Editing Pan-Slavism

{{Short description|Political ideology emphasising unity of Slavic peoples}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2011}}
[[File:Slavic europe (Kosovo unshaded).svg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Contemporary map of the [[Slavic people|Slavic speaking countries]] of [[Europe]]. [[South Slavs]] appear in dark green, [[East Slavs]] in green, and [[West Slavs]] in light green.]]
'''Pan-Slavism''', a movement that took shape in the mid-19th century, is the [[political ideology]] concerned with promoting integrity and unity for the [[Slavic people]]. Its main impact occurred in the [[Balkans]], where non-Slavic empires had ruled the [[South Slavs]] for centuries. These were mainly the [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]].

== Origins ==
Extensive pan-Slavism began much like [[Pan-Germanism]]: both of these movements flourished from the sense of unity and [[nationalism]] experienced within [[ethnic group]]s after the [[French Revolution]] and the consequent [[Napoleonic Wars]] against traditional European monarchies. As in other [[Romantic nationalism|Romantic nationalist]] movements, Slavic intellectuals and scholars in the developing fields of [[history]], [[philology]], and [[folklore]] actively encouraged Slavs' interest in their shared identity and ancestry. Pan-Slavism co-existed with the [[South Slavs|Southern Slavic]] drive towards independence.

Commonly used symbols of the Pan-Slavic movement were the [[Pan-Slavic colours]] (blue, white and red) and the Pan-Slavic anthem, ''[[Hey, Slavs]]''.

The first pan-Slavists were the 16th-century [[Croats|Croatian]] writer [[Vinko Pribojević]], the Dalmatian [[Aleksandar Komulović]] (1548–1608), the Croat [[Bartol Kašić]] (1575–1650), the Ragusan [[Ivan Gundulić]] (1589–1638) and the Croatian [[Catholic Church| Catholic]] missionary [[Juraj Križanić]] ({{circa| 1618}} – 1683).<ref>John M. Letiche and Basil Dmytryshyn: "Russian Statecraft: The Politika of Iurii Krizhanich", Oxford and New York, 1985</ref><ref>[[Ivo Banac]]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA71 "The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics"], Cornell University Press, 1988, pp. 71</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Eighteenth Century: A Current Bibliography|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GBtVAAAAYAAJ|year= 1992|publisher= American Society for Eighteenth Century Studies|page=162|isbn = 9780001610996|quote=... the work of some early "Panslavic" ideologues in the sixteenth (Pribojevic) and seventeenth (Gundulic, Komulovic, Kasic,...)}}</ref> Scholars such as [[Tomasz Kamusella]] have attributed early manifestations of Pan-Slavic thought within the [[Habsburg monarchy]] to the Slovaks [[Adam František Kollár |Adam Franz Kollár]] (1718–1783) and [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]] (1795–1861).<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Kamusella
 |first1               = Tomasz
 |author-link1         = Tomasz Kamusella
 |date                 = 2008-12-16
 |chapter              = The Slovak Case: From Upper Hungary's Slavophone ''Populus'' to Slovak Nationalism and the Czechoslovak Nation
 |title                = The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ
 |edition              = reprint
 |publication-place    = Basingstoke
 |publisher            = Palgrave Macmillan
 |page                 = 539
 |isbn                 = 9780230583474
 |access-date          = 16 October 2022
 |quote                = Kollár's and Šafárik's vision appealed for cultural unity of all the Slavs and for political cooperation and eventual unity of the Slavic inhabitants of the Austrian Empire. 
}} 
</ref><ref>Robert John Weston Evans, Chapter "Nationality in East-Central Europe: Perception and Definition before 1848". ''Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867''. 2006.</ref>{{qn|date=October 2022}}
The Pan-Slavism movement grew rapidly following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. In the aftermath of the wars, the [[leader]]s of Europe sought to restore the pre-war ''[[status quo]]''. At the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814–1815, Austria's representative, [[Metternich |Prince von Metternich]], detected a threat to this ''status quo'' in the Austrian Empire through nationalists' demands for independence from the empire.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Vick
 |first1               = Brian E.
 |year                 = 2014
 |chapter              = Between Reaction and Reform
 |title                = The Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=-KKmBAAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = Cambridge, Massachusetts
 |publisher            = Harvard University Press
 |page                 = 275
 |isbn                 = 9780674745483
 |access-date          = 16 October 2022
 |quote                = The willingness to work in part with national sentiments within the Habsburg framework [...] went to the top: to Stadion, but also to Metternich. Metternich's commitment could be seen in a small symbolic way in his Habsburg folk-dress costume theme ball, but also appeared in his plans for Austria's reacquired Italian and Polish provinces. Metternich did not favor a full federal remodelling of the Habsburg Empire, as some have suggested, but neither did he oppose concessions to a presumed national spirit as much as several critics of that interpretation have contended. [...] Metternich and the Austrians certainly believed that there was an Italian national spirit, one that they feared and opposed if it pointed to national independence and republicanism, and they did intend to combat it through a policy of 'parcelization,' that is, bolstering local identities as a means to damp the growth of national sentiment. [...] Metternich and Franz, for instance, hoped to appeal to 'the Lombard spirit' to counteract 'the so-called Italian spirit.' 
}} 
</ref>
While Vienna's subjects included numerous ethnic groups (such as Germans, [[Italians]], [[Romanians]], [[Hungarians]], etc.), the Slav proportion of the population (Poles, Ruthenians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats) together formed a substantial—if not the largest—ethnic grouping.

== First Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 1848 ==
[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg|thumb|right|[[Pan-Slavic colors|Slavic flag]] proposed by the Pan-Slav convention<ref name=autogenerated1>''Вилинбахов Г. В.'' [http://www.dissercat.com/content/gosudarstvennaya-geraldika-v-rossii-teoriya-i-praktika Государственная геральдика в России: Теория и практика] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> in [[Prague]] in 1848]]
The [[Prague Slavic Congress, 1848|First Pan-Slav congress]] was held in [[Prague]], [[Bohemia]], in June 1848, during the [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary movement of 1848]]. The Czechs had refused to send representatives to the [[Frankfurt Assembly]] feeling that Slavs had a distinct interest from the Germans. The [[Austro-Slavism|Austroslav]], [[František Palacký]], presided over the event. Most of the delegates were Czech and Slovak. Palacký called for the co-operation of the [[Habsburg]]s and had also endorsed the Habsburg monarchy as the political formation most likely to protect the peoples of [[central Europe]]. When the Germans asked him to declare himself in favour of their desire for national unity, he replied that he would not as this would weaken the Habsburg state: “Truly, if it were not that [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] had long existed, it would be necessary, in the interest of [[Europe]], in the interest of [[All humanity|humanity]] itself, to create it.”

The Pan-Slav congress met during the revolutionary turmoil of 1848. Young inhabitants of Prague had taken to the streets and in the confrontation, a stray bullet had killed the wife of [[Field Marshal]] [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], the commander of the Austrian forces in Prague. Enraged, Windischgrätz seized the city, disbanded the congress, and established [[martial law]] throughout Bohemia.

According to Slovak intellectuals [[Ján Kollár]] and [[Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský]], along with the prevailing Pan-Slavic views of the time, the Slavic nation consisted of four tribes, the Czechoslovak, the Polish, the Russian (East Slavs) and the Illyrian (Southern Slavs).

== Pan-Slavism in the Czech lands and Slovakia ==
[[File:Pan-Slavic postcard "Dědictví otců, zachovej nám, Pane".jpg|thumb|Pan-Slavic postcard depicting [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]], with the text "God/Our Lord, watch over our grandfatherland/<br>heritage" in 8 Slavic languages.]]
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2017}}
{{main article|Czechoslovakism}}

The first Pan-Slavic convention was held in Prague on June 2 through 16, 1848.<ref>See Note 134 on page 725 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 14'' (International Publishers: New York, 1980).</ref> The delegates at the Congress were specifically both [[Austria-Hungary#Ethnic relations|anti-Austrian]] and [[Russification#Lithuania and Poland|anti-Russian]]. Still "the Right"—the moderately liberal wing of the Congress—under the leadership of [[František Palacký]] (1798–1876), a Czech historian and politician,<ref>See the biographical note on page 784 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 14''.</ref> and [[Pavol Jozef Šafárik]] (1795–1861), a Slovak philologist, historian and archaeologist,<ref>See the biographical note at page 787 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 14''</ref> favored autonomy of the Slav lands within the framework of Austrian (Habsburg) monarchy.<ref name="ReferenceA">See Note 134 on page 725 of the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 14''.</ref> In contrast "the Left"—the radical wing of the Congress—under the leadership of [[Karel Sabina]] (1813–1877), a Czech writer and journalist, [[Josef Václav Frič]], a Czech nationalist, [[Karol Libelt]] (1817–1861), a Polish writer and politician, and others, pressed for a close alliance with the revolutionary-democratic movement going on in Germany and Hungary in 1848.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

A national rebirth in the Hungarian "Upper Land" (now [[Slovakia]]) awoke in a completely new light, both before the Slovak Uprising in 1848 and after. The driving force of this rebirth movement were Slovak writers and politicians who called themselves Štúrovci, the followers of [[Ľudovít Štúr]]. As the Slovak nobility was [[Magyarization|Magyarized]] and most Slovaks were merely farmers or priests, this movement failed to attract much attention. Nonetheless, the campaign was successful as brotherly cooperation between the Croats and the Slovaks brought its fruit throughout the war. Most of the battles between Slovaks and Hungarians however, did not turn out in favor for the Slovaks who were logistically supported by the Austrians, but not sufficiently. The shortage of manpower proved to be decisive as well.

During the war, the [[Slovak National Council]] brought its demands to the young Austrian Emperor, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]], who seemed to take a note of it and promised support for the Slovaks against the revolutionary radical Hungarians. However the moment the revolution was over, Slovak demands were forgotten. These demands included an autonomous land within the Austrian Empire called "Slovenský kraj" which would be eventually led by a Serbian prince. This act of ignorance from the Emperor convinced the Slovak and the Czech elite who proclaimed the concept of Austroslavism as dead.

Disgusted by the Emperor's policy, in 1849, Ľudovít Štúr, the person who codified the first largely used [[Slovak language]], wrote a book he would name ''Slavdom and the World of the Future''. This book served as a manifesto where he noted that Austroslavism was not the way to go anymore. He also wrote a sentence that often serves as a quote until this day: "Every nation has its time under God's sun, and the [[tilia|linden]] [a symbol of the Slavs] is blossoming, while the [[Oak#Symbols|oak]] [a symbol of the Teutons] bloomed long ago."<ref>({{langx|sk|Každý národ má svoj čas pod Božím slnkom, a lipa kvitne až dub už dávno odkvitol.}}) {{Cite book|title=Slovanstvo a svet budúcnosti. Bratislava 1993, s. 59}}</ref>

He expressed confidence in the [[Russian Empire]] however, as it was the only country of Slavs that was not dominated by anybody else, yet it was one of the most powerful nations in the world. He often symbolized Slavs as being a tree, with "minor" Slavic nations being branches while the trunk of the tree was Russian. His Pan-Slavic views were unleashed in this book, where he stated that the land of Slovaks should be annexed by the Tsar's empire and that eventually, the population could be not only [[Russification|Russified]], but also converted into the rite of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]], religion originally spread by [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]] during the times of [[Great Moravia]], which served as an opposition to the [[Catholic church|Catholic]] missionaries from the [[Franks]]. After the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian invasion of Pannonia]], Hungarians converted into [[Catholicism]], which effectively influenced the Slavs living in [[Pannonia]] and in the land south of the Lechs.

However, the Russian Empire often claimed Pan-Slavism as a justification for its aggressive moves in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered and held the land of Slavs for centuries. This eventually led to the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Balkan campaign]] of the Russian Empire, which resulted in the entire Balkan being liberated from the Ottoman Empire, with the help and the initiative of the Russian Empire.<ref>Frederick Engels, "Germany and Pan-Slavism" contained in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 14'', pp. 156-158.</ref> Pan-Slavism has some supporters among Czech and Slovak politicians, especially among the nationalistic and far-right ones, such as People's Party – Our Slovakia.

During [[World War I]], captured Slavic soldiers were asked to fight against "oppression in the Austrian Empire". Consequently, some did. (see [[Czechoslovak Legions]])

The creation of an independent [[Czechoslovakia]] made the old ideals of Pan-Slavism anachronistic. Relations with other Slavic states varied, sometimes being so tense it escalated into an armed conflict, such as with the [[Second Polish Republic]] where border clashes over [[Silesia]] resulted in a short hostile conflict, the [[Polish–Czechoslovak War]]. Even tensions between Czechs and Slovaks had appeared before and during World War II.

== Pan-Slavism among South Slavs ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2017}}
{{main article|Yugoslavism}}
Pan-Slavism in the south, largely advocated by [[Serbs]], would often turn to [[Russia]] for support.<ref>{{Cite book|title=War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin|last1=Yavus|first1=M. Hakan|last2=Sluglett|first2=Peter|publisher=University of Utah|year=2011|isbn=978-1607811503|location=Salt Lake City|pages=1–2}}</ref> The Southern Slavic movement advocated the independence of the Slavic peoples in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Most Serbian intellectuals sought to unite all of the Southern, Balkan Slavs, whether [[Catholicism|Catholic]] ([[Croats]], [[Slovenes]]), [[Sunni Islam|Muslim]] ([[Bosniaks]], [[Pomaks]]), or [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] ([[Serbs]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[Bulgarians]]) as a "Southern-Slavic nation of three faiths".

Austria feared that Pan-Slavists would endanger the empire. In Austria-Hungary Southern Slavs were distributed among several entities: [[Slovenes]] in the Austrian part ([[Carniola]], [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], [[Gorizia and Gradisca]], [[Trieste]], [[Istria]]), Croats and [[Serbs]] in the Hungarian part within the autonomous [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] and in the Austrian part within the autonomous [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]], and in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], under direct control from Vienna. Owing to a different position within Austria-Hungary, several different goals were prominent among the Southern Slavs of Austria-Hungary. A strong alternative to Pan-Slavism was [[Austroslavism]],<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{Citation
 | contribution = Austro-Slavism | year = 2005
 | title = Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture
 | editor1-last = Magocsi
 | editor1-first = Robert
 | editor2-last = Pop
 | editor2-first = Ivan
 | pages = 21
 | place = Toronto
 | publisher = University of Toronto Press}}</ref> especially among the Croats and Slovenes. Because the Serbs were dispersed among several regions, and the fact that they had ties to the independent [[Nation-state|nation state]] of [[Kingdom of Serbia]], they were among the strongest supporters of independence of South-Slavs from Austria-Hungary and uniting into a common state under Serbian monarchy.

When in 1863 the [[Association of Serbian Philology]] commemorated the death of [[Cyril]] a thousand years earlier, its president [[Dimitrije Matić]] talked of the creation of an "ethnically pure" Slavonic people, "With God’s help, there should be a whole Slavonic people with purely Slavonic faces and of purely Slavonic character."<ref>Association of Serbian Philology: Hiljadugodišnja 1863:4</ref>

After World War I the creation of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], under [[Serbia|Serbian]] royalty of the [[Karađorđević dynasty]], united most Southern [[Slavic languages|Slavic-speaking nations]] regardless of religion and cultural background. The only ones they did not unite with were the Bulgarians. Still, in the years after the [[Second World War]], there were proposals to incorporate Bulgaria into a [[Greater Yugoslavia]] thus uniting all south [[Slavic languages|Slavic-speaking nations]] into one state.<ref>Ramet, Sabrina P.; ''The three Yugoslavias: state-building and legitimation, 1918-2005''; [[Indiana University Press]], 2006 {{ISBN|0-253-34656-8}}</ref> The idea was abandoned after the split between [[Josip Broz Tito]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1948. This led to some bitter sentiment between the people of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in the aftermath.

At the end of the Second World War, the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans']] [[mixed heritage]] leader Josip Broz Tito became Yugoslav president, and the country become a socialist republic, with the motto of "[[Brotherhood and Unity]]" between its various Slavic peoples.

== Pan-Slavism in Poland ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}

With the exception of Russia, the Polish nation has the distinction among other Slavic peoples of having enjoyed independence as a part of various entities for several centuries prior to the advent of Pan-Slavism.

After 1795, [[First French Republic|Revolutionary]] and [[First French Empire|Napoleonic]] France had influenced many Poles who sought the [[Duchy of Warsaw|reconstitution of their existing country]]—particularly since France was a mutual enemy of Austria, Prussia, and also Russia. Russia's Pan-Slavic rhetoric had alarmed the Poles. Pan-Slavism was not fully embraced among Poles after the early period. Poland did nevertheless express solidarity with those of its fellow Slavic nations that had suffered oppression and were seeking independence.

While Pan-Slavism as an ideology was inimical to [[Austro-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] interests, Poles instead embraced the wide autonomy within the state and assumed a loyalist position towards the Habsburgs. Within the Austro-Hungarian polity, they were able to develop their national culture and preserve the [[Polish language]], both of which were under threat in both [[Germany|German]] and [[Russia]]n Empires. A Pan-Slavic federation was proposed, but on the condition that the [[Russian Empire]] would be excluded from such an entity. After Poland regained its independence (from Germany, Austria and Russia) in 1918, no internal faction considered Pan-Slavism as a serious alternative, viewing Pan-Slavism as ''[[Russification]]''. During Poland's communist era, the [[USSR]] used Pan-Slavism as a propaganda tool to justify its control over the country. The issue of Pan-Slavism was not part of current mainstream politics and is widely seen as an ideology of Russian [[imperialism]].

== Pan-Slavism in Russia ==

During the time of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]] teachings viewed Pan-Slavism as a reactionary element associated to the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Панславизм / Большая советская энциклопедия|url=http://www.gatchina3000.ru/great-soviet-encyclopedia/bse/086/636.htm|access-date=2022-02-01|website=www.gatchina3000.ru}}</ref> As a result, Bolsheviks viewed it as contrary to their Marxist ideology. Pan-Slavists even faced persecution during the [[Stalinist repressions (disambiguation)|Stalinist repressions]]<!--intentional link to DAB page--> in the Soviet Union (see [[Slavists case]]). Nowadays, ultranationalist parties like the [[Russian National Unity]] party advocate for a Russian-dominated 'Slavic Union'.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Modern-day developments ==
[[File:European Union and Slavic countries.svg|thumb|300px|Map of the European Union and [[Slavic people|Slavic speaking countries]]. Slavic countries in the EU in royal blue, other EU countries in teal and non-EU Slavic countries in medium blue.]]
The authentic idea of the unity of the Slavic people was all but gone after [[World War I]] when the maxim "[[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles]] and [[Treaty of Trianon|Trianon]] have put an end to all Slavisms".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AsO_M5SaxDgC&dq=%22west+slavs%22&pg=PA2 Comparative Slavic Studies] Volume 6, by [[Roman Jakobson]]</ref> During the [[Cold War]], all Slavic peoples were in union under the dominance of the USSR, but pan-Slavism was rejected as reactionary to Communist ideals, and this unity was largely put to rest with the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, leading to the breakup of federal states such as [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Background of the Soviet-Yugoslav Dispute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404636 |access-date=30 July 2022 |journal=The Review of Politics|jstor=1404636 |last1=Ulam |first1=Adam B. |year=1951 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=39–63 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500046878 |s2cid=146474329 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2008 |title=Former Yugoslavia 101: The Balkans Breakup |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19148459&t=1659202710133 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=NPR}}</ref>
Varying relations between the Slavic countries exist nowadays; they range from mutual respect on equal footing and sympathy towards one another through traditional dislike and enmity, to indifference. No forms, other than culture and heritage oriented organizations, are currently considered forms of rapprochement among the countries with Slavic origins.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Degeneration of 'Pan-Slavism' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3483821 |access-date=30 July 2022 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology|jstor=3483821 |last1=Guins |first1=George C. |year=1948 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1948.tb00729.x }}</ref> The political parties which include Pan-Slavism as part of their program usually live on the fringe of the political spectrum, or are part of controlled and systemic opposition in [[Belarus]], [[Russia]] and [[Russian-occupied territories|occupied territories]], as part of an irredentist [[Russian irredentism|pan-slavist campaign by Russia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Pan-Slavism and European Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2142012.pdf |access-date=30 July 2022 |journal=Political Science Quarterly|jstor=2142012 |last1=Levine |first1=Louis |year=1914 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=664–686 |doi=10.2307/2142012 }}</ref><ref name="Duleba">"In other words, the Pan-Slavic resentment is not strange to the Russian Eurasianists, however, this is prevailingly limited to the post-Soviet space. Therein lies the difference between the Eurasians and the Russian radical nationalists in their contemporary attitude to Pan-Slavism. Radical nationalists are the only ones who follow up with the tradition and ideational message of the Central- and South-European Pan-Slavism of the tsarist Russia. Pan-Slavism serves as their tool for demonstrating decisive anti-Western attitudes and as an "historical" folklore employed in domestic-political battles, which sound so sweet to the Russian ear. The ideas of Pan-Slavism only find some echo with the part of some Serbian and partly Slovak nationalists" Alexander Duleba, "From Domination to Partnership - The perspectives of Russian-Central-East European Relations", Final Report to the [[NATO]] Research Fellowship Program, 1996-1998 [http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/duleba.pdf]</ref>

A political concept of Euro-Slavism evolved from the idea that [[European integration]] will solve issues of Slavic peoples and promote peace, unity and cooperation on equal terms within the [[European Union]].<ref name="Wagner">{{Citation |last=Wagner|first=Lukas|title=The EU's Russian Roulette |year=2009 |publisher=University of Tampere|location=Tampere |url=https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/81047/gradu03888.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=19 March 2017|pages = 74–78, 85–90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Morávek|first=Štefan|title=Patriotizmus a šovinizmus |year=2007 |publisher=Government Office of the Slovak Republic|location=Bratislava |url=http://www.akademickyrepozitar.sk/sk/repozitar/europska-idea-a-slovenska-politika-po-roku-2002.pdf |language=sk|accessdate=19 March 2017|page = 97|isbn=978-80-88707-99-8}}</ref> The concept seeks to resist strong [[multiculturalism|multicultural]] tendencies from [[Western Europe]], the dominant position of [[Germany]], opposes [[Slavophilia]], and typically encourages [[democracy]] and democratic values. Many Euroslavists believe it is possible to unite Slavic communities without exclusion of Russia from the [[Culture of Europe|European cultural area]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Lukeš| first = Igor| title = Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler| publisher = Oxford University Press| place = New York| year = 1996| isbn = 0-19-510266-5| page = 5}}</ref> but are also opposed to [[Russophilia]] and concepts of Slavs under [[Russian irredentism|Russian domination and irredentism]].<ref name="Wagner" /> It is considered a modern form of [[Austro-Slavism|Austro-Slavist]] and [[Neo-Slavism|Neo-Slavist]] movements.<ref>{{Citation| contribution = Austro-Slavism| year = 2002| title = Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture| editor1-last = Magcosi| editor1-first = Robert| editor2-last = Pop| editor2-first = Ivan| pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/21 21]| place = Toronto| publisher = University of Toronto Press| isbn = 0-8020-3566-3| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = Mikulášek| first = Alexej|title=Ke koexistenci slovanských a židovských kultur|language=cs|url=http://www.obrys-kmen.cz/archivok/ucs/sss.html#5|accessdate=19 March 2017|year=2014|publisher=Union of Czech Writers}}</ref> Their origins date back to the middle of the 19th century, being first proposed by Czech liberal politician [[Karel Havlíček Borovský]] in 1846, when it was refined into a provisional political program by Czech politician [[František Palacký]] and completed by the first President of Czechoslovakia [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] in his work ''New Europe: Slavic Viewpoint''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Masaryk|first=Tomáš G.|authorlink=Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk|title=Nová Evropa: stanovisko slovanské |year=2016 |edition=5 |publisher=Ústav T.G. Masaryka |location=Prague |language=cs |isbn=978-80-86142-55-5}}</ref>

== Contemporary views ==
While Pan-Slavism remains popular in moderate and extremist political circles, its popularity subsided in the public. After the failure of [[Yugoslavism]] and [[Czechoslovakism]], nationalism in Slavic nations now focus on self-definition and non-ethnic relations (like [[Pole and Hungarian brothers be|Hungary and Poland]]). The [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] had a divisive role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Is Just the Latest Expression of Pan-Slavic Authoritarianism {{!}} Mises Institute |url=https://mises.org/mises-wire/russias-invasion-ukraine-just-latest-expression-pan-slavic-authoritarianism |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=mises.org |language=en}}</ref> and pro-Russian sentiment became less popular. Tensions also rose on the Ukrainian side, and for economic reasons Ukrainian grain exports had to be banned for a time in multiple Slavic countries such as Poland and Slovakia, after the protest of farmers in multiple European countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-16 |title=Poland, Hungary, Slovakia impose own Ukraine grain bans as EU measure expires |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-hungary-slovakia-extend-grain-bans-despite-blocs-lift/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Farmers' protests: EU to cap some Ukrainian tariff-free imports |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68615476 |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Creation of pan-Slavic languages ==
Similarities of Slavic languages inspired many to create [[zonal auxiliary language|zonal auxiliary]] [[Pan-Slavic language]]s for all Slavic people to communicate with one another. Several such languages were constructed in the past, but many more were created in the [[Internet Age]]. The most prominent modern example is [[Interslavic]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyY_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=E-Democracy – Privacy-Preserving, Secure, Intelligent E-Government Services |chapter=4. The Interslavic Experiment |pages=21 |last1=Katsikas |first1=Sokratis K. |last2=Zorkadis |first2=Vasilios |year=2017 |publication-place=[[Athens]], [[Greece]] |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3319711171}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
Pan-Slavic countries, organisations, and alliances appear in various works of fiction.

In the 2014 turn-based strategy [[4X]] game ''[[Civilization: Beyond Earth]]'' there is a playable faction called the Slavic Federation – a science fiction vision of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, reformed into a powerful unified state with a focus on aerospace, technological research, and terrestrial engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.celjaded.com/best-sponsors-in-beyond-earth/|title=Best Sponsors in Beyond Earth & Rising Tide|last=Hajdasz|first=Alex|date=2016-11-13|website=celjaded.com|publisher=CelJaded|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/civ-beyond-earth/Slavic_Federation|title=Slavic Federation|date=2014-10-31|website=ign.com|publisher=[[IGN]]|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref> Its leader, a former cosmonaut named Vadim Kozlov voiced by Mateusz Pawluczuk, speaks a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian with a heavy Polish accent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3915900/characters/nm11370067|title=Civilization: Beyond Earth (Video Game 2014) - Mateusz Pawluczuk as Vadim Petrovich Kozlov|website=imdb.com|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.choicestgames.com/2014/11/member-nations-of-sponsor-factions-in.html|title=Member Nations of Sponsor Factions in Civilization: Beyond Earth|last=Goninon|first=Mark|website=choicestgames.com|publisher=Choicest Games|date=2014-11-11|access-date=2023-03-26}}</ref> In the historical [[grand strategy]] games of ''[[Crusader Kings II]]'' and ''[[Europa Universalis IV]]'', the player is able to unite Slavonic territories via political alliances and multi-ethnic kingdoms.<ref name="bg">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kszYyLlxyto|title=Historical Eastern Europe in video games|date=2017-03-06|website=youtube.com|publisher=Bamul Gaming|access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref> The real-time strategy games ''[[Ancestors Legacy]]'' and the HD edition of ''[[Age of Empires II#The Forgotten|Age of Empires II]]'' feature fictionalised versions of the [[early Slavs]] that incorporate and fuse elements from different Slavic nations.<ref name="bg"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Europe}}
{{div col begin}}
* [[Pan-Africanism]]
* [[Pan-Arabism]]
* [[Pan-Asianism]]
* [[Pan-Germanism]]
* [[Pan-Semitism]]
* [[Pan-Turkism]]
* [[Russophilia]]
** [[All-Russian nation]]
** [[Galician Russophilia]]
* [[Slavophilia]]
* [[Pan-Turanism]]
* [[Neo-Sovietism]]
* [[Eurasianism]]
* [[Austroslavism]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Abbott G. European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky and the origins of Slavophilism (Cambridge University Press, 1972)
* Agnew H. Origins of the Czech National Renascence (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993)
* Carole R. The Slovenes and Yugoslavism, 1890-1914 (Columbia University Press, 1977)
* Djokic D. (ed.) Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 (Hurst and Company, 2003)
* Gasor A., Karl L., Troebst S. (eds.) Post-Panslavismus. Slavizität, Slavische Idee und Antislavismus im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert (Wallstein Verlag, 2014)
* Geier, Wolfgang (2022). ''Panslawismus'' [Pan-Slavism]. Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens, vol. 20,4. Klagenfurt: Wieser, {{ISBN|978-3-99029-535-9}}.
* Golub I., Bracewell C. The Slavic Idea of  Juraj Krizanic, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3-4 (1986).
* {{cite journal |last1=Grigorieva |first1=Anna A. |title=Pan-Slavism in Central and Southeastern Europe |journal=Journal of Siberian Federal University |date=2010 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38633132.pdf |access-date=22 September 2018 |series=Humanities & Social Sciences}}
* Kohn, Hans. ''Nationalism: Its meaning and history'' (van Nostrand, 1955).
* {{cite journal |last1=Kohn |first1=Hans |title=The Impact of Pan-Slavism on Central Europe |journal=The Review of Politics |date=1961 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=323–333 |jstor=1405438 |doi=10.1017/s0034670500008767|s2cid=145066436 }}
* Kostya S. Pan-Slavism (Danubian Press, 1981)
* {{cite book |last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: N to S |chapter=Pan-Slavism |date=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780415939232 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jCi6jCc3KcC&q=pan-slavism&pg=PA1762 |access-date=22 September 2018 |language=en|pages=1762–}}
* Petrovich B.M. The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856-1870 (Columbia University Press, 1956)
* {{cite book |last1=Riasanovsky |first1=Nicholas Valentine|title=A History of Russia |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=US |isbn=978-0-19-512179-7 |page=450 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0195121791|access-date=22 September 2018 |language=en}}
* Snyder, Louis L. ''Encyclopedia of Nationalism'' (1990) pp 309–315.
* Tobolka Z. Der Panslavismus, Zeitschrift fur Politik, 6 (1913)
* Vyšný, Paul. ''Neo-Slavism and the Czechs, 1898-1914'' (Cambridge University Press, 1977).
* {{cite journal |last1=Yiǧit Gülseven |first1=Aslı |title=Rethinking Russian pan-Slavism in the Ottoman Balkans: N.P. Ignatiev and the Slavic Benevolent Committee (1856–77) |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=26 October 2016 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=332–348 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2016.1243532 |language=en |issn=0026-3206|hdl=11693/37207 |s2cid=220378577 |hdl-access=free }}
* "Pan-Slavism" in [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Pan-Slavism}}

{{Pan-Slavism}}
{{Great power diplomacy}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}
{{Pan-nationalist concepts}}
{{Russian nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Pan-nationalism|Slavism]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Galician Russophilia]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russification]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Russian nationalism]]
[[Category:Russian philosophy]]