Editing Pan flute

{{short description|Musical instrument, typically made from bamboo}}
{{redirect|Pipes of Pan}}
[[File:chileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A siku pan flute with two rows of bamboo pipes cut to graduated lengths. The pipes are aligned so that their tops are level (for embouchure). The pipes are bound in a combination of braided and woven yarn, including a woven strap with a traditional pattern. An additional strap is attached to the left and right sides of the flute, so that it may be worn around th neck. |The ''[[Siku (instrument)|siku]]'' is an Andean pan flute]]
[[File:Flute de pan MHNT ETH AC NH 31 Savès.jpg|thumb|upright|This pan flute from the [[Solomon Islands]] is made from bamboo bound with [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] and rope]]

A '''pan flute''' (also known as '''panpipes''' or '''syrinx''') is a [[musical instrument]] based on the principle of the [[closed tube]], consisting of multiple pipes of gradually increasing length (and occasionally girth).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Panpipes/|title=Pan Flute|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>  Multiple varieties of pan flutes have been popular as [[folk instruments]]. The pipes are typically made from [[bamboo]], [[Arundo donax|giant cane]], or local reeds. Other materials include wood, plastic, metal, and clay.<ref name=":0" />

== Name ==
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-E898690E-0C16-11E3-8D98-58C697481370 DS-24 (2).jpg|left|thumb|The god Pan playing on his Pan flute. Excerpt from the Flemish magazine ''Regenboog''. Draft for the woodcut ''Pan'' of [[Jozef Cantré]]. Published in 1918.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regenboog. Nr.1 Verluid|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:E898690E-0C16-11E3-8D98-58C697481370#?c=&m=&s=&cv=5&xywh=-639,0,5728,3376|access-date=2020-08-31|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]
The pan flute is named after [[Pan (god)|Pan]], the [[List of Greek deities|Greek god]] of nature and shepherds, often depicted with such an instrument.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/panpipe|title=Panpipe {{!}} musical instrument|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>
[[File:PanandDaphnis.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pan (god)|Pan]] and [[Daphnis]]&nbsp;– 1st century BC Roman replica of 2nd century BC Greek original]] The pan flute has become widely associated with the character [[Peter Pan]] created by [[Sir James Matthew Barrie]], whose name was inspired by the god Pan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/answer/what-instrument-does-peter-pan-play.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029224810/https://study.com/academy/answer/what-instrument-does-peter-pan-play.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Greek mythology]], [[Syrinx]] (Σύριγξ) was a forest [[nymph]]. In her attempt to escape the affection of god Pan (a creature half goat and half man), she was transformed into a water-reed or calamos (cane-reed). Then, Pan cut several reeds, placed them in parallel one next to the other, and bound them together to make a melodic musical instrument. Ancient Greeks called this instrument Syrinx, in honour of the Muse, and Pandean, or Pan-pipes and Pan-flute, after Pan. (Syrinx was a different musical instrument from [[Aulos]]. Aulos is often translated as "flute" or "double flute" in English).

The Syrinx, a predominantly pastoral instrument for the Greeks, was adopted by the [[Etruscans]] who played it at their festivals and banquets; the Etruscans called it fistula. The [[Roman people|Romans]] adopted the Syrinx from the Greeks and the Etruscans, and they too played it at their banquets, festivals, as well as in religious and funeral processions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Roman Music and Roman Musical Instruments {{!}} UNRV |url=https://www.unrv.com/culture/roman-musical-instruments.php |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.unrv.com}}</ref>

== Structure ==
[[File:panflute1.jpg|thumb|upright|Two Romanian pan flutes]]
The pan flute's tubes are stopped at one end, at which the standing wave is reflected giving a note an octave lower than that produced by an open pipe of equal length. In the traditional South American style, pipes are fine-tuned to correct pitch by placing small pebbles or dry corn kernels into the bottom of the pipes. Contemporary makers of curved Romanian-style panpipes use wax (commonly [[beeswax]]) to tune new instruments. Special tools are used to place or remove the wax. Corks and rubber stoppers are also used, and are easier to quickly tune pipes.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

=== Acoustics ===
The pan flute is an [[end-blown flute]].  Sound is produced by the vibration of an air-stream blowing across an open hole at the end of a resonating tube.  The length of the tube determines the fundamental frequency. An overblown harmonic register is near a 12th above the fundamental in cylindrical tubes, but can approach an octave jump (8th) if a decreasing taper is used.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

According to the Fundamental Principle for pan flutes, the frequency and the length of the tube are inversely proportional. Every time the pitch goes up one [[octave]], the frequency doubles. Because there are 12 notes in a [[chromatic scale]] or a full octave, every half-step in a chromatic scale is multiplied by the 12th root of 2 to get the note next to it. By this, it is possible to calculate the length of any pipe, given that one knows the length of any one pipe. The formula for calculating the length of a pan flute pipe is '''L&nbsp;=&nbsp;(c / f)&nbsp;/&nbsp;4''' (the "theoretical length" L equals the [[speed of sound]] c = 343&nbsp;m/s, divided by the desired frequency in [[hertz]] f, that quantity divided by 4; this simplifies and rearranges to: Length of pipe (in [[centimeters]]) × [[Frequency]] (in [[hertz]]) = 8575). Because of a property of compression within the tube, the length must be a little shorter to correct flat pitch. The extra length is helpful for a maker, who can use a cork or plug at the bottom to adjust the pitch. Some instruments use wax or pellets to tune the fundamental pitch of each tube. A tube that has a diameter 1/10 of its length yields a typical tone colour (see [[Timbre]]). An inner diameter range between 1/7 and 1/14 of the length L is acceptable. A narrow tube will sound "reedy", while a wide one will sound "flutey". A more exact method is to multiply the bore diameter by 0.82 and subtract this value from the tube length. This compensates for internal compression slowing frequency and the lips partially covering the voicing. Only tiny adjustments will be needed then to adjust fundamental pitch for air density and temperature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarahtulga.com/panpipes.htm|title=Panpipes|last=Tulga|first=Sarah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Harry F|title=Music, Physics, and Engineering|year=1967|publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486217697 |url=https://archive.org/details/musicphysicsengi0000olso|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Price|first=Lew Paxton|title=Secrets of the Flute}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Benade|first=Arthur H|title=Horns, Strings and Harmony|year=1960 |publisher=Garden City, N.Y., Anchor Books |url=https://archive.org/details/hornsstringsharm00bena|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Playing ==
[[File:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Peruvian-American]] airman playing an [[Inca]]n [[zampoña]]]]
The pan flute is played by blowing horizontally across an open end against the sharp inner edge of the pipes. Each pipe is tuned to a keynote, called the '''fundamental''' frequency. By [[overblowing]], that is, increasing the pressure of breath and tension of lips, [[Harmonic series (music)|odd harmonics]] (notes whose frequencies are odd-number multiples of the fundamental), near a 12th in cylindrical tubes, may also be produced. The Romanian pan flute has the pipes arranged in a curved array, solidly glued together, unlike Andean versions, which are usually tied together. Thus, the player can easily reach all the notes by simply swiveling the head, or by moving the instrument with the hands. These instruments can also play all the sharps and flats, with a special technique of both tilting the pipes and jaw movement, thus reducing the size of the pipe's opening and producing a change in pitch. A very advanced player can play any scale and in any key. There are two styles of vibrato possible, hand vibrato and breath vibrato. In hand vibrato, the pitch is shifted up and down, like a vocal vibrato. The player gently moves one end of the pan flute (usually the high end) somewhat similar to violin vibrato. Breath, or throat vibrato, which is more accurately described as a [[tremolo]] or volume swell, is the same technique used by players of the flute and other woodwinds by use of the player's diaphragm, or throat muscles.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

== Variations ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Dom Flemons of the Carolina Chocolate Drops.jpg|thumb|upright|American musician [[Dom Flemons]] of the [[Carolina Chocolate Drops]] plays the quills, a traditional African-American pan flute, suspending it in front of his mouth with a [[Harmonica#Rack or holder|harmonica rack]]]]
The curved-style pan flute was popularized by the Romanian musician Gheorghe Zamfir, who toured extensively and recorded many albums of pan flute music in the 1970s, and by several other artists who began recording at the same time. Today there are thousands of devoted players across Europe, Asia and the Americas. Both the curved and traditional South American variations are also very popular in [[Peru]]vian traditional groups and other [[Andean music]].

In [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]], there is a cylindrical version called the [[wot (musical instrument)|wot]], used in folk music from the [[Isaan]] region of the country. The player alters notes by rotating the instrument with the hands, rather than by head movements.

Some new designs are beginning to appear, as designers and makers take advantage of computer-aided design and 3D additive manufacturing, to move past the limitations of traditional tool and materials. These new pan flutes address some long-standing issues to make it an easier instrument to learn and to play accurately.

=== Types ===
* [[Skudučiai]]
* [[Paixiao]] 
* [[wot (musical instrument)|Wot]]
* [[Nai (pan flute)|Nai]] ([[Romania]], [[Moldova]]).
* [[Siku (instrument)|Siku]]
* [[Kuvytsi]], [[Svyryli]], [[Rebro]], [[Nai (pan flute)|Nai]] (Ukraine)
* A small panflute called ''[[chiflo]]'' or ''[[xipro]]'' was used by [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]n mobile knife sharpeners in Portugal, Spain,<ref name="JDiaz">[http://www.funjdiaz.net/museo/ficha.cfm?id=103 Instrumentos Musicales en los Museos de Urueña] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106192618/https://funjdiaz.net/museo/ficha.cfm?id=103 |date=2020-11-06 }}: Chiflo de Afilador</ref> Argentina<ref name="Clarín">''[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] - Revista Viva'', 28 August 2005, ''[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/08/28/sociedad/s-1042068.htm Personajes de la ciudad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013034833/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/08/28/sociedad/s-1042068.htm |date=2008-10-13 }} - El afilador''.</ref> and Mexico, who blew quick, loud scales to announce their arrival in the neighborhood. They were traditionally bored from a block of wood, but more recently have been cast in plastic.
* The [[firlinfeu]] is a popular folk instrument in [[Brianza]], the province of [[Monza]] and the southern sides of provinces of [[Lecco]] and [[Como]] ([[Italy]]).
* Quills, an African-American instrument known primarily through the recordings of [[Henry Thomas (blues musician)|Henry Thomas]] in the 1920s, and the [[Delta blues]] musician [[Sid Hemphill]].  More recently, [[Dom Flemons]] has revived the playing of the quills.<ref name="Susque">{{cite web|url=https://www.susquehannafolkfestival.org/dom-flemons|title=Dom Flemons - Susquehanna Folk Festival|website=Susquehannafolkfestival.org|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226172717/https://www.susquehannafolkfestival.org/dom-flemons|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Soinari]]
* [[Larchemi]]

== Notable pan flute musicians ==
* [[Ulrich Herkenhoff]] (German)
* [[:nl:Matthijs_Koene|Matthijs Koene]] (Dutch)
* [[Gheorghe Zamfir]] (Romanian)
*[[Leo Rojas]] (Ecuadorian)
*[[Henry Thomas (blues musician)|Henry "Ragtime Texas" Thomas]] (American, played a variant known as "quills")
*[[Dana Dragomir]] (Romanian/Swedish)
*[[Ian Anderson]] from Jethro Tull (British)
{{Dynamic list}}

==See also==
* [[List of flautists]]
* [[Fife and drum blues]]
* [[Siku (instrument)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* panpipe. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved July 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/panpipe Definition of panpipe | Dictionary.com]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Syrinx}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pan flutes}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.panflutejedi.com/pan-flute-history-page.html A Worldwide History of the Pan Flute]
* [http://www.zeldawiki.org/Spirit_Flute Spirit Flute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213653/http://www.sohl.com/Quills/Quills.htm Information on quills]
* [https://www.chnmus.net/ch/collection/appraise/details.html?id=512156636602363570 info from Henan China]
{{Flutes}}
{{Greek musical instruments}}
{{Renaissance music}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pan Flute}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek musical instruments]]
[[Category:Early musical instruments]]
[[Category:Panpipes| ]]
[[Category:Ukrainian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Pan (god)]]
[[Category:Sacred musical instruments]]
[[Category:Peter Pan]]