Editing Oliver Springs, Tennessee

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Oliver Springs, Tennessee
| settlement_type          = [[Town]]
| image_skyline            = Oliver-Springs-Depot-tn2.jpg
| imagesize                = 250px
| image_caption            = Oliver Springs Depot, now the Oliver Springs Library
| image_flag               = 
| image_seal               = 
| image_map                = File:Morgan County Tennessee Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Oliver Springs Highlighted 4755800.svg
| mapsize                  = 300px
| map_caption              = Location of Oliver Springs in [[Anderson County, Tennessee|Anderson]], [[Morgan County, Tennessee|Morgan]], and [[Roane County, Tennessee|Roane]] counties, [[Tennessee]]
| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = United States
| subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Tennessee]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Tennessee|Counties]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Anderson County, Tennessee|Anderson]], [[Roane County, Tennessee|Roane]], [[Morgan County, Tennessee|Morgan]]
| leader_title             = Mayor
| leader_name              = Jason Stiltner
| leader_title1            = City Manager
| leader_name1             = Connor Shivers
| established_title        = Founded
| established_date         = 1821<ref name=cityhistory/>
| established_title2       = Incorporated
| established_date2        = 1903<ref>''[http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/48-data.pdf Tennessee Blue Book]'', 2005–2006, pp. 618–625.</ref>
| named_for                = Richard Oliver (early postmaster)<ref name=cityhistory />
| unit_pref                = Imperial
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='47'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude           = 
| area_total_km2           = 14.96
| area_land_km2            = 14.96
| area_water_km2           = 0.00
| population_as_of         = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes     = <ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly"/>
| population_total         = 3297
| population_density_km2   = 220.45
| timezone                 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = EDT
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
| elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft             = 902
| coordinates              = {{coord|36|02|23|N|84|19|43|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code              = 37840
| area_code                = [[Area code 865|865]]
| blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info               = 47-55800<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref>
| blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info              = 2407045<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2407045}}</ref>
| website                  = {{URL|www.oliversprings-tn.gov/}}
| pop_est_as_of            = 
| pop_est_footnotes        = 
| population_est           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 5.78
| area_land_sq_mi          = 5.78
| area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00
| population_density_sq_mi = 570.91
}}

'''Oliver Springs''' is a town in [[Anderson County, Tennessee|Anderson]], [[Morgan County, Tennessee|Morgan]], and [[Roane County, Tennessee|Roane]] counties in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Tennessee]]. Its population was 3,231 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4755800| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212200614/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4755800| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Oliver Springs town, Tennessee| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=January 28, 2013}}</ref> It is included in the [[Harriman, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area]], which consists of Roane County.

==History==
{{one source|section|date=October 2017}}
Oliver Springs was founded in 1821 as Winter's Gap.<ref name=cityhistory>[http://oliverspringscity.com/about/oliver-springs-history/ Oliver Springs History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028202306/http://oliverspringscity.com/about/oliver-springs-history/ |date=October 28, 2012 }}, Town of Oliver Springs website; retrieved October 24, 2017.</ref> It was named for its first permanent settler of European descent, Major Moses Winters, who had settled in the area before 1799.

Before that time, the area around Oliver Springs had been used by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] as a hunting ground and campsite. Natural [[mineral spring]]s and abundant wildlife on Windrock Mountain encouraged Native Americans to stay. The springs, whose reputation for miraculous medicinal properties lasted until the 20th century, were called ''Tah-hah-lehaha'', which meant "healing waters" in the [[Cherokee language]].

The land remained unexplored by European settlers until 1761. At this time, a [[longhunter|long hunting expedition]] led by Elisha Walden explored much of the [[Clinch River|Clinch]] and [[Powell River (Tennessee River)|Powell River]] valleys. However, settlement in the area did not begin in earnest until the 1790s, and growth remained slow.

In 1826, Richard Oliver became the town's first postmaster. The town was renamed Oliver's Springs in his honor. The town's name was briefly changed to Poplar Springs, and then to Oliver Springs. Oliver provided mail service from his 35-room mansion, which also served as an [[Pub#Inns|inn]]. He was the first to develop the commercial potential of the mineral springs. He would transport his guests between the springs and the inn. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the inn was used as a hospital by both sides.
[[File:Sienknecht-store-os-tn1.jpg|left|thumb|The Sienknecht Store building, built c. 1901.  The store was used for a scene in the movie ''[[October Sky]]'', and still retains the "Olga Coal Company" facade created for the film.]]

Joseph Richards bought Oliver's land in 1873. He built the first resort hotel, and in 1894 replaced this first structure with a 150-room hotel with then-modern amenities. Oliver Springs became a popular resort town. The Oliver Springs Hotel catered to wealthy guests, who came from all over the U.S. and Europe to drink the waters and bathe in the springs. In 1888, the railroad came to Oliver Springs and brought thousands of visitors to the springs.

The hotel burned in 1905. The town decided to cover the springs rather than rebuild the hotel. Evidence of water conduits and reservoirs can still be seen on the site.

Oliver Springs had a base camp during the [[Coal Creek War]] in the 1890s.

In the early part of the 20th-century, the area became dependent on the coal industry. According to historian Keith Glass, the Windrock Coal and Coke Company, a subsidiary of the Bessemer Coal, Iron and Land Company of [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], began operating a coal mine near Oliver Springs ''circa'' 1904.

In 1942, during [[World War II]], the U.S. government bought up the neighboring communities of [[Robertsville, Tennessee|Robertsville]], Edgemoor, East Fork, Elza, Bethel, Scarborough, and [[Wheat, Tennessee|Wheat]] and built the secret city of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] as part of the [[Manhattan Project]]. During this period, one of the most prominent buildings in Oliver Springs — the [[Dr. Fred Stone Sr. Hospital]] — was built by Dr. Fred Stone, who worked as a physician and examiner for new Manhattan Project employees. Eventually, the economy of Oliver Springs became dependent on government employment in Oak Ridge, and suffered when employment levels declined at the end of the [[Cold War]] in the early 1990s.

In the years following the end of the Cold War, Oliver Springs and its neighbors have struggled to re-establish a solid foundation on which to base their economies. Oliver Springs has experimented with several industries. In the late 1990s, the movie ''[[October Sky]]'' was filmed in nearby coal mining areas as well as the city's downtown area. Currently, the local economy is beginning to take advantage of the mountains, which are very popular among all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riders.<ref>Much of the historical information on this page was gathered from the historical archives at the Oliver Springs Public Library.</ref>

==Geography==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|14.4|sqkm|disp=flip}}, all land.<ref name="Census 2010"/> The town lies at the northwestern boundary between the [[Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians]] and the [[Cumberland Plateau]]. [[Walden Ridge]], which marks the boundary between these two [[United States physiographic region|physiographic provinces]], is visible just beyond the immediate hill tops. The [[Crab Orchard Mountains]], which comprise the southern extreme of the [[Cumberland Mountains]], rise atop the Cumberland Plateau just west of Oliver Springs.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1890= 643
|1910= 700
|1920= 777
|1930= 660
|1940= 855
|1950= 1089
|1960= 1163
|1970= 3405
|1980= 3659
|1990= 3433
|2000= 3303
|2010= 3231
|2020= 3297
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="GR9">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=March 4, 2012|title=Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 11, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|archive-date=June 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:47&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108|title=Census Population API|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Oliver Springs racial composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4755800&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 26, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!scope="col"| Race
!scope="col"| Number
!scope="col"| Percentage
|-
!scope="row"| [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
| 2,964
| 89.9%
|-
!scope="row"| [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
| 98
| 2.97%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
| 12
| 0.36%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
| 6
| 0.18%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
| 152
| 4.61%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
| 65
| 1.97%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 3,297 people, 1,616 households, and 1,046 families residing in the town.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2"/> of 2000, there were 3,303 people, 1,369 households, and 958 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 642.0 people per square mile (247.6/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 1,459 housing units at an average density of 283.6 per square mile (109.4/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the town was 94.85% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 3.48% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.30% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.12% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.03% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.06% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.15% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.36% of the population.
[[File:Oliver-springs-walden-tn1.jpg|left|thumb|Looking west across Oliver Springs. Walden Ridge rises in the distance.]]
There were 1,369 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,620, and the median income for a family was $39,066. Males had a median income of $28,233 versus $22,500 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $15,818.  About 10.9% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
The city of Oliver Springs is served by the school systems of the three counties among which the city is divided.

*'''Anderson County''':
**Norwood Elementary School (K-5)
**Norwood Middle School (6–8)
**Clinton High School (9–12)
*;Morgan County:
**Coalfield School (K-12)
*'''Roane County''':
**Dyllis Springs Elementary School (K-5)
**Oliver Springs Middle School (6–8)
**[[Oliver Springs High School]] (9–12)

The recently restored Oliver Springs Railroad Depot, built in 1896 by the [[Southern Railway (U.S.)|Southern Railway]], now houses the Oliver Springs Public Library. In addition to the traditional book holdings, the library is home to the city's historical archives, originally collected by Snyder E. Roberts.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.oliversprings-tn.gov/ Town of Oliver Springs official website]
* [http://www.oshistorical.com/ Oliver Springs Historical Society]
* [http://www.oshs.com Oliver Springs High School]
* [http://www.coalcreekohv.com/ Coal Creek OHV Area]
* [http://www.windrockatv.com/ Windrock ATV Club]

{{Anderson County, Tennessee}}
{{Morgan County, Tennessee}}
{{Roane County, Tennessee}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Towns in Anderson County, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Towns in Morgan County, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Towns in Roane County, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Towns in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Knoxville metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1830]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in Tennessee]]