Editing Outline of education

{{Short description|Overview of and topical guide to education}}
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to education:

'''[[Education]]''' is the process of facilitating [[learning]], or the acquisition of [[knowledge]], [[skill]]s, [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]], [[morality|morals]], [[belief]]s, [[habit]]s, and [[personal development]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121083949/https://en.unesco.org/themes/education/sdgs/material/04 UNESCO SDG Resources for Educators - Quality Education, retrieved 21-01-2022]</ref>

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
{{Education}}
== Participants in education ==
* [[Student]] &ndash; person enrolled in a school or other educational institution, or more generally, a person who takes a special interest in a subject.
* [[Parent]] (via [[parenting]]) &ndash; students' parents typically play a large role in teaching their children and overseeing their formal education, often including financing it.
* [[Teacher]] &ndash; person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
** [[Teacher's assistant]] &ndash; individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities.
** [[Tutor]] &ndash; person who provides personalized assistance or tutelage to one or more people on certain subject areas or skills
** [[Head teacher]] (Principal) &ndash; staff member of a school with the greatest responsibility[1] for the management of the school.
** [[Professor]] &ndash; academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries, usually denoting an expert in his/her field and a teacher of the highest rank
*** [[Associate professor]] &ndash; academic rank between assistant professor and a full professorship (North America)
*** [[Assistant professor]] &ndash; academic rank just below the rank of an associate professor used in universities or colleges, mainly in the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea.
*** [[Adjunct professor]] &ndash; bona-fide part-time non-tenure faculty member in an adjunct position at an institution of higher education.
*** [[Lecturer]] &ndash; academic rank in the commonwealth system, denoting a teaching position higher than that of the entry-level associate lecturer.
* [[Catechist]]
* [[School counselor]]
* [[School psychologist]]
* [[Principal (academia)]]
* [[Rector (academia)|Rector]]
* [[Dean (education)|Dean]]
* [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]

== Education by Country ==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Western education]]

== History of education ==
* [[History of education]]
* [[:Category:History of education by country]]
* [[History of early childhood care and education]]
* [[Academia#Origins|History of academia]]
* [[Higher education#History|History of higher education]]

== Educational philosophies ==
{{organize section|date=February 2022}}
{{Main|Philosophy of education}}
{{Philosophy of education|state=collapsed}}
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Philosophical realism|Realism]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
* [[Critical theory]]
* [[Educational perennialism|Perennialism]]
* [[Classical education movement|Classicism]]
* [[Essentialism]]
* [[Critical pedagogy]]
* [[Waldorf education]]
** [[Democratic education]]
* [[Educational progressivism|Progressivism]]
* [[Unschooling]]
** [[Criticism of schooling]]
* [[Contemplative education]]
* [[Humanism|Humanistic education]]
* [[Critical thinking]]
* [[Constructivism (philosophy of education)|Constructivism]]
* [[Behaviorism]]
* [[Cognitivism (psychology)|Cognitivism]]
* [[Popular education]]
* [[Montessori education]]
* [[Compulsory education]]
* [[Traditional education]] &ndash; long-established customs that society has traditionally used in schools, where students obediently receive and believe knowledge communicated by teachers.

== Educational theory and practice ==
* [[Curriculum studies]] &ndash; field where researchers and educators examine how educational experiences are designed and organized to support meaningful learning
* [[Educational research]] &ndash; systematic collection and analysis of evidence and data related to various aspects of education including student learning, interaction, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics.
* [[Instructional theory]] &ndash; study of how to design learning environments, methods, and materials in ways that facilitate learning
* [[Learning theory (education)|Learning theory]] &ndash; describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning.

=== Pedogagical and instructional approaches ===
{{Main|Pedagogy}}
* [[Alternative education]]
* [[Instructional design]]
* [[Learning environment]]
* [[Learning space]]
* [[Learning community]]
* [[Learning styles]]
* [[Socialization]]

==== Teaching methods ====
{{Main|Teaching method}}
[[Teaching method]] &ndash; set of principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning.
* [[Collaborative learning]] &ndash; situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together.
* [[Context-based learning]] &ndash; use of real-life and fictitious examples in teaching environments in order to learn through the actual, practical experience with a subject
* [[Design-based learning]] &ndash; inquiry-based form of learning, or pedagogy, that is based on integration of design thinking and the design process into the classroom at the K-12 and post-secondary levels.
* [[Direct instruction]] &ndash; explicit teaching of a skill set using lectures or demonstrations of the material to students
* [[Evidence-based education]] &ndash; principle that education practices should be based on the best available scientific evidence, with randomised trials as the gold standard of evidence, rather than tradition, personal judgement, or other influences
* [[Experiential education]] &ndash; philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and student that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and content
* [[Experiential learning]] &ndash; process of learning through experience, and is more narrowly defined as "learning through reflection on doing"
* [[Homework]] set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed at home.
* [[Inquiry-based learning]] &ndash; form of active learning that starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios.
* [[Kinesthetic learning]] &ndash; learning that involves physical activity, prefering whole-body movement to process new and difficult information
* [[Learning by teaching]] &ndash; method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and prepare lessons to teach it to the other students.
* [[Online learning community]] &ndash; public or private destination on the Internet that addresses its members' learning needs by facilitating peer-to-peer learning
* [[Open learning]] &ndash; activities that either enhance learning opportunities within formal education systems or broaden learning opportunities beyond formal education systems
* [[Open classroom]] &ndash; student-centered learning space design format, where large group of students of varying skill levels would be in a single, large classroom with several teachers overseeing them.
* [[Outcome-based education]] &ndash; educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes)
* [[Outdoor education]] &ndash; organized learning that takes place in the outdoors, such as during school camping trips
* [[Personalized learning]] &ndash; efforts to tailor education to meet the different needs of students.
* [[Problem-based learning]] &ndash; teaching method in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material
* [[Problem-posing education]] &ndash; method of teaching that emphasizes critical thinking for the purpose of liberation, coined by Brazilian educator [[Paulo Freire]] 
* [[Project-based learning]] &ndash; teaching method that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which it is believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems
* [[Service-learning]] &ndash; educational approach that uses community service to meet both classroom learning objectives and societal needs
* [[Slow education]] &ndash; adaptive and non-standards based approaches to teaching
* [[Single-sex education]] &ndash; practice of conducting education with male and female students attending separate classes, buildings or schools
* [[Student-centred learning]] &ndash; methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student, aiming to develop learner autonomy and independence
* [[Taxonomy of Educational Objectives]] (Bloom's Taxonomy) &ndash; framework for categorizing educational goals, developed by a committee of educators chaired by [[Benjamin Bloom]] in 1956

=== Educational materials, tools and technologies ===
* [[Curriculum]]
* [[Educational technology]] (the use of electronic educational technology is also called e-learning)
** [[Educational animation]]
** [[Educational robotics]]
** [[Outline of open educational resources]]
* [[Instructional materials]]
** [[Lesson plan]]
** [[Textbook]]

== Types of educational goals and outcomes ==
There are many types of potential [[educational aims and objectives]], irrespective of the specific subject being learned. Some can cross multiple school disciplines.
* [[Outline of educational aims]]

== Educational assessment, qualification and certification (for students) ==
* [[Educational assessment]]
** [[Educational measurement]]
** [[Psychometrics]]
* [[Test (assessment)#Types|Types of test]]
* Test by purpose
** [[Formative assessment]]
*** [[Diagnostic assessment]]
** [[Assessment as learning]]
** [[Summative assessment]]
*** [[High-stakes testing]]
** [[Accountability assessment]]
** [[Research]]
** {{See also|Outline of educational aims}}
* [[Standardized test]]
* Assessment by way of comparison
** [[Norm-referenced test]]
** [[Criterion-referenced test]]
** [[Ipsative test]]
* Assessment by mode
** Paper-based
** [[Oral exam|Oral]]
** [[Electronic assessment|Electronic]]
** [[Test (assessment)#Performance tests|Performance]]
** [[Continuous assessment|Continuous observation]]
* Assessment by [[Test (assessment)#Types|format]]
** [[Essay]]
** [[Multiple choice]]
** [[Quiz]]
** [[Portfolio assessment|Portfolio]]
** Practical considerations
* [[Grading in education]]
** [[Grading systems by country]]
* [[List of primary and secondary school tests]]
* [[School leaving qualification]]
** [[List of secondary school leaving qualifications]]
** [[List of admission tests to colleges and universities]]
{{See also|Outline of educational aims}}

== Educational qualifications (for teachers) ==
*[[Teaching credential]]
** [[Bachelor of Education]]
** [[Master of Education]]
** [[Doctor of Education]]

==Branches of education==
===Education by level or stage===
{{Main|Educational stage}}
[[Educational stage]] &ndash; subdivisions of formal learning
* [[Early childhood education]] &ndash; teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight, traditionally equivalent of third grade. 
** [[Preschool]] &ndash; an educational establishment or learning space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school. 
* [[Primary education]] &ndash; first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/kindergarten, often three to six years long
* [[Secondary education]] &ndash; stage of formal education that follows primary education, preparing students for higher education or the workforce 
* [[Higher education]] &ndash; stage of formal education following the completion of secondary education provided in universities, colleges, and vocational schools. 
** [[Vocational education]] &ndash;  education that prepares people for a skilled craft in order to be gainfully employed or self-employed  
** [[Tertiary education]] &ndash; a near-synonymous term for higher education used in educational research
* [[Academy]] &ndash; specialized institution of tertiary education  
* [[Adult education]] &ndash; practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained educating activities in order to gain new knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values

{{See also|:Category:Education by country}}

=== Education by funding and governance===
* [[Public education]]
* [[Private education]]
* [[Homeschooling]]
* [[Autodidacticism]]

===Education by subject, specialization or department===
* [[List of education by subject]]
* [[List of academic disciplines]]

== Educational scholars and researchers ==
* [[:Category:Educational personnel]]
** [[:Category:Educators]]
*** [[:Category:Educators by discipline]]
** [[:Category:Educational administrators]]
* [[:Category:Education writers]]
** [[:Category:Educational theorists]]
** [[List of educational psychologists]]
** [[:Category:Educational psychologists]]
** [[:Category:Historians of education]]
** [[:Category:Philosophers of education]]
** [[:Category:Educational researchers]]
* [[:Category:Education activists]]

== Educational research ==
* [[Educational research]]
* [[List of education journals]]
* Disciplinary approaches to educational research. Whereas much educational research is interdisciplinary and can focus on any topic on this page, some disciplines have long roots.
** [[Educational anthropology|Anthropology]]
** [[Educational measurement|Measurement]]
** [[Educational assessment|Assessment]]
** [[Comparative education|Comparative]]
** [[Curriculum studies]]
** [[Economics of education|Economics]]
** [[Educational sciences]]
** [[Female education|Gender]]
** [[International education]]
** [[Right to education|Law and rights]]
** [[Educational leadership|Leadership]]
** [[Educational management|Management]]
** [[Educational neuroscience|Neuroscience]]
** [[Education policy|Policy]]
** [[Politics in education|Politics]]
** [[Educational evaluation|Process evaluation]]
** [[Educational psychology|Psychology]]
** [[Sociology of education|Sociology]]
In addition, research methods are drawn from many [[Social research#Types of method|social research]] and [[list of psychological research methods|psychological]] fields.

== Educational organizations ==
=== Types of educational institutions ===
* [[School]] – an institution designed for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education (commonly compulsory), in which students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. Non-compulsory higher education follows, and is taught in institutions called a college or university.

{{Schools |state=expanded}}
{{Education stages |state=collapsed}}

==== Specific schools ====
* [[List of schools]]
* [[Lists of universities and colleges]]

=== Associations ===
* [[Students' union]]
* [[Parent-Teacher Association]]
* [[International Association of Universities]]

=== Governmental organisations and agencies ===
* [[Department of Education]]
* [[Board of education]]
* [[UNESCO]]

=== Libraries ===
* [[Library]] – collection, or institution that provides a collection, of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. Among its purposes is to support the ongoing education of its members.

=== Types of libraries ===
{{Main|Category:Types of library}}
* [[Academic library]]
* [[Archive]]
* [[Digital library]]
* [[National library]]
* [[Public library]]
* [[Research library]]
* [[Special library]]

=== Specific libraries ===
* [[List of libraries]]
** [[List of national libraries]]

=== Museums ===
* [[Museum]] – an institution, the purpose of which is collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public.

==== Types of museums ====
{{Main|Category:Types of museums}}
* [[Archaeology museum]]
* [[Art museum]]
* [[Biographical museum]]
* [[Children's museum]]
* [[Design museum]]
* [[Encyclopedic museum]]
* [[Historic house museum]]
* [[History museum]]
* [[Living history museum]]
* [[Maritime museum]]
* [[Medical museum]]
* [[Memorial museum]]
* [[Mobile museum]]
* [[Natural history museum]]
* [[Open-air museum]]
* [[Science museum]]
* [[Virtual museum]]
* [[War museum]]
* Living museum
** [[Zoological park]]
** [[Botanic garden]]

{{See also|Lists of museums}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Education}}
* [[:Category:Lists of education lists]]
* [[Glossary of education-related terms]]
* [[Index of education articles]]
* [[Outline of second-language acquisition]]
* [[Outline of academia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Education}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000831070313/http://www.inca.org.uk/ international review of curriculum and assessment framework] a very useful website that provides comparative information about the education system of many countries.
* [http://www.worldbank.org/education World Bank Education]
* [http://www.unesco.org/iiep UNESCO - International Institute for Educational Planning]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091208081618/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/ UNESCO IBE Database: Information on almost every education system in the world]
* [http://www.infed.org/ The Encyclopedia of Informal Education]

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