13,736 housing units at an average density of {{convert|20|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units&nbsp;|units|}}. The racial makeup of the county was 50.48% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 48.36% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.16% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.18% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.41% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.39% from two or more races. 1.12% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 12,232 households, out of which 36.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.90% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 19.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.40% under the age of 18, 10.40% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 12.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $26,785, and the median income for a family was $32,675. Males had a median income of $27,359 versus $19,088 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the county was $13,075. About 21.20% of families and 25.30% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 32.30% of those under age 18 and 25.20% of those age 65 or over.

==Government==
In presidential elections, Panola County is a [[swing county]]. [[Donald Trump]] won the county in [[2020 United States presidential election in Mississippi|2020]], with 51.6 percent to [[Joe Biden]]'s 47.4 percent.

The county's Board of Supervisors are elected from five districts. They hire a county administrator to manage daily affairs.

{{PresHead|place=Panola County, Mississippi|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=March 5, 2018}}</ref>}}
<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} -->
{{PresRow|2024|Republican|8,202|6,061|159|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2020|Republican|8,060|7,403|164|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2016|Republican|7,449|7,431|184|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|7,629|9,079|118|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|7,620|8,690|106|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2004|Republican|6,769|6,615|56|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|5,424|5,880|85|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|3,701|5,408|543|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|4,644|6,066|750|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1988|Republican|5,382|5,222|61|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1984|Republican|5,850|5,465|60|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|4,219|6,179|330|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|3,341|5,517|209|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1972|Republican|5,284|2,091|108|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1968|American Independent|1,098|2,743|4,133|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1964|Republican|4,002|413|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1960|Dixiecrat|643|841|1,404|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1956|Democratic|519|1,741|371|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1952|Democratic|1,032|2,047|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1948|Dixiecrat|38|195|1,937|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|90|1,931|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|45|1,988|1|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|3|1,481|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|20|1,318|3|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1928|Democratic|142|1,569|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1924|Democratic|53|1,264|31|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1920|Democratic|80|843|3|Mississippi}}
{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|29|1,262|0|Mississippi}}
{{PresFoot|1912|Democratic|13|760|79|Mississippi}}

==Education==
The elected school board selects the school superintendent. School districts include:
* [[North Panola School District]]
* [[South Panola School District]]

==Communities==
[[File:Panola County MS 001.jpg|thumb|right]]

===City===
* [[Batesville, Mississippi|Batesville]] (county seat)

===Towns===
* [[Como, Mississippi|Como]]
* [[Courtland, Mississippi|Courtland]]
* [[Crenshaw, Mississippi|Crenshaw]] (partly in [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman County]])
* [[Crowder, Mississippi|Crowder]] (mostly in [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman County]])
* [[Sardis, Mississippi|Sardis]] (county seat)

===Village===
* [[Pope, Mississippi|Pope]]

===Unincorporated communities===
* [[Askew, Mississippi|Askew]] 
* [[Ballentine, Mississippi|Ballentine]]
* [[Buxton, Mississippi|Buxton]]
* [[Curtis Station, Mississippi|Curtis Station]] 
* [[Glenville, Mississippi|Glenville]] 
* [[Horatio, Mississippi|Horatio]]
* [[Locke Station, Mississippi|Locke Station]]‡ 
* [[Longtown, Mississippi|Longtown]] 
* [[Pleasant Grove, Mississippi|Pleasant Grove]]
* [[Terza Mississippi|Terza]]

===Ghost town===
* [[Tocowa, Mississippi|Tocowa]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Mississippi}}
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Panola County, Mississippi]]
* [http://www.panolacounty.com Panola Partnership website]
* ''[["We Ain't What We Was"]]'', a book about the changes in the county's politics after the Civil Rights Era

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Carl Edwin Lindgren. 1994. Panola Remembers: Education in a Southern Community. N.E. Morris Publishing Co. Also on-line at [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062348/http://www.iapsr.org/iaphs/panola/ Panola Remembers].
{{Refend}}

{{coord|34.36|-89.95|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-MS_source:UScensus1990}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160713040215/http://panolacountysheriff.com/ Panola County Sheriff's Office]

{{Geographic Location
|Centre    = Panola County, Mississippi
|North     = [[Tate County, Mississippi|Tate County]]
|Northeast = Tate County
|East      = [[Lafayette County, Mississippi|Lafayette County]]
|Southeast = [[Yalobusha County, Mississippi|Yalobusha County]]
|South     = Yalobusha County
|Southwest = [[Tallahatchie County, Mississippi|Tallahatchie County]]
|West      = [[Quitman County, Mississippi|Quitman County]]
|Northwest = [[Tunica County, Mississippi|Tunica County]]
}}

{{Panola County, Mississippi}}
{{Mississippi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Panola County, Mississippi| ]]
[[Category:Mississippi counties]]
[[Category:Mississippi placenames of Native American origin]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in Mississippi]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1836]]
[[Category:Majority-minority counties in Mississippi]]