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Outline of South Asian history
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{{Short description|Overviews of and topical guides to the history of South Asia}} <!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at [[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. Further improvements to this outline are on the way ...--> The following [[outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the [[South Asia#History|history of South Asia]]. The broader region in and around the historical [[Indian subcontinent]], which includes the contemporary geopolitical entities of [[History of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[History of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[History of Bhutan|Bhutan]], [[History of the Republic of India|India]], [[History of Nepal|Nepal]], [[History of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and the island countries of [[History of Maldives|Maldives]] and [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]. {{HistoryOfSouthAsia}} == Chronology == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- ! colspan=4 | Chronology of India |- |colspan=4|[[James Mill]] (1774β1836), in his ''[[The History of British India]]'' (1817),{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}} distinguished three phases in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]], namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations.{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}}{{efn|Misra 2004, p.194}} This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to.{{efn|Kulke 2004, p.7}} Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods".{{efn|Flood 1996, p.21}} |- ! World History{{efn|Bentley|1996}} ! James Mill's Periodisation{{efn|Khanna 2007, p.xvii}} ! ACMM{{efn|Flood 1996, p.21}}{{efn|Stein|2010}} ! Chronology of Indian History{{efn|Smart 2003, p. 52β53}}{{efn|Michaels 2004}}{{efn|Muesse 2011}}{{efn|Flood 1996, p. 21β22}} |- | (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Early Societes<br />(3500β2500 BCE) | (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| Early Indian Civilizations | (ACMM) rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | Ancient India | (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[South Asian Stone Age|Prehistoric Era]]<br />[[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley civilisation]] (c. 3300β1750 BCE) |- | (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Ancient Vedic Kingdoms <br />(2500β600 BCE) | (Mill) rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | Hindu civilisations | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Early Vedic period<br />(c. 1750 β 1200 BCE) |- | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Middle Vedic period<br />(from 1200 BCE) |- | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Late Vedic period<br />(from 850 BCE) |- | (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Classical Civilisations<br />(600 BCEβ500 CE) | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Second urbanisation<br />[[Maurya Empire|Early empires]]{{efn|Thapar|1977}}<br />(c. 600β200 BCE){{efn|Thapar|1977}} |- | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | Disintegration{{efn|Thapar|1977}} and regional states<br />(c. 200 BCEβ300 CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.39}} |- | (ACMM) style="text-align:center;"| Classical India | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | "Golden Age" ([[Gupta Empire]])<br />(c. 320β650 CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.40}} |- | (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Post-classical age<br />(500β1000 CE) | (ACMM) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Medieval India | (Details) style="text-align:center;" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Regional Indian kingdoms]] and Beginning of Islamic raids<br />(c. 650β1100 CE){{efn|Michaels 2004, p.41}} |- | (Bentley) style="text-align:center;"| Transregional nomadic empires<br />(1000β1500 CE) | (Mill) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Muslim civilisations | (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Delhi Sultanate]] (north India)<br />(1206β1526 CE)<br />[[Vijayanagara Empire]] (south India)<br />(1336β1646 CE) |- | (Bentley) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Modern age<br />(1500βpresent) | (ACMM) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Modern India | (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Mughal Empire]]<br />(1526β1707) |- | (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| British civilisations | (Details) style="text-align:center;"| [[Maratha Empire]]<br />British rule<br />(c. 1750 CEβ1947) |- | (Mill) style="text-align:center;"| β | (Details) style="text-align:center;"| Independent India |- | colspan=4 | {| class="collapsible collapsed" |- ! Notes and references for table |- | '''Notes''' Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism": * Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.{{efn|Smart 2003, p. 52, 83β86}}), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.{{efn|Smart 2003, p.52}} * For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism",{{efn|Michaels 2004, p.36}} whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".{{efn|Michaels 2004, p.38}} * Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.{{efn|Muesse 2003, p.14}} '''References''' {{notelist|30em}} '''Sources''' * {{Citation | last =Bentley | first =Jerry H. |date=June 1996 | title =Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History | journal =The American Historical Review |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=749β770 | doi=10.2307/2169422| jstor =2169422 }} * {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Khanna | first =Meenakshi | year =2007 | title =Cultural History Of Medieval India | publisher =Berghahn Books}} * {{Citation | last1 =Kulke | first1 =Hermann | last2 =Rothermund | first2 =Dietmar | year =2004 | title =A History of India | publisher =Routledge}} * {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Misra | first =Amalendu | year =2004 | title =Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India | publisher =SAGE}} * {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark William | year =2003 | title =Great World Religions: Hinduism | url =http://www.docshut.com/rquv/lectures-on-great-world-religions-hinduism.html}} * {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark W. | year =2011 | title =The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction | publisher =Fortress Press}} * {{Citation | last =Smart | first =Ninian | year =2003 | title =Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions) | place =Kampen | publisher =Uitgeverij Kok}} * {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =1977 | title =A History of India. Volume One | publisher =Penguin Books}} |} |} [[James Mill]] (1773β1836), in his [[The History of British India]] (1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim, and British civilisations. This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to. Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods", although this periodisation has also been criticised.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19β20}} Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions",{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=19}} According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to the change of ruling powers.{{sfn|Thapar|1978|p=20}}{{refn|group=note|See also Tanvir Anjum, ''[https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History]''.}} == By period == === Paleolithic and Mesolithic age === * [[Madrasian culture]] (1.5 MYA) * [[Soanian|Soanian culture]] ({{Circa|500,000}}β125,000 BCE) * [[South Asian Stone Age]] ({{Circa|50,000}}β5000 BCE) === Neolithic age === * [[Bhirrana|Bhirrana culture]] (7570β6200 BCE) * [[Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh culture]] (7000β3300 BCE) === Bronze Age === [[Bronze Age India]] (3500β1500 BCE) * [[Kalibangan]] (3500β2000 BCE) * [[Indus Valley civilization]] (3300β1300 BCE) ** Early Harappan Culture (3300β2600 BCE) ** Mature Harappan Culture (2600β1750 BCE) ** Late Harappan Culture (1750β1300 BCE) * [[AharβBanas culture|Ahar Banas culture]] * [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard culture]] * [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] * [[Black and red ware|Black and red ware culture]] * [[Bara culture]] * [[Malwa culture]] * [[Jorwe culture]] * Other [[chalcolithic]] sites include Patapadu (Andhra Pradesh) === Iron Age and Vedic period === {{Main|Vedic period}} * [[Vedic period]] (c. 1500β600 BCE) ** [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru Kingdom]] (c. 1500β1200 BCE) ** [[Brihadratha|Brihadratha Dynasty]] (c. 1700β689 BCE) ** [[Gandhara Kingdom]] (c. 1500β500 BCE) ** [[Kuru Dynasty]] (c. 1200β350 BCE) ** [[Panchala Dynasty]] (c. 1200β500 BCE) ** [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti Kingdom]] (c. 1200β300 BCE) * Later [[Vedic period]] (c. 1000β600 BCE) ** [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya Kingdom]] (c.1000β500 BCE) ** [[Chedi Kingdom]] (c.1000β300 BCE) ** [[Surasena Kingdom]] (c.1000β600 BCE) ** [[Kamboja Kingdom]] (c. 1000β550 BCE) **[[Kingdom of the Videhas|Videha Kingdom]] (c. 800β300 BCE) * [[Pradyota dynasty]] (c. 682β544 BCE) * [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka Kingdom]] (544β415 BCE) * [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]] (600 BCEβ1650 CE) * [[Chera dynasty|Chera Kingdom]] (600 BCEβ1102 CE) * [[Chola dynasty|Chola Kingdom]] (600 BCEβ1279 CE) * [[History of Sindh|Ror Kingdom]] (450 BCEβ489 CE) * [[Shishunaga dynasty]] (415β321 BCE) * [[Nanda Empire]] (421β345 BCE) * [[Malava|Malava Dynasty]] (392 BCEβ78 CE) * [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] (330β323 BCE) * [[Maurya Empire]] (321β184 BCE) * [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava Kingdom]] (250 BCEβ800 CE) * [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire]] (250 BCEβ400 CE) === Middle kingdoms === {{main|Middle kingdoms of India}} * [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]] (230 BCEβ220 CE) * [[Kuninda Kingdom]] (200 BCEβ300 CE) * [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian Kingdom]] (200 BCEβ400 CE) * [[Shunga Empire]] (185β73 BCE) * [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (180 BCEβ10 CE) * [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva Empire]] (75β26 BCE) * [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]] (21β130s CE) * [[Western Satraps|Western Satrap Empire]] (35β405 CE) * [[Kushan Empire]] (60β240 CE) * [[Bharshiva dynasty|Bharshiva Dynasty]] (170β350 CE) * [[Nagas of Padmavati]] (210β340 CE) * [[Sasanian Empire]] (224β651 CE) * [[Indo-Sasanians|Indo-Sassanid Kingdom]] (230β360 CE) * [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka Empire]] (250sβ6th century CE) * [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra Empire]] (250β600 CE) * [[Gupta Empire]] (280β550 CE) * [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba Empire]] (345β525 CE) * [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Kingdom]] (350β1000 CE) * [[Kamarupa|Kamarupa Kingdom]] (350β1100 CE) * [[Vishnukundina|Vishnukundina Empire]] (420β624 CE) * [[Maitraka|Maitraka Empire]] (475β767 CE) * [[Huna people|Huna Kingdom]] (475β576 CE) * [[Rai dynasty|Rai Kingdom]] (489β632 CE) * [[Guhila dynasty]] (500β1950 CE) * [[Turk Shahis]] (500β850 CE) * [[Hindu Shahis]] (850β1026 CE) * [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya Empire]] (543β753 CE) * [[Maukhari|Maukhari Empire]] (550sβ8th century CE) * [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati]] (6thβ7th century CE) * [[Empire of Harsha|Harsha Empire]] (606β647 CE) * [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya Kingdom]] (624β1075 CE) * [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632β661 CE) * [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Gurjara-Pratihara Empire]] (650β1036 CE) * [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661β750 CE) * [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] (7thβ12th century CE) * [[Pala Empire]] (750β1174 CE) * [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]] (753β982 CE) * [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara Kingdom]] (800β1327 CE) * [[Seuna dynasty|Yadava Empire]] (850β1334 CE) * [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya Kingdom]] (942β1244 CE) * [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (973β1189 CE) * [[Lohara dynasty|Lohara Kingdom]] (1003β1320 CE) * [[Hoysala Empire]] (1040β1346 CE) * [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]] (1070β1230 CE) * [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga Empire]] (1078β1434 CE) * [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin Kingdom]] (1102β1766 CE) * [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]] (1083β1323 CE) * [[Chutiya Kingdom]] (1187β1673 CE) * [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]] (1156β1184 CE) === Late medieval period === [[Medieval India|Late medieval period]] (1206β1596) * [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206β1526 CE) ** [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] (1206β1290 CE) ** [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji Sultanate]] (1290β1320 CE) ** [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Sultanate]] (1320β1414 CE) ** [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid Sultanate]] (1414β1451 CE) ** [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Sultanate]] (1451β1526 CE) * [[Deva dynasty|Deva Kingdom]] (12th centuryβ13th century CE) * [[Ahom kingdom]] (1228β1826 CE) * [[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Chitradurga Kingdom]] (1300β1779 CE) * [[Reddy dynasty|Reddy Kingdom]] (1325β1448 CE) * [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336β1646 CE) * [[Bengal Sultanate]] (1352β1576 CE) ** [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi Sultanate]] (1352β1487 CE) ** [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi Sultanate]] (1494β1538 CE) ** [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani Sultanate]] (1564β1576 CE) * [[Garhwal Kingdom]] (1358β1803 CE) * [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] (1399β1947 CE) * [[Gajapati Empire]] (1434β1541 CE) * [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Kingdom]] (1499β1763 CE) * [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] (1490β1596 CE) * [[Koch dynasty|Koch Kingdom]] (1515β1947 CE) === Early modern period === [[India#Early modern India|Early modern period]] (1526β1858) * [[Bengal Sultanate]] (1352β1576 CE) ** [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi Sultanate]] (1494β1538 CE) ** [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani Sultanate]] (1564β1576 CE) * [[Mughal Empire]] (1526β1858 CE) ** [[Sur Empire]] (1540β1556 CE) * [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Kingdom]] (1559β1736 CE) * [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Kingdom]] (1572β1918 CE) * [[Ramnad estate|Marava Kingdom]] (1600β1750 CE) * [[Tondaiman|Thondaiman Kingdom]] (1650β1948 CE) * [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] (1674β1947 CE) * [[Misl|Sikh Confederacy]] (1707β1799 CE) * [[Durrani Empire]] (1747β1823 CE) * [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]] (1729β1947 CE) * [[Sikh Empire]] (1799β1849 CE) === European colonial period === [[Colonial India|Colonial period]] (1510β1961 CE) * [[Portuguese India]] (1510β1961 CE) * [[Dutch India]] (1605β1825 CE) * [[Danish India]] (1620β1869 CE) * [[French India]] (1759β1954 CE) * [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] (1757β1858 CE) * [[British Raj]] (1858β1947 CE) * [[Partition of British India]] (1947 CE) * [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (1505β1658 CE) * [[Dutch Ceylon]] (1656β1796 CE) * [[British Ceylon]] (1815β1948 CE) === Kingdoms of Sri Lanka === {{Main|History of Sri Lanka}} * [[Kingdom of Tambapanni]] (543β505 BCE) * [[Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara]] (505β377 BCE) * [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] (377 BCEβ1017 CE) * [[Principality of Ruhuna|Kingdom of Ruhuna]] (200 CE) * [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] (300β1310 CE) * [[Jaffna kingdom|Jaffna Kingdom]] (1215β1624 CE) * [[Kingdom of Dambadeniya]] (1220β1272 CE) * [[Yapahuwa|Kingdom of Yapahuwa]] (1272β1293 CE) * [[Kurunegala|Kingdom of Kurunegala]] (1293β1341 CE) * [[Gampola|Kingdom of Gampola]] (1341β1347 CE) * [[Kingdom of Gampola|Kingdom of Raigama]] (1347β1415 CE) * [[Kingdom of Kotte]] (1412β1597 CE) * [[Kingdom of Sitawaka]] (1521β1594 CE) * [[Kingdom of Kandy]] (1469β1815 CE) == History of South Asia, by region == === By South Asian subregion === * [[Central South Asia#History]] * [[Eastern South Asia#History]] ** [[East India#History]] ** [[Northeast India#History]] * [[Northern South Asia#History]] ** [[North India#History]] * [[Northwestern South Asia#History]] ** [[Northwest India#History]] * [[Southern South Asia#History]] ** [[History of South India]] * [[Western India#History]] (Central western region of South Asia) === By country and national subdivision === * [[History of Afghanistan]] * [[History of Bengal]] * [[History of Bangladesh]] (See ''[[History of Bangladesh after independence]]'' for post-1971 history) ** [[History of Chittagong]] ** [[History of Dhaka]] ** [[History of Rangpur]] ** [[History of Sylhet]] * [[History of Bhutan]] * [[History of India]] for pre-1947 history (See [[History of the Republic of India]] for post-1947 history) ** [[Timeline of Indian history]] ** [[History of Andhra Pradesh]] ** [[History of Arunachal Pradesh]] ** [[History of Assam]] ** [[History of Bihar]] ** [[History of Chhattisgarh]] ** [[History of Goa]] ** [[History of Gujarat]] ** [[History of Haryana]] ** [[History of Himachal Pradesh]] ** [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]] ** [[History of Jharkhand]] ** [[History of Karnataka]] ** [[History of Kerala]] ** [[History of Madhya Pradesh]] ** [[History of Maharashtra]] ** [[History of Manipur]] ** [[History of Meghalaya]] ** [[History of Mizoram]] ** [[History of Nagaland]] ** [[History of Odisha]] ** [[History of Punjab]] ** [[History of Rajasthan]] ** [[History of Sikkim]] ** [[History of Tamil Nadu]] ** [[History of Telangana]] ** [[History of Tripura]] ** [[History of Uttar Pradesh]] ** [[History of Uttarakhand]] ** [[History of West Bengal]] * [[History of the Maldives]] * [[History of Nepal]] * [[History of Pakistan]] for pre-1947 history (See also [[History of Pakistan (1947βpresent)]]) ** [[Pakistan studies]] ** [[History of Azad Kashmir]] ** [[History of Balochistan, Pakistan]] ** [[History of GilgitβBaltistan]] ** [[History of Islamabad]] ** [[History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] ** [[History of Punjab]] ** [[History of Sindh]] ** [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|History of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] * [[History of Sri Lanka]] * [[History of British Indian Ocean Territory]] == History of South Asia, by subject == History of architecture in South Asia * [[Archaeology in India]] * [[History of South Asian domes]] * [[Coinage of India]] * [[Economic history of India]] * [[History of the taka]] * [[History of South Asian cuisine]] * [[Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia]] * [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent]] * [[Execution by elephant]] * [[Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia]] * [[Indian literature]] * [[Indian maritime history]] * [[Indian physical culture]] * [[Military history of India]] * [[List of Indian monarchs]] * [[Indology]] * [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent]] * [[Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia]] * [[History of metallurgy in South Asia]] * [[History of science and technology in South Asia]] == See also == * [[History of Asia]] * [[History of Central Asia]] * [[History of East Asia]] * [[History of Southeast Asia]] * [[Former subdivisions of Pakistan]] * [[Partition of India]] * [[List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties]] == References == === Notes === {{reflist|group=note|2}} === Citations === {{Reflist|30em}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{Citation | last =Thapar | first =Romila | year =1978 | title =Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations | publisher =Orient Blackswan | url =https://www.philoshistorydepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12870319/ancient_indian_social_history_some_interpretation_by_romila_thapar.pdf | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150214082038/http://www.philoshistorydepartment.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12870319/ancient_indian_social_history_some_interpretation_by_romila_thapar.pdf | archive-date =14 February 2015 | access-date =14 February 2015}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links|South Asian history}} {{Outline footer}} [[Category:South Asia|*]] [[Category:History of South Asia| 1]] [[Category:Outlines|South Asian history]]
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