Editing Paeligni

{{Short description|Italic tribe in the Valle Peligna}}
The '''Paeligni''' or '''Peligni''' were an [[Italic peoples|Italic tribe]] who lived in the [[Valle Peligna]], in what is now [[Abruzzo]], central [[Italy]].

==History==
The Paeligni are first mentioned as a member of a confederacy that included the [[Marsi]], [[Marrucini]], and [[Vestini]], with which the Romans came into conflict in the [[Second Samnite War]], 325 BC. Like other Oscan-Umbrian populations, they were governed by supreme magistrates known as ''[[Consul#City-states|meddices]]'' (singular ''[[wikt:meddix|meddix]]''). Their religion included deities, such as the [[Dioscuri]], Cerfum (a water god), and Anaceta (the Roman [[Angitia]]), a goddess associated with snakes.

On the submission of the [[Samnites]], they all came into alliance with [[Rome]] in 305–302 BC,<ref>[[Livy]] ix. 45, x. 3, and Diod. xx. 101.</ref> the Paelignians having fought hard<ref>Diod. xx. 90.</ref> against even this degree of subjection. Each member of the confederacy entered the alliance with Rome as an independent unit, and in none was there any town or community politically separate from the tribe as a whole. Thus the Vestini issued coins of its own in the 3rd century; each of them appears in the list of the allies in the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]]. How purely Italic in sentiment these communities of the mountain country remained appears from the choice of the mountain fortress of Corfinium as the rebel capital. It was renamed Vitellio, the [[Oscan]] form of ''Italia'', a name which appears, written in Oscan alphabet, on the coins struck there in 90 BC.<ref>[[R. S. Conway]], ''The Italic Dialects'', p. 216.</ref> The Paeligni were granted [[Roman citizenship]] after the Social War, and that was the beginning of the end of their national identity, as they began to adopt Roman culture and language.

=== Gentes of Paeligni origin ===
* [[Ovidia gens]]

==Language==

{{Infobox language
| name             = Paelignian
| region           = south and south-central [[Italy]]
| states           = [[Samnium]], [[Campania]], [[Lucania]], [[Calabria]] and [[Abruzzo]]
| extinct          = {{Citation needed span|1st century BC|date=November 2023}}
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrian]]
| fam4             = [[Oscan language|Oscan]]
| script           = [[Old Italic alphabet]]
| iso3             = pgn
| linglist         = pgn
| glotto           = pael1234
}}
The known Paeligni inscriptions show that the dialect spoken by these tribes was substantially the same from the northern boundary of the Frentani to some place in the upper [[Aterno-Pescara|Aternus]] valley not far from [[Amiternum]], and that this dialect closely resembled the [[Oscan]] of [[Lucania]] and [[Samnium]], though presenting some peculiarities of its own, which warrant, perhaps, the use of the name North Oscan. The clearest of these is the use of postpositions, as in Vestine {{lang|pgn|Poimunie-n}}, "{{lang|la|in templo [[Pomona (mythology)|Pomona]]li}}"; {{lang|pgn|pritrom-e}}, i.e. {{lang|la|in proximum}}, "on to what lies before you". Others are the sibilation of consonantal {{lang|pgn|i}} and the assibilation of {{lang|pgn|-di-}} to some sound like that of English ''j'' (denoted by {{lang|pgn|l-}} in the local variety of Latin alphabet), as in {{lang|pgn|vidadu}}, "{{lang|pgn|viamdö}}," i.e. "{{lang|la|ad-viam}}"; {{lang|pgn|Musesa}} = Lat. {{lang|la|Mussedia}}; and the loss of ''d'' (in pronunciation) in the ablative, as in {{lang|pgn|aetatu firata fertlid}} (i.e. {{lang|la|aetate fertili finita}}), where the contrast of the last with the other two forms shows that the {{lang|pgn|-d}} was an [[archaism]] still occasionally used in writing. The last sentence of the interesting epitaph from which this phrase is taken may be quoted as a specimen of the dialect; the stone was found in [[Corfinio]], the ancient Corfinium, and the very perfect style of the Latin alphabet in which it is written shows that it cannot well be earlier than the last century BC: {{lang|pgn|Eite uus pritrome pacris, puus ecic lexe lifar}}, {{langx|la|ite vos porro pacati (cum bona pace), qui hoc scriptum [hbar, 3rd declination neut.] legistis.}} The form {{lang|pgn|lexe}} (2nd plural perfect indicative) is closely parallel to the inflection of the same person in [[Sanskrit]] and of quite unique linguistic interest.

The name Paeligni may belong to the NO-class of ethnica (see [[Marrucini]]), but the difference that it has no vowel before the suffix suggests that it may rather be parallel with the suffix of Latin {{lang|la|privignus}}. If it has any connection with Latin ''[[paelex]]'', "concubine", it is conceivable that it meant “halfbreeds” and was a name coined in contempt by the conquering Sabines, who turned the ''{{lang|umc|touta marouca}}'' into the community of the [[Marrucini]]. But, when unsupported by direct evidence, even the most tempting etymology is an unsafe guide.<ref>For the history of the Paeligni after 90 BC see the references given in [[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|C.I.L.]] ix. 290 (Sulmona, esp. [[Ovid]], e.g. Fasti, iv. 79, Anior. ii. 16; [[Florus]] ii. 9; [[Julius Caesar]] {{lang|la|[[Commentarii de Bello Civili]]}} i. 15) and 296 (Corfinium, e.g. [[Diodorus Siculus]] xxxvii. 2, 4, Caes., BC, i. 15).</ref> 

Paelignian and this group of inscriptions generally form the most important link in the chain of the Italic dialects, as without them the transition from Oscan to Umbrian would be completely lost. The unique collection of inscriptions and antiquities of Pentima and the museum at Sulmona were both created by Professor Antonio de Nino, whose devotion to the antiquities of his native district rescued every single Paelignian monument that we possess.

===Fate===
None of the Latin inscriptions of the district need be older than [[Sulla]], but some of them both in language and script show the style of his period (e.g. 3087, 3137); and, on the other hand, as several of the native inscriptions, which are all in the Latin alphabet, show the normal letters of the [[Cicero]]nian period, {{Citation needed span|there is little doubt that, for religious and private purposes at least, the Paelignian dialect lasted down to the middle of the 1st century BC.|date=November 2023}}

==See also==
* [[List of ancient Italic peoples]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Attribution
*{{EB1911|wstitle = Paeligni|volume=20}}

{{Italic languages}}

[[Category:Italic peoples]]
[[Category:Osco-Umbrian languages]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd century BC]]