Editing Palm (PDA)

{{Short description|Line of personal digital assistants and mobile phones}}
{{Other uses|Palm (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2011}}
[[File:Palm TX.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Palm TX]] from 2005]]
[[File:Palmpilot5000 eu.png|thumb|right|An early model—the [[PalmPilot]] Personal]]
'''Palm''' is a now discontinued line of [[personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs) and mobile phones developed by California-based [[Palm, Inc.]], originally called Palm Computing, Inc. Palm devices are often remembered as "the first wildly popular handheld computers," responsible for ushering in the [[smartphone]] era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mobile-computing/18/321|title=The PalmPilot - CHM Revolution|website=www.computerhistory.org|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref>

The first Palm device, the [[Pilot 1000|PalmPilot 1000]], was released in 1996 and proved to be popular. It led a growing market for portable computing devices<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/195199/article.html|title=A Brief History of Palm|website=PCWorld|language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> where previous attempts such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[Apple Newton|Newton]] failed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case18.html|title=Palm Pilot}}</ref> or others like [[Hewlett-Packard]]'s [[HP 200LX|200LX]] only serving a niche target market.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/palm-inc| title = Palm Inc {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

Most of Palm's PDAs and mobile phones ran the in-house [[Palm OS]] software, which was later also licensed to other [[OEM]]s. A few devices ran on [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Mobile]]. In 2009 Palm OS's successor [[webOS]] was released, first shipping with the [[Palm Pre]]. In 2011 Hewlett-Packard discontinued the Palm brand and started releasing new devices under the HP brand,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hp-announces-smaller-and-larger-pre-phones-kills-palm-brand/|title=HP announces smaller and larger Pre phones, kills Palm brand|website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> but discontinued its hardware later that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/6/5/3062611/palm-webos-hp-inside-story-pre-postmortem|title = Pre to postmortem: The inside story of the death of Palm and webOS|date = 5 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2018, a start-up backed by [[TCL Corporation]] (owner of the Palm brand) released a new device simply called [[Palm (companion)|Palm]], although in essence it bears no relation to the original Palm devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-10-15-palm-is-back-hands-on.html|title = Palm is back (Sort of), and it built a tiny smartphone sidekick| date=15 October 2018 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Palm, Inc.}}

===Initial development===
[[File:Palm Pilot Prototype (2371839286).jpg|thumb|The Palm Pilot prototype.]]
'''Pilot''' was the name of the first generation of [[personal digital assistant]]s manufactured by [[Palm, Inc.|Palm Computing]] in 1996 (by then a division of [[U.S. Robotics]]).

The inventors of the Pilot were [[Jeff Hawkins]], [[Donna Dubinsky]], and [[Ed Colligan]], who founded [[Palm, Inc.|Palm Computing]] in 1992. The original purpose of this company was to create handwriting recognition software, named PalmPrint, and personal information management (PIM) software, named PalmOrganizer for the PEN/GEOS based [[GEOS (16-bit operating system)#PEN/GEOS devices|Zoomer]] devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.8bit-micro.com/tandy-zoomer-z-pda.htm|title = The Tandy ZOOMER|date = 2004|last = Hahn|first = Brian K.|access-date = 2014-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207122037/http://www.8bit-micro.com/tandy-zoomer-z-pda.htm|archive-date = 2009-02-07|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.grot.com/zoomer/documents/tandy-specs.html|title = Zoomer Technical Info; Tandy Z-PDA|date = 1995-05-09|access-date = 2014-04-30|last = Smithson|first = Brian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.grot.com/zoomer/pictures.html#palm|title = Zoomer Pictures; application screen shots|date = 1996-01-17|last = Smithson|first = Brian}}</ref> Their research convinced them, however, they could create better hardware as well. Before starting development of the Pilot, Hawkins said he carried a block of wood, the size of the potential Pilot, in his pocket for a week.<ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,987979,00.html Palm-to-Palm combat]</ref> Palm was widely perceived to have benefited from the notable, if ill-fated, earlier attempts to create a popular handheld computing platform by [[Go Corporation]], [[GEOS (16-bit operating system)#"Zoomer" devices; Tandy Z-PDA, AST GridPAD 2390, Casio Z-7000 & XL 7000|Tandy]], and [[Apple Newton|Apple Computer]] ([[Newton (platform)|Newton]]).

=== PalmPilot1000 and 5000 (1996) ===
The prototype for the first Palm Connected Organizer was called "Palm Taxi". In 1996 Palm released its first generation PDA, the [[Pilot 1000|PalmPilot 1000 and 5000]]. After the out-of-court settlement in 1998 of a trademark infringement lawsuit brought by the [[Pilot Pen Corporation]], the company no longer used that name,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/palm-pilot-part-of-vernacular-despite-pilot-pens-legal-trademark-victory |title='Palm Pilot' part of vernacular, despite Pilot Pen's legal trademark victory |website=CBS MarketWatch |date=2000-03-01 |access-date=2018-07-05 |archive-date=2018-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233202/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/palm-pilot-part-of-vernacular-despite-pilot-pens-legal-trademark-victory |url-status=dead }}</ref> instead referring to its handheld devices as Palm Connected Organizers or more commonly as "Palms".

The first Palms, the [[Pilot 1000]] and [[Pilot 5000]], had no [[infrared port]], [[backlight]], or [[flash memory]], but did have a [[serial port|serial communications port]].  Their [[RAM]] size was 128 [[Kilobyte|kB]] and 512 kB respectively, and they used version 1 of [[Palm OS]]. Later, it became possible to upgrade the Pilot 1000 or 5000's internals to up to 1 MB of internal RAM.  This was done with the purchase of an upgrade module sold by Palm, and the replacement of some internal hardware components.  Originally, it was conceived that all Palm PDAs were to be hardware-upgradable to an extent, but ultimately, this capability gave way to external memory slots and firmware-upgradable flash memory after the Palm III series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris |date=2007-08-27 |title=History of Palm |url=https://historyofbranding.com/palm/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=History of Branding |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Subsequent generations (1998-2000) ===
[[File:Palm IIIc Front.jpg|thumb|right|The Palm IIIc was the first Palm with a color screen]]
The next couple of Palms, the [[PalmPilot|PalmPilot Personal]] and [[PalmPilot|PalmPilot Professional]], had backlit screens, but no infrared port or flash memory.  Their [[RAM]] size was 512 kB and 1024 kB respectively. They used version 2 of the Palm OS.

[[Palm III]], and all the following Palms, did not have the word "Pilot" in their name due to the previously mentioned trademark dispute. The Palm III had an [[IR port]], [[backlight]], and [[flash memory]].  The latter allowed the user to upgrade Palm OS, or, with some external applications, to store programs or data in flash memory.  It ran on two standard [[AAA battery|AAA batteries]]. It was able to retain enough energy for 10–15 minutes to prevent data loss during battery replacement.  It had 2 megabytes of memory, large at the time, and used Palm OS 3. (Palm also produced an upgrade card for the Pilot series, which made them functionally equivalent to a Palm III.)

Meanwhile, with Palm Computing now a subsidiary of [[3Com]], the founders felt they had insufficient control over the development of the Palm product. As a result, they left 3Com and founded [[Handspring (company)|Handspring]] in June 1998. When they left Palm, Hawkins secured a license for the Palm OS for Handspring, and the company became the first Palm OS licensee. Handspring went on to produce the [[Handspring Visor]], a clone of the Palm handhelds that included a hardware expansion slot (early Palm devices also had a hardware expansion slot, however this was for device upgrade purposes, not peripherals) and used slightly modified software.

The next versions of Palm used Palm OS 3.1.  These included Palm IIIx with 4 Megabytes of memory, Palm IIIe without flash memory or hardware expansion slot (and available for lower price), Palm V with 2 Megabytes of memory, and, Palm Vx with 8 Megabytes of memory.

[[Palm VII]] had wireless connection to some Internet services, but this connection worked only within the United States.  It used Palm OS 3.2.

Palm IIIc was the first Palm handheld with a color screen.  It used Palm OS 3.5, which provided extensive tools for writing color applications. Some of these newer handhelds, for example Palm V, used internal rechargeable batteries.  Later, this feature became standard for all Palms.

Palm handhelds up to 2002 contained [[Motorola]] [[Freescale DragonBall|DragonBall]] processors, part of the [[Motorola 68000]] family. Starting with the [[Palm Tungsten]], the platform transitioned to the [[ARM architecture]] with [[Texas Instruments]], [[Samsung]], and [[Intel]] as suppliers. As ARM had previously been used in the [[Apple Newton]] series, the platform had significant investment in mobile and low-power applications.

===Tungsten, Treo and others (2000-2009)===
[[File:Palm m100.jpg|thumb|right|The monochrome Palm m100]]
By 2000, Palm had some 74 percent market share,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.com/2000/11/29/pocketpc_takes_marketshare_from_palm/|title = PocketPC takes marketshare from Palm}}</ref> however it was now losing relevance following the launch of Microsoft's [[Pocket PC]] platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2782090/competition-may-be-closing-in-on-palm.html|title = Competition May be Closing in on Palm|date = 4 January 2001}}</ref> In 2001 it was losing ground to Pocket PCs such as [[Compaq]]'s [[iPAQ]] (which all ran on [[ARM architecture|ARM]] processors) but also to [[Handspring (company)|Handspring]] devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/11/08/technology/palm/|title = Palm CEO resigns - Nov. 8, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/commentary-palms-fading-presence/|title = Commentary: Palm's fading presence}}</ref>

Palm Computing was spun off into its own company (called Palm Incorporated) in 2000. Handspring later merged with Palm to form palmOne in 2003 when Palm Inc. split into companies based upon selling hardware (palmOne) and the software ([[PalmSource, Inc.|PalmSource]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-29-fi-palm29-story.html|title=Palm Approves Merger, Spinoff|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=29 October 2003}}</ref> In 2005, palmOne acquired the full rights to the Palm name by purchasing the shared rights PalmSource owned and changed names back to Palm again. PalmSource was acquired by ACCESS Systems in 2005, which subsequently sold the Palm OS source code back to Palm, Inc. in December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-29-fi-palm29-story.html|title=Palm Approves Merger, Spinoff|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=29 October 2003}}</ref>

[[File:My T5.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Palm Tungsten]] T5]]
[[File:Treo700p.png|thumb|right|The Palm [[Treo 700p]] is one of many [[smartphone]]s produced that combines Palm PDA functions with a cell phone, allowing for built-in voice and data.]]
Palm handhelds continued to advance, including the ability to access computer hard drives via [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] cables, and began to merge with smartphones. The "[[Treo 700w]]" was one of the later offerings that combined a Palm handheld with mobile phone, e-mail, MMS, and instant messaging (SMS) technology. It was also the first Palm-branded device to use Microsoft software ([[Windows Mobile]]) instead of its own Palm OS. It became widely expected that Palm handhelds as a PDA-only device would disappear as multifunction handhelds like the Treo 650 declined in price. Multifunction handhelds generally include a wider range of abilities traditionally found in separate devices, for example: an MP3 player, mobile phone, camera, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The Treo 650+ was a series of smartphones that included a camera, mp3 player, Bluetooth, and a mobile phone. The Zire 71 and 72 series also had these additional features. In 2007, Palm released the [[Palm Centro]], a smartphone running Palm OS. Different in overall appearance from the Treo, it was most notably thinner. The Centro was a somewhat successful smartphone, combining many features with a decreased price. Palm later released the Palm Treo 500v, a device similar to the Centro, which ran [[Windows Mobile|Windows Mobile 6.0]].

===webOS and discontinuation of Palm (2009-2011)===
[[File:Palm Pre .jpg|thumb|left|[[Palm Pre]]]]
Palm's focus following the Zire and Tungsten PDA lines shifted exclusively to smartphones, where the Palm OS operating system as used on the Treos was becoming dated with both the Palm OS and the Window Mobile versions making minor impact in market share when compared to those of RIM ([[BlackBerry]]) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] ([[iPhone]]).  In order to try to change this trend, Palm had been working on a new web-based operating system ([[webOS]]), which was an embedded [[Linux]] operating system that hosts a custom [[user interface]] built on standard [[web browser]] technology and offered genuine multi-tasking capabilities through a card based concept where each application ran as a card and the use of gestures to navigate between cards and perform actions.  This platform won much respect from its peers (including praise from [[Steve Jobs]] the cofounder of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]) but was compromised by some of the shortcuts taken in the hardware for the initial [[webOS]], and indeed Palm's final device offerings, the [[Palm Pre]], and [[Palm Pixi]].<ref name="webos">{{Cite web
  
  | title = Overview of webOS
  | work = Fundamentals, Dev Guide
  | publisher = Palm Developer Center, Palm, Inc.
  | year = 2010
  | url = http://developer.palm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1761&Itemid=42
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090719053316/http://developer.palm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1761
  | archive-date = 19 July 2009
  | access-date = 14 August 2010}}</ref>

Palm released improved versions of both the Pre and Pixi as the Pre Plus and Pixi Plus, which contained improved memory capacity or processor updates but did not significantly address some of the limitations of the hardware (e.g. the screen, and CPU) in comparison to other smartphones on the market at the time.

With the acquisition of Palm by HP, the next device to market was the Pre2, which did address the screen and processor issues. This was followed in 2011 by the HP Veer and the HP Pre3, the former being a compact design (the world's smallest smartphone not much bigger than a credit card on release) and the latter showing the hardware potential to compete in the demanding smartphone market, that had expanded to include Google's [[Android (operating system)|Android]], before [[Leo Apotheker]], then HP CEO, abruptly pulled the plug on webOS in August 2011, which caused a dip in HP share value. Apotheker was ousted from Hewlett-Packard later in the year, due in part to criticisms behind his handling of webOS. His successor, [[Meg Whitman]], reaffirmed HP's decision to discontinue the sale and production of webOS hardware devices; Palm's legacy was later maintained by Whitman's decision to support webOS on the software side by taking steps toward open-sourcing webOS and opening it to hardware partners.<ref name="opensource">{{cite web
  | title = HP to Contribute webOS to Open Source
  | publisher = Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
  | year = 2011
  | url = http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2011/111209xa.html
  | access-date = 17 September 2012}}</ref>

===After 2011===
In January 2015, TCL Corporation announced that it had acquired the rights to the Palm, but not Palm OS.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eugene |last=Kim |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2474736,00.asp |title=TCL Acquires Palm Brand, Preps for Comeback |website=PC Magazine |date=2015-01-06 |access-date=2018-07-05 }}</ref>  A [[Palm (companion)|new Palm device]] was unveiled in 2018.  Functionally a cross between a smartphone and a wearable, the Android-based device is designed to serve as a smaller, simplified companion to a larger smartphone. All new Palm-branded products are designed by a San Francisco startup company backed by its spokesman, TCL and NBA star [[Stephen Curry]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90245288/steph-curry-and-the-new-palm-want-you-to-forget-your-phone|title=Steph Curry and the new Palm want you to forget your phone|date=2018-10-15|work=Fast Company|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Palm is categorized an "ultra-mobile" and is about the size of credit card (1.99" x 3.80" x 0.29"). It weighs about 2.5 ounces. The new device was announced as being exclusive to [[Verizon Wireless]], only available as an add-on to an existing device plan. It was later updated to allow use as a standalone device.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calling All Digital Minimalists, Palm Is Now Available As A Standalone Smartphone |url=https://palm.com/blogs/post/calling-all-digital-minimalists-palm-is-now-available-as-a-standalone-smartphone |website=Palm.com |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>

== List of PDA models ==

===Trēo smartphones===

*[[Treo Pro|Trēo Pro]]
*[[Palm Treo 800w|Trēo 800w]]
*[[Treo 755p|Trēo 755p]]
*[[Treo 750v|Trēo 750v]]
*[[Treo 750|Trēo 750]]
*[[Treo 700p|Trēo 700p]]
*[[Treo 700w|Trēo 700w]]
*[[Treo 700wx|Trēo 700wx]]
*[[Treo 680|Trēo 680]]
*[[Treo 650|Trēo 650]]
*Trēo 500v
*Trēo 500

===Centro smartphones===

*[[Palm Centro]]

===webOS smartphones===

*[[Palm Pre]]
*[[Palm Pixi]]
*[[Palm Pre Plus]]
*[[Palm Pixi Plus]]
*[[Palm Pre 2]]
*[[HP Veer]]
*[[HP Pre3|HP Pre<sup>3</sup>]]

===Palm devices===

{| class="wikitable" border=1
|+ 
|'''Models'''
|-
| [[Pilot 1000]] 
|-
| [[Pilot 1000|Pilot 5000]] 
|-
| [[PalmPilot|PalmPilot Personal]] 
|-
| [[PalmPilot Professional]] 
|-
| [[Palm III]] 
|-
| [[Palm IIIe]] 
|-
| [[Palm IIIx]] 
|-
| [[Palm IIIxe]] 
|-
| [[Palm IIIc]] 
|-
| [[Handspring Visor]] 
|-
| [[Palm V]] 
|-
| [[Palm Vx]] 
|-
| [[Palm VII]] 
|-
| [[Palm VIIx]] 
|-
| [[Palm m100 series|Palm m100]] 
|-
| [[Palm m100 series|Palm m105]] 
|-
| [[Palm m100 series|Palm m125]] 
|-
| [[Palm m100 series|Palm m130]] 
|-
| [[Palm m500]] 
|-
| [[Palm m505]] 
|-
| [[Palm m515]] 
|-
| [[Palm i705]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten E]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten E2]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten T]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten T2]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten T3]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten T5]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten W]] 
|-
| [[Tungsten C]] 
|-
| [[Palm TX|TX]] 
|-
| [[Zire#Palm Zire .26 Palm Zire 21|Zire]] 
|-
| [[Zire#Palm Zire .26 Palm Zire 21|Zire 21]] 
|-
| [[Z22 (handheld)|Z-22]] 
|-
| [[Zire#Palm Zire .26 Palm Zire 21|Zire 31]] 
|-
| [[Zire Handheld|Zire 71]] 
|-
| [[Zire Handheld|Zire 72]] 
|-
| [[Handspring (company)#Handspring Treo|Handspring Treo 90]] 
|-
| [[Handspring (company)#Handspring Treo|Handspring Treo 180]] 
|-
| [[Handspring (company)#Handspring Treo|Handspring Treo 180g]] 
|-
| [[Handspring (company)#Handspring Treo|Handspring Treo 270]] 
|-
| [[Handspring (company)#Handspring Treo|Handspring Treo 300]] 
|-
| [[Treo 600]] 
|-
| [[Treo 650]] 
|-
| [[Treo 700w]] 
|-
| [[Treo 680]] 
|-
| [[LifeDrive]] 
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Palm OS]] — includes discussion and links to Palm OS–compatible and Palm OS
* [[WebOS]]
* [[List of Palm OS Devices]]
* [[PalmSource, Inc.]]
* [[Palm, Inc.]]
* [[Multimedia terminal mobile]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Palm OS Powered}}
{{Wikibooks|Palm OS Guide}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030926090907/http://www.palm.com/ Palm.com]
*[https://palmdb.net/ PalmDB] - Archive for Palm OS Software Preservation 
*[https://palm.wiki/ Palm OS Wiki] - Palm OS Knowledge & History Preservation Wiki

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palm OS devices]]
[[Category:Digital audio players]]
[[Category:Portable media players]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Touchscreen portable media players]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1996]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 2011]]

[[fr:Palm, Inc.]]