Editing Panga

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{other uses}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pterogymnus laniarius.png
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Mann, B.Q. |author2=Buxton, C.D. |author3=Russell, B. |author4=Pollard, D. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author5-link=Kent E. Carpenter |name-list-style=&|date=2014 |title=''Pterogymnus laniarius'' |page=e.T170213A1294378 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170213A1294378.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Pterogymnus laniarus
| parent_authority = [[J. L. B. Smith]], 1938
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830)
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
| Pagrus laniarus | Valenciennes, 1830
| Chrysophrys laniarius | Valenciennes, 1830
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Pterogymnus|laniarus|month=February|year=2023}}</ref>
}}
The '''panga''' ('''''Pterogymnus laniarus'''''), or '''panga seabream''' is a species of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Sparidae]], which includes the seabreams and porgies. It is the only species in the [[monospecific genus]] '''''Pterogymnus'''''. This species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the coasts of South Africa. The panga is an important species in commercial line fisheries off South Africa.

==Taxonomy==
The panga was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Pagrus laniarius'' in 1830 by the French [[zoologist]] [[Achille Valenciennes]] in volume 6 of ''[[Histoire naturelle des poissons]]'', its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] was given as the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in South Africa.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus|genus=Pterogymnus|access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> In 1938 [[James Leonard Brierley Smith]] reclassified this species in the monospecific genus ''Pterogymnus''.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof family|family=Sparidae|access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> This taxon is placed in the family Sparidae within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]] by the 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]''.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502–506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref> Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal |author= Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98 |url= https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52}}</ref> but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.<ref name = Nelson5/>

==Etymology==
The panga has the genus name ''Pterogymnus'' which combines ''ptero'', meaning “fin”, and ''gymnus'', meaning “naked”, a reference to the lack of scales on the soft rayed parts of the [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s, when compared to ''[[Black musselcracker|Cymatoceps]]''. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''laniarius'', means “butcher” or “pertaining to butchers”, an allusion Valenciennes did not explain.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |author=Christopher Scharpf |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>

==Description==
[[file:Pterogymnus laniarius, by vismark in Pretoria, a.jpg|thumb|left|For sale at a [[fish market]] in [[Pretoria]]]]
The panga has the area between the eyes and the flange on the [[preoperculum]] scaled. The lower jaw has 2 rows of [[Molar (tooth)|molar-like]] teeth. The [[dorsal fin]] has 12 spines and 10 soft rays while the [[anal fin]] has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. There is a scaly sheath at the base of the soft rayed parts of both the dorsal and anal fin but no scales on the soft rayed part of these fins. The compressed body is ovoid in shape with a depth that fits into its [[standard length]] 2.3 to 2.5 times. The dorsal profile of the head is smoothly convex and the eye is large with the rear edge of the preorbital bone having a wave-like shape and is not covered by the scales of the cheek. The overall colour of the body is red or pink, lighter in colour on the lower body, with 5 or 6 indistinct bluish, horizontal lines underneath the [[lateral line]].<ref name = WIOF>{{cite book |author=Yukio Iwatsuki |author2=Phillip C Heemstra |name-list-style=and |chapter=Family Sparidae |pages=284–315 |title=Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean |volume=3 |editor1=[[Phil Heemstra|Phillip C Heemstra]] |editor2=Elaine Heemstra |editor3=David A Ebert |editor4=Wouter Holleman |editor5=[[John Ernest Randall|John E Randall]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-990951-32-9 |publisher=South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |url=https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf}}</ref> This species has a maximum [[total length]] of {{cvt|45|cm}}, although {{cvt|27|cm}} is more typical.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution and habitat==
The panga is endemic to South Africa where it occurs in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean in [[False Bay]] in the [[Western Cape]] to [[Beira, Mozambique]] in the southwestern Indian Ocean.<ref name = WIOF/> This species is found mostly on deep, low. topographically complex reefs and sometimes over areas of mud and sand as deep as {{cvt|120|m}}.<ref name = iucn/>

==Biology==
The panga is a predatory species in which the adults feed on benthic invertebrates, mainly [[crab]]s with [[polychaete]]s, [[brittle star]]s and fishes less important as prey. The juveniles feed largely on [[Mysida|mysid]]s. This species is a rudimentary hermaphrodite. i.e. the gonads contain both male and female reproductive tissue but is a late [[Gonochorism|gonochorist]] in which sexual maturity is attained at around 4 or 5 years old. They spawn mainly at the [[Agulhas Bank]] and spawning occurs throughout the year.<ref name = iucn/> 

==Fisheries==
The panga is an important species for the offshore commercial line fishery in the southern [[Eastern Cape]] where it made up 16.5% of the total landings from 1985 to 2007. It is also an important part of the South African demersal inshore trawl fishery where it made up 63% of the landings between 1992 and 1995 and 11% of the landing from the demersal deep sea trawl fishery in the southern Eastern Cape and Western Cape.<ref name = SANBI>{{cite web |url=http://speciesstatus.sanbi.org/assessment/last-assessment/2933/ |title=''Pterogymnus laniarius'' Valenciennes, 1830 |date=December 2009 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=South African Red Species List |publisher=[[South African National Biodiversity Institute]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{ITIS |id=647974 |taxon=Pterogymnus laniarius |accessdate=19 March 2006}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fao.org:80/fi/website/FIRetrieveAction.do?dom=species&fid=3123 FAO's Species Fact Sheet about ''Megalaspis cordyla'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q784460 |from2=Q17152843}}

[[Category:Sparidae]]
[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1830]]