Editing Paektu Mountain

{{Short description|Mountain on the China–North Korea border}}
{{Redirect|Changbai Mountain|the mountain range|Changbai Mountains}}
{{redirect|Paektusan|the rocket|Taepodong-1}}
{{redirect|Baekdu|the star|8 Ursae Minoris}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Paektu Mountain
| other_name = Baekdu Mountain ([[Korea]])<br />Changbai Mountain ([[China]])
| photo = Laika ac Mt. Paekdu (7998657081).jpg
| photo_caption = The summit caldera of Paektu Mountain, with [[Heaven Lake]]
| elevation_m = 2744
| elevation_ref = <ref name="pb">{{cite peakbagger |pid=10734 |name=Paektu-san, China/North Korea |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 2593
| prominence_ref = <ref name="pb" />
| range = [[Changbai Mountains]]
| listing = [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point]]<br />[[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]], Ribu
| location = * [[Samjiyon]], [[Ryanggang]], North Korea
* [[Fusong County]] and [[Antu County]], [[Jilin]], China
| map = North Korea#China#Jilin
| map_caption = Location in North Korea
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|41|59|36|N|128|04|39|E|type:mountain_region:KR|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = 
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| last_eruption = March 1903<ref name="GVP">{{cite gvp |vn=305060 |name=Changbaishan |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
| age = 
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = 
| module = {{Infobox Chinese
| order           = st
| t               = {{linktext|長|白|山}}
| s               = {{linktext|长|白|山}}
| p               = Chángbáishān
| w               = Ch'ang-pai-shan
| l               = {{nowrap|ever-white mountain}}
| mnc             = {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ|style=max-height:1.5em;text-align:left;word-wrap:normal}}
| mnc_rom         = Golmin Šanggiyan Alin
| northkorea      = yes
| context         = north
| hangul          = 백두산
| hanja           = 白頭山
| mr              = Paektusan
| rr              = Baekdusan
| lk              = white head mountain
| cnhangul        = 장백산
| cnhanja         = 長白山
| cnrr            = Jangbaeksan
| cnmr            = Changbaeksan
| cnlk            = {{nowrap|ever-white mountain}}
| child           = yes
}}
}}

'''Paektu Mountain''' or '''Baekdu Mountain''' ({{Korean|hangul=백두산}}) is an [[active volcano|active]] [[stratovolcano]] on the [[China–North Korea border|Chinese–North Korean border]].<ref name="waking supervolcano">{{cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Andy |date=15 April 2016 |title=Waking supervolcano makes North Korea and West join forces |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2084529-waking-supervolcano-makes-north-korea-and-west-join-forces/ |access-date=17 May 2019 |work=New Scientist}}</ref> In China, it is known as '''Changbai Mountain''' ({{Lang-zh|s=长白山}}). At {{convert|2744|m|0|abbr=on}}, it is the tallest mountain in [[North Korea]] and [[Northeast China]] and the tallest mountain of the [[Baekdu-daegan]] and [[Changbai Mountains|Changbai]] mountain ranges. The highest peak, called Janggun Peak, belongs to North Korea. The mountain notably has a caldera that contains a large [[Volcanic crater lake|crater lake]] called [[Heaven Lake]], and is also the source of the [[Songhua River|Songhua]], [[Tumen River|Tumen]], and [[Yalu River|Yalu]] rivers. Korean and Manchu people assign a mythical quality to the mountain and its lake, and consider the mountain to be their ancestral homeland.

The mountain's caldera was formed by an [[946 eruption of Paektu Mountain|eruption in 946]] that released about {{convert|100|-|120|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} of [[tephra]]. The eruption was among the [[List of large volcanic eruptions|largest and most powerful eruptions]] on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The volcano last erupted in 1903, and is expected to erupt around every hundred years. In the 2010s, concerns over an upcoming eruption prompted several countries to commission research into when the volcano might next erupt.{{Update inline|date=April 2023|reason=Please update with findings of published research}}

The mountain is considered culturally important to multiple groups in the area, including Korean, Chinese, and Manchu people. The mountain is a major national symbol for both North and South Korea, and is mentioned in both national anthems and depicted on the [[Emblem of North Korea|national emblem of North Korea]]. The [[Manchu people]] also consider the mountain their ancestral homeland, and the Chinese [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasty saw it as a symbol of imperial power and the mountain had been subject to territorial disputes over the past few centuries. In the late 20th century, the states of China and North Korea diplomatically agreed to joint custody.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shen |first=Zhihua |title=A Misunderstood friendship: Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, and Sino-North Korean relations, 1949–1976 |last2=Xia |first2=Yafeng |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-18826-5 |series=Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University |location=New York |date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

== Names ==
The mountain was first recorded in the Chinese ''[[Classic of Mountains and Seas]]'' under the name ''Bùxiánshān'' ({{lang-zh|c=|labels=no|s=|t=不鹹山}}). It is also called ''Shànshàndàlǐng'' ({{lang-zh|t=單單大嶺|labels=no}}) in the ''[[Book of the Later Han]]''. In the ''[[Book of Wei]]'' and the ''[[Book of Sui]]'' it is also referred to as ''Dutàishān'' (徒太山), which is also mentioned as ''Cóngtàishān'' (從太山) in the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', likely as a misspelling of ''Dutàishān''. In the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', it was called ''Tàibáishān'' ({{lang-zh|c=|labels=no|t=太白山}}).<ref name=NewTang>Second Canonical Book of the Tang Dynasty. {{lang|zh-hant|《[[:s:zh:新唐書/卷219|新唐書.北狄渤海傳]]》:"契丹盡忠殺營州都督趙翽反，有舍利乞乞仲象者，與靺鞨酋乞四比羽及高麗餘種東走，度遼水，保太白山之東北，阻奧婁河，樹壁自固。"}} (English translation: [[Khitan people|Khitan]] general Li Jinzhong killed Zhao Hui, the commanding officer of [[Yin Zhou]]. Officer [[Dae Jung-sang]], with [[Mohe people|Mohe]] chieftain [[Qisi Piyu]] and [[Goguryeo]] remnants, escaped to the east, crossed Liao River, guarded the northeast part of the Grand Old White Mountain, blocked Oulou River, built walls to protect themselves.)</ref> The current Chinese name, C''hángbáishān'' ({{lang-zh|t=長白山|s=长白山|labels=no|l=ever white mountain}}), was first used in the [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125) of the [[Khitan people|Khitans]]<ref name=Liao>"Records of [[Khitan Empire]]". 《[[:zh:契丹国志|契丹國志]]》："長白山在冷山東南千餘里......禽獸皆白。"(English translation: "Changbai Mountain is a thousand miles to the southeast of Cold Mountain...Birds and animals there are all white.")</ref> and then the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234) of the [[Jurchens]].<ref name=Jin>"Canonical History Records of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty". {{lang|zh-hant|《[[:s:zh:金史/卷35|金史.卷第三十五]]》："長白山在興王之地，禮合尊崇，議封爵，建廟宇。""厥惟長白，載我金德，仰止其高，實惟我舊邦之鎮。"}} (English translation: "Changbai Mountain is in old Jurchen land, highly respectful, suitable for building temples. Only the Changbai Mountain can carry Jin Dynasty's spirit; It is so high; It is a part of our old land.")</ref> The ''[[Liao Shi]]'' recorded that chiefs of 30 [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] tribes from Mount Changbai paid their tribute to the Liao in AD 985. According to the [[Song dynasty]] travelogue ''Songmo Jiwen'', it was named as such because the mountain was "the abode of the white-robed [[Guanyin]]" and its birds and beasts were all white.<ref name="changchun">{{cite web |editor-last=Han |editor-first=Ai |script-title=zh:寻脉长白山溯文化源起 |title=Xún mài zhǎngbáishān sù wénhuà yuán qǐ |trans-title=Looking for pulses and tracing the origin of culture in Changbai Mountain |language=zh |url=http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/mlzc/rw/201807/t20180725_453207.html |work=Changchun Daily |date=25 July 2018 |access-date=20 May 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305044858/http://www.changchun.gov.cn/zjzc/mlzc/rw/201807/t20180725_453207.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The modern [[Manchu language|Manchu]] name of the mountain, which is {{lang|mnc-Latn|golmin šanggiyan alin}} ({{lang|mnc|ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ}}), also means 'ever white mountain'.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The Korean name ''Baekdusan'' / ''Paektusan'' ({{Korean|hangul=백두산|hanja=白頭山|labels=no}}) first appears in literature in the 10th year of [[Seongjong of Goryeo]] (991) in the {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Goryeosa]]}}, compiled at the beginning of the Joseon period.<ref>"압록강 바깥의 여진족을 '''백두산''' 너머로 쫓아내어, 그 곳에서 거주하게 하였다."(逐鴨綠江外女眞於'''白頭山'''外, 居之.) 출처: 《고려사》 성종 10년조 겨울 10월 무진일</ref> It means 'white-head mountain'. In other records such as the ''[[Samguk yusa]]'' and the ''[[Jewang ungi]]'' it is also called {{lang|ko-Latn|Taebaeksan}} ({{Korean|hangul=태백산|hanja=太白山|labels=no}}), which means 'great-white mountain'.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:백두산(白頭山) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref> It was also occasionally called ''Changbaeksan'' (長白山) and ''Baeksan'' (白山) in the [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty]]. An alternative Chinese name, {{lang|zh-Latn|Báitóushān}} ({{lang-zh |t=白頭山 |s=白头山 |labels=no}}), is the transliteration of ''Baekdusan''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN750312136X |title=Zhōngguó dìtú jí |publisher=China Map Publishing House |year=1999 |isbn=7-5031-2136-X |page=31 |script-title=zh:中国地图集 |trans-title=Atlas of China |language=zh}}</ref>

The [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] name is {{lang|mn-Latn|Öndör Tsagaan Aula}} ({{lang|mn-Cyrl|Өндөр Цагаан Уул}}), which means 'lofty white mountain'. In English, various authors have used nonstandard transliterations.<ref name="transliterations" />

== Current geography and geology ==
[[File:Mount Paektu Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg|thumb|Relief map]]
Mount Baekdu is {{convert|2744|m|0|abbr=on}} tall, making it the highest mountain in North Korea and Northeast China and the highest mountain of the [[Baekdu-daegan]] and [[Changbai Mountains|Changbai]] mountain ranges.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ehlers |first1=Jürgen |title=Quaternary Glaciations: South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, Antarctica |last2=Gibbard |first2=Philip |publisher=Elsevier |year=2004 |quote=The Changbai Mountain is the highest (2570&nbsp;m a.s.l.) in north-eastern China (42°N, 128°E) on the border between China and Korea.}}</ref>

Mount Baekdu is a [[stratovolcano]] whose cone is truncated by a significant [[caldera]]. The central section of the mountain rises about {{convert|3|mm|abbr=on}} per year due to rising levels of [[magma]] below the central part of the mountain. Sixteen peaks exceeding {{convert|2500|m|abbr=on}} line the caldera rim surrounding Heaven Lake. The highest peak, called Janggun Peak, is covered in snow about eight months of the year. The slope is relatively gentle until about {{convert|1800|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}}. The caldera is about {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|850|m|ft|sp=us}} deep, and is partially filled by the waters of [[Heaven Lake]].<ref name="GVP" />

Heaven Lake has a circumference of {{convert|12|to|14|km|mi|sp=us}}, with an average depth of {{convert|213|m|ft|sp=us}} and maximum depth of {{convert|384|m|ft|sp=us}}. From mid-October to mid-June, the lake is typically covered with ice. Water flows north out of the lake, and near the outlet there is a {{convert|70|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} waterfall. The mountain is the source of the Songhua, Tumen and Yalu rivers. The Tumen and the Yalu form the northern border between North Korea and Russia and China.

=== Climate ===
The weather on the mountain can be very erratic, sometimes severe. The annual average temperature at the peak is {{convert|-4.9|C}}. During summer, temperatures of about {{convert|18|C}} or higher can be reached, and during winter temperatures can drop to {{convert|-48|C}}. The lowest record temperature was {{convert|-51|C}} on 2 January 1997. The average temperature is about {{convert|-24|C}} in January, and {{convert|10|C}} in July, remaining below freezing for eight months of the year. The average wind speed is {{convert|42|km/h|abbr=on}}, peaking at {{convert|63|km/h|abbr=on}}. The [[relative humidity]] averages 74%.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}

== Geological history ==
The geological origin of Mount Baekdu remains a mystery. Two leading theories are a [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspot]], or an uncharted portion of the [[Pacific Plate]] [[Subduction|sinking beneath]] Mount Baekdu.<ref>{{cite web |title=NERC – Science without borders |url=http://planetearth.nerc.ac.uk/features/story.aspx?id=1527&cookieConsent=A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426024948/http://planetearth.nerc.ac.uk/features/story.aspx?id=1527&cookieConsent=A |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>

Beginning about 5 million years ago, Baekdu Mountain erupted, releasing a series of basaltic lava flows that formed a lava plateau. The construction of the cone of the volcano began approximately 1&nbsp;million years ago, as the eruptive materials transitioned into [[Trachyte|trachytic]] pyroclastic and lava flows. During the cone-construction stage, major [[Plinian eruption|Plinian-type]] eruptions occurred 448, 67.6, 85.8 and 24.5 thousand years ago (ka) and deposited ash in the [[Sea of Japan|Japan sea]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Maoliang |last2=Guo |first2=Zhengfu |last3=Liu |first3=Jiaqi |last4=Liu |first4=Guoming |last5=Zhang |first5=Lihong |last6=Lei |first6=Ming |last7=Zhao |first7=Wenbin |last8=Ma |first8=Lin |last9=Sepe |first9=Vincenzo |last10=Ventura |first10=Guido |year=2018 |title=The intraplate Changbaishan volcanic field (China/North Korea): A review on eruptive history, magma genesis, geodynamic significance, recent dynamics and potential hazards |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825218303076 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=187 |pages=19–52 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.07.011 |bibcode=2018ESRv..187...19Z |s2cid=135133402}}</ref> The cone's growth was halted by two widely-recognized major explosive eruptions: Tianwenfeng and Millennium.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Bo |last2=de Silva |first2=Shanaka L. |last3=Xu |first3=Jiandong |last4=Liu |first4=Songjun |last5=Xu |first5=Dan |year=2020 |title=Late Pleistocene to present day eruptive history of the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano, China/DPRK: New field, geochronological and chemical constraints |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027319306626 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=399 |pages=106870 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106870 |bibcode=2020JVGR..39906870P |s2cid=218936429}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Haiquan |last2=Liu |first2=Guoming |last3=Gill |first3=James |year=2013 |title=Review of eruptive activity at Tianchi volcano, Changbaishan, northeast China: implications for possible future eruptions |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0706-5 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=706 |doi=10.1007/s00445-013-0706-5 |bibcode=2013BVol...75..706W |s2cid=128947824 |issn=1432-0819}}</ref>

=== Tianwenfeng eruption ===
The Tianwenfeng eruption was the formation of a widespread thick layer of grey, yellow pumice preceding the Millennium eruption.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Chunqing |last2=Liu |first2=Jiaqi |last3=You |first3=Haitao |last4=Nemeth |first4=Karoly |year=2017 |title=Tephrostratigraphy of Changbaishan volcano, northeast China, since the mid-Holocene |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117305115 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=177 |pages=104–119 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.021 |bibcode=2017QSRv..177..104S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xuan-Yu |last2=Blockley |first2=Simon P. E. |last3=Tarasov |first3=Pavel E. |last4=Xu |first4=Yi-Gang |last5=McLean |first5=Danielle |last6=Tomlinson |first6=Emma L. |last7=Albert |first7=Paul G. |last8=Liu |first8=Jia-Qi |last9=Müller |first9=Stefanie |last10=Wagner |first10=Mayke |last11=Menzies |first11=Martin A. |date=1 June 2016 |title=Clarifying the distal to proximal tephrochronology of the Millennium (B–Tm) eruption, Changbaishan Volcano, northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101416300097 |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |language=en |volume=33 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2016.02.003 |bibcode=2016QuGeo..33...61C |s2cid=28586567 |issn=1871-1014}}</ref> The exact age of the eruption is uncertain, since different dating techniques have assigned 4, 51, 61, and 74 ka to this deposit.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> This eruption formed large areas covered in yellow [[pumice]] and [[ignimbrite]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Ruoxin |publisher=Science Press |year=1998 |isbn=9787030062857 |language=zh |script-title=zh:长白山天池火山近代喷发 |title=Zhǎngbáishān tiānchí huǒshān jìndài pēnfā |trans-title=Modern eruption of Tianchi volcano in Changbai Mountain}}</ref> Proximal deposits of pumice fall of the Tianwenfeng are thicker than those of the Millennium eruption. This suggests that the eruption of the Tianwenfeng is significant and maybe of similar magnitude to the Millennium eruption, making the Tianwenfeng eruption also of [[VEI 7|VEI 6–7]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Millennium eruption ===
{{Main|946 eruption of Paektu Mountain}}

The mountain's caldera was created in 946 by the colossal ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] 6)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Changbaishan |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=305060 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program |language=en}}</ref> [[946 eruption of Paektu Mountain|"Millennium"]] or "Tianchi" eruption, one of the most powerful eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the [[Hatepe eruption|230 CE eruption of Lake Taupō]] and the [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Bo |last2=Xu |first2=Jiandong |year=2013 |title=Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights from high-precision radiocarbon wiggle-match dating |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.1029/2012GL054246 |bibcode=2013GeoRL..40...54X |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:162055/CONTENT/XU_et_al_2013_GRL.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref> The eruption, whose [[tephra]] has been found in the southern part of [[Hokkaidō]], Japan, and as far away as Greenland,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years |last1=Sigl |first1=M. |last2=Winstrup |first2=M. |last3=McConnell |first3=J. R. |last4=Welten |first4=K. C. |last5=Plunkett |first5=G. |last6=Ludlow |first6=F. |last7=Büntgen |first7=U. |last8=Caffee |first8=M. |last9=Chellman |first9=N.|last10=Dahl-Jensen|first10=D. |last11=Fischer |first11=H. |last12=Kipfstuhl |first12=S. |last13=Kostick |first13=C. |last14=Maselli |first14=O. J. |last15=Mekhaldi |first15=F. |last16=Mulvaney |first16=R. |last17=Muscheler |first17=R. |last18=Pasteris |first18=D. R. |last19=Pilcher |first19=J. R.|last20=Salzer|first20=M. |last21=Schüpbach |first21=S. |last22=Steffensen |first22=J. P. |last23=Vinther |first23=B. M. |last24=Woodruff |first24=T. E. |year=2015 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature14565 |volume=523 |issue=7562 |pages=543–549 |pmid=26153860 |bibcode=2015Natur.523..543S |s2cid=4462058 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/timing-and-climate-forcing-of-volcanic-eruptions-for-the-past-250 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]}}</ref> destroyed much of the volcano's summit, leaving a caldera that today is filled by [[Heaven Lake]].

According to the Korean historical record ''[[Goryeosa]]'', in 946 "thunders from heaven's drum" were heard in the city of [[Kaesong]], then the capital of Goryeo, about {{cvt|450|km}} south of the volcano.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hayakawa |first1=Yukio |last2=Koyama |first2=Masato |year=1998 |script-title=ja:日本海をはさんで10世紀に相次いで起こった二つの大噴火の年月日 : 十和田湖と白頭山 |title=Nihonkai o hasande 10 seiki ni aitsuide okotta futatsu no dai funka no nengappi: Towadako to hakutōsan |trans-title=Dates of two major eruptions that occurred one after another in the 10th century across the Sea of Japan: Lake Towada and Mt. Baekdu |language=ja |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kazan/43/5/43_KJ00001052601/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=Volcano |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=403–407 |doi=10.18940/kazan.43.5_403 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The event reportedly terrified [[Jeongjong of Joseon|King Jeongjong]] so much, that convicts were pardoned and set free.<ref name=":1" /> According to the Heungboksa Temple's historical records, on 3 November, "white ash rain" fell in [[Nara (city)|Nara]], Japan, about {{cvt|1100|km}} southeast from the mountain<ref name=":1" /> Three months later, on 7 February 947, explosive noises were reported in the city of Kyoto (Japan), about {{cvt|1000|km}} southeast of Paektu.<ref name=":1" />

=== Later history ===
[[File:Paektu-san.jpg| thumb|right | 250px | Mount Paektu, April 2003]]

After these major eruptions, Mount Paektu had at least three smaller eruptions, which occurred in 1668, 1702, and 1903, likely forming the Baguamiao [[ignimbrite]], the Wuhaojie fine [[pumice]], and the Liuhaojie [[tuff]] ring.<ref name=":4" />

=== Research on upcoming eruption ===
{{Update|part=subsection|date=April 2023|reason=Findings of research should be included}}
In 2011, experts in North and South Korea met to discuss the potential for a significant eruption in the near future, as the last eruption was in 1903 and the volcano is expected to erupt around every 100 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Vigil at North Korea's Mount Doom |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.334.6056.584 |journal=[[Science Magazine]] |volume=334 |issue=6056 |pages=584–588 |doi=10.1126/science.334.6056.584 |pmid=22053023 |bibcode=2011Sci...334..584S |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sam Kim |first=Yonhap |date=22 March 2011 |title=S. Korea agrees to talks on possible volcano in N. Korea |agency=Yonhap News Agency |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2011/03/22/55/0401000000AEN20110322003500315F.HTML |access-date=22 March 2011}}</ref> The Government of North Korea invited several volcanologists, including James Hammond, [[Clive Oppenheimer]], and [[Kayla Iacovino]], to study the mountain for recent volcanic activity.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2014 |title=Rumbling volcano sees N. Korea warm to the West |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mount-paektu-scientists-granted-access-to-mysterious-north-korean-volcano/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=James |date=9 February 2016 |title=Understanding Volcanoes in Isolated Locations |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2016/understanding-volcanoes-in-isolated-locations |journal=Science & Diplomacy |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> This made Iacovino the first foreign female researcher to conduct research in North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleur |first=Nicholas St |date=9 December 2016 |title=Only a Rumbling Volcano Could Make North Korea and the West Play Nice |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/science/north-korea-mount-paektu-volcano.html |access-date=10 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kayla Iacovino: In the footsteps of a volcano scientist |url=http://discov-her.com/en/article/dr-kayla-iacovino-in-the-footsteps-of-a-volcano-scientist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022353/https://discov-her.com/en/article/dr-kayla-iacovino-in-the-footsteps-of-a-volcano-scientist |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=discov-her.com}}</ref> The researchers began publishing their research in 2016 and in February 2020 formed the Mt. Paektu Research Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2018 |title=Publications |url=https://themprc.org/publications/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
There are five known species of plants in the lake on the peak, and some 168 have been counted along its shores. The forest on the Chinese side is ancient and almost unaltered by humans. [[Birch]] predominates near the [[tree line]], and [[pine]] lower down, mixed with other species. There has been extensive [[deforestation]] on the lower slopes on the North Korean side of the mountain.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The area is a known habitat for [[Siberian tiger]]s, [[bear]]s, [[wolf|wolves]], and [[wild boar]]s.<ref>Gomà Pinilla, D. (2004). Border Disputes between China and North Korea. China Perspectives 2004(52): 1−9.</ref> The [[Ussuri dhole]]s may have been extirpated from the area. Deer in the mountain forests, which cover the mountain up to about {{convert|2000|m|sp=us}}, are of the Paekdusan [[Siberian roe deer|roe deer]] kind. Many wild birds such as [[black grouse]], [[owl]]s, and [[woodpecker]] are known to inhabit the area. The mountain has been identified by [[BirdLife International]] as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) because it supports a population of [[scaly-sided merganser]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/16080 |title=Mount Paekdu |access-date=12 May 2013 |work=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2013}}</ref>

== Cultural history ==
The mountain has been worshipped by the surrounding peoples throughout history. A considerable percentage of the [[Koreans]] and [[Manchu people|Manchus]] consider it sacred, especially the [[Heaven Lake]] in its crater.<ref name="Fravel2008">{{cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA321 |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2887-6 |pages=321–2}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news |author=Choe Sang-Hun |date=26 September 2016 |title=For South Koreans, a Long Detour to Their Holy Mountain |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/world/asia/korea-china-baekdu-changbaishan.html}}</ref>

=== Korea ===
[[File:Emblem of North Korea.svg|thumb|upright|Mount Paektu on the national [[emblem of North Korea]].]]
The mountain has been considered sacred by Koreans throughout history.<ref name=":6" /> According to [[Korean mythology]], it was the birthplace of [[Dangun]], the founder of [[Gojoseon]] (2333–108 BC), whose parents were said to be [[Hwanung]], the Son of Heaven, and [[Ungnyeo]], a bear who had been transformed into a woman.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Cumings |year=2005 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-32702-1 |pages=22–25}}</ref> Many subsequent kingdoms of Korea, such as [[Buyeo Kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Balhae]], [[Goryeo]] and Joseon recognized this myth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enc.daum.net/dic100/viewContents.do?&m=all&articleID=b09b0712b |title=Korea Britannica |language=ko |publisher=Enc.daum.net |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Song |first=Yong-deok |title=The recognition of mountain Baekdu in the Koryo dynasty and early times of the Joseon dynasty |journal=History and Reality V.64 |year=2007}}</ref>

The Goryeo dynasty (935–1392) first called the mountain ''Baekdu'',<ref>[[Goryeosa]] ([[Gwangjong of Goryeo|King Gwangjong]] reign, 959)</ref> recording that the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] across the Yalu River were made to live outside of Mount Baekdu. The Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) recorded volcanic eruptions in 1597, 1668, and 1702. In the 15th century, [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|King Sejong]] strengthened the fortification along the Tumen and Yalu rivers, making the mountain a natural border with the northern peoples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B9%E9%B5%CE%BB%EA&pk=13856900&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |title=Yahoo Korea Encyclopedia |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519194758/http://kr.dic.yahoo.com/search/enc/result.html?p=%B9%E9%B5%CE%BB%EA&pk=13856900&subtype=&type=enc&field=id |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some Koreans claim that the entire region near Mount Paektu and the Tumen River belongs to Korea and parts of it were illegally given away by Japanese colonialists to China through the [[Gando Convention]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Mount Baekdu is mentioned in the national anthems of both North and South Korea and in the Korean folk song "[[Arirang]]".

Dense forest around the mountain provided bases for Korean armed resistance against the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], and later communist guerrillas during the [[Korean War]]. [[Kim Il Sung]] organized his resistance against the Japanese forces there, and North Korea claims that [[Kim Jong Il]] was born there,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.korea-dpr.com/ocn/ |title=Moved |publisher=Korea-dpr.com |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225053625/http://www.korea-dpr.com/ocn/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> although records outside of North Korea suggest that he was born in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1671983 |publisher=NPR |date=12 February 2004 |title=A Visit to Kim Jong Il's Russian Birthplace |last=Sheets |first=Lawrence}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1907197.stm |title=Profile: Kim Jong-il |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 January 2009}}</ref>

The peak has been featured on the state [[emblem of North Korea]] since 1993, as defined in Article 169 of the [[Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Constitution]], which describes Mt. Paektu as "the sacred mountain of the revolution".<ref>{{cite book |title=Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030041832/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4047 |archive-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/book/download.php?4+4047 |year=2014 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] |location=Pyongyang |isbn=978-9946-0-1099-1 |page=35}} Amended and supplemented on 1 April, Juche 102 (2013), at the Seventh Session of the Twelfth Supreme People's Assembly.</ref> The mountain is often referred to in slogans such as: "Let us accomplish the Korean revolution in the revolutionary spirit of Paektu, the spirit of the blizzards of Paektu!"<ref>{{cite news |title=Decoding North Korea's fish and mushroom slogans |last=Gee |first=Alison |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 February 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-31446387 |access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> [[North Korean media]] celebrates natural phenomena witnessed at the mountain as portentous,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wonders of nature |url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9707/news7/12.htm |publisher=[[Korean Central News Agency]] |date=12 July 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012034318/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1997/9707/news7/12.htm |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Weather forecasting|weather forecasts]] aired by state broadcaster [[Korean Central Television]] list [[Paektusan Secret Camp]], claimed birthplace of [[Kim Jong Il]], behind only the capital of [[Pyongyang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Martyn |date=29 April 2019 |title=KCTV refreshes its weather forecast presentation % |url=https://www.northkoreatech.org/2019/04/30/kctv-refreshes-weather-forecast-presentation/ |access-date=30 May 2021 |website=[[North Korea Tech]] - 노스코리아테크 |language=en-US}}</ref> The mountain's name is used for various products, such as the [[Paektusan (rocket)|Paektusan rocket]], the Paektusan computer, and the Mt Paektu handgun.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History |last=Cumings |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Cumings |year=2005 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-32702-1 |pages=28, 435}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jager |first=Sheila Miyoshi |author-link=Sheila Miyoshi Jager |title=Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea |year=2013 |publisher=Profile Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-84668-067-0 |pages=464–65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailynk.com/english/mt-paektu-handgun-gifted-by-former-supreme-leader-vanishes/ |last=Ha |first=Yuna |title=Mt. Paektu handgun gifted by former Supreme Leader vanishes |work=[[Daily NK]] |date=2 October 2018 |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>

In the 2019 South Korean [[disaster film]] ''[[Ashfall (film)|Ashfall]]'', the mountain erupts and causes severe earthquakes in the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kao |first=Anthony |date=29 December 2019 |title=Review: "Ashfall" Is An Epic Disaster Film With Korean Flavor…And Tropes Galore |url=https://www.cinemaescapist.com/2019/12/review-ashfall-korean-movie/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Cinema Escapist |language=en}}</ref>

=== China ===
[[File:MYK-1-长白山.png|right|thumb|350px|Painting from the [[w:zh:满洲实录|Manchu Veritable Records]] with the names of Mount Paektu in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian]]Mount Changbai was regarded as the most sacred mountain in the [[Shamanism in the Qing dynasty|shamanist religion]] of the [[Manchus]], and their ancestors [[Sushen people|Sushen]] and [[Jurchens]].<ref name="jlsda" /> The Jin dynasty bestowed the title "the King Who Makes the Nation Prosperous and Answers with Miracles" ({{lang-zh|t=興國靈應王|labels=no}}) on the mountain in 1172 and it was entitled "the Emperor Who Cleared the Sky with Tremendous Sagehood" ({{lang-zh|t=開天宏聖帝|labels=no}}) in 1193. A temple for the mountain god was constructed on the northern side.<ref name="changchun" />

The Manchu clan [[Aisin Gioro]], which founded the [[Qing dynasty]] of China, claimed their progenitor [[Bukūri Yongšon]] was conceived near Paektu Mountain. In 1682, 1698, 1733, 1754 and 1805, Qing emperors visited Jilin and paid homage to the mountain. The rites at Mount Changbai were heavily influenced by the ancient [[Feng Shan]] ceremonies, in which Chinese emperors offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at [[Mount Tai]]. The [[Kangxi Emperor]] claimed that Mount Tai and Changbai belong to the same mountain range, which runs from northeast to southwest but is partially submerged under the sea before reaching [[Shandong]]. The geography and [[feng shui]] of Mount Changbai thus provided legitimacy to the Aisin Gioro clan's rule over China.<ref name="jlsda">{{cite web |title=清朝祭拜长白山的故事 |url=http://www.jlsda.cn/G_NR_W.jsp?urltype=news.NewsContentUrl&wbtreeid=1029&wbnewsid=1861 |publisher=Jilin Archives Information Network |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>

''Baishan Heishui'', "white mountain and black river", referring to Mount Changbai and the [[Heilongjiang River|Heilongjiang]], has been a traditional name for [[Northeast China]] since the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:白山黑水 |title=Báishānhēishuǐ |trans-title=White mountains and black waters |language=zh |url=https://www.moedict.tw/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%B1%E9%BB%91%E6%B0%B4 |website=moedict.tw |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref>

== Sovereignty disputes ==

=== Historical ===
[[File:Apprx. PRC-DPRK border around Baekdu-Changbai Mountain.PNG|right|500px|thumb|Map showing the [[China-North Korea border|Chinese-North Korean border]] region around Paektu Mountain]]
According to ''[[Annals of the Joseon Dynasty]]'', the [[Yalu River|Yalu]] and [[Tumen River]]s were set as the borders in the era of the founder of Joseon Dynasty, [[Taejo of Joseon]] (1335–1408).<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kaa_10412014_002 |script-chapter=ko:오랑합과 수오적개 등 4인 투항사실과 당시 북방 야인들의 귀화 실태 |chapter=olanghabgwa suojeoggae deung 4in tuhangsasilgwa dangsi bugbang yaindeul-ui gwihwa siltae |trans-chapter=The surrender of four people, including Oranghap and Suojeokgae, and the naturalization of northern barbarians at the time. |language=ko |title=Veritable Records of Taejo |title-link=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |volume=8}}</ref> Because of the continuous entry of Korean people into Gando, a region in [[Manchuria]] that lay north of the Tumen, Manchu and Korean officials surveyed the area and negotiated a border agreement in 1712. To mark the agreement, they built a monument describing the boundary at a watershed, near the south of the crater lake at the mountain peak.
Volume 8 of the Annals of King Taejo, 2nd article of Gyemyo, 14 December, 4th year of King Taejo, 1395, 28th year of Ming Hongwu
Since the 19th century, interpretations of the inscription have been relevant in some territorial disputes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The 1909 [[Gando Convention]] between China and Japan, when [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea was under Japanese rule]], recognized the north and east of the mountain as Chinese territory.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Zhihua |last2=Xia |first2=Yafeng |year=2013 |title=Contested Border: A Historical Investigation into the Sino-Korean Border Issue, 1950–1964 |jstor=42704816 |doi=10.1353/apr.2013.0002 |journal=Asian Perspective |volume=37 |number=1 |pages=1–30 |issn=0258-9184 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |s2cid=153826874}}</ref>

=== Recent ===
{{See also|Sino-Korean Border Agreement}}
In 1962 and 1964, China and North Korea negotiated two treaties in secret that outlined their modern borders. Both treaties especially focused on the sovereignty of Paektu and Heaven Lake. As a result of the treaties, North Korea received {{Convert|280|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeong |first=Jae-wal |date=15 October 2000 |script-title=ko:[북·중 국경조약서 내용 요약] |title=[bug·jung guggyeongjoyagseo naeyong yoyag] |trans-title=Summary of the Sino-North Korean border treaty |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/3982142 |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref> of land on and around Paektu, 9 out of 16 peaks, and 54.5% of Heaven Lake.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |date=1 October 2005 |title=Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes |journal=International Security |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=46–83 |doi=10.1162/016228805775124534 |issn=0162-2889 |s2cid=56347789}}</ref><ref>역사비평 (Historical Criticism), Fall 1992</ref><ref name=":7" /> Neither treaty is recognized by the governments of Taiwan or South Korea.<ref name=":7" />

{{As of|2013}}, South Korea formally claimed the caldera lake and the inside part of the ridge.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ko:백두산천지 |title=baegdusancheonji |trans-title=Baekdu Mountain Heaven and Earth |url=http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1984122900329201009&edtNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1984-12-29&officeId=00032&pageNo=1&printNo=12081&publishType=00020 |last=Lee |first=Oe-moo |date=29 December 1984 |access-date=27 December 2013 |work=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |via=Newslibrary.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref> However, some South Korean groups argue that recent activities conducted on the Chinese side of the border, such as economic development, cultural festivals, infrastructure development, promotion of the tourism industry, attempts at registration as a [[World Heritage Site]], and bids for a Winter Olympic Games, constitute attempts to claim the mountain as Chinese territory.<ref name="Chosun">[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609070022.html Chosun] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017193302/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609070022.html |date=17 October 2006 }}</ref><ref name="Donga">[http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2006073164698 Donga].</ref> These groups object to China's use of the name ''Mount Changbai''.<ref name="Jin" /> Some groups also regard the entire mountain as Korean territory that was given away by North Korea in the [[Korean War]].<ref name="Donga" />

During the [[2007 Asian Winter Games]], which were held in [[Changchun]], China, a group of South Korean athletes held up signs during the award ceremony which stated "Mount Paektu is our territory". Chinese sports officials delivered a letter of protest on the grounds that political activities violated the spirit of the Olympics and were banned in the charter of the [[International Olympic Committee]] and the [[Olympic Council of Asia]]. Officials from the South Korean athletic team apologized to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200702/200702020024.html |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |title=China Upset with 'Baekdu Mountain' Skaters |access-date=15 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329011132/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200702/200702020024.html |archive-date=29 March 2007  |quote='There are no territorial disputes between China and South Korea. What the Koreans did this time [[hurt the feelings of the Chinese people]] and violated the spirit of the Olympic Charter and the Olympic Council of Asia,' the official said, according to the China News.}}</ref><ref>[http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/200702/kt2007020218122853460.htm The Korea Times, "Seoul Cautious Over Rift With China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205071302/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/200702/kt2007020218122853460.htm |date=5 February 2007 }}. Retrieved 2 February 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?articleid=20070202230520117d6&linkid=4&newssetid=1364&nav=1 |title=Sports World Korea |publisher=Yahoo! News |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614111141/http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?articleid=20070202230520117d6&linkid=4&newssetid=1364&nav=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Most Chinese, Russian, South Korean and international visitors climb the mountain from the Chinese side. The North Korean side of the mountain is also popular among visitors to North Korea.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The Chinese tourism area is classified as a [[AAAAA scenic area]] by the [[China National Tourism Administration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-11/2008-11-16-10-27-72978.html |date=16 November 2008 |title=AAAAA Scenic Areas |work=[[China National Tourism Administration]] |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404043021/http://en.cnta.gov.cn/html/2008-11/2008-11-16-10-27-72978.html |archive-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>

There are a number of monuments on the North Korean side of the mountain. Paektu Spa is a natural spring and is used for bottled water.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Pegae Hill is a camp site of the {{ill|Korean People's Revolutionary Army|ko|조선인민혁명군}} allegedly led by [[Kim Il Sung]] during their struggle against [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Secret camps are also now open to the public. There are several waterfalls, including the Hyongje Falls which splits into two about a third of the way from the top.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} In 1992, on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Kim Il Sung, a large sign with the words "Holy mountain of the revolution" written in metal letters was erected on the side of the mountain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} North Koreans{{Who|date=April 2023}} claim that there are 216 steps leading to the top of the mountain, symbolizing [[Kim Jong Il]]'s 16 February birth date, but this claim is disputed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bärtås |first1=Magnus |last2=Ekman |first2=Fredrik |title=Hirviöidenkin on kuoltava: Ryhmämatka Pohjois-Koreaan |year=2014 |publisher=Tammi |location=Helsinki |language=fi |isbn=978-951-31-7727-0 |pages=82–86 |trans-title=All Monsters Must Die: An Excursion to North Korea |translator-last=Eskelinen |translator-first=Heikki}}</ref> On the North Korean side of the mountain, there is a funicular system with two cars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Paektu |url=https://transphoto.org/city/1759/ |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=transphoto.org}}</ref> This was updated with new funicular cars built by the [[Kim Chong-t'ae Electric Locomotive Works]], with the new cars successfully running on the funicular from 30 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodong |first=Sinmun |date=30 October 2020 |title=New Achievement Made by Kim Jong Thae Electric Locomotive Complex |url=http://rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?strPageID=SF01_02_01&newsID=2020-10-30-0003 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=rodong.rep.kp |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015123/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?strPageID=SF01_02_01&newsID=2020-10-30-0003 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Manufacturer of Rolling Stock |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/images/periodic/news_daily/2020/11/10/r2.jpg |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Naenara]]}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:Korea paektu-san locmap.png|Mount Paektu's location in Korea
File:Changbai-2005.JPG|[[Cairn]]s
File:Changbai chute1.JPG|Waterfall
File:Changbai hotspring.JPG|Hot springs
File:River, Paektu Mountain.jpg|River
File:Baekdu Mountain Winter.jpg|Heaven Lake in winter
File:Changbai Shan 2008-06-14 IMG 1469.JPG|North slope
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mountains|China|North Korea}}
* [[Geography of North Korea]]
* [[Changbai Mountains|Changbai Mountain Range]]
* [[Jong-il Peak]]
* [[List of ultras of Northeast Asia]]
* [[List of mountains in Korea]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Korea]]
* [[List of volcanoes in China]]
* [[Geography of China]]
* [[Mt. Paektu (poem)|''Mt. Paektu'' (poem)]]
* [[Sacred mountains]]
* [[Five Mountains of Korea]]
* [[Hallasan]], tallest point in South Korea

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=<ref name="transliterations">Examples:

* Paektu-san ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-278626&fid=3390&c=north_korea |title=Paektu-san: North Korea |access-date=4 October 2010}}) ([[Korean language|Korean]] {{lang|ko|백두산}} ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6529899&fid=3371&c=north_korea |script-title=ko:백두산: North Korea |access-date=4 October 2010}}))
* Ch'ang Pai ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2613638&fid=1178&c=china |title=Ch'ang Pai: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Chang-pai Shan ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2613648&fid=1243&c=china |title=Chang-pai Shan: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Chōhaku-san ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2620251&fid=1243&c=china |title=Chōhaku-san: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Hakutō ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2631757&fid=1048&c=china |title=Hakutō: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Hakutō-san({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2631758&fid=1243&c=china |title=Hakutō-san: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Hakutō-zan ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2631759&fid=1243&c=china |title=Hakutō-zan: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Paik-to-san ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2665391&fid=1145&c=china |title=Paik-to-san: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Mount Paitoushar ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2665798&fid=1080&c=china |title=Mount Paitoushar: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Paitow Shan ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2665801&fid=1276&c=china |title=Paitow Shan: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})
* Pei-schan ({{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2667365&fid=1178&c=china |title=Pei-schan: China |access-date=4 October 2010}})</ref>}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Hetland |first1=E. A. |last2=Wu |first2=F. T. |last3=Song |first3=J. L. |year=2004 |title=Crustal structure in the Changbaishan volcanic area, China, determined by modeling receiver functions |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=386 |issue=3–4 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.001 |bibcode=2004Tectp.386..157H}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Baekdu Mountains}}
{{wikisourcelang|zh|山海經/大荒北經|Shanhaijing (in Chinese)}}
{{wikisourcelang|zh|後漢書/卷85|Canonical Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Volume 85 (in Chinese)}}
{{wikisourcelang|zh|新唐書/卷219|Second Canonical Book of the Tang Dynasty. Volume 219 (in Chinese)}}
{{wikisourcelang|zh|金史/卷35|Canonical History Records of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty.  Volume 35 (in Chinese)}}
{{Commons category-inline|Mount Changbai / Paektu}}
* "Changbaishan" [[Global Volcanism Program]]. ([[Smithsonian Institution]])
** [http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=305060 Global Volcanism Program]
* Virtual Tour: [http://www.dprk360.com/360/paektu_mountain/ 360-degree interactive panorama of Mount Paektu] (''DPRK 360'', September 2014)
* [http://naenara.com.kp/en/book/new_window.php?10+10008 ''The Scenery of Mt. Paektu''] at [[Naenara]]
* [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Nko-2012-Dia.htm?Paektusan A slide show about Paektusan] {{in lang|de}}
* {{YouTube|3C2HVOB-g5s|China's Largest Volcano Is Unusual}}

{{Volcanoes of China}}
{{Sacred Mountains of China}}
{{Jilin topics}}
{{Important Bird Areas of North Korea}}
{{Highest points of Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:AAAAA-rated tourist attractions]]
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[[Category:Biosphere reserves of North Korea]]
[[Category:Calderas of Asia]]
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[[Category:Geography of Northeast Asia]]
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[[Category:Landforms of Jilin]]
[[Category:Locations in Korean mythology]]
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[[Category:Sacred mountains of China]]
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Asia]]
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[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
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[[Category:Volcanoes of China]]
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