Editing Oliver Twist

{{Short description|1837–1839 novel by Charles Dickens}} 
{{About|the novel|the title character |Oliver Twist (character)|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name              = Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress
| image             = Olivertwist front.jpg
| caption           = Frontispiece and title-page, first edition 1838<br />Illustration and design by [[George Cruikshank]]
| author            = [[Charles Dickens]]
| illustrator       = [[George Cruikshank]]
| country           = England
| language          = English
| series            = 
| genre             = Serial [[novel]]
| publisher         = Serial: ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]''<br /> Book: [[Richard Bentley (publisher)|Richard Bentley]]
| published         = Serialised 1837–1839; book form 1838 
| isbn              = 
| oclc              = 185812519
| preceded_by       = [[The Pickwick Papers]] 
| followed_by       = [[Nicholas Nickleby]] 
| wikisource        = Oliver Twist
}}
'''''Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress''''', is the second novel by English author [[Charles Dickens]]. It was originally published as a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] from 1837 to 1839 and as a [[Three-volume novel|three-volume book]] in 1838.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oliver-Twist-novel-by-Dickens |title=Oliver Twist {{!}} Introduction & Summary |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822022801/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oliver-Twist-novel-by-Dickens |url-status=live }}</ref> The story follows the [[Oliver Twist (character)|titular orphan]], who, after being raised in a [[workhouse]], escapes to London, where he meets a gang of juvenile [[Pickpocketing|pickpockets]] led by the elderly criminal [[Fagin]], discovers the secrets of his parentage, and reconnects with his remaining family.

''Oliver Twist'' unromantically portrays the sordid lives of criminals and exposes the cruel treatment of the many orphans in England in the mid-19th century.<ref>Donovan, Frank. ''The Children of Charles Dickens.'' London: Leslie Frewin, 1968, pp. 61–62.</ref> The alternative title, ''The Parish Boy's Progress'', alludes to [[John Bunyan|Bunyan]]'s ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' as well as the 18th-century caricature series by painter [[William Hogarth]], ''[[A Rake's Progress]]'' and ''[[A Harlot's Progress]]''.<ref>Dunn, Richard J. ''Oliver Twist: Heart and Soul'' (Twayne's Masterwork Series No. 118). New York: Macmillan, p. 37.</ref>

In an early example of the [[social novel]], Dickens satirises [[child labour]], [[domestic violence]], the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of [[street children]]. The novel may have been inspired by the story of [[Robert Blincoe]], an orphan whose account of working as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own experiences as a youth contributed as well, considering he spent two years of his life in the workhouse at the age of 12 and subsequently missed out on some of his education.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dickens |first=Charles |title=Oliver Twist |publisher=Kiddy Monster Publication |page=Summary}}</ref>

''Oliver Twist'' has been the subject of numerous adaptations, including the [[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|1948 film of the same name]], starring [[Alec Guinness]] as Fagin; a highly successful musical, ''[[Oliver!]]'' (itself adapted into the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning [[Oliver! (film)|1968 film]]), and Disney's 1988 animated feature film ''[[Oliver & Company]].''<ref name=Disney1988>{{Cite web |title=Oliver and Company |url=http://movies.disney.com/oliver-and-company |year=1988 |access-date=13 February 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530203829/https://movies.disney.com/oliver-and-company |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Publications==
[[File:Twist serialcover.jpg|thumb|upright|Cover, first edition of serial, entitled "The Adventures of Oliver Twist", January 1846]]

The novel was first published in monthly instalments, from February 1837 to April 1839, in the magazine ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]''. It was originally intended to form part of Dickens's serial, ''[[The Mudfog Papers]]''.<ref>Dickens, Charles (2003). ''Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy's Progress''. Edited by Philip Horne. Penguin Classics. p. 486. {{ISBN|0-14-143974-2}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |year=1990 |title=Dickens |location=London |publisher=[[Sinclair-Stevenson]] |page=216 |isbn=1-85619-000-5}}</ref><ref name=bentleys>''Bentley's Miscellany'', 1837.</ref> [[George Cruikshank]] provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each instalment.<ref>Schlicke, Paul, ed. (1999). ''Oxford Reader's Companion to Dickens''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 141.</ref> The novel first appeared in book form six months before the initial serialisation was completed, in three volumes published by Richard Bentley, the owner of ''Bentley's Miscellany'', under the author's pseudonym, "Boz". It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank.

The first edition was titled: ''Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy's Progress''.

Serial publication dates:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masterpiece Theater on PBS.org |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/olivertwist/ei_staytuned_hist.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813211041/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/olivertwist/ei_staytuned_hist.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* I: February 1837 (chapters 1–2)
* II: March 1837 (chapters 3–4)
* III: April 1837 (chapters 5–6)
* IV: May 1837 (chapters 7–8)
* V: July 1837 (chapters 9–11)
* VI: August 1837 (chapters 12–13)
* VII: September 1837 (chapters 14–15)
* VIII: November 1837 (chapters 16–17)
* IX: December 1837 (chapters 18–19)
* X: January 1838 (chapters 20–22)
* XI: February 1838 (chapters 23–25)
* XII: March 1838 (chapters 26–27)
* XIII: April 1838 (chapters 28–30)
* XIV: May 1838 (chapters 31–32)
* XV: June 1838 (chapters 33–34)
* XVI: July 1838 (chapters 35–37)
* XVII: August 1838 (chapters 38–part of 39)
* XVIII: October 1838 (conclusion of chapters 39–41)
* XIX: November 1838 (chapters 42–43)
* XX: December 1838 (chapters 44–46)
* XXI: January 1839 (chapters 47–49)
* XXII: February 1839 (chapter 50)
* XXIII: March 1839 (chapter 51)
* XXIV: April 1839 (chapters 52–53)
{{end div col}}

== Plot ==
[[Image:Mr Bumble 1889 Dickens Oliver Twist character by Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke).jpg|thumb| right|upright|[[Mr. Bumble|Mr Bumble]] by [[Joseph Clayton Clark|Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke)]]]]
[[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver Twist]] is born into a life of poverty and misfortune, raised in a [[workhouse]] in a town some 70 miles from London. The children working there receive very little food; after six months, they draw lots, with the loser asking for another portion of [[gruel]]. Oliver is designated, and so he approaches the master of the workhouse, basin and spoon in hand, and says : 'Please, sir, I want some more'. A great uproar ensues at this perceived act of rebellion. 

Oliver is removed from the workhouse and put in solitary confinement; he is flogged every day by the beadle, Mr Bumble, of which three times a week in front of the other boys. After some time Oliver is offered at a premium as an [[Apprenticeship|apprentice]]; he is taken on by [[Mr Sowerberry]], an [[undertaker]]. One day, his jealous co-apprentice, Noah Claypole, insults Oliver's mother and an enraged Oliver attacks him. When he is punished by Mr Bumble and Mr Sowerberry, Oliver runs away to London to seek a better life.

[[File:Dodger introduces Oliver to Fagin by Cruikshank (detail).jpg|thumb|left|[[George Cruikshank]] original etching of the [[Artful Dodger]] (centre), here introducing [[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver]] (right) to [[Fagin]] (left)]]
Oliver meets a young man named Jack Dawkins who calls himself "the Artful Dodger", offers him food and lodging and takes him to meet an infamous criminal known as [[Fagin]], who trains orphan boys as pickpockets. Oliver innocently begins Fagin's training, but when he goes out with the Dodger and another boy and sees them stealing a handkerchief from an old gentleman named Mr Brownlow, he realizes the truth. While the Dodger and the other boy escape, Oliver is pursued, apprehended, formally arrested and tried before Magistrate Fang. Interceding for Oliver, Brownlow takes him home and cares for him. As Oliver recovers, Brownlow and his housekeeper notice that Oliver resembles a woman depicted in a portrait hanging in Brownlow's home.[[Image:Bill-sikes.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Bill Sikes]] by [[Fred Barnard]]]]

Worried that Oliver might incriminate him and his gang, Fagin sends a young woman named [[Nancy (Oliver Twist)|Nancy]] and her abusive lover, the robber [[Bill Sikes]], to abduct Oliver and bring him back to Fagin's lair. Fagin forces him to participate in a burglary planned by Sikes. The robbery goes wrong; while Sikes escapes, Oliver, after having been wounded, ends up in the care of the people he was supposed to rob: Miss Rose and her guardian Mrs Maylie.

[[File:Fagin by Kyd 1889.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Fagin by [[Joseph Clayton Clark|'Kyd']] (1889)]]
A mysterious man, known only as "Monks", teams up with Fagin, to prevent Oliver from learning of his past. Monks bribes Mr Bumble and his new wife, the former Widow Corney, for information on Oliver. Together, they dispose of a ring and medallion that had once belonged to Oliver's mother and had been stolen from her after she died. Nancy, racked with guilt for her role in Oliver's kidnapping, secretly spies on them and passes the information on to Rose Maylie, who tells Mr Brownlow. Meanwhile, the Artful Dodger is arrested for pickpocketing, tried and sentenced to [[Penal transportation|transportation to Australia]].

Noah Claypole, who had fled to London with the Sowerberrys' maid Charlotte after robbing Mr Sowerberry, joins Fagin's gang. Following Fagin's orders, he follows Nancy and discovers that she meets with Mr Brownlow and Rose for the sake of Oliver's welfare. Fearing that Nancy has betrayed him and Sikes (which, unknown to him, she has refused to do), Fagin passes the information on to Sikes, who beats Nancy to death in a fit of rage and goes into hiding. He is recognised by an angry mob and attempts to flee. Going to Toby Crackit's hideout, he learns that Fagin has been arrested. When the mob catches up to him, he tries to escape over the rooftops by swinging on a rope, but while he is about to loop the rope about himself a vision of the dead Nancy's staring eyes terrorises him into losing his balance; in the fall, the looped rope catches him around the neck and hangs him.

[[File:Cruikshank - Fagin in the condemned Cell (Oliver Twist).png|right|thumb|upright|[[Fagin]] in his cell, by British caricaturist [[George Cruikshank]]]]
Mr Brownlow has Monks arrested and forces him to divulge his secrets: he is actually Oliver's half-brother and had hoped to steal Oliver's half of their rightful inheritance. Brownlow begs Oliver to give half his inheritance to Monks and grant him a second chance, to which Oliver happily agrees. Monks emigrates to America, but squanders his money, relapses into crime and dies in prison. Fagin is arrested and sentenced to the gallows. The day before his execution, Oliver and Mr Brownlow visit him in [[Newgate Prison]] and learn the location of the documents proving Oliver's identity. Bumble and his wife lose their jobs and are forced to become inmates of the workhouse.  Rose Maylie, who turns out to be Oliver's maternal aunt, marries and enjoys a long life. Oliver lives happily as Mr Brownlow's adopted son.

==Characters==
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver Twist]] – an orphan child whose mother died at his birth
* [[Mr Bumble]] – the [[beadle]] of the parish where Oliver was born
* Mrs Mann – the self-centred and greedy superintendent where the infant Oliver is placed until age 9
* [[Mr Sowerberry]] – an [[undertaker]] who took Oliver as apprentice
* Mrs Sowerberry – Mr Sowerberry's wife
* Noah Claypole – a cowardly bully, Sowerberry's apprentice 
* Charlotte – the Sowerberrys' maid, lover of Noah
* Mr Gamfield – a brutal [[chimney sweep]] in the town where Oliver was born
* [[Mr Brownlow]] – a kind gentleman who takes Oliver in, his first benefactor
* Mr Grimwig – a friend of Mr Brownlow, outwardly cynical, but really empathetic at heart
* Mrs Bedwin – Mr Brownlow's motherly housekeeper
* [[Rose Maylie]] – Oliver's second benefactor, later found to be his aunt
* Mrs Lindsay Maylie – Harry Maylie's mother, Rose Maylie's adoptive aunt
* Harry Maylie – Mrs Maylie's son, in love with Rose
* Mr Losberne – Mrs Maylie's family doctor
* Mr Giles – Mrs Maylie's [[butler]]
* Mr Brittles – Mrs Maylie's [[handyman]]
* Duff and Blathers – two incompetent policemen
* [[Fagin]] – fence and boss of a criminal gang of young boys and girls
* [[Bill Sikes]] – a professional [[burglar]]
* Bull's Eye – Bill Sikes's vicious dog
* Jack Dawkins, [[The Artful Dodger]]– Fagin's most adept pickpocket
* [[Charley Bates]] – a pickpocket in Fagin's gang and the Artful Dodger's trusted sidekick
* Toby Crackit – an associate of Fagin and Sikes, a house-breaker
* [[Nancy (Oliver Twist)|Nancy]] – one of Fagin's gang, now living with Bill Sikes
* Bet – a girl in Fagin's gang, sometime friend to Nancy
* Barney – a Jewish criminal cohort of Fagin and Toby Crackit who speaks with a nasal intonation
* Agnes Fleming – Oliver's mother and Rose Maylie's elder sister
* Mr Edwin Leeford – father of Oliver and Monks
* Old Sally – a nurse who attended Oliver's birth
* Mrs Corney (later Mrs Bumble) – matron for the women's workhouse who marries Bumble but despises and dominates him
* [[Monks (Oliver Twist)|Monks]] – a sickly criminal, an associate of Fagin's, and long-lost half-brother of Oliver
* Monks's mother – an heiress who did not love her husband
* Mr Fang – a magistrate
* Tom Chitling – one of Fagin's gang members, returned from prison 
{{div col end}}

==Major themes and symbols==
[[Image:Bill Sikes 1889 Dickens Oliver Twist character by Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bill Sikes by [[Joseph Clayton Clark|Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke)]]]]
[[Image:Clarke-dodger.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Artful Dodger by [[Joseph Clayton Clark|Kyd (Joseph Clayton Clarke)]]]]In ''Oliver Twist'', Dickens mixes grim realism with merciless satire to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticise the harsh new [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Laws]]. Oliver, an innocent child, is trapped in a world where his only options seem to be the workhouse, a life of crime symbolised by Fagin's gang, a prison, or an early grave. From this unpromising industrial/institutional setting, however, a [[fairy tale]] also emerges. In the midst of corruption and degradation, the essentially passive Oliver remains pure-hearted; he steers away from evil when those around him give in to it, and in proper fairy-tale fashion, he eventually receives his reward – leaving for a peaceful life in the country, surrounded by kind friends. On the way to this [[happy ending]], Dickens explores the kind of life an outcast, orphan boy could expect to lead in 1830s London.<ref>[[J. Hillis Miller|Miller, J. Hillis]]. "The Dark World of ''Oliver Twist''" in ''Charles Dickens'' (Harold Bloom, editor), New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987, p. 35</ref>

===Poverty and social class===
Poverty is a prominent concern in ''Oliver Twist''. Throughout the novel, Dickens enlarged on this theme, describing slums so decrepit that whole rows of houses are on the point of ruin. In an early chapter, Oliver attends a pauper's funeral with Mr Sowerberry and sees a whole family crowded together in one miserable room. This prevalent misery makes Oliver's encounters with charity and love more poignant. Oliver owes his life several times over to kindness both large and small.<ref>Walder, Dennis, "''Oliver Twist'' and Charity" in ''Oliver Twist: a Norton Critical Edition'' ([[Fred Kaplan (biographer)|Fred Kaplan]], Editor). New York: [[W.W. Norton]], 1993, pp. 515–525</ref>

[[Image:Oliver Twist - Cruikshank - The Burgulary.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Oliver Twist (character)|Oliver]] is wounded in a burglary, by [[George Cruikshank]].]]

===Symbolism===
Dickens makes considerable use of symbolism. The "merry old gentleman" Fagin, for example, has satanic characteristics: he is a veteran corrupter of young boys who presides over his own corner of the criminal world; he makes his first appearance standing over a fire holding a [[toasting fork]], and he refuses to pray on the night before his execution.<ref>Miller, ibid, p. 48</ref>

===Characters===
[[Image:Cruikshank - The Last Chance (Oliver Twist).png|right|thumb|upright|The Last Chance, by Cruikshank.]]
In the tradition of [[Restoration Comedy]] and [[Henry Fielding]], Dickens fits his characters with appropriate names. Oliver himself, though "badged and ticketed" as a lowly orphan and named according to an alphabetical system, is, in fact, "all of a twist."<ref>Ashley, Leonard. ''What's in a name?: Everything you wanted to know.'' Genealogical Publishing, 1989, p. 200.</ref> However, Oliver and his name may have been based on a young workhouse boy named Peter Tolliver whom Dickens knew while growing up.<ref>Richardson, Ruth. "Dickens and the Workhouse: Oliver Twist and the London Poor." Oxford University Press, USA, 2012, p. 56.</ref>

Bill Sikes's dog, Bull's-eye, has "faults of temper in common with his owner" and is an emblem of his owner's character. The dog's viciousness represents Sikes's animal-like brutality while Sikes's self-destructiveness is evident in the dog's many scars. The dog, with its willingness to harm anyone on Sikes's whim, shows the mindless brutality of the master. This is also illustrated when Bull's-eye dies immediately after his master.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.novelsearch.com/olivertwist |title=NovelGuide |access-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030330111231/http://novelsearch.com/olivertwist/ |archive-date=30 March 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nancy, by contrast, redeems herself at the cost of her own life and dies in a prayerful pose. She is one of the few characters in ''Oliver Twist'' to display much ambivalence. Her storyline in the novel strongly reflects themes of [[domestic violence]] and [[psychological abuse]] at the hands of Bill. Although Nancy is a full-fledged criminal, indoctrinated and trained by Fagin since childhood, she retains enough empathy to repent her role in Oliver's kidnapping, and to take steps to try to atone. As one of Fagin's victims, corrupted but not yet morally dead, she gives eloquent voice to the horrors of the old man's little criminal empire. She wants to save Oliver from a similar fate; at the same time, she recoils from the idea of turning traitor, especially to Bill Sikes, whom she loves. When Dickens was later criticised for giving to a "thieving, whoring slut of the streets" such an unaccountable reversal of character, he ascribed her change of heart to "the last fair drop of water at the bottom of a dried-up, weed-choked well".<ref>Donovan, Frank, ''The Children of Charles Dickens'', p. 79.</ref>

==Allegations of antisemitism==
{{See also|Fagin#Allegations of antisemitism}}
Dickens has been accused of portraying [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] stereotypes because of his portrayal of the Jewish character Fagin in ''Oliver Twist''. [[Paul Vallely]] writes that Fagin is widely seen as one of the most grotesque Jews in English literature, and one of the most vivid of Dickens's 989 characters.<ref name=Vallely>{{cite web |last1=Vallely |first1=Paul |title=Dickens' greatest villain: The faces of Fagin |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/dickens-greatest-villain-the-faces-of-fagin-509906.html |website=The Independent|location=London |date=7 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205101924/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/dickens-greatest-villain-the-faces-of-fagin-509906.html |archive-date=5 December 2008 |access-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadia Valman, in ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution'', argues that Fagin's representation was drawn from the image of the Jew as inherently evil, that the imagery associated him with the Devil, and with beasts.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Levy |editor1-first=Richard S. |author-last=Valman |author-first=Nadia |chapter=Dickens, Charles (1812–1870) |title=Antisemitism, A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=942FvgEACAAJ |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC–Clio |year=2005 |pages=176–177 |isbn=1-85109-439-3 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601204535/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Antisemitism/942FvgEACAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=176 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The novel refers to Fagin 274 times<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/730/730-h/730-h.htm |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716191238/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/730/730-h/730-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in the first 38 chapters as "the Jew", while the ethnicity or religion of the other characters is rarely mentioned.<ref name=Vallely/> In 1854, ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' asked why "Jews alone should be excluded from the 'sympathizing heart' of this great author and powerful friend of the oppressed." Dickens (who had extensive knowledge of London street life and child exploitation) explained that he had made Fagin Jewish because "it unfortunately was true, of the time to which the story refers, that that class of criminal almost invariably was a Jew."<ref name="Oliver Twist intro">{{Cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63Gk3ntfFkC&pg=PR19 |title=Oliver Twist – introduction |last=Howe |first=Irving |date=31 May 2005 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=9780553901566 |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326044032/https://books.google.com/books?id=R63Gk3ntfFkC&pg=PR19 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is widely believed that Fagin was based on a specific Jewish criminal of the era, [[Ikey Solomon]].<ref>Donald Hawes, ''Who's Who in Dickens'', Routledge, London, 2002, p.75.</ref> Dickens commented that by calling Fagin a Jew he had meant no imputation against the Jewish people, saying in a letter, "I have no feeling towards the Jews but a friendly one. I always speak well of them, whether in public or private, and bear my testimony (as I ought to do) to their perfect good faith in such transactions as I have ever had with them."<ref name="dickens-johnson">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Edgar |title=Charles Dickens His Tragedy And Triumph |publisher=Simon & Schuster Inc |date=1 January 1952 |chapter=4 – Intimations of Mortality |chapter-url=http://dickens.ucsc.edu/OMF/johnson.html |access-date=8 February 2009 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002175325/http://dickens.ucsc.edu/OMF/johnson.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Eliza Davis, whose husband had purchased Dickens's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale, wrote to Dickens in protest at his portrayal of Fagin, arguing that he had "encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew", and that he had done a great wrong to the Jewish people. While Dickens first reacted defensively upon receiving Davis's letter, he then halted the printing of ''Oliver Twist'', and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set, which explains why after the first 38 chapters Fagin is barely called "the Jew" at all in the next 179 references to him. A shift in his perspective is seen in his later novel ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'', as he redeems the image of Jews.<ref name=Vallely/>

==Reception==
Contemporary reviewers including [[John Forster (biographer)|John Forster]] and the ''[[The Literary Gazette|Literary Gazette]]'' praised the book for its realistic depiction of social conditions. However others such as [[Richard Ford (English writer)|Richard Ford]] considered it an exaggeration of poverty.<ref>SUNY – 19th Century English  https://c19.sunygeneseoenglish.org/2014/09/10/influence-of-dickens-contemporary-critics-on-social-discussion/</ref>

== Audio recordings ==
Dickens's novel has been recorded many times as an audiobook. Notable recordings include:
*An audio dramatization titled ''The Adventures of Oliver Twist And Fagin'' starring [[Basil Rathbone]] as both The Narrator and Fagin was released by [[Columbia Masterworks Records]] (MM-700) in a 3-disc 75rpm set in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/21647671-Charles-Dickens-2-Basil-Rathbone-The-Adventures-Of-Oliver-Twist-And-Fagin |title= Basil Rathbone – The Adventures of Oliver Twist And Fagin |publisher=Discogs |date= October 1947 | access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> This was later re-released by [[Columbia Records]] in 33rpm format in 1955 (CL 674) and again in 1977 (P13902).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/6838188-Basil-Rathbone-Errol-Flynn-The-Three-Musketeers-Oliver-Twist |title=Basil Rathbone / Errol Flynn – The Three Musketeers / Oliver Twist |publisher=Discogs | access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Decca Records]] released an abridged recording of the novel narrated by [[James Mason]] (DL 9107) in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/5560555-James-Mason-6-Charles-Dickens-Oliver-Twist |title=James Mason, Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist |publisher=Discogs |date=16 August 1962 | access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Anthony Quayle]] narrated Chapters One, Two, Eight and Nine of the novel on a [[Caedmon Audio|Caedmon Records]] recording (TC 1484) released in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/12837948-Anthony-Quayle-Four-Chapters-From-Oliver-Twist-By-Charles-Dickens |title=Anthony Quayle – Four Chapters From Oliver Twist By Charles Dickens |publisher=Discogs |date=16 August 1976 | access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Paul Scofield]] narrated an abridged version in 1987 for Dove Audio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scofieldsperformances.com/audiodescr-2.htm#twist |title=Radio and Spoken Word 1980s–1990s – Oliver Twist|website=The Recorded Performances of Paul Scofield |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>
*An abridged version narrated by [[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]] was released on audio cassette in 1994, later on CD, as part of the ''Talking Classics'' series (TC NCC 004) by Orbis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/13982650-Charles-Dickens-2-Read-By-Martin-Jarvis-Oliver-Twist |title=Read By Martin Jarvis – Oliver Twist |publisher=Discogs |date=16 August 1994 | access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Mr. Jarvis later narrated an unabridged version in 2006 for Audible Studios.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Oliver-Twist-Audiobook/B002V8MTJ4?qid=1684459964&sr=1-5&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_5&pf_rd_p=83218cca-c308-412f-bfcf-90198b687a2f&pf_rd_r=HRDX5R4KJ7YXP0Y9BJXJ&pageLoadId=4CZLgA4rQkF3v92z&creativeId=0d6f6720-f41c-457e-a42b-8c8dceb62f2c |title=Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Narrated by: Martin Jarvis |via=Audible.com |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Alex Jennings]] narrated an abridged version in 1995 for [[Penguin Books|Penguin Audiobooks]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Oliver-Twist-Audiobook/B0065OCSXM |title=Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Narrated by Alex Jennings |via=Audible.com |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Miriam Margolyes]] narrated an unabridged version in 2005 for [[Blackstone Audio]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Oliver-Twist-Audiobook/B002UZKN2S?qid=1684461051&sr=1-17&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_17&pf_rd_p=83218cca-c308-412f-bfcf-90198b687a2f&pf_rd_r=F9BN3QP5S7V0SB42P3BE&pageLoadId=35FxxIdj6ixUXT6O&creativeId=0d6f6720-f41c-457e-a42b-8c8dceb62f2c |title=Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Narrated by Miriam Margolyes |via=Audible.com |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
*Gerald Dickens, the great-great-grandson of Charles Dickens, narrated an unabridged version in 2011.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Oliver-Twist-Audiobook/B004RQ63XQ?qid=1684461051&sr=1-11&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_11&pf_rd_p=83218cca-c308-412f-bfcf-90198b687a2f&pf_rd_r=F9BN3QP5S7V0SB42P3BE&pageLoadId=35FxxIdj6ixUXT6O&creativeId=0d6f6720-f41c-457e-a42b-8c8dceb62f2c |title=Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Narrated by Gerald Dickens |via=Audible.com |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> 
*[[Jonathan Pryce]] narrated an unabridged version in 2019 for Audible Studios as part of ''The Audible Dickens Collection''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Oliver-Twist-Audiobook/B07PJXMLQ5?qid=1684460447&sr=1-1&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_1&pf_rd_p=83218cca-c308-412f-bfcf-90198b687a2f&pf_rd_r=VRGMA0SESX9G21J9MWPY&pageLoadId=hCOmA9vd1zIVzrwc&creativeId=0d6f6720-f41c-457e-a42b-8c8dceb62f2c |title=Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Narrated by Jonathan Pryce |via=Audible.com |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

== Film, television, radio and theatrical adaptations ==
[[File:Oliver Twist Pavilion Theatre 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|The earliest known playbill of a production of ''Oliver Twist''. [[Theatre Royal, Marylebone|Marylebone Theatre]], 1838]]

=== Film ===
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1909 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1909), the first adaptation of Dickens's novel, a silent film starring [[Edith Storey]] and [[Elita Proctor Otis]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1912 British film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1912), a British silent film adaptation, directed by [[Thomas Bentley (director)|Thomas Bentley]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1912 American film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1912), an American silent film adaptation starring [[Nat C. Goodwin]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1916 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1916), a silent film adaptation, starring [[Marie Doro]] and [[Tully Marshall]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1919 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1919), a silent Hungarian film adaptation.
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1922 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1922), a silent film adaptation featuring [[Lon Chaney]] and [[Jackie Coogan]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1933 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1933), the first sound production of the novel.
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), directed by [[David Lean]] and starring [[Alec Guinness]] as Fagin.
* ''[[Manik (1961 film)|Manik]]'' (1961), a Bengali film directed by Bijalibaran Sen, and starring [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Sombhu Mitra]] and Tripti Mitra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Souvik |year=2007 |title=Influence of Bengali Classic Literature in Bollywood films |at=Footnote 2}}</ref>
* ''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]'' (1968), a British musical adaptation, winner in the Best Picture category at the [[41st Academy Awards]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1974 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1974), an animated film co-written by [[Ben Starr (television producer)|Ben Starr]].
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1982 Australian film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1982), an Australian animated film.
* ''[[Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist]]'' (1987), a Mexican animated film.
* ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' (1988), a Disney full-length animated feature which resets the tale to modern-day New York City, with Oliver (voiced by [[Joey Lawrence]]) portrayed as an orphaned kitten, the Dodger as a street-wise [[terrier]] mongrel (voiced by [[Billy Joel]]), and Fagin (voiced by [[Dom DeLuise]]) as a homeless tramp who lives on the docks with his pack of stray dogs that he trains to steal so he can survive and repay his debt to loan shark Sykes (voiced by [[Robert Loggia]]).<ref name=Howe1988>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/olivercompany.htm |title=Oliver & Company |newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 November 1988 |last=Howe |first=Desson |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016204203/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/olivercompany.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Twisted (1996 film)|Twisted]]'' (1996), an independent film directed by [[Seth Michael Donsky]], starring [[Billy Porter (entertainer)|Billy Porter]] and [[William Hickey (actor)|William Hickey]], which sets the story to the gay underground subculture of New York City in the 1990s.
* ''[[Oliver Twist (1997 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1997), directed by [[Tony Bill]] and starring [[Richard Dreyfuss]] as Fagin and [[Elijah Wood]] as the Dodger.
* ''[[Twist (2003 film)|Twist]]'' (2003), an independent film loosely based on the novel, as it tells the tale not from Oliver's point of view, but from the Dodger.
* ''[[Boy Called Twist]]'' (2004), a [[South Africa]]n movie which resets the story to modern-day [[Cape Town]] and turns Fagin into an [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian]] [[Rastafari]]an.
* ''[[Oliver Twist (2005 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (2005), directed by [[Roman Polanski]] and starring [[Barney Clark (actor)|Barney Clark]] as Oliver and [[Ben Kingsley]] as Fagin.
* ''[[Twist (2021 film)|Twist]]'' (2021), a modern-day version directed by Martin Owen, and starring [[Michael Caine]] as Fagin, with [[Lena Headey]] and [[Rita Ora]] cast as female renditions of Bill Sikes and the Dodger respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/twist-movie-saban-1203415908/ |title=Michael Caine and Lena Headey's Modern-Day 'Oliver Twist' Sells to Saban |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126050130/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/twist-movie-saban-1203415908/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/saban-films-acquires-charles-dickens-retelling-twist-1257938 |title=Saban Films Acquires Charles Dickens Retelling 'Twist' |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126085842/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/saban-films-acquires-charles-dickens-retelling-twist-1257938 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Television ===
* 1962: ''[[Oliver Twist (1962 TV serial)|Oliver Twist]]'', a 13-episode [[BBC]] serial directed by [[Eric Tayler]], starring [[Max Adrian]] as Fagin, [[Willoughby Goddard]] as Mr Bumble and [[Peter Vaughan]] as Bill Sikes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/8c13b64c62f04d718d4c5672e7df1783 |accessdate=21 September 2021 |title=Oliver Twist: Episode 1 |publisher=BBC Programme Index |date=7 January 1962 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326044004/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/8c13b64c62f04d718d4c5672e7df1783 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1980: ''The Further Adventures of Oliver Twist'', a British television series set as a sequel, with Daniel Murray as Oliver, John Fowler as The Artful Dodger and [[David Swift (actor)|David Swift]] as Fagin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pointer|first=Michael |title=Charles Dickens on the Screen|date=17 January 1996 |page=181|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=9780810829602}}</ref>
* 1982: ''[[Oliver Twist (1982 TV film)|Oliver Twist]]'', a TV movie directed by [[Clive Donner]], starring [[George C. Scott]] as Fagin and [[Tim Curry]] as Bill Sikes.
* 1985: ''[[Oliver Twist (1985 TV serial)|Oliver Twist]]'', a 12-episode [[BBC One]] drama directed by [[Gareth Davies (director)|Gareth Davies]], starring [[Eric Porter]] and [[Michael Attwell]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oliver Twist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00tr547 |publisher=BBC |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601204536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00tr547 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1999: [[Oliver Twist (1999 TV series)|''Oliver Twist'']], an [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] drama adaptation starring [[Andy Serkis]] and [[Keira Knightley]].
* 2007: ''[[Oliver Twist (2007 TV series)|Oliver Twist]]'', a 5-episode [[BBC One]] drama directed by [[Coky Giedroyc]], starring [[Timothy Spall]], [[Julian Rhind-Tutt]], [[Edward Fox (actor)|Edward Fox]], [[Anna Massey]] and [[Tom Hardy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=All-star cast announced for BBC adaptation of Oliver Twist |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/25/oliver.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706064503/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/25/oliver.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1996–97: ''[[Saban's Adventures of Oliver Twist]]'', a 52-episode animated American-French co-production where the story is downplayed for younger viewers, in which Oliver loses his mother in a crowd rather than being dead and the characters are represented by anthropomorphic animals. Oliver in this version is a young dog.
* 2001: ''[[Escape of the Artful Dodger]]'', an Australian TV series set as a sequel, where Dodger and Oliver are sent to the colony of Australia.
* 2020: The ''[[Animaniacs]]'' [[Animaniacs (2020 TV series)|2020 revival]] featured a two-part parody of the story titled "Wakkiver Twist" in season 2, featuring [[List of Animaniacs characters#The Warner Siblings (Animaniacs)|Yakko, Wakko, and Dot Warner]] playing the roles of a trio version of Oliver while Fagin is played by the Warners' usual [[Foil (narrative)|foil]], [[List of Animaniacs characters#The Warner Siblings (Animaniacs)#Supporting characters|Dr. Otto von Scratchansniff]].
* 2022: ''[[Dodger (TV series)|Dodger]],'' a British TV series produced for [[CBBC]], set as a prequel, where Dodger joins Fagin's gang.
* 2023: ''[[The Artful Dodger (2023 TV series)|The Artful Dodger]],'' an Australian TV series produced for [[Disney+]], a sequel where Dodger is sent to the colony of Australia, starring [[Thomas Brodie-Sangster]].

=== Radio ===
* 1928, BBC Liverpool, with Olive Worthington (Oliver Twist), J.P. Lambe (Fagin), Walter Shore (The Artful Dodger), Mrs Fred Wilkinson (Nancy) and Philip H. Harper (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fab33146d5fd4244aef2190880025615 |title=6LV Liverpool – Oliver Twist |publisher=BBC Programme Index |date=18 February 1928 |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1934, [[BBC Regional Programme]], adapted by J. Comyns Carr, with Desmond Tester (Oliver Twist), [[Harcourt Williams]] (Fagin), Frederick Peisley (The Artful Dodger), [[Barbara Couper]] (Nancy) and Matthew Boulton (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/242ef159fd054077bd4893adb4c1682d |title=BBC Regional Programme – Oliver Twist |publisher=BBC Programme Index |date=28 December 1934 |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1941–42, [[BBC Home Service]] in 8 parts, adapted by Audrey Lucas, with David Baxter (Oliver Twist), [[Malcolm Keen]] (Fagin), Leonard Thorne (The Artful Dodger), Belle Chrystall (Nancy) and Allan Jeaves (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?filt=is_radio&q=Oliver+Twist&after=1940-12-31T23%3A00%3A00.000Z&before=1942-12-31T22%3A59%3A59.999Z#top |title=BBC Home Service – Oliver Twist |publisher=BBC Programme Index |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1947, NBC Radio, ''[[Favorite Story]]'', broadcast 29 April 1947, hosted by [[Ronald Colman]] with [[Henry Blair (child actor)|Henry Blair]], [[Arthur Q. Bryan]], Gloria Gordon, Edmund MacDonald, Peter Rankin and [[Virginia Gregg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.otrsite.com/logs/logf1010.htm |title=Favorite Story – Radio Log |website=Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1952, [[BBC Home Service]] in 12 parts, adapted by [[Giles Cooper (playwright)|Giles Cooper]], with Wilfrid Downing (Oliver Twist), John Gabriel (Fagin), Brian Smith (The Artful Dodger), [[Helen Shingler]] (Nancy) and Ralph Truman (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?filt=is_radio&q=Oliver+Twist&after=1952-01-01T00%3A00%3A00.000Z&before=1952-12-31T23%3A59%3A59.999Z#top |title=BBC Home Service – Oliver Twist (1952) |publisher=BBC Programme Index |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1970, [[BBC Radio 4]] in 12 parts, adapted Giles Cooper, with Stephen Bone (Oliver Twist), [[Peter Woodthorpe]] (Fagin), Dennis Conoley (The Artful Dodger), Patricia Leventon (Nancy) and [[John Hollis]] (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?filt=is_radio&q=Oliver+Twist&after=1969-12-31T23%3A00%3A00.000Z&before=1970-12-31T22%3A59%3A59.999Z#top |title=BBC Radio 4 – Oliver Twist (1970) |publisher=BBC Programme Index |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 1994, [[BBC Radio 4]] in 6 parts, adapted and directed by Nigel Bryant, with Edward Long (Oliver Twist), [[John Grillo]] (Fagin), [[Richard Pearce (actor)|Richard Pearce]] (The Artful Dodger), [[Adjoa Andoh]] (Nancy) and [[Tim McInnerny]] (Bill Sikes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?filt=is_radio&q=Oliver+Twist&after=1994-01-01T00%3A00%3A00.000Z&before=1994-12-31T23%3A59%3A59.999Z#top |title=BBC Radio 4 – Oliver Twist (1994) |publisher=BBC Programme Index |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* 2012, [[Focus on the Family]] Radio Theatre produced a dramatized version of the story with Joseph Holgate (Oliver Twist), [[Henry Goodman]] (Fagin), [[Lee Boardman]] (Bil Sikes), [[Honeysuckle Weeks]] (Nancy), and [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]] (Mr. Brownlow)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.focusonthefamily.com/radio-theatre/timeless-classics/ |title=Timeless Classics |website=Focus on the Family|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===
* In 1838 [[Charles Zachary Barnett]]'s adaptation, the three-act burletta ''Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress'' opened at the [[Theatre Royal, Marylebone|Marylebone Theatre]] in London.<ref name=Web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/mt/theaters/pva234.html |title=Theatres in Victorian London – Victorian Web |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317063453/http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/mt/theaters/pva234.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*  ''[[Oliver!]]'', a 1960 [[West End theatre]] [[stage musical]] adaptation by [[Lionel Bart]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Oliver!: The real story of Britain's greatest musical |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oliver-the-real-story-of-britains-greatest-musical-1232964.html |last=Coveney |first=Michael |newspaper=The Independent|location=London |date=17 March 2017 |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112952/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oliver-the-real-story-of-britains-greatest-musical-1232964.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The original cast featured [[Ron Moody]] as Fagin (he would reprise the role for the film adaptation), and boys who alternated in the juvenile lead of the Artful Dodger included [[Phil Collins]] and [[Davy Jones (actor)|Davy Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/7975594/Rocks-outsider-Phil-Collins-interview.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/7975594/Rocks-outsider-Phil-Collins-interview.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Rock's outsider: Phil Collins interview|date=4 September 2010|work=The Telegraph|first=Craig|last=McLean|access-date=21 March 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Many songs are well known to the public, such as "[[Food, Glorious Food]]", "[[Consider Yourself]]" and "[[I'd Do Anything (Oliver! song)|I'd Do Anything]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Oliver!: The real story of Britain's greatest musical|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oliver-the-real-story-of-britains-greatest-musical-1232964.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=17 March 2017|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518112952/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/oliver-the-real-story-of-britains-greatest-musical-1232964.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* ''Oliver Twist'' is a 2017 stage adaptation of the novel written by [[Anya Reiss]] which premiered at the Regent's Park Theatre. The show was directed by Caroline Byrne.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jul/27/oliver-twist-review-anya-reiss-open-air-regents-park |title=Oliver Twist review – artful production gets lost down blind alleys |last=Gillinson |first=Miriam |date=2017-07-27 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2020-01-01|issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101115858/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/jul/27/oliver-twist-review-anya-reiss-open-air-regents-park |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Literature}}
* {{portal-inline|Novels}}
* [[Charles Dickens bibliography]]
* [[Child labour]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Oliver Twist|''Oliver Twist''}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

; Online versions
* [https://bookwise.io/charles-dickens/oliver-twist Oliver Twist to read online at Bookwise]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-dickens/oliver-twist}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/works/oliver-twist Manuscript material and articles relating to ''Oliver Twist''] from the British Library's Discovering Literature website.
* [https://archive.org/stream/olivertwist01dickrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Oliver Twist''] at [[Internet Archive]]
* {{gutenberg|no=730|name=Oliver Twist}}
* [https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/oliver-twist-ebook.html ''Oliver Twist''] in PDF, epub, Kindle formats at Global Grey ebooks
* {{Librivox book | title=Oliver Twist | author=Charles Dickens}}
* [http://ahmadsoft.org/downloads/Oliver%20Twist,%20or,%20The%20Parish%20Boy's%20Progress.pdf ''Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy's Progress''] Typeset PDF version, including the illustrations of [[James Mahony|James Mahoney]] (1871 Household Edition by [[Chapman & Hall]]).

; Critical analysis
* [http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/booknotbook/index.html When Is a Book Not a Book? ''Oliver Twist'' in Context, a seminar by Robert Patten] from the [[New York Public Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112171003/http://www.fidnet.com/~dap1955/dickens/twist.html Background information and plot summary for ''Oliver Twist'', with links to other resources]
* [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/dec17_2/a2722 Article in ''British Medical Journal'' on Oliver Twist's diet]

{{Oliver Twist}}
{{Charles Dickens}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oliver Twist}}
[[Category:Oliver Twist| ]]
[[Category:1838 British novels]]
[[Category:Antisemitic novels]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in England]]
[[Category:Art by George Cruikshank]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:English novels]]
[[Category:Novels about orphans]]
[[Category:Novels about theft]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels by Charles Dickens]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Novels set in London]]
[[Category:Novels set in orphanages]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Children's books adapted into films]]
[[Category:Children's books adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Victorian novels]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Bentley's Miscellany]]
[[Category:Richard Bentley books]]