Editing Oriolus

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Orioles
| image = Black-naped Oriole.jpg
| image_caption = [[Black-naped oriole]] (''Oriolus chinensis'')
| taxon = Oriolus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| type_species= ''[[Eurasian golden oriole|Oriolus galbula]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=146 |title= Oriolidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-16}}</ref>
| type_species_authority= Linnaeus, 1766
| synonyms =
* ''Analcipus''
* ''Broderipus''
* ''Mimeta''
* ''Psaropholus''
* ''Xanthonotus''
}}

'''Orioles''' are colourful [[Old World]] [[passerine]] birds in the [[genus]] '''''Oriolus''''', the [[type genus]] of the [[corvoidea]]n [[family (biology)|family]] [[Oriolidae]]. They are not closely related to the [[New World oriole]]s, which are [[icterid]]s (family Icteridae) that belong to the [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] [[Passeroidea]].

==Taxonomy and systematics==
The genus ''Oriolus'' was erected in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|12th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii  | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | page=160 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946356 }}</ref> The [[type species]] is, by [[Tautonym|tautonomy]], ''Oriolus galbula'' Linnaeus, 1766. This is a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of ''Coracias oriolus'' Linnaeus, 1758, the [[Eurasian golden oriole]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr  | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=122 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485495 }}</ref>  In 1760, French ornithologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in his ''Ornithologie'' used ''Oriolus'' as a subdivision of the genus ''Turdus'',<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=2 | language=fr, la | page=320 | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010428 }}</ref> but the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] ruled in 1955 that "''Oriolus'' Brisson, 1760" should be suppressed.<ref>{{ cite journal | author=I.C.Z.N. | year=1955 | title=Direction 21: Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic names ''Bubo'' Dumeril, 1806, ''Coturnix'' Bonnaterre, 1790, ''Egretta'' Forster, 1817, and ''Oriolus'' Linnaeus, 1766 (class Aves), by the suppression of older homonyms published by Brisson in 1760 (validation of four erroneous entries on the ''Official List of Generic Names in Zoology'' made by the ruling given in Opinion 67) | journal=Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature | volume=1 | issue=Section C, Part C 12 | pages=161–178 | doi=10.5962/p.149581 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34652694 }}</ref> Linnaeus added more than a dozen additional genera when he updated his 10th edition, but he generally based new genera on those that had been introduced by Brisson in his ''Ornithologie''. ''Oriolus'' is now the only genus for which Linnaeus's 12th edition is cited as the original publication.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus | journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume=28 | pages=317–335 | hdl=2246/678 }}</ref><ref name=ioc/> The name is derived from the old French word ''oriol'', which is echoic in origin, derived from the call of the bird,<ref>{{cite book|title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|author=Jobling, James A.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2010|page=284 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n284/mode/1up }}</ref> but some authors have suggested origins in classical Latin ''aureolus'' meaning "golden". Various forms of "oriole" have existed in [[Romance language]]s since the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{OED|Oriole}}</ref>

===Extant species===
{{cladogram|
|caption=Relatedness of species within the genus: Two forms that have not been included in the sequencing and analysis are ''O. crassirostris'', which is expected to be close to ''O. brachyrhynchus'', and ''O. tenuirostris'', which is expected to be close to ''O. diffusus''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jønsson |first1=Knud A |last2=Bowie |first2=Rauri C. K |last3=Moyle |first3=Robert G |last4=Irestedt |first4=Martin |last5=Christidis |first5=Les |last6=Norman |first6=Janette A |last7=Fjeldså |first7=Jon | year=2010 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) |journal=Ecography | volume=33 | issue=2 | pages=232–241  |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x | doi-access=free |bibcode=2010Ecogr..33..232J }}</ref>
|cladogram=
{{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 |label1=
 |1={{clade
  |label1=
  |1={{clade
   |1=''szalayi''
   |label2=
   |2={{clade
    |1=''melanotis''
    |2=''flavocinctus''
   }}
  }}
  |label2=''sagitattus''
  |2={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade
    |1=''phaeochromus''
    |label2=
    |2={{clade
     |1=''bouroensis''
     |2=''forsteni''
    }}
   }}
  }}
 }}
 |label2=
 |2={{clade
  |label1=
  |1={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade
    |label1=
    |1={{clade
     |1=''chlorocephalus''
     |2=''brachyrhynchus''
    }}
    |2=''xanthornus''
   }}
   |label2=
   |2={{clade
    |label1=
    |1={{clade
     |label1=
     |1={{clade
      |label1=
      |1={{clade
       |label1=
       |1={{clade
        |1=''nigripennis''
        |2=''percivali''
       }}
       |2=''larvatus''
      }}
      |2=''monacha''
     }}
     |label2=
     |2={{clade
      |label1=
      |1={{clade
       |label1=
       |1={{clade
        |1=diffusus
        |label2=
        |2={{clade
         |label1=
         |1={{clade
          |1=''oriolus''
          |2=''kundoo''
         }}
         |label2=
         |2={{clade
          |1=''chinensis'' (part)
          |2=''melanisticus''
         }}
        }}
       }}
       |2=''maculatus''
      }}
      |2=''auratus''
     }}
    }}
    |label2=
    |2={{clade
     |label1=
     |1={{clade
      |1=''hosii''
      |2=''cruentus''
     }}
     |label2=
     |2={{clade
      |1=''mellianus''
      |2=''trailli''
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
  |label2=
  |2={{clade
   |1=''xanthonotus''
   |label2=
   |2={{clade
    |1=''steerei''
    |label2=
    |2={{clade
     |1=''albiloris''
     |2=''isabellae''
    }}
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}
}}

The genus contains 32 [[species]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Orioles, drongos, fantails | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/orioles/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=31 July 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Image !! Common Name !! Scientific name  !! Distribution
|-
||| [[Brown oriole]] ||''Oriolus szalayi''|| New Guinea 
|-
| || [[Dusky-brown oriole]] ||''Oriolus phaeochromus''|| North Maluku 
|-
| || [[Grey-collared oriole]] ||''Oriolus forsteni''|| Seram 
|-
| || [[Black-eared oriole]] ||''Oriolus bouroensis''||Buru Island 
|-
| || [[Tanimbar oriole]] ||''Oriolus decipiens''||Tanimbar Islands 
|-
||| [[Timor oriole]]||''Oriolus melanotis'' ||Timor, Rote and Semau Islands
|-
|
|[[Olive-brown oriole|Wetar oriole]]
|''Oriolus finschi''
|Wetar and Atauro Islands
|-
|[[File:Olive-backed Oriole - Crossroads Reserve.jpg|120px]] || [[Olive-backed oriole]] ||''Oriolus sagittatus''|| eastern Australia and south-central New Guinea.
|-
|[[File:Green oriole 1128.jpg|120px]] || [[Green oriole]] ||''Oriolus flavocinctus''||Australia and New Guinea 
|-
|[[File:Dark-throated Oriole.jpg|120px]] || [[Dark-throated oriole]] ||''Oriolus xanthonotus''|| Southeast Asia through Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka, Java and southwestern Borneo 
|-
| || [[Ventriloquial oriole]] ||''Oriolus consobrinus''|| Borneo and the Philippines 
|-
| || [[Philippine oriole]] ||''Oriolus steerii''||the Philippines 
|-
| || [[White-lored oriole]] ||''Oriolus albiloris''||Luzon Island (the Philippines)
|-
| || [[Isabela oriole]] ||''Oriolus isabellae''||Luzon 
|-
|[[File:Loriot d'Europe - Flickr - Philippe Garcelon, crop.jpg|120px]] || [[Eurasian golden oriole]] ||''Oriolus oriolus''||Europe and western Asia, and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa 
|-
|[[File:IndianGoldenOriole M.jpg|120px]] || [[Indian golden oriole]] ||''Oriolus kundoo''||Indian subcontinent and Central Asia 
|-
|[[File:African golden oriole (Oriolus auratus notatus).jpg|120px]] || [[African golden oriole]] ||''Oriolus auratus''|| Africa south of the Sahara desert 
|-
|[[File:Slender-billed Oriole Oriolus tenuirostris by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSC 4258 (4).jpg|120px]] || [[Slender-billed oriole]] ||''Oriolus tenuirostris''|| eastern Himalayas to Southeast Asia 
|-
|[[File:Black-naped Oriole eyeing on Lannea coromandelica fruits W IMG 7470.jpg|120px]] || [[Black-naped oriole]] ||''Oriolus chinensis''||eastern Siberia, Ussuriland, northeastern China, Korea and northern Vietnam 
|-
|[[File:Green-headed Oriole specimen RWD.jpg|120px]] || [[Green-headed oriole]] ||''Oriolus chlorocephalus''||eastern Africa 
|-
| || [[São Tomé oriole]] ||''Oriolus crassirostris''|| island of São Tomé
|-
|[[File:Western Black-headed Oriole - Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E3089 (16016463070) (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Western oriole]] ||''Oriolus brachyrynchus''||African tropical rainforest
|-
| || [[Ethiopian oriole]] ||''Oriolus monacha''|| north-eastern Africa 
|-
| || [[Mountain oriole]] ||''Oriolus percivali''|| Albertine Rift montane forests, Uganda and Kenya
|-
|[[File:Oriolus larvatus subsp larvatus, Lushof, Naboomspruit, b.jpg|120px]] || [[Black-headed oriole]] ||''Oriolus larvatus''||Africa
|-
| || [[Black-winged oriole]] ||''Oriolus nigripennis''||  African tropical rainforest
|-
|[[File:Black-hooded Oriole - Sri Lanka - 02.jpg|120px]] || [[Black-hooded oriole]] ||''Oriolus xanthornus''||tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia 
|-
| || [[Black oriole]] ||''Oriolus hosii''||Sarawak in Borneo
|-
|[[File:Black and Crimson Oriole ( Oriolus cruentus).jpg|120px]] || [[Black-and-crimson oriole]] ||''Oriolus consanguineus''|| Indonesia and Malaysia
|-
| || [[Javan oriole]] ||''Oriolus cruentus''|| Indonesia
|-
|[[File:Maroon oriole - Bird from Nepal by Krishna (107) - cropped.jpg|120px]] || [[Maroon oriole]] ||''Oriolus traillii''||Southeast Asia
|-
|[[File:Oriolus mellianus 64974933 (cropped).jpg|120px]] || [[Silver oriole]] ||''Oriolus mellianus''||southern China and winters in mainland Southeast Asia 
|-
|}

=== Former species ===
Formerly, some authorities also considered these species (or subspecies) as species within the genus ''Oriolus:''
* [[Green figbird]] (as'' Oriolus viridis'')<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=196347A3EF1B1FB9|title=Sphecotheres viridis - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>
* [[Brown-eared bulbul|Brown-eared bulbul (squamiceps)]] (as'' Oriolus squamiceps'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=A20C95EA&sec=summary&ssver=1|title=Hypsipetes amaurotis squamiceps - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The orioles are a mainly [[tropical]] group, although one species, the Eurasian golden oriole, breeds in [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=173 Orioles (Oriolidae)] - videos, photos and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection

{{Corvides|C.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2090536}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oriolus| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]