Editing Ouida

{{Short description|English novelist (1839–1908)}}
{{Distinguish|Ouidah|Ouija|Oujda}}
{{About|the English novelist|the American screenwriter and actress|Ouida Bergère|the British actress|Ouida MacDermott}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name        = Marie Louise de la Ramée
| birth_name  = Maria Louise Ramé
| image       = File:Ouida (Maria Louise Ramé).jpg
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = Photograph by Adolphe Beau, c. 1867–1871
| pseudonym   = Ouida
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1839|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bury St Edmunds]], England
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1908|1|25|1839|1|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Viareggio]], Italy
| occupation  = Novelist
| nationality = English-French
| period      = 
| genre       = 
| subject     = 
| movement    = 
| influences  = 
| influenced  = 
| signature   = Ouida's signature.png
| website     = 
}}

'''Maria Louise Ramé''' (1 January 1839<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
  | title = Ouida.
  | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057719/Ouida
  | encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
  | access-date =15 January 2008 }}</ref> &ndash; 25 January 1908), going by the name '''Marie Louise de la Ramée''' and known by the [[pseudonym]] '''Ouida''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|iː|d|ə}} {{respell|WEE|də}}), was an [[English novel]]ist. Ouida wrote more than 40 novels, as well as short stories, children's books and essays. Moderately successful, she lived a life of luxury, entertaining many of the literary figures of the day.

''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]'' (1867), one of her most famous novels, described the British in [[Algeria]]. It expressed sympathy for the French colonists – with whom Ouida deeply identified – and, to some extent, the [[Arabs]]. The novel was adapted for the stage, and was filmed six times. Her 1872 novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'' is considered a children's classic in much of [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last =  Amino
  | first =Amine
  | title = Let's Discuss: Dog of Flanders
  | url=https://aminoapps.com/c/anime/page/blog/lets-discuss-dog-of-flanders/D7tP_uMWJNwWjD07q4axwwz4R35883
  | access-date =13 February 2020}}</ref> The American author [[Jack London]] cited her novel ''Signa'' as one of the reasons for his literary success. Her lavish lifestyle eventually led her to penury, and her works were put up for auction to pay her debts. She died in Italy from [[pneumonia]]. Soon after her death, her friends organized a public subscription in [[Bury St Edmunds]], her birthplace, where they had a fountain for horses and dogs installed in her name.

==Early years==
Maria Louise Ramé was born at [[Bury St Edmunds]], [[Suffolk]], England.<ref name="Maria Louise Ramé">[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?scan=1&r=1679879:2344&d=bmd_1566861514 "Maria Louise Rame"], birth record, Bury St. Edmunds, FreeBMD, accessed 14 September 2019. Note: Does not include any information about parents.</ref> Her mother, Susan Sutton, was a wine merchant's daughter;<ref>Schroeder, Natalie, and Shari Hodges Holt (2008). ''Ouida the Phenomenon: Evolving Social, Political, and Gender Concerns in her Fiction''. Newark: University of Delaware Press, p. 14. {{ISBN|9780874130331}}.</ref> her father was from France.<ref name="Maria Louise Ramé"/><ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/01/29/104716286.pdf ''The New York Times''], 29 January 1908. Note: Ouida was identified as the sister of the US Civil War officer, Col. George Roy Gliddoth. She was said to have "left her home in America at a tender age under the care of a woman who adopted her as her daughter." Another article about her supposed Gliddoth family was reported in ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' at the same time.</ref> She derived her pen name from her own childish pronunciation of her given name "Louise".<ref name=Cosmo /> Her opinion of her birthplace fluctuated; she wrote:— "That clean, quiet antiquated town, that always puts me in the mind of an old maid dressed for a party; that lowest and dreariest of Boroughs, where the streets are as full of grass as an acre of pasture land. Why, the inhabitants are driven to ringing their own doorbells lest they rust from lack of use."<ref>{{cite book|title=Cecil Castlemaine's Gage: And Other Novelettes|year=1899|publisher=Chatto & Windus|pages=351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLQsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA351}}</ref>

==Career==
[[Image:Ouida cartoon.png|left|thumb|upright=1.1|Caricature of Ouida (''Punch'', 20 August 1881)]]
She moved into the [[Langham Hotel, London]],{{efn|The hotel's loyalty programme is named after the author; see  [https://ouida.langhamhotels.com/StaticPage/EN/ouida_home.aspx]}} in 1867. There, according to the hotel promotional materials, she wrote in bed, by candlelight, with the curtains drawn to keep out daylight and surrounded by purple flowers.<ref name=Langham /> She ran up huge hotel and florists' bills of up to 200 pounds per week and commanded soirées that included soldiers, politicians, literary lights (including [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Algernon Swinburne]], [[Robert Browning]] and [[Wilkie Collins]]), and artists (including [[John Millais]]).<ref name=Cosmo /> Many of her stories and characters were based upon people she invited to her salons at The Langham.<ref name="Langham">{{cite web|title=Ouida|url=http://ouida.langhamhotels.com/static/ouida_home.aspx|work=Guide to The Langham Hotel|publisher=langhamhotels.com|access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> Ouida was described by [[William Allingham]] in his diary of 1872 as of short stature, with a "sinister, clever face" and with a "voice like a carving knife."{{sfn|Lee|1912}}

For many years Ouida lived in London, but in about 1871 she moved to Italy. In 1874, she settled permanently with her mother in [[Florence]], and there long pursued her work as a novelist. At first, she rented an apartment at the Palazzo Vagnonville. Later she removed to the Villa Farinola at [[Scandicci]], south of [[Bellosguardo]], three miles from Florence, where she lived in great style, entertained largely, collected objets d'art, dressed expensively but not tastefully, drove good horses, and kept many dogs, to which she was deeply attached.{{cn|date=August 2021}} She lived in Bagni di Lucca for a period, where there is a commemorative plaque on an outside wall. She declared that she never received from her publishers more than £1600 for any one novel, but that she found America "a mine of wealth". In ''The Massarenes'' (1897) she gave a lurid picture of the parvenu millionaire in smart London society. This book was greatly prized by Ouida, and was very successful in terms of sales. Thenceforth she chiefly wrote for the leading magazines essays on social questions or literary criticisms, which were not remunerative.{{sfn|Lee|1912}} As before, she used her locations as inspiration for the setting and characters in her novels.  The British and American colony in Florence was satirised in her novel, ''Friendship'' (1878).{{sfn|Jordan|King|2016}}{{Page needed|date=December 2018}} Ouida considered herself a serious artist. She was inspired by [[Byron]] in particular, and was interested in other artists of all kinds. Sympathetic descriptions of tragic painters and singers occurred in her later novels. Her work often combines romanticism with social criticism. In her novel, ''Puck'', a talking dog narrates his views on society. ''Views and Opinions'' includes essays in her own voice on a variety of social topics. She was an animal lover and rescuer, and at times owned as many as thirty dogs.

[[File:III Cimitero Inglese, Bagni di Lucca, Italia 2 (2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tomb of Ouida in [[Bagni di Lucca]]'s English cemetery]]

Although successful, she did not manage her money well. A civil list pension of £150 a year was offered to her by the prime minister, Sir [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], on the application of [[Alfred Austin]], [[George Wyndham]], and [[Walburga, Lady Paget]], which she reluctantly accepted after a request by her friend, Lady Howard of Glossop, on 16 July 1906.{{sfn|Jordan|King|2016}}{{Page needed|date=December 2018}}

She continued to live in Italy until her death on 25 January 1908, at 70 Via Zanardelli, Viareggio, of pneumonia.<ref name=Cosmo /> She is buried in the English Cemetery in [[Bagni di Lucca]], Italy.

==Animal rights==

Ouida was an advocate of animal rights and a staunch [[anti-vivisectionist]].<ref name="Hamilton 2004">Hamilton, Susan (2004). ''Animal Welfare & Anti-vivisection 1870-1910: Frances Power Cobbe, Volume 1''. Routledge, pp. lii–liii. {{ISBN|0-415-32142-5}}</ref> She authored ''The New Priesthood: A Protest Against Vivisection'', in 1897.<ref>Morse, Deborah Denenholz; Danahay, Martin A. (2007). ''Victorian Animal Dreams: Representations of Animals in Victorian Literature and Culture'', p. 28. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-5511-4}}</ref>

Ouida authored articles denouncing animal experimentation in ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Fortnightly Review]]''.<ref name="Hamilton 2004"/> She opposed the [[fur trade]] and [[hunting]].<ref name="Hamilton 2004"/>

==Literary career==
[[File:'OUIDA' 1839-1908 NOVELIST lived here.jpg|thumb|Blue plaque erected in 1952 by [[London County Council]] at 11 Ravenscourt Square, [[Hammersmith]], London W6]]During her career, Ouida wrote more than 40 novels, children's books and collections of short stories and essays. Her work had several phases.

In 1863, when she was 24, she published her first novel, ''Held in Bondage''.<ref name="Cosmo">{{cite web|website=Cosmopolis |title= The Langham, London|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/travel/the_langham_london.htm|date=6 February 2004|access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> (She later claimed to have written her well-received 1867 novel ''Idalia'' at the age of 16. It featured a rebellious ingénue heroine who was sympathetic to Italian independence.)<ref>{{Cite book|title=A House Party, Don Gesualdo, And A Rainy June (1887)|last=Ouida|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|year=2010|isbn=978-1166536787}}</ref>

In her early period, her novels were considered "racy" and "swashbuckling", a contrast to "the moralistic prose of early Victorian literature" (Tom Steele),<ref name=Cosmo /> and a hybrid of the [[Sensation novel|sensationalism]] of the 1860s and the proto-[[adventure novel]]s being published as part of the romanticisation of imperial expansion. Later her work was more typical of [[historical romance]], though she never stopped commenting on contemporary society. She also wrote several stories for children.
 
''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]'' (1867), one of her most famous novels, described the British in [[Algeria]]. It expressed sympathy for the French colonists (called ''[[Pied-Noir|pieds noirs]]'') – with whom Ouida deeply identified – and, to some extent, the [[Arabs]]. The novel was adapted for the stage, and was filmed six times.<ref>Leibfried, Philip, ''Films of the French Foreign Legion'', Duncan, OK: BearManor Media, 2011.</ref> The American author [[Jack London]] cited her novel ''Signa'' (1875), which he read at the age of eight, as one of the eight reasons for his literary success.<ref>London, Jack (1917) "Eight Factors of Literary Success", in Earle Labor (ed.) (1994), Viking Penguin. ''The Portable Jack London'', p. 512. "In answer to your question as to the greatest factors of my literary success, I will state that I consider them to be: Vast good luck. Good health; good brain; good mental and muscular correlation. Poverty. Reading Ouida's ''Signa'' at eight years of age. The influence of [[Herbert Spencer]]'s ''Philosophy of Style.'' Because I got started twenty years before the fellows who are trying to start today."</ref>

==Influence==
The British composer [[Frederic Hymen Cowen]] and his librettists [[Gilbert Arthur à Beckett]], H. A. Rudall, and [[Frederic Edward Weatherly]] acquired the rights to Ouida's 1875 novel ''Signa'' to create an opera for [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]]'s [[Royal English Opera House]] to succeed [[Arthur Sullivan]]'s ''[[Ivanhoe (opera)|Ivanhoe]]'' in 1891. Between Cowen not being ready with his work and the collapse of Carte's venture, Cowen eventually took his finished opera ''[[Signa (opera)|Signa]]'' to Italy with an Italian translation of the original English text by G.A. Mazzucato.  After many delays and production troubles, Cowen's ''Signa'' was first performed in a reduced three-act version at the [[Teatro Dal Verme]], [[Milan]] on 12 November 1893. After further revision and much cutting, it was later given in a two-act version at [[Covent Garden]], [[London]] on 30 June 1894, at which point Cowen wondered if there was any sense left in the opera at all. Ouida's impression of the work is unknown.

[[Image:OUIDA memorial.jpg|thumb|Ouida Memorial, formerly a drinking fountain, in [[Bury St Edmunds]], Suffolk]]

Later, [[Pietro Mascagni]] bought the rights for her story "Two Little Wooden Shoes", intending to adapt it for an opera. His friend [[Giacomo Puccini]] became interested in the story and began a court action, claiming that because Ouida was in debt, the rights to her works should be put up for public auction to raise funds for creditors. He won the court challenge and persuaded his publisher Ricordi to bid for the story. After Ricordi won, Puccini lost interest and never composed the opera. Mascagni later composed one based on the story, under the title ''[[Lodoletta]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pietro Mascagni and His Operas|last=Mallach|first=Alan|publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2002|isbn=9781555535247|location=Boston Massachusetts|pages=211}}</ref>

Spiritualist [[Helen Peters Nosworthy]] was wearing a locket containing Ouida's portrait and signature that seemed to spell out ouija during a 1890 [[seance]] in which Nosworthy asked a talking board to name itself and it responded O-U-I-J-A. Nosworthy and brother-in-law [[Elijah Bond]] were granted a patent for the [[ouija board]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lithub.com/out-of-the-shadows-on-the-forgotten-mothers-of-the-occult/|title=Out of the Shadows: On the Forgotten Mothers of the Occult|website=[[LitHub]]|first=Lisa|last=Kröger|author2=Melanie R. Anderson|date=31 October 2022|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==Legacy and honours==
Soon after her death, her friends organized a public subscription in Bury St Edmunds, where they had a fountain for horses and dogs installed in her name.<ref name="Memorial">{{cite web
  | last =  St Edmundsbury 
  | first = Borough Council
  | title = Ouida Memorial, Bury St Edmunds.
  | url = http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/visit/Ouida-Memorial.cfm
  | access-date =15 January 2008 }}</ref> Its inscription was composed by [[Lord Curzon]]:

{{Blockquote|Her friends have erected this fountain in the place of her birth. Here may God's creatures whom she loved assuage her tender soul as they drink.}}

Fellow author "Rita" Humphreys ([[Eliza Humphreys|Eliza Margaret Jane Humphreys]], 1850–1938) wrote a eulogy to Ouida and sent it to the press soon after her death. It was read at the unveiling of Ouida's memorial. During Rita's youth, Ouida had been popular but the girl was forbidden to read her. She made up for it later by purchasing every book written by Ouida and keeping them in her library for the rest of her life.<ref>'' "Rita" The Forgotten Author'', by Paul Jones L.R.P.S.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year!!Work!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|1863||''Held in Bondage''||First published with the title ''Granville de Vigne''
|-
|1865||''Strathmore''
|-
|1866||''Chandos ''
|-
|1867||''Cecil Castlemaine's Gage''
|-
|1867||''Idalia''
|-
|1867||''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]''||Film versions in 1912 (two), 1915 (shorts), [[Under Two Flags (1916 film)|1916]], [[Under Two Flags (1922 film)|1922]] (directed by [[Tod Browning]]), and [[Under Two Flags (1936 film)|1936]] (starring [[Ronald Colman]] and [[Claudette Colbert]])
|-
|1868
|''Randolph Gordon and Other Stories''
|-
|1868||''Beatrice Boville and Other Stories''
|-
|1869||''Tricotrin''
|-
|1870||''Puck''
|-
|1871||''Folle-Farine''
|-
|1872||''A Leaf in the Storm, and other stories''||Includes ''A Leaf in the Storm'', ''A Provance Rose'', ''A Dog of Flanders'', and ''A Branch of Lilac''
|-
|1872||''[[A Dog of Flanders]]''||English-language film versions in [[A Dog of Flanders (1935 film)|1935]], [[A Dog of Flanders (1959 film)|1959]] and [[A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)|1999]] (starring [[Jon Voight]]); popular cartoon TV series in Japan in [[Dog of Flanders (TV series)|1975]]
|-
|1874||''Pascarel''
|-
|1874||''Two Little Wooden Shoes''||Also published with the title ''Bébée''; film version in [[Two Little Wooden Shoes|1920]]
|-
|1875||''Signa''
|-
|1876||''In a Winter City''
|-
|1877||''Ariadne''
|-
|1878||''Friendship''
|-
|1880||''Moths''
|-
|1880||''Pipistrello and Other Stories''
|-
|1881||''A Village Commune''
|-
|1882||''Bimbi: Stories for Children''
|-
|1882||''In Maremma''
|-
|1883||''[[Afternoon (play)|Afternoon]]''
|-
|1883||''Frescoes: Dramatic Sketches''
|-
|1883||''Wanda''
|-
|1884||''Princess Napraxine''
|-
|1885||''A Rainy June''
|-
|1885||''Othmar''
|-
|1886||''Don Guesaldo''
|-
|1887||''A House Party''
|-
|1889||''Guilderoy''
|-
|1890||''Ruffino and Other Stories''
|-
|1890||''Syrlin''
|-
|1891||''Santa Barbara and Other Stories''
|-
|1892||''The Tower of Taddeo''
|-
|1893||''The New Priesthood: A Protest Against [[Vivisection]]''
|-
|1894||''The Silver Christ''
|-
|1894||''The Silver Christ and A Lemon Tree''
|-
|1894||''Two Offenders and Other Tales''
|-
|1895||''The Nürnberg Stove''
|-
|1895||''Toxin''||Appeared as a short story in ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', Summer number, 1895, pp. 2–18.
|-
|1895||''Views and Opinions''
|-
|1896||''Le Selve and Other Tales''
|-
|1897||''An Altruist''
|-
|1897||''Dogs''
|-
|1897||''Muriella; or, Le Selve''
|-
|1897||''The Massarenes''
|-
|1899||''La Strega and Other Stories''
|-
|1900||''Critical Studies''
|-
|1900||''The Waters of Edera''
|-
|1901||''Street Dust and Other Stories''
|-
|1908||''Helianthus ''
|-
|1910||''Moufflou and other stories''
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
* ''Moths'' (1913, based on the novel ''Moths'') <!-- film with Maude Fealy-->
* ''Strathmore'', directed by [[Francis J. Grandon]] (1915, based on the novel ''Strathmore'')
* ''{{ill|The Little Dutch Girl|it}}'', directed by [[Émile Chautard]] (1915, based on the novel ''Two Little Wooden Shoes'')
* ''[[Under Two Flags (1916 film)|Under Two Flags]]'', directed by [[J. Gordon Edwards (director)|J. Gordon Edwards]] (1916, based on the novel ''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]'')
* ''[[Her Greatest Love]]'', directed by [[J. Gordon Edwards (director)|J. Gordon Edwards]] (1917, based on the novel ''Moths'')
* ''[[Two Little Wooden Shoes]]'', directed by [[Sidney Morgan]] (1920, based on the novel ''Two Little Wooden Shoes'')
* ''[[Under Two Flags (1922 film)|Under Two Flags]]'', directed by [[Tod Browning]] (1922, based on the novel ''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]'')
* ''[[A Boy of Flanders]]'', directed by [[Victor Schertzinger]] (1924, based on the novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'')
* ''In Maremma'', directed by [[Salvatore Aversano]] (Italy, 1924, based on the novel ''In Maremma'')
* ''[[Flames of Desire (1924 film)|Flames of Desire]]'', directed by [[Denison Clift]] (1924, based on the novel ''Strathmore'')
* ''[[A Dog of Flanders (1935 film)|A Dog of Flanders]]'', directed by [[Edward Sloman]] (1935, based on the novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'')
* ''[[Under Two Flags (1936 film)|Under Two Flags]]'', directed by [[Frank Lloyd]] (1936, based on the novel ''[[Under Two Flags (novel)|Under Two Flags]]'')
* ''[[A Dog of Flanders (1959 film)|A Dog of Flanders]]'', directed by [[James B. Clark (director)|James B. Clark]] (1960, based on the novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'')
* ''[[Dog of Flanders (TV series)|Dog of Flanders]]'', directed by Yoshio Kuroda (Japan, 1975, animated TV series, based on the novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'')
* ''Romance: Moths'', directed by [[Waris Hussein]] (UK, 1977, TV film, based on the novel ''Moths'').<ref name="r261">{{cite web | last=Isaacs | first=Jeremy | title=Thames 1977: Company on the Move | website=THIS IS THAMES from Transdiffusion | date=1977 | url=https://thames.today/winter-programmes | access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> The script was written by [[Hugh Whitemore]], and the cast included [[Maria Aitken]], [[Cathryn Harrison]] and [[Nigel Davenport]].<ref name="r261"/>
* ''[[A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)|A Dog of Flanders]]'', directed by [[Kevin Brodie]] (1999, based on the novel ''[[A Dog of Flanders]]'')

==Radio broadcasts==
* ''Moths'' was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] in 1996, and repeated on [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]] in 2023.<ref name="g416">{{cite web | title=Moths | website=BBC Home | date=28 February 2023 | url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/proginfo/2023/11/moths | access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> The play was directed by [[Janet Whitaker]].<ref name="g416"/> The script was written by [[Chrys Salt]].<ref name="g416"/> Lady Dolly was played by [[Nicola Pagett]], and Vere by [[Teresa Gallagher]].<ref name="g416"/>

== References ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist|notes=}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== General and cited references ===
* {{DNB12 |first=Elizabeth|last=Lee|wstitle=De la Ramée, Marie Louise |pages=487–488}}
* {{Cite web |last2=King |first2=Andrew |last1=Jordan |first1=Jane |date=17 November 2016 |title=Ouida and Victorian Popular Culture |url=https://www.routledge.com/Ouida-and-Victorian-Popular-Culture/King-Jordan/p/book/9781138268241 |publisher=Routledge & CRC Press}}

==Further reading==
* Bigland, Eileen. ''Ouida: The Passionate Victorian'', Jarrolds, 1950.
* Elwin, Malcolm. ''Victorian Wallflowers'', Jonathan Cape, 1934. (chapter 9)
* Ffrench, Yvonne. ''Ouida: A Study in Ostentation'', Cobden-Sanderson, 1938.
* [[Elizabeth Lee (writer)|Lee, Elizabeth]]. ''Ouida. A Memoir'', T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.
* Stirling, Monica. ''The Fine and the Wicked: The Life and Times of Ouida'', Victor Gollancz, 1957.

== External links ==
{{Wikisource author|Marie Louise de la Ramée}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Maria Louise Ramé}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1204 | name=Ouida}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Librivox author |id=170}}
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/vwwp-list.html#ouida Works by Ouida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813104256/http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/vwwp-list.html#ouida |date=13 August 2010 }} at The Victorian Women Writers Project
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071203201608/http://www.valancourtbooks.com/inmaremma.html Book description of ''In Maremma'' (1882) at Valancourt Books]
* [https://archive.org/stream/nationalmagazine21brayrich#page/653/mode/1up Charles Warren Stoddard, "Ouida in Her Winter City"], ''National Magazine'', March 1905, p.&nbsp;653, with photos, at OpenBooks
* Willis J. Abbot: [https://archive.org/details/womenhistoryliv00abbogoog/page/407/mode/2up ''Notable women in history : the lives of women who in all ages, all lands and in all womanly occupations have won fame and put their imprint on the world's history''] (1913), pp. 407–410.
* [http://www.bartleby.com/161/authors/1291.html Ouida Similes], Bartleby

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ouida}}
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century English women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Tuscany]]
[[Category:English activists]]
[[Category:English animal rights activists]]
[[Category:English anti-vivisectionists]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Italy]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English women activists]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:Victorian novelists]]
[[Category:Victorian women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Bury St Edmunds]]
[[Category:19th-century English short story writers]]
[[Category:English women short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century English essayists]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:Victorian short story writers]]
[[Category:English women essayists]]
[[Category:Sensation novelists]]