Editing Omphalos

{{Short description|Religious stone artefact}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
An '''omphalos''' is a religious stone [[Artefact (archaeology)|artefact]]. In [[Ancient Greek]], the word {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ὀμφαλός|ὀμφᾰλός]]}} ({{Transliteration|grc|omphalós}}) means "[[navel]]". Among the Ancient Greeks, it was a widespread belief that [[Delphi]] was the center of the world. According to the myths regarding the founding of the [[Oracle of Delphi|Delphic Oracle]], [[Zeus]], in his attempt to locate the center of the Earth, launched two eagles from the two ends of the world, and the eagles, starting simultaneously and flying at equal speed, crossed their paths above the area of Delphi, and so that was the place where Zeus placed the stone.<ref>{{cite book|author=Voegelin E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzvYIK_0GUEC&q=omphalos&pg=PA31|title=Order and History, Volume 2|date=2000|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=9780826263933|page=31}}</ref> The [[Latin]] term is '''umbilicus mundi''', 'navel of the world'.

Omphalos is also the name of the stone given to [[Cronus]].

== Delphi ==
{{main|Omphalos of Delphi}}
[[File:Omphalos museum.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Omphalos of Delphi]]]]
Most accounts locate the Delphi omphalos in the [[adyton]] (sacred part of the temple) near the [[Pythia]] (oracle). The stone sculpture itself, which may be a copy, has a carving of a knotted net covering its surface and a hollow center, widening towards the base. The omphalos represents the stone which [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] wrapped in swaddling clothes, pretending it was Zeus, in order to deceive [[Cronus]]. (Cronus was the father who swallowed his children so as to prevent them from usurping him as he had deposed his own father, [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]].)

Omphalos stones were believed to allow direct communication with the gods. Holland (1933) suggested that the stone was hollow to allow intoxicating vapours breathed by the Oracle to channel through it.<ref>{{cite journal|author =Holland, Leicester B. |title= The Mantic Mechanism at Delphi|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|date= 1933 |volume=37|number=14|pages=204–214|doi= 10.2307/498438|jstor= 498438|s2cid= 191389544}}
</ref> [[Erwin Rohde]] wrote that the [[Python (mythology)|Python]] at Delphi was an earth spirit, who was conquered by [[Apollo]] and buried under the Omphalos. However, understanding of the use of the omphalos is uncertain due to destruction of the site by [[Theodosius I]] and [[Arcadius]] in the 4th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rohde, Erwin|author-link=Erwin Rohde|date=1925|title=Psyche |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.187910}}</ref>

== Art ==
''Omphalos'' is a public art sculpture by [[Dimitri Hadzi]] formerly located in the [[Harvard Square]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] under the [[Arts on the Line]] program.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cac/public_art_tour/map_05_harvard.html|title= Public art|website= Cambridge, Ma website|access-date= 15 July 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120729133047/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cac/public_art_tour/map_05_harvard.html|archive-date= 29 July 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, the sculpture has been deinstalled; it will be relocated to [[Rockport, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Edgers|first=Geoff|title=Hadzi sculpture in Harvard Square to get fixed, then moved|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/11/11/harvard-square-sculpture-dimitri-hadzi-moved-rockport/wR0jQoHI4W7H8gYcNnrA1L/story.html|access-date=28 December 2013|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>

''[[Omfalos]]'' is a concrete and rock sculpture by the conceptual artist [[Lars Vilks]], previously standing in the [[Kullaberg]] nature reserve, [[Skåne County]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20191202/adventcalendar-the-micronation-in-a-southern-swedish-natio|access-date=2020-09-16|newspaper=The Local Sweden|title=#AdventCalendar: The micronation in a southern Swedish national park|date=2 December 2019|last=Edwards|first=Catherine}}</ref> As of 2001, the sculpture belongs to the collections of [[Moderna Museet]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Den 1:a på Moderna: Lars Vilks|url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/sv/utstallningar/den-1a-pa-moderna-lars-vilks/|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Moderna Museet i Stockholm|language=sv-SE}}</ref>

== Literature ==
[[File:SaDuMuangChiangRai.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Omphalos of [[Chiang Rai]], [[Thailand]].]]

In literature, the word ''omphalos'' has held various meanings but usually refers to the stone at Delphi. Authors who have used the term include: [[Homer]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0012,002:1:50&lang=original|title=Homer, Odyssey, Book 1, line 50|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=1:card=44|title=Homer, Odyssey, Book 1, line 50 ("navel")|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [[D.H. Lawrence]], [[James Joyce]], [[Philip K. Dick]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peake |first1=Anthony |title=A Life of Philip K. Dick The Man Who Remembered the Future |date=2013 |publisher=Arcturus Publishing}}</ref> [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Ted Chiang]], Sandy Hingston and [[Seamus Heaney]]. For example, Joyce uses the term in the novel, [[Ulysses (novel)|''Ulysses'']]:

{{Blockquote|multiline=y|text="Billy Pitt had them built," Buck Mulligan said, "when the French were on the sea but our's is the omphalos." [Chapter 1]

One of her sisterhood lugged me squealing into life. Creation from nothing. What has she in the bag? A misbirth with a trailing navelcord, hushed in ruddy wool. The cords of all link back, strandentwining cable of all flesh. That is why mystic monks. Will you be as gods? Gaze in your omphalos. [Chapter 3]

[...] to set up there a national fertilising farm to be named Omphalos with an obelisk hewn and erected after the fashion of Egypt and to offer his dutiful [[yeoman]] services for the fecundation of any female of what grade of life soever who should there direct to him with the desire of fulfilling the functions of her natural. [Chapter 14]}}In [[Ted Chiang]]'s short story "Omphalos" (2019), the protagonist is forced to question her belief about where the center of the world is located.

In “The Toome Road”, a [[Seamus Heaney]] poem from the 1979 anthology [[Field Work (poetry collection)|Field Work]], Heaney writes about an encounter with a convoy of armoured cars in Northern Ireland, “… O charioteers, above your dormant guns, 
It stands here still, stands vibrant as you pass, 
The invisible, untoppable omphalos.”

== Omphalos syndrome ==
''Omphalos syndrome'' refers to the belief that a place of geopolitical power and currency is the most important place in the world.<ref>{{cite book |author=Murphy C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhj47Y_dKJ0C&q=omphalos&pg=PA43 |title=Are We Rome?: The Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America |date=2007 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=9780618742226 |page=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Winther|first= Rasmus Grønfeldt|year=2014|title= Cartouche of the Canadian Cartographic Association 89:15-21 (2014)|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/WINWN?all_versions=1|website=[[PhilPapers]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Axis mundi]]
* [[Apollo Omphalos (Athens)|Apollo Omphalos]]
* [[Benben stone]]
* [[Black Stone]] 
* [[Foundation Stone]]
* [[Kaaba]] 
* [[Lapis Niger]]
* [[Lia Fáil]]
* [[Lingam]]
* [[Name of Mexico]]
* [[Stone of Scone]]
* ''[[Umbilicus urbis Romae]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Burkert, Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|title=Greek Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk|url-access=registration|date=1985}}
* {{cite book| author=Farnell, Lewis R. |title=The Cults of the Greek States| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56572 |date=1896}}
* {{cite book|author=Goodrich, Norma L. |title=Priestesses|url=https://archive.org/details/priestesses00good |url-access=registration |date=1990|publisher=F. Watts |isbn=9780531151136}} 
* {{cite book|author=Guthrie, W.K.C.|author-link=W. K. C. Guthrie|title=The Greeks and their Gods|url=https://archive.org/details/greekstheirgods00guth|url-access=registration|date=1955|publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807057933}} 
* {{cite web| author=Harrison, Jane Ellen| author-link=Jane Ellen Harrison| title=Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion|date=1912|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&callnum=BL781.H32&object=426|page=396}}
* {{cite web|title=Homeric Hymn to Pythian Apollo|url=http://mcllibrary.org/Hesiod/hymns.html|website=The Medieval and Classical Literature Library}}
* {{cite book|title=Omphalos|date=1977|author=Oswald, Pierre Jean & [[Dimitri Kitsikis|Kitsikis, Dimitri]] |location= Paris}}
* {{cite book|author=Shafer, Joseph R. |title=Literary Identity in the Omphalos Periplus| date=2011}}
* {{cite news|author=Trubshaw, Bob|title=The Black Stone - the Omphalos of the Goddess|url=http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/blstone.htm |work=Mercian Mysteries |date=February 1993 |volume=14}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}

[[Category:Classical oracles]]
[[Category:Divinity]]
[[Category:Phallic symbols]]
[[Category:Sacred rocks]]
[[Category:Stones]]
[[Category:Yonic symbols]]