Editing Ophioglossum

{{short description|Genus of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Ophioglossum closeup.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ophioglossum vulgatum]]''
| taxon = Ophioglossum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Ophioglossum'' |work=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17408900-1 | access-date = 22 April 2020}}</ref>
| type_species =''[[Ophioglossum vulgatum]]''
| type_species_authority = L.
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = [[#Phylogeny|See text]]
| synonyms = 
* ''Cassiopteris'' <small>H.Karst.</small>
* ''Goswamia'' <small>Zhang & Zhang</small>
* ''Haukia'' <small>Zhang & Zhang</small>
* †''Ophioglossites'' <small>Massalongo</small>
* ''[[Rhizoglossum]]'' <small>Presl non Kylin</small>
* ''Whittieria'' <small>Zhang & Zhang</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WF_g32/>
}}
'''''Ophioglossum''''', the '''adder's-tongue ferns''', is a [[genus]] of about 50 species of [[fern]]s in the family [[Ophioglossaceae]]. The [[genus]] name comes from [[Ancient Greek]] ὄφις (''óphis''), meaning "snake", and γλῶσσα (''glôssa''), meaning "tongue".<ref name="efloras">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=122987 eFloras: ''Ophioglossum''] accessed 14 February 2014.</ref> Their [[cosmopolitan distribution]] is mainly in tropical and subtropical [[habitat]]s.<ref name="efloras"/>

The genus has the largest number of [[chromosome]]s in the known plant kingdom, but contrary to popular belief does not have the largest number of chromosomes out of all known organisms, falling short to the protist ''[[Sterkiella histriomuscorum]]''.

==Description==
Adders-tongues are so-called because the [[spore]]-bearing stalk is thought to resemble a [[snake|snake's]] tongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slit sides.<ref name="efloras"/>

When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soil [[fungus|fungi]].

The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots.

''[[Ophioglossum malviae]]'' is known as the world's smallest terrestrial fern.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-018-24135-2 | title=Discovery of the World's Smallest Terrestrial Pteridophyte | date=2018 | last1=Patel | first1=Mitesh | last2=Reddy | first2=Mandadi Narsimha | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=8 | issue=1 | page=5911 | pmid=29651115 | pmc=5897345 | bibcode=2018NatSR...8.5911P }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Ophioglossum'' has a high [[list of organisms by chromosome count|chromosome count in comparison to other species]], with 120 or up to 720 chromosomes possible in intervals of 120 due to polyploidy (multiple possible copies of chromosomes). It has almost 1260 number of chromosomes in the meiocyte (spore mother cell) which undergo meiosis, the reduction division to form the spore with only one set of chromosomes getting incorporated into each spore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lukhtanov |first=Vladimir |date=2015-07-10 |title=The blue butterfly Polyommatus (Plebicula) atlanticus (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) holds the record of the highest number of chromosomes in the non-polyploid eukaryotic organisms |journal=Comparative Cytogenetics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=683–690 |doi=10.3897/compcytogen.v9i4.5760 |pmc=4698580 |pmid=26753083 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015ComCy...9..683L }}</ref> The species ''[[Ophioglossum reticulatum]]'' has the highest number of chromosomes found in any multicellular organism.<ref>[https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-13-219 Genome size expansion and the relationship between nuclear DNA content and spore size in the Asplenium monanthes fern complex (Aspleniaceae)]</ref>

==Phylogeny==
Phylogeny of ''Ophioglossum''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |page= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= 2022FrPS...1309768N|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |display-authors=et al. |year=2023 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.6.0 [GenBank release 259] |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:600px
|label1=''Ophioglossum''
|sublabel1=s.l.
|1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
      |1={{Clade
        |label1=(''[[Rhizoglossum]]'') 
        |1=''[[Rhizoglossum bergianum|O. bergianum]]'' {{Au|Schltdl.}}
         }}
      |2={{Clade
        |label1=''Ophioglossum'' 
        |sublabel1=section ''Aitchisonii''
        |1=''[[Ophioglossum polyphyllum|O. polyphyllum]]'' {{Au|A.Braun}} (Large adder’s tongue)
        |label2=(''Whittieria'')
        |2=''[[Ophioglossum engelmannii|O. engelmannii]]'' {{Au|Prantl}} (Limestone adder's tongue)
         }}
       }}
    |2={{Clade
    |label1=(''Goswamia'')
    |1={{Clade
      |1=''[[Ophioglossum trilokinathii|O. trilokinathii]]'' {{Au|B.L.Yadav, Meghvansi, Meena & Gena}}
      |2={{Clade
        |1={{Clade
          |1=''[[Ophioglossum gomezianum|O. gomezianum]]'' {{Au|Welw. ex A.Braun}}
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Ophioglossum costatum|O. costatum]]'' {{Au|R.Br}}
            |2=''[[Ophioglossum eliminatum|O. eliminatum]]'' {{Au|Khand. & Goswamy}}
             }}
           }}
        |2={{Clade
          |1=''[[Ophioglossum nudicaule|O. nudicaule]]'' {{Au|L.fil.}} (Slender/least adder’s tongue)
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Ophioglossum lusoafricanum|O. lusoafricanum]]'' {{Au|Welw. ex Prantl}}
            |2={{Clade
              |1=''[[Ophioglossum lusitanicum|O. lusitanicum]]'' {{Au|L.}}
              |2=''[[Ophioglossum rubellum|O. rubellum]]'' {{Au|Welw. ex A.Braun}}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
       }}
     }}
  |2={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
      |label1=(''Haukia'')
      |1=''[[Ophioglossum crotalophoroides|O. crotalophoroides]]'' {{Au|Walter}} (Bulbous adder's tongue) 
       }}
    |2={{Clade
      |label1=(''Kawamurae'')
      |1={{Clade
        |1=''[[Ophioglossum parvifolium|O. parvifolium]]'' {{Au|Hook. & Grev.}}
        |2={{Clade
          |1=''[[Ophioglossum kawamurae|O. kawamurae]]'' {{Au|Tagawa}}
          |2=''[[Ophioglossum parvum|O. parvum]]'' {{Au|M.Nishida & Kurita}}
           }}
         }}
      |label2=(''Ophioglossum'')
      |sublabel2=s.s.
      |2={{Clade
        |1={{Clade
          |1=''[[Ophioglossum namegatae|O. namegatae]]'' {{Au|M.Nishida & Kurita}}
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Ophioglossum austroasiaticum|O. austroasiaticum]]'' {{Au|Nishida }}
            |2=''[[Ophioglossum pusillum|O. pusillum]]'' {{Au|Raf.}} (Northern adder's tongue)
             }}
           }}
        |2={{Clade
          |1=''[[Ophioglossum lancifolium|O. lancifolium]]'' {{Au|C.Presl}}
          |2={{Clade
            |1={{Clade
              |1=''[[Ophioglossum reticulatum|O. reticulatum]]'' {{Au|L.}} (Stalked adder's tongue)
              |2={{Clade
                |1=''[[Ophioglossum coriaceum|O. coriaceum]]'' {{Au|A.Cunn.}}
                |2=''[[Ophioglossum petiolatum|O. petiolatum]]'' {{Au|Hook.}}
                 }}
               }}
            |2={{Clade
              |1={{Clade
                |1=''[[Ophioglossum gramineum|O. gramineum]]'' {{Au|Willd.}}
                |2=''[[Ophioglossum thermale|O. thermale]]'' {{Au|Kom.}}
                 }}
              |2={{Clade
                |1=''[[Ophioglossum californicum|O. californicum]]'' {{Au|Prantl}} (California adder's tongue)
                |2=''[[Ophioglossum vulgatum|O. vulgatum]]'' {{Au|L.}} (Southern adder's tongue)
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

Unassigned species:<ref name=WF_g32>{{cite web |last=Hassler |first=Michael |date=2004–2021 |title=Genus ''Ophioglossum'' L. |work=World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.8 |access-date=2021-12-22 |url=https://www.worldplants.de/world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list#g-32}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=24em}}
*(''Goswamia'')
**''[[Ophioglossum gujaratensis]]'' {{Au|S.M.Patil et al.}}
**''[[Ophioglossum hitkishorei]]'' {{Au|M.Patel & M.N.Reddy}}
**''[[Ophioglossum indicum]]'' {{Au|B.L.Yadav & H.K.Goswami}}
**''[[Ophioglossum isanensis]]'' {{Au|Petchsri, Li Bing Zhang & Jaruwatt.}}
**''[[Ophioglossum malviae]]'' {{Au|M.Patel & M.N.Reddy}}
**''[[Ophioglossum raphaelianum]]'' {{Au|Anto et al.}} 
*(''Haukia'')
**''[[Ophioglossum opacum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum tuberosum]]'' {{Au|Hook. & Arn.}} 
*(''Ophioglossum'') s.s.
**''[[Ophioglossum ammophilum]]'' {{Au|C.D.Adams }} – sometimes included in ''O. gomezianum''
**''[[Ophioglossum azoricum]]'' {{Au|C.Presl}}
**''[[Ophioglossum caroticaule]]'' {{Au|J.E.Burrows}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum convexum]]'' {{Au|J.E.Burrows}}
**†''[[Ophioglossum eocenum]]'' <small>(Massalongo) Schimper</small>
**''[[Ophioglossum fernandezianum]]'' {{Au|C.Chr.}} – doubtful species
**[[Ophioglossum × giovanninii|''Ophioglossum'' × ''giovanninii'']] {{Au|Peruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum gracile]]'' {{Au|J.E.Burrows ex Pocock}} – may be included in ''O. gramineum''
**''[[Ophioglossum gracillimum]]'' {{Au|Welw. ex Hook. & Baker}} 
**†''[[Ophioglossum granulatum]]'' <small>Heer</small>
**''[[Ophioglossum harrisii]]'' {{Au|Underw.}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum jaykrishnae]]'' {{Au|S.M.Patil, S.K.Patel, Raole & K.S.Rajput }} – provisionally accepted name
**''[[Ophioglossum latifolium]]'' {{Au|(Prantl) J.E.Burrows}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum lineare]]'' {{Au|Schltr. & Brause}} – possibly a synonym of ''O. parvifolium''
**''[[Ophioglossum louisii]]'' {{Au|Taton}}
**''[[Ophioglossum loureirianum]]'' <small>Presl</small>
**''[[Ophioglossum melipillense]]'' {{Au|J.Rémy}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum oblongum]]'' {{Au|H.G.Zhou & H.Li}}
**†''[[Ophioglossum ornatum]]'' <small>Faddeeva</small>
**[[Ophioglossum × pierinii|''Ophioglossum'' × ''pierinii'']] {{Au|Peruzzi, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane}} 
**[[Ophioglossum × pseudoazoricum|''Ophioglossum'' × ''pseudoazoricum'']] {{Au|Peruzzi, Pierini, Magrini, Marchetti & Viane}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum richardsiae]]'' <small>Burrows</small>
**†''[[Ophioglossum senomanicum]]'' <small>Chlonova</small>
**''[[Ophioglossum sandieae]]'' {{Au|J.E.Burrows}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum scariosum]]'' {{Au|Clausen}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum thomasii]]'' {{Au|Clausen}} 
**''[[Ophioglossum yongrenense]]'' {{Au|Ching ex Z.R.He & W.M.Chu}}
{{Div col end}}

Species that may be placed in this genus include:<ref name=WF_g32/>
*''Ophioglossum falcatum'' {{Au|(Presl) Fowler}} = ''[[Ophioderma falcatum]]''
*''Ophioglossum intermedium'' {{Au|Hook.}} = ''[[Ophioderma intermedium]]''
*''Ophioglossum simplex'' {{Au|Ridley}} = ''[[Ophioderma simplex]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=122987 Flora of North America: ''Ophioglossum'' (Adder's-tongue)]

{{Commons category|Ophioglossum|position=left}}
{{Plant classification}}
{{Fern classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q781270}}
[[Category:Ophioglossum| ]]
[[Category:Ophioglossaceae]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]