Editing Ottoman Turks

{{Short description|Turkic ethnic group}}
{{engvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group            = Ottoman Turks
| native_name      = {{lang|tr|Osmanlı Türkleri}}
| native_name_lang = tr
| image            = [[File:Ralamb-104.jpg|230px]]
| image_caption    = Painting of an Ottoman Turkish {{Transliteration|fa|[[sipahi]]}}, 1657
| image_alt        = 
| total            = {{unbulletedlist
| 15,044,846 (1914){{#tag:ref|[[Muslims]] of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the [[Hejaz vilayet|Vilayet of the Hejaz]].|group=note}}
| 12,590,352 (1884){{#tag:ref|Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the [[Hejaz vilayet|Vilayet of the Hejaz]].|group=note}}
| 7,000,000 (1831){{#tag:ref|Muslims of Anatolia and some parts of the [[Rumelia Eyalet|Balkans]].|group=note}}}}
| total_year       = 
| total_source     = 
| total_ref        = 
| genealogy        = 
| regions          = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (esp. [[Anatolia]] and [[Balkans]])<ref name= Stanford1>{{cite news|title=The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831-1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162768|first=Stanford|last=Shaw |work=Cambridge|date=1978|jstor=162768 }}</ref>
| related          = [[Turkish people]]
| languages        = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]]{{#tag:ref|Among peasantry and non-elite urban population.|group=note}}<br />[[Ottoman Turkish]]{{#tag:ref|In [[Ottoman literature|literature]] and by elites.|group=note}}
| religions        = [[Sunni Islam]]
| footnotes        = {{reflist|group=note}}
}}

The '''Ottoman Turks''' ({{langx|tr|Osmanlı Türkleri}}) were a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic ethnic group]] in [[Anatolia]]. Originally from [[Central Asia]], they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the [[Ottoman Empire]], in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the entirety of the six centuries that it existed. Their descendants are the present-day [[Turkish people]], who comprise the majority of the population in the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], which was established shortly after the end of [[World War I]].

Reliable information about the early history of the Ottoman Turks remains scarce, but they take their Turkish name {{Langx|tr|Osmanlı|label=none}} from [[Osman I]], who founded the [[Ottoman dynasty|House of Osman]] alongside the Ottoman Empire; the name "[[Osman (name)|Osman]]" was altered to "Ottoman" when it was transliterated into some [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] over time. The Ottoman principality, expanding from [[Söğüt]], gradually began incorporating other Turkish-speaking [[Muslims]] and non-Turkish [[Christians]] into their realm. By the 1350s, they had begun crossing into [[Muslim Europe|Europe]] and eventually came to dominate the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In 1453, the [[fall of Constantinople]], which had served as the capital city of the [[Byzantine Empire]], enabled the Ottoman Turks to control all major land routes between [[West Asia|Asia]] and Europe. This development forced [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] to find other ways to trade with Asians.<ref name="Europe and the Islamic World: A History ">
{{cite book
 | author1   = Tolan, John
 | author2   = Veinstein, Gilles
 | author3   = Henry Laurens
 | title     = Europe and the Islamic World: A History
 | date      = 2013
 | publisher = Princeton University Press
 | isbn      = 978-0-691-14705-5
 | pages     = 167–188
}}</ref><ref>[[Halil İnalcık|İnalcık, Halil]] (1989). "[https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0020.pdf Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329-1451] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002306/https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0020.pdf |date=25 November 2021 }}". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp.175-221.</ref><ref>[[Halil İnalcık|İnalcık, Halil]] (1989). "[https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0023.pdf Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451-1522] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924001048/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0023.pdf |date=24 September 2021 }}". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.). ''A History of the Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311-353.</ref> Following the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]], the Ottoman Turkish identity ceased to exist; the [[Ottoman Turkish|Ottoman Turkish language]], which was written using the [[Perso-Arabic script]], developed into the modern [[Latin-script alphabet|Latinized]] Turkish language.

== History ==

{{Further|History of the Turkish people}}
[[File:I Osman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ottoman miniature]] from 1579/1580 depicting [[Osman I]], who founded the [[Ottoman dynasty|House of Osman]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] around 1299. Located at [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi]] in the city of [[Istanbul]].]]

=== Migration to Anatolia from Central Asia ===
The Ottomans first became known to [[Occident|the West]] in the 13th century, when they migrated from their homeland in [[Central Asia]] westward to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]] in [[Anatolia]]. The Ottoman Turks established a [[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]] in Western Anatolia under [[Ertugrul]], the capital of which was {{lang|tr|[[Söğüt]]}}. Ertugrul, leader of the nomadic [[Kayı tribe]], first established a principality as part of the decaying [[Seljuk Empire]]. His son [[Osman I|Osman]] expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son [[Orhan]] expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking [[Nicaea]] (present-day [[İznik]]) and crossed the [[Dardanelles]] in 1362. All coins unearthed in {{lang|tr|Söğüt}} during the two centuries before Orhan bear the names of [[Ilkhanate]] rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate, and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur|Tamerlane]]. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]] captured the reduced [[Byzantine Empire]]'s well-defended capital, [[Constantinople]] in 1453.<ref>Bréhier, Louis René. (1912). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Turkish Empire|Turkish Empire]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''15'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Tolan, John |author2=Veinstein, Gilles |author3=Henry Laurens |title="Europe and the Islamic World: A History".|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|pages=67–68}}</ref>

=== Ottoman Empire until World War I ===
The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], the [[Middle East]] (excluding Iran), and [[North Africa]] over the course of several centuries, with an advanced [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|army]] and [[Ottoman Navy|navy]]. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]]. Following the successful [[Turkish War of Independence]] that ended with the [[Turkish national movement]] retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|abolished the Ottoman sultanate]] on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the [[Republic of Turkey]] on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] and negotiated the significantly more favorable [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]], assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed ''[[Misak-ı Milli]]'' (National Pact).

=== Definition of a Turk ===
Not all Ottoman Empire citizens were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were [[Turkish people|Turks]], but starting from 1924, every citizen of the newly found Turkish Republic became considered as "Turk". Article 88 of [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|1924 Constitution]], which was based on the [[Turkish Constitution of 1921|1921 Constitution]], states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|title=Turkish Constitution of 1924|language=Turkish|website=T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826235341/http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|archive-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of the Ottoman Empire}}
The conquest of [[Constantinople]] began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became the standard of opulence.

===Calligraphy===
Because [[Islam]] is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the [[Quran]] and Islamic culture has historically tended towards [[Aniconism in Islam|discouraging or prohibiting figurative art]], calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts. 

The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by [[Sheikh Hamdullah|Şeyh Hamdullah]] (1429–1520), which became the basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the [[Nesih]] version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see [[Islamic calligraphy]]).

The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of [[Hâfiz Osman]] (1642–1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favour with an empire at its peak of territorial extent and governmental burdens. 

The late calligraphic style of the Ottomans was created by [[Mustafa Râkim]] (1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the [[Thuluth|sülüs]] script as well as the Nesih script.

===Poetry===
{{Main|Turkish literature}}
Ottoman poetry included epic-length verse but is better known for shorter forms such as the [[gazel]]. For example, the epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his ''[[Alexander the Great]]''. His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.

===Painting===
{{Main|Ottoman miniature}}
By the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events. 

By the late 18th century, European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.

==See also==
*[[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]]
*[[Demographics of the Ottoman Empire]]
**[[Ottoman Greeks]]
**[[Ottoman Serbs]]
**[[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Armenians]]
**[[Ottoman Albania|Ottoman Albanians]]
**[[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Jews]]
**[[Bosniaks#Islamization and Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Bosniaks]]
**[[Ottoman Kurds]]
**[[Cretan Muslims]]
**[[Circassians#Post-exile period|Circassians in the Empire]]
**[[Arabs#Ottoman era (1517–1918)|Arabs]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Library resources box}}

; [[Primary source]]s
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Itzkowitz |first=Norman |author-link = Norman Itzkowitz |year=1980 |title = Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 0-226-38806-9 |url-access=registration |url = https://archive.org/details/ottomanempireisl00itzk  }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ottoman Turks}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml BBC website]

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{{Ottoman Empire topics}}

[[Category:Ottoman dynasty|*]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire| ]]