Editing Pamplona

{{other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Pamplona
| native_name        = {{native name|eu|Iruña}}
| official_name      = Pamplona / Iruña
| settlement_type    = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| other_name         = Pampeluna
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
  | perrow = 2/2/1
  | border = infobox
  | total_width = 280 
  | caption_align = center
  | image1 = Pamplona 2022 - city hall.jpg{{!}}Pamplona City Hall
  | caption1 = Pamplona City Hall
  | image2 = Monumento a los Fueros (Pamplona).jpg{{!}}Fueros monument and Palacio de Navarra
 | caption2 = Fueros monument
 | image4 = Pampelune - Place de Castille.jpg{{!}}Plaza del Castillo
 | caption4 = Plaza del Castillo
 | image3 = Pamplona 2022 - west facade front.jpg{{!}}Catedral de Santa María la Real
 | caption3 = [[Pamplona Cathedral|Cathedral]]
 | image5 = Running of the Bulls on Estafeta Street.jpg{{!}}Encierro de San Fermín
 | caption5 = [[Festival of San Fermín]]
}}
| image_flag         = Bandera Pamplona.svg
| image_shield       = Escudo de Pamplona.svg
| pushpin_map        = Spain Navarre#Spain
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Pamplona within Navarre##Location of Pamplona within Spain
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Autonomous Communities of Spain|Autonomous Community]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Navarre]]
| subdivision_type2  = Comarca
| subdivision_name2  = [[Cuenca de Pamplona]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 74 BC
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2  = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Joseba Asirón ([[EH Bildu]])
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_total_km2     = 25.14
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 
| area_urban_km2     = 
| area_metro_km2     = 
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web
 |url=https://www.pamplona.es/sites/default/files/2020-01/Pamplona%20-%20barrios%20poblaci%C3%B3n%20total%20enero%202020_0.pdf
 |title=Población total Pamplona/Iruña a 2 de enero de 2020
 |access-date=13 July 2020
 |archive-date=6 August 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806113442/https://www.pamplona.es/sites/default/files/2020-01/Pamplona%20-%20barrios%20poblaci%C3%B3n%20total%20enero%202020_0.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
| population_total   = 209,672
| population_urban   = 
| population_metro   = 319,208
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{native name|es|pamplonés, -a, pamplonica}} <br/> {{native name|eu|iruindar}}
| population_note    = population-ranking: 29th (municipality); 23rd (metro area)
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Metro
| demographics2_info1 = €18.942 billion (2020)
| timezone           = CET
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = CEST
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| coordinates        = {{coord|42|49|N|1|39|W|region:ES|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/eltiempo/prediccion/municipios/pamplona-iruna-id31201
 |title=Municipios: Pamplona/Iruña 
 |access-date = 13 July 2020}}</ref>
| elevation_ft       = 
| elevation_m        = 450
| blank_name_sec1    = Patron saint
| blank_info_sec1    = {{plainlist|
*[[Saturnin|Saint Saturnin]], 29 November
*[[Fermin|Saint Fermin]], 6–14 July,  25 September<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fiesta-de-San-Fermin|title=Fiesta de San Fermín|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref>}}
| website            = {{URL|www.pamplona.es}}
| module             = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Pamplona''' ({{IPA|es|pamˈplona|-|Pronunciation_of_Pamplona_in_Spanish.ogg}}; {{langx|eu|Iruña}} {{IPA|eu|iɾuɲa|}}),{{efn|name=Basque|''Iruñea'' is the Basque name proposed by the [[Euskaltzaindia|Royal Academy of the Basque Language]], but the Basque name recognized by the Government of Navarre is ''Iruña''.}} historically also known as '''Pampeluna''' in English, is the capital city of the [[Navarre|Chartered Community of Navarre]], in [[Spain]].

Lying at near {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level,<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQnhxnvkIgUC&pg=PA189|page=189|first=Fernando|last=Cañada Palacio|year=1999|isbn=84-89483-12-4|chapter=Pamplona S. XI-XII: El origen de los Burgos|publisher=Centros de Estudios del Románico|location=Aguilar de Campoo|title=El urbanismo de los estados cristianos peninsulares}}</ref> the city (and the wider [[Cuenca de Pamplona]]) is located on the flood plain of the [[Arga river]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/609/650|first1=A|last1=Bescos|first2=A.M.|last2=Camarasa|publisher=[[Spanish National Research Council|Editorial CSIC]]|page=290|title=Caracterización hidrologica del Río Arga (Navarra): El agua como recurso y como riesgo|year=1998|journal=Estudios Geográficos|volume=59|location=Madrid|issue=232|doi=10.3989/egeogr.1998.i232.609|s2cid=134630943|doi-access=free|hdl=10550/39751|hdl-access=free}}</ref> a second-order tributary of the [[Ebro]]. Precipitation-wise, it is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to the late Bronze to early [[Iron Age]],{{sfn|Cañada Palacio|1999|p=189}} even if the traditional inception date refers to the foundation of {{lang|la|Pompaelo}} by [[Pompey]] during the [[Sertorian War]]s circa 75 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsWoon8OAyQC&pg=PA75|title=El euskera arcaico: extensión y parentescos|first=Luis|last=Núñez Astrain|author-link=Luis Núñez Astrain|publisher=[[Txalaparta (publisher)|Editorial Txapalarta]]|page=75|location=Tafalla|isbn=84-8136-300-6|year=2003}}</ref> During [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic rule]] Pamplona became an episcopal see, serving as a staging ground for the [[Christianization]] of the area.{{sfn|Cañada Palacio|1999|p=191}} It later became one of the capitals of the [[Kingdom of Navarre|Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre]].

The city is famous worldwide for the [[Running of the Bulls|running of the bulls]] during the [[festival of San Fermín|San Fermín festival]], which is held annually from 6 July to 14 July. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s novel ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]''. It is also home to [[Club Atlético Osasuna|Osasuna]], the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the [[La Liga|Spanish top division]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Pamplona}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Baluarte de Redín3.JPG|thumb|The city walls of Pamplona]]

===Foundation and Roman times===
In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Pompey]] in the war against [[Sertorius]]. He is considered to be the founder of '''Pompaelo''', "as if ''Pompeiopolis''" in Strabo's words,<ref>[[Ptolemy]] ii. 6. § 67; [[Strabo]] iii. § 161</ref> which became Pamplona, in modern [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. However, in later times, it has been discovered to be the chief town of the [[Vascones]]. They called it Iruña, translating to 'the city'. Roman Pompaelo was located in the province of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]], on the [[Ab Asturica Burdigalam]], the road from Burdigala (modern [[Bordeaux]]) to Asturica (modern [[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]]);<ref>[[Antonine Itinerary]] p. 455</ref> it was a ''[[civitas stipendiaria]]'' in the jurisdiction of the ''[[conventus iuridicus|conventus]]'' of [[Caesaraugusta]] (modern [[Zaragoza]]).<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]] iii. 3. s. 4.</ref>

===Early Middle Ages===
[[File:Vasconia wide 740 3 - 80.jpg|thumb|Pamplona, at the centre of numerous military campaigns during the eighth century]]
[[File:Iñigo Arista de Pamplona - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png|thumb|upright|[[Íñigo Arista of Pamplona|Eneko Arista]], first king of Pamplona (15th-century miniature from [[Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, MS 7415]])]]

During the [[Germanic invasions]] of 409 and later as a result of [[Rechiar]]'s ravaging, Pamplona went through much disruption and destruction,<ref>Collins 1990, p.76</ref> starting a cycle of general decline along with other towns across the Basque territory, but managing to keep some sort of urban life.<ref>Collins 1990, p.102</ref> During the [[History of spain#Visigothic Hispania (5th–8th centuries)|Visigothic period]] (fifth to eighth centuries), Pamplona alternated between self-rule, Visigoth domination or Frankish suzerainty in the [[Duchy of Vasconia]] (Councils of Toledo unattended by several Pamplonese [[bishop]]s between 589 and 684). In 466 to 472, Pamplona was conquered by the Visigoth count Gauteric,<ref>{{cite book | author = Jurio, Jimeno | year = 1995 | title = Historia de Pamplona y de sus lenguas | publisher = Editorial Txalaparta | location = Tafalla | isbn = 84-8136-017-1 | page = 35}}</ref> but they seemed to abandon the restless position soon, struggling as the Visigoth kingdom was to survive and rearrange its lands after their defeats in Gaul. During the beginning of the sixth century, Pamplona probably stuck to an unstable self-rule, but in 541, Pamplona, along with other northern Iberian cities, was raided by the Franks.

Around 581, the Visigoth king Liuvigild overcame the Basques, seized Pamplona, and founded in the town of Victoriacum.<ref>{{cite book | author = Jurio, Jimeno | year = 1995 | title = Historia de Pamplona y de sus lenguas | publisher = Editorial Txalaparta | isbn = 84-8136-017-1 | page = 36}}</ref> Despite the legend citing [[Saint Fermin]] as the first bishop of Pamplona and his baptising of 40,000 pagan inhabitants in just three days, the first reliable accounts of a bishop date from 589, when bishop Liliolus attended the [[Third Council of Toledo]]. After 684 and 693, a bishop called Opilano is mentioned again in 829, followed by [[Wiliesind]] and a certain Jimenez from 880 to 890. Even in the 10th century, important gaps are found in bishop succession, which is recorded unbroken only after 1005.<ref>Collins 1990, p.154</ref>

At the time of the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad invasion]] in 711, the Visigothic king [[Roderic]] was fighting the [[History of the Basque people#Early Middle Ages|Basques]] in Pamplona and had to turn his attention to the new enemy coming from the south. By 714–16, the Umayyad troops had reached the Basque-held Pamplona, with the town submitting apparently after a treaty was brokered between the inhabitants and the Arab military commanders.<ref>Collins 1990, p.116</ref> The position was then garrisoned by Berbers, who were stationed on the outside of the actual fortress, and established the cemetery unearthed not long ago at the Castle Square (''Plaza del Castillo''). During the following years, the Basques south of the Pyrenees do not seem to have shown much resistance to the Moorish thrust, and Pamplona may even have flourished as a launching point and centre of assembly for their expeditions into [[Duchy of Vasconia|Gascony]].<ref>Collins 1990, p.117</ref> In 740, the Wali (governor) [[Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj]] imposed direct central Cordovan discipline on the city. In 755, though, the last governor of [[Al-Andalus]], [[Yusuf al Fihri]], sent an expedition north to quash Basque unrest near Pamplona, resulting in the defeat of the Arab army.<ref>Collins 1990, p.119</ref>

From 755 until 781, Pamplona remained autonomous, probably relying on regional alliances. Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778, the town was in hands of a Basque local or a Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of [[Charlemagne]]'s crossing of the Pyrenees to the south. However, on his way back from the failed expedition to Saragossa in August, the walls and probably the town were destroyed by Charlemagne (ahead of the Frankish defeat in the famous [[Battle of Roncevaux]]), out of fear that the anti-Frankish party strong in the town might use the position against him. After [[Abd al-Rahman I]]'s conquest, Pamplona and its hinterland remained in a state of shaky balance between Franks, regional [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] lords and central Cordovan rule, all of whom proved unable to permanently secure dominance over the Basque region. To a considerable extent, that alternation reflected the internal struggles of the Basque warrior nobility.

After the Frankish defeat at Roncevaux (778), Pamplona switched again to [[Al-Andalus#Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba|Cordovan rule]], after Abd-al-Rahman's expedition captured the stronghold in 781. A ''wali'' or governor was imposed, Mutarrif ibn-Musa (a Banu-Qasi) up to the 799 rebellion. In that year, the Pamplonese—possibly led by a certain Velasko—stirred against their governor, but later the inhabitants provided some support for the [[Banu Qasi]] Fortun ibn-Musa's uprising. This regional revolt was shortly after suppressed by the Cordovan emir [[Hisham I of Córdoba|Hisham I]], who re-established order, but failed to retain his grip on the town, since the Pamplonese returned to Frankish suzerainty in 806.<ref>Collins 1990, p.124</ref> A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as decided by the city council, headed by mayor [[Yolanda Barcina]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rekalde |first=Angel |date=2014-01-08 |title=Las piedras de la plaza del Castillo |url=http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2014/01/08/opinion/colaboracion/las-piedras-de-la-plaza-del-castillo |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140818204849/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2014/01/08/opinion/colaboracion/las-piedras-de-la-plaza-del-castillo |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-08-18 |newspaper=Noticias de Navarra |location=Pamplona |access-date=2014-08-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2002-02-16 |title=El informe pericial de Aranzadi denuncia 'un expolio' arqueológico en la Plaza del Castillo |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2002/02/16/paisvasco/1013892006_850215.html |newspaper=El País |access-date=2014-08-02 }}</ref>

Following a failed expedition to the town led by [[Louis the Pious]] around 812, allegiance to the Franks collapsed after [[Iñigo Arista|Enecco Arista]] rose to prominence. Moreover, he was crowned as [[List of Navarrese monarchs|king of Pamplona]] in 824, when the [[Banu Qasi]] and he gained momentum in the wake of their victorious [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)|second battle of Roncevaux]]. The new kingdom, inextricably linked to the Banu Qasi of Tudela, strengthened its independence from the weakened Frankish empire and [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Cordoban emirate]].

During this period, Pamplona was not properly a town, but just a kind of fortress. In 924, [[Caliphate of Cordoba|Cordovan]] sources describe Pamplona as "not being especially gifted by nature", with its inhabitants being poor, not eating enough, and dedicated to banditry. They are reported to speak Basque for the most part, which "makes them incomprehensible".<ref>{{cite book | author = Jimeno Aranguren, Roldan; Lopez-Mugartza Iriarte, J.C. (Ed.) | year = 2004 | title = ''Vascuence y Romance: Ebro-Garona, Un Espacio de Comunicación'' | publisher = Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua | location = Pamplona | isbn = 84-235-2506-6 | page = 179}}</ref> On the 24 July, after Christian troops and citizens fled, troops from Cordova sacked Pamplona, destroying houses and buildings including its celebrated church.<ref>{{cite book | author = Jurio, Jimeno | year = 1995 | title = Historia de Pamplona y de sus lenguas | publisher = Editorial Txalaparta | location = Tafalla | isbn = 84-8136-017-1 | page = 64}}</ref>

The town only regained its urban and human shape after the end of raids by Vikings and Andalusians on the province. Especially after 1083, traffic on the [[Way of St James]] brought prosperity and new cultures via travelers from north of the Pyrenees.<ref>{{cite book | author = Jimeno Aranguren, Roldan; Lopez-Mugartza Iriarte, J.C. (Ed.) | year = 2004 | title = ''Vascuence y Romance: Ebro-Garona, Un Espacio de Comunicación'' | publisher = Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua | location = Pamplona | isbn = 84-235-2506-6 | page = 167}}</ref>

===Three boroughs and one city===
{{see also|Privilege of the Union}}
From the 11th century, reviving economic development allowed Pamplona to recover its urban life. The bishops of Pamplona recovered their ecclesiastical leading role; during the previous centuries, isolated [[monasteries]], especially [[Monastery of Leyre|Leyre]], had actually held the religious authority. The [[Way of Saint James|pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela]] contributed to the revival of the commercial and cultural exchanges with Christian Europe beyond the [[Pyrenees]]. In the 12th century, the city enlarged with two new separate ''burgos'' (independent boroughs): San Cernín (Saint Saturnin) and [[San Nicolas (Pamplona burg)|San Nicolás]]; the population of local Navarrese mainly confined to the original urban nucleus, the Navarrería, was swelled by [[Occitan language#Occitan in Spain|Occitan]] merchants and artisans.

The boroughs showed very distinct features both socially and culturally, and were almost always engaged in quarrels among themselves. The most dramatic episode was the burning of the borough San Nicolás in 1258 and the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two boroughs and the massacre of its population in 1276. The site was abandoned for nearly 50 years. With regards to the outer defence walls of the city, the southern side was the weakest flank of the city, and the Navarrese king [[Louis X of France|Louis I]] built a castle in the early 14th century in the site known today as Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square).

Eventually, King [[Charles III of Navarre|Charles III]] decreed the [[Privilege of the Union|unification of the boroughs]] in a single city in 1423. The feuds between boroughs had been partly ignited by disputes over the use of the gulf dividing the three boroughs, so after Charles III's unification, the gulf was filled and on its site a common space laid out on the present-day city hall. The walls dividing the boroughs were demolished.

During the late 15th century, Pamplona bore witness to power struggles between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies and external military interventions. Several times, the stronghold was taken over by different factions and foreign forces, like the ones sent by [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]. Queen [[Catherine I of Navarre|Catherine I]] was a minor and often absent from Pamplona, but eventually she married [[John III of Navarre|John III]] in 1494, an event celebrated with joy in the city. However, Navarre continued divided.

Historically, a [[Jewish]] community existed in Pamplona. The first documentation of Jews in Pamplona dates to 958, when [[Hasdai Ibn Shaprut]] visited Pamplona on a diplomatic mission to meet with [[Sancho I of Pamplona|Sancho I]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pamplona |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/pamplona#:~:text=Even%20though%20there%20is%20no,and%20the%20community's%20property%20confiscated. |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> The Jews of Pamplona had an independent court system which enforced the Jewish system of [[halacha]], or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Isidore |last2=Kayserling |first2=Meyer |title=PAMPLONA |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11881-pamplona |website=The Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Caídoslat.JPG|The ''Monumento a los Caídos'', Francoist memorial, subject to debate about its potential demolition
File:Calle Estafeta de Pamplona.JPG|Estafeta Street
File:Sanfermines Vaquillas Pamplona 08.jpg|[[Running of the Bulls]]
File:Chupinazo8.jpg|Seconds before the beginning of the [[Festival of San Fermín|San Fermín Festival]]—Town Hall Square: Everybody has a red handkerchief above their heads until a firework is exploded at 12 pm; putting it around their neck afterward
</gallery>

===A fortress-city===
After the [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre|1512 conquest and annexation]] of Navarre to Spain, Pamplona remained as capital of the semiautonomous [[Kingdom of Navarre#Later history and the end of the fueros|kingdom of Navarre]], which preserved its own (reformed) institutions and laws. Pamplona became a Castilian-Spanish outpost at the foot of the western Pyrenees. After the Castilian conquest, king [[Ferdinand the Catholic|Ferdinand V]] ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as the building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre.<ref name="ConqNavarre">{{cite book |author1 = Monreal, Gregorio |author2 = Jimeno, Roldan |year = 2012 |title = Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla |publisher = Pamiela |location=Pamplona-Iruña |isbn = 978-84-7681-736-0 |page = 71}}</ref>

The progress of [[artillery]] demanded a complete renewal of the fortified system. Starting in 1569, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] built the fortifications at Pamplona, to designs by [[Giovan Giacomo Paleari]] and [[Vespasiano Gonzaga]]. The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal [[Bastion fort|star fort]]. Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check<ref>{{dead link|date=July 2023}}{{cite web |url=http://www2.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/02/17/vecinos/pamplona/d17pam30.1162828.php |title=200 años de la caída de la Ciudadela |publisher=Diario de Noticias |access-date=2008-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117161823/http://www2.noticiasdenavarra.com/ediciones/2008/02/17/vecinos/pamplona/d17pam30.1162828.php |archive-date=November 17, 2011 }} Article in Spanish</ref> and strengthen the outpost Pamplona had become on the border with [[Kingdom of Navarre#Independent Navarre north of the Pyrenees|independent Navarre]], a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries.

During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous [[water supply]] was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In the 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved.

During the [[Peninsular War]] of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], French troops occupied the city - by launching a ''[[coup de main]]'' (surprise attack) and seized the city in 1808, and remained in it until the French forces were compelled to surrender on 31 October 1813 due to starvation, having been blockaded in the town for four months by the Spanish army under [[Henry O'Donnell, 1st Count of la Bisbal|Enrique José O'Donnell]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|334}}
[[File:Environs_de_San_Sebastian_par_Didier_Petit_de_Meurville_(années_1850).jpg|thumb|View of Pamplona during the 1850s]]
During the [[Carlist Wars]] (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating the walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a [[Fort San Cristóbal (Spain)|fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal]], just {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} north of Pamplona.

Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in the closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century, [[road transportation]] improved, and the [[railway]] came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Basically, no industrial development was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city.

After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the [[First World War]] demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and the other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison.

Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development', the website is in English, French, and Spanish.<ref>[http://congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu/ congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413003205/http://congress.fortiuspamplonabayonne.eu/ |date=2014-04-13 }}</ref>

Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/pamplonaescultura/docs/3_laciudadelapamplona_eng|title = The Citadel of Pamplona| date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://issuu.com/pamplonaescultura/docs/2_fortinsbartolome_en/c/sl7fbga|title=San Bartolome Fort|date=6 May 2014 }}</ref>

===Industrialization and modernization===
[[File:Demografía Pamplona (España).PNG|thumb|Demographic evolution (1900–2005)]]

Freed from its military function, Pamplona could lead the process of [[industrialization]] and modernization in which Navarre was involved during the 20th century, especially during its second half. The [[Urbanization|urban growth]]  has been accompanied by the development of industry and services. Population growth has been the effect of an intense immigration process during the 1960s and 1970s: from the Navarrese countryside and from other less developed regions of Spain, mainly [[Castile and León]] and [[Andalusia]]. Since the 1990s the [[Immigration to Spain|immigration is coming mainly from abroad]].

Pamplona is listed as a city with one of the highest [[Standard of living|standards of living]] and [[quality of life]] in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pamplona, Bilbao and Gijón, the Spanish cities with the best quality of life |url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/06/20/espana/1182344494.html |work=El Mundo |date=2007-06-21 |access-date=2008-04-14 |language=es}}</ref> Its industry rate is higher than the national average,{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} although it is threatened by delocalization. [[Crime statistics]] are lower than the national average but [[cost of living]], especially housing, is considerably higher.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.habitathumano.com/economia/mostrartodas.php?fechaparamostrar=2007-01-22 habitathumano.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221113705/http://www.habitathumano.com/economia/mostrartodas.php?fechaparamostrar=2007-01-22 |date=2007-02-21 }}</ref> Thanks to its small size and an acceptable [[public transport]] service, there are no major transport problems.

==Geography==
Pamplona is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the [[Cuenca de Pamplona|Basin of Pamplona]], that links the mountainous north with the [[Ebro]] valley. It is {{convert|92|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city of San Sebastián, {{convert|117|km|0|abbr=on}} from Bilbao, {{convert|735|km|0|abbr=on}} from Paris, and {{convert|407|km|0|abbr=on}} from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is a transition between those two main Navarrese geographical regions. Its central position at crossroads has served as a commercial link between those very different natural parts of Navarre. The historical centre of the city is on the left bank of the [[Arga River]], a tributary of the Ebro. The city has developed on both sides of the river.

[[File:Iruñerria - 2017-04-03.jpg|left|thumb|Aerial view of Pamplona, 2017]]

==Climate==
The climate of Pamplona is classified as an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfb'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591946&cityname=Pamplona%2C+Comunidad+Foral+de+Navarra%2C+Spain&units=|title=Pamplona, Spain Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref> with influences of a [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csb''). Due to [[global warming]] and stronger summer [[heat wave]]s in the 21st century, it is also on the boundary with a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). Precipitation patterns do not vary much over the course of the year, as is typical of marine climates, but both classifications are possible due to the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are typical for a location in [[Northern Spain]], thus more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish Mediterranean areas are, but rainfall is significantly lower than in [[Bilbao]] and especially [[San Sebastián]], as well as the climate is harsher than in the northern coastal areas (colder winter lows, warmer summer highs) because of the altitude of {{convert|450|m|ft}} and its inland location.

{{Weather box
|location = Pamplona (1991–2020), extremes (1953–2020)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 19.5
|Feb record high C = 23.6
|Mar record high C = 30
|Apr record high C = 29.6
|May record high C = 33.5
|Jun record high C = 38.5
|Jul record high C = 42.3
|Aug record high C = 40.6
|Sep record high C = 38.8
|Oct record high C = 30
|Nov record high C = 27
|Dec record high C = 20
|year record high C = 42.3
|Jan avg record high C = 15.8
|Feb avg record high C = 18.1
|Mar avg record high C = 23.0
|Apr avg record high C = 25.8
|May avg record high C = 30.8
|Jun avg record high C = 35.1
|Jul avg record high C = 37.2
|Aug avg record high C = 37.1
|Sep avg record high C = 32.3
|Oct avg record high C = 26.7
|Nov avg record high C = 20.0
|Dec avg record high C = 15.8
|year avg record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 9.5
|Feb high C = 11.2
|Mar high C = 15.0
|Apr high C = 17.2
|May high C = 21.4
|Jun high C = 25.8
|Jul high C = 28.5
|Aug high C = 29.2
|Sep high C = 24.8
|Oct high C = 19.7
|Nov high C = 13.2
|Dec high C = 9.9
|year high C = 18.8
|Jan mean C = 5.7
|Feb mean C = 6.5
|Mar mean C = 9.5
|Apr mean C = 11.5
|May mean C = 15.2
|Jun mean C = 19.1
|Jul mean C = 21.6
|Aug mean C = 22.1
|Sep mean C = 18.5
|Oct mean C = 14.5
|Nov mean C = 9.2
|Dec mean C = 6.1
|year mean C = 13.3
|Jan low C = 1.8
|Feb low C = 1.7
|Mar low C = 4.0
|Apr low C = 5.8
|May low C = 8.9
|Jun low C = 12.4
|Jul low C = 14.6
|Aug low C = 15.0
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 9.2
|Nov low C = 5.2
|Dec low C = 2.3
|year low C = 7.8
|Jan avg record low C = -3.8
|Feb avg record low C = -3.4
|Mar avg record low C = -1.4
|Apr avg record low C = 0.3
|May avg record low C = 3.1
|Jun avg record low C = 7.2
|Jul avg record low C = 9.8
|Aug avg record low C = 9.9
|Sep avg record low C = 6.4
|Oct avg record low C = 2.3
|Nov avg record low C = -1.3
|Dec avg record low C = -3.5
|year avg record low C = -5.2
|Jan record low C = -12.4
|Feb record low C = -15.2
|Mar record low C = -9.0
|Apr record low C = -2.2
|May record low C = -0.2
|Jun record low C = 3.8
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C = 3.4
|Oct record low C = -1.0
|Nov record low C = -6.6
|Dec record low C = -14.2
|year record low C = -15.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 73.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 56.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 65.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 72.1
|May precipitation mm = 60.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 55.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 33.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 32.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 46.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 85.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.2
|year precipitation mm = 720.1
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 10
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr precipitation days = 11
|May precipitation days = 10
|Jun precipitation days = 6
|Jul precipitation days = 4
|Aug precipitation days = 4
|Sep precipitation days = 7
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 11
|Dec precipitation days = 12
|year precipitation days = 
|Jan sun = 114
|Feb sun = 130
|Mar sun = 191
|Apr sun = 204
|May sun = 237
|Jun sun = 259
|Jul sun = 302
|Aug sun = 287
|Sep sun = 230
|Oct sun = 179
|Nov sun = 117
|Dec sun = 104
|year sun = 
|source 1 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-3-p62.php
 |title=Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 3)
 |language=fr
 |accessdate = 3 June 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/pamplona-noain/valeurs/08085.html|title=Climatologie de l'année à Pamplona/Noain|publisher=Infoclimat|language=fr|accessdate=17 September 2023}}
</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Pamplona Airport]](1981–2010), extremes (1953–2020)
|collapsed = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 19.5
|Feb record high C = 23.6
|Mar record high C = 30
|Apr record high C = 29.6
|May record high C = 33.5
|Jun record high C = 38.5
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 40.6
|Sep record high C = 38.8
|Oct record high C = 30
|Nov record high C = 27
|Dec record high C = 20
|year record high C = 40.6
|Jan high C = 9.1
|Feb high C = 10.9
|Mar high C = 14.6
|Apr high C = 16.4
|May high C = 20.8
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jul high C = 28.2
|Aug high C = 28.3
|Sep high C = 24.5
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 13.1
|Dec high C = 9.7
|year high C = 18.4
|Jan mean C = 5.2
|Feb mean C = 6.3
|Mar mean C = 9.1
|Apr mean C = 10.9
|May mean C = 14.7
|Jun mean C = 18.6
|Jul mean C = 21.2
|Aug mean C = 21.4
|Sep mean C = 18.2
|Oct mean C = 14.1
|Nov mean C = 9.0
|Dec mean C = 6.0
|year mean C = 12.9
|Jan low C = 1.4
|Feb low C = 1.6
|Mar low C = 3.7
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 8.6
|Jun low C = 11.9
|Jul low C = 14.2
|Aug low C = 14.5
|Sep low C = 12.0
|Oct low C = 8.9
|Nov low C = 4.8
|Dec low C = 2.2
|year low C = 7.4
|Jan record low C = -12.4
|Feb record low C = -15.2
|Mar record low C = -9.0
|Apr record low C = -2.2
|May record low C = -0.2
|Jun record low C = 3.8
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C = 3.4
|Oct record low C = -1.0
|Nov record low C = -6.6
|Dec record low C = -14.2
|year record low C = -15.2
|precipitation colour =green
|Jan precipitation mm = 62
|Feb precipitation mm = 55
|Mar precipitation mm = 59
|Apr precipitation mm = 79
|May precipitation mm = 65
|Jun precipitation mm = 51
|Jul precipitation mm = 38
|Aug precipitation mm = 43
|Sep precipitation mm = 49
|Oct precipitation mm = 73
|Nov precipitation mm = 80
|Dec precipitation mm = 77
|year precipitation mm = 734
| unit precipitation days =  1 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =8.7
| Feb precipitation days  =8
| Mar precipitation days  =7.7
| Apr precipitation days  =9.7
| May precipitation days  =9.2
| Jun precipitation days  =5.8
| Jul precipitation days  =4.3
| Aug precipitation days  =4.7
| Sep precipitation days  =5.7
| Oct precipitation days  =8.6
| Nov precipitation days  =9.6
| Dec precipitation days  =10.1
| year precipitation days =
| Jan snow days  =2
| Feb snow days  =2.6
| Mar snow days  =1.4
| Apr snow days  =0.8
| May snow days  =0
| Jun snow days  =0
| Jul snow days  =0
| Aug snow days  =0
| Sep snow days  =0
| Oct snow days  =0
| Nov snow days  =0.7
| Dec snow days  =1.5
| year snow days =
|Jan humidity = 78
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 66
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 63
|Jun humidity = 59
|Jul humidity = 57
|Aug humidity = 58
|Sep humidity = 62
|Oct humidity = 69
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 78
|year humidity = 67
|Jan sun = 90.9
|Feb sun = 129.3
|Mar sun = 180.7
|Apr sun = 187.2
|May sun = 235.4
|Jun sun = 271.5
|Jul sun = 317.1
|Aug sun = 281.0
|Sep sun = 215.1
|Oct sun = 162.2
|Nov sun = 108.1
|Dec sun = 86.8
|year sun = 
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=9263D&k=nav
 |title=Standard Climate Values for Pamplona 
 |access-date = 13 July 2020}}
</ref>
|source 2 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=nav&l=9262&datos=det&x=9262&m=13&v=todos
 |title=Extreme Climate Values for Pamplona 
 |date=13 July 2020}}
</ref>
}}

==Urbanism==
Like many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what is so called the "old city" and the new neighborhoods. The oldest part of the old city is Navarrería, which corresponds with the Roman city. During the 12th century, the boroughs of Saint Sernin (San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) were established. [[Charles III of Navarre|Charles III]] decreed the unification of the three places under a single municipality in 1423.
[[File:3284FOTOTH9.jpg|thumb|left|Old city of Pamplona]]

The city did not expand until the late 19th century. In 1888, a modest modification of the star fort was allowed, but it just permitted the building of six blocks. It was called the I Ensanche (literally, "first widening"). The southern walls were destroyed in 1915 and the II Ensanche ("second widening") was planned. Its plan followed the [[Grid plan|grid pattern]] model designed by [[Ildefons Cerdà]] for [[Eixample|Barcelona]]. Its blocks were built between the 1920s and the 1950s. The prevailing housing model is [[apartment buildings]] of five to eight floors.

After the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]], three new zones of Pamplona began to grow: Rochapea, Milagrosa, and Chantrea. Only the last one was a planned neighborhood, the other two being disorderly growths. In 1957, the municipality designed the first general ordination plan for the city, which established the guidelines for further urban development. According to this, during the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of new neighborhoods like San Juan, Iturrama, San Jorge, Etxabakoitz, and Orvina.

[[File:Vista Plaza del Castillo Pamplona.jpg|thumb|Plaza del Castillo with [[Hotel La Perla]] visible (to the left of the tree)]]

The urban expansion of Pamplona exceeded the administrative limits of the city and involved municipalities like [[Barañáin]], [[Burlada]], [[Villava]], [[Ansoain]], [[Berriozar]], [[Noain (Valle de Elorz) - Noain (Elortzibar)|Noain]] or [[Huarte - Uharte|Huarte]] in a larger metropolitan area. During the 1980s and 1990s, new neighborhoods were born: Azpilagaña, Mendebaldea, and Mendillorri. Rochapea was profoundly renewed. The urban development of those new neighborhoods is very similar to other Spanish provincial capitals that experienced a similar aggressive economic development during the sixties and seventies. The urbanization of Pamplona, being from anterior designs, is not constrained by the grid plan. The apartment buildings are taller: never less than five floors and many taller than ten. Industry, which previously coexisted with housing, was moved to industrial parks (the oldest and the only one within municipal limits of Pamplona is Landaben).

In recent years, [[single-family house]]-predominant neighborhoods have grown in the metropolitan area: [[Zizur Mayor]], [[Cizur|Cizur Menor]], [[Aranguren|Mutilva Alta]], [[Aranguren|Mutilva Baja]], [[Egüés|Olaz]], [[Galar, Spain|Esquíroz]], [[Berrioplano|{{Not a typo|Artica}}]], [[Egüés|Alzuza]], Artiberri and Sarriguren. And new districts emerged like Buztintxuri, Lezkairu and Ripagaina, the latter two being still under construction. These new suburbs have more room for green areas and recreative parks.

==Economy==
[[File:Camcom.JPG|thumb|Burués building, current Chamber of Commerce of Navarra]]

Pamplona has shifted in a few decades from a little administrative and even rural town to a medium-size city of industry and services. The [[Industrial sector|industry]] sector is diversified although the most important activity is related to [[automobile industry]]. [[Volkswagen]] manufactures [[Volkswagen Polo|Polo model]] in its factory of Landaben and there are many auxiliary industries that work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are [[building materials]], [[metalworking]] and [[food processing]]. Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector ([[wind turbine]] manufacturing and [[Wind power|generation]]) and neighboring [[Egüés|Sarriguren]] is the seat of the [[Siemens Gamesa|Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy]], National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER)<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cener.com/ Cener.com]</ref> and of [[Acciona Energy|Acciona Energía]].

Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the [[University of Navarre]] and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide.

==Education and culture==
[[File:Txilidron.jpg|thumb|Cordero al chilindrón, a dish which originated in Pamplona]]
[[File:Pamplona, Segundo Ensanche, Víctor Eusa.jpg|thumb|Casall Palace]]
The city is home to two universities: the above-mentioned [[University of Navarra|University of Navarre]], a corporate work of [[Opus Dei]] founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain,<ref>See [[University of Navarra#Notable rankings|University of Navarre, Notable rankings]]</ref> and the [[Universidad Pública de Navarra|Public University of Navarre]], established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED ([[Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia]]).

The two most important museums in Pamplona are the [[Museum of Navarre, Pamplona|Museo de Navarra]], devoted to the archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in [[The French Way|the French way]] of the [[Way of Saint James]].

Pamplona has hosted the [[Pablo de Sarasate|Sarasate]] Violin International Competition biennially since 1991,<ref name="SVIC">{{cite web
|url = http://www.sarasatelive.com/en/competicion/
|title = ''Sarasate Live!''
|website = sarasatelive.com
|access-date = 9 July 2016
|archive-date = 30 May 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160530191434/http://www.sarasatelive.com/en/competicion/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> and the annual [[Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival]], the most important Spanish [[documentary film]] festival, since 2004.

One of the more popular cultural expressions include the "[[Gigantes y cabezudos|Gigantes]]", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

==Politics==
Following the [[2023 Spanish local elections|2023 municipal election]], the mayor of the city is Joseba Asiron ([[EH Bildu]]), also supported by the [[Socialist Party of Navarre]], [[Geroa Bai]], and [[Contigo Navarra|Contigo Zurekin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseba Asiron (EH Bildu), nuevo alcalde de Pamplona |url=https://www.pamplona.es/actualidad/noticias/joseba-asiron-eh-bildu-nuevo-alcalde-de-pamplona |website=Ayuntamento de Pamplona / Iruñeko Udala |access-date=29 June 2024 |language=Spanish |date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{see also|Pamplona City Transport}}
Pamplona is linked by [[motorways]] with neighbouring [[Autovía A-15|Zaragoza]] (1978), [[Autovía A-15|San Sebastián]], [[Autovía A-10|Vitoria]] (1995) and [[Autovía A-12|Logroño]] (2006). Since 2007 [[buses]] use a new [[bus station]] in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). 

The [[Pamplona Airport|airport]] (1972), operated by [[Aena]] and located in [[Noáin (Valle de Elorz) - Noain (Elortzibar)|Noain]], schedules several flights daily to [[Madrid]] and [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?cid=1048607595530&pagename=subHome&Language=ES_ES&SMO=3&SiteName=PNA&c=Page&MO=5 History of the Airport of Pamplona, by Aena] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223062248/http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?cid=1048607595530&pagename=subHome&Language=ES_ES&SMO=3&SiteName=PNA&c=Page&MO=5 |date=23 February 2012 }}</ref> There are [[railway]] (1861) links with [[Madrid]], [[Zaragoza]] and northern Spain, operated by [[Renfe]]. [[High speed train]] link with Zaragoza, Madrid, and Barcelona was not expected until 2014. A new [[railway station]] will be built in the southern part of the city. 

Within the city and surroundings there are also 23 daytime lines and 10 night lines of public buses, operated by [[Transports Ciutat Comtal|TCC]], the chartered company of the [[Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona]].

==Main sights==
Several notable churches, most of its 16th- to 18th-century fortified system and other civil architecture buildings belong to the historic-artistic heritage of Pamplona.

===Religious architecture===
The most important religious building is the fourteenth century [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Cathedral of Pamplona|Cathedral]], with an outstanding [[cloister]] and a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[façade]]. There are another two main Gothic churches in the old city: Saint Sernin and [[Church of Saint Nicholas (Pamplona)|Saint Nicholas]], both built during the thirteenth century. Two other Gothic churches were built during the sixteenth century: Saint Dominic and Saint Augustine. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century were built the [[Baroque]] chapels of Saint Fermin, in the church of Saint Lawrence, and of the Virgin of the Road (Virgen del Camino), in the church of Saint Sernin, the convents of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Recollect]] nuns and the [[Carmelite]] friars, and the [[Saint Ignatius of Loyola|Saint Ignatius]] basilica in the place where [[Saint Ignatius of Loyola|he]] was injured in the battle and during the subsequent convalescence he decided to be a priest. The most remarkable twentieth century religious buildings are probably the new diocesan [[seminary]] (1931) and the [[Neoclassical architecture#Neoclassicism today|classical-revival style]] memorial church (1942) to the Navarrese dead in the Nationalist side of the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]] and that is used today as temporary exhibitions room.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Pamplona.Kathedrale.jpg|Pamplona Cathedral
File:San Fermin Kapera.JPG|San Lorenzo Church
File:Pamplona - Iglesia de San Ignacio (PP Redentoristas) 01.jpg|San Ignacio Church
File:Sansaturninochurch.JPG|San Saturnino Church
File:SanNikolasEliza.JPG|San Nicolás Church
</gallery>

===Military and civil architecture===
[[File:PlazaCastillo.JPG|thumb|Plaza del Castillo]]
[[File:Pamplona Rathaus 2005.jpg|thumb|Pamplona town hall façade]]

From the prominent military past of Pamplona remain three of the four sides of the city walls and, with little modifications, the [[Citadel of Pamplona|citadel]] or star fort. All the mediaeval structures were replaced and improved during 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in order to resist [[Siege#Sieges in the age of gunpowder|artillery sieges]]. Completely obsolete for [[Siege#Modern warfare|modern warfare]], they are used today as parks.

The oldest civil building today existing is a fourteenth-century house that was used as Cámara de Comptos (the [[Financial audit#Audit of government expenditure|court of auditors]] of the early modern autonomous kingdom of Navarre) from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There are also several medieval bridges on the Arga: Santa Engracia, Miluce, Magdalena, and San Pedro. The medieval palace of Saint Peter, which was alternatively used by Navarrese kings and Pamplonese bishops, was used during the early modern age as the [[Viceroy]]'s palace and later was the seat of the military governor of Navarre; from the time of the Civil War it was in ruins but was recently rebuilt to be used as the General Archive of Navarre.

The most outstanding Baroque civil architecture is from the eighteenth century: town hall, episcopal palace, Saint John the Baptist seminary, and the Rozalejo's, Ezpeleta's (today music school), Navarro-Tafalla's (today, the local office of [[Partido Nacionalista Vasco|PNV]]), and Guenduláin's (today, a hotel) mansions. The provincial government built its own Neoclassical palace, the so-called Palace of Navarre, during the nineteenth century.

Late nineteenth and early twentieth century Pamplonese architecture shows the tendencies that are fully developed in other more important Spanish cities: La Agrícola building (1912), several apartment buildings with some timid modernist ornamentation, etc. The most notable architect in twentieth century Pamplona was [[Víctor Eusa Razquin|Víctor Eusa]] (1894–1990), whose designs were influenced by the European expressionism and other avant-garde movements.

===Parks===
Pamplona has many parks and green areas. The oldest is the Taconera park, whose early designs are from the seventeenth century. Taconera is today a romantic park, with wide pedestrian paths, [[parterres]], and sculptures.

The Media Luna park was built as part of the II Ensanche and is intended to allow relaxing strolling and sightseeing over the northern part of the town. 

After its demilitarization, the citadel (Ciudadela) and its surrounding area (Vuelta del Castillo) shifted into a park area with large lawns and modern sculptures.

The most remarkable parks of the new neighborhoods include the Yamaguchi park, between Iturrama and Ermitagaña, which includes a little [[Japanese garden]] as well as the [[Planetarium of Pamplona]]; the campus of the [[University of Navarre]]; the Parque del Mundo in Chantrea; and the Arga park.

==Sports==
[[File:Monument in Pamplona IMG 3179.JPG|thumb|Monument to [[running of the bulls]]]]
Pamplona's bull ring, the [[Plaza de Toros de Pamplona]], was rebuilt in 1923. It seats 19,529 and is the third largest in the world, after the bull rings of Mexico City and Madrid.

There are two football teams in Pamplona. [[CA Osasuna]] (Club Atlético ''Osasuna'' (Basque for "Health")) who play professionally in [[La Liga]], and [[CD Pamplona]] who play in [[Tercera Federación]]. Osasuna play their home games at [[El Sadar Stadium]].

Other notable sports teams in Pamplona include [[CD Xota FS|MRA Xota]] ([[CD Xota FS|futsal]]), [[water polo]] and [[fencing]] ([[:es:Campo_de_Deportes_Larraina|Campo de Deportes Larraina]]).

The [[Movistar Team (men's team)|Movistar Team]], the direct descendant of Indurain's Banesto team, is based in [[Egüés]], a [[municipality]] in the [[metropolitan area]] of Pamplona.<ref>{{cite news |title=2009 Riders and teams Database - Cyclingnews.com |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/teams/2009/caisse-depargne |access-date=2009-08-14}}</ref>

Pamplona is also home to the headquarters of the [[International Federation of Basque Pelota]] (FIPV). [[Basque pelota]] is principally practiced in France, Spain, and North and South America, but also in other countries like Italy and Philippines.

=== Notable Athletes ===
Five time [[Tour de France]] winner [[Miguel Indurain]] is arguably Pamplona's most famous athlete in any sport.

Former [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] [[Manuel Almunia]] was born in Pamplona and started his career at [[CA Osasuna]].

==Notable citizens==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Fermin]] (* 272; † 303)
* [[Martín de Rada]], (1533–1578)
* [[Pablo de Sarasate]] (1844–1908), internationally renowned composer and violin player
* [[José Sanjurjo]] (1872–1936), army general
* [[Joaquín Beunza Redín]] (1872-1936), Carlist politician
* [[Víctor Pradera Larumbe]] (1873–1936), Carlist politician
* [[Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate]] (1887–1972), Carlist politician
* [[Luis Arellano Dihinx]] (1906–1969), Carlist politician
* [[Sabicas]] (1912–1990)
* [[Jaime del Burgo Torres]] (1912–2005), Carlist politician
* [[Alfredo Landa]] (1933–2013)
* [[Marysa Navarro]] (born 1934)
* [[Carlos Garaikoetxea]] (born 1938)
* [[Javier Rojo]] (born 1949)
* [[Serafín Zubiri]] (born 1964), singer
* [[Jon Andoni Goikoetxea]] (born 1965), Spain footballer
* [[Alberto Urroz]] (born 1965), classical pianist
* [[Cesar Palacios]] Chocarro (born 1974), Spain footballer
* [[Javier López Vallejo]] (born 1975), Spain footballer
* [[Francisco Puñal]] (born 1975), Spain footballer
* [[Tiko (footballer)|Tiko]] (born 1976), Spain footballer
* [[Manuel Almunia]] (born 1977), Spain footballer
* [[Jesús María Lacruz]] (born 1978), Spain footballer
* [[Gorka Iraizoz]] (born 1981), Spain footballer
* [[Miguel Flaño]] (born 1984), Spain footballer
* [[Javier Flaño]] (born 1984), Spain footballer
* [[Fernando Llorente]] (born 1985), Spain footballer
* [[María Hernández (golfer)|María Hernández]] (born 1986), Spanish [[professional golfer]]
* [[Raúl García (footballer, born 1986)|Raúl García]] (born 1986), Spain footballer
* [[Nacho Monreal]] (born 1986), Spain footballer
* [[Abel Azcona]] (born 1988), Contemporary artist
* [[César Azpilicueta]] (born 1989), Spain footballer
* [[Carlota Ciganda]] (born 1990), Spanish [[professional golfer]]
* [[Iker Muniain]] (born 1992), Spain footballer
* [[Mikel Merino]] (born 1996), Spain U21 footballer
* [[Amaia Romero]] (born 1999), singer
* [[Nico Williams]] (Born 2002), Spain footballer
* [[Oihan Sancet]] (Born 2000), Spain footballer
* Javier Garro Barrio (1933 - 2003)
</div col>

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}
Pamplona is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following cities:
<!--
Please, do not add cities to this list unless listed on Pamplona City official website. See reference for link.
-->
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]], [[Japan]], since 1980
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bayonne]], [[France]], since 1960<ref name="Bayonne twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2#tabs3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008010503/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-08 |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |access-date=2013-12-26 |work=Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=fr }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Paderborn]], [[Germany]], since 1992
*{{flagicon|COL}} [[Pamplona, Colombia|Pamplona]], [[Colombia]], since 2001
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
* {{SmithDGRG|wstitle=William Smith}}
* {{cite book |author = Collins, Roger |year = 1990 |title = The Basques |publisher = Basil Blackwell |location = Cambridge, Mass. |isbn = 0-631-17565-2}}
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{further|Timeline of Pamplona#Bibliography}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|es}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612113455/http://pamplona.es/verPagina.asp?idPag=1&idioma=5 {{in lang|en}}]
{{Sister bar|auto=y|Pamplona-Iruña}}
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[[Category:Pamplona| ]]
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