Editing Oliver Hazard Perry

{{Short description|United States Navy officer (1785–1819)}}
{{About|the naval officer|the U.S. Navy frigate class|Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate|the tall ship|SSV Oliver Hazard Perry}}
{{Hatnote|Commodore Perry is not to be confused with [[John Barry (naval officer)|Commodore Barry]].}}
<!--famous 18th-/19th-century U.S. Navy commodores-->
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]]
| name          = Oliver Hazard Perry
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1785|8|23}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1819|8|23|1785|8|23}}
| birth_place   = [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]]
| death_place   = [[Trinidad]]
| placeofburial = [[Island Cemetery]], [[Newport, Rhode Island]]
| image         = Portrait of Oliver Hazard Perry, 1818.jpg
| caption       = A portrait of Oliver Hazard Perry in 1818 by [[Gilbert Stuart]] and [[Jane Stuart]]
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = <!-- United States -->
| branch        = [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears  = 1799–1819
| rank          = [[Commodore (USN)|Commodore]]
| commands      = {{Tree list}}
* {{USS|Nautilus|1799|6}}
* {{USS|Revenge|1806|6}}
* US Naval Forces, Lake Erie
** {{USS|Lawrence|1813|6}}
** {{USS|Niagara|1813|6}}
* {{USS|Nonsuch|1813|6}}
* {{USS|Java|1815|6}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| unit          = 
| battles       = {{Tree list}}
* [[Quasi-War]]
* [[Haitian Revolution]]
* [[First Barbary War]]
** [[Battle of Derna (1805)|Battle of Derna]]
* [[War of 1812]]
** [[Battle of Lake Erie]]
** [[Battle of the Thames]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| awards        = [[Congressional Gold Medal]]
| relations     = {{ubl|[[Christopher Raymond Perry|Christopher Perry]] (father)|[[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Calbraith Perry]] (brother)}}
}}

'''Oliver Hazard Perry''' (August 23, 1785 – August 23, 1819) was a [[United States Navy]] officer from [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]]. A prominent member of the [[Perry family]] naval dynasty, he was the son of Sarah Wallace Alexander and Captain [[Christopher Raymond Perry]], and older brother of [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] [[Matthew C. Perry]].

Perry served in the West Indies during the [[Quasi War]] of 1798–1800 against France, in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] during the [[Barbary Wars]] of 1801–1815, and in the [[Caribbean]] fighting piracy and the [[African slave trade|slave trade]], but is most noted for his role in the [[War of 1812]] during the 1813 [[Battle of Lake Erie]].<ref>[[#Skaggs06|Skaggs, 2006]], p. xi</ref> During the war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], Perry supervised the building of a fleet at [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]. He earned the title "Hero of [[Lake Erie]]" for leading American forces in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a [[Congressional Gold Medal]] and the [[Thanks of Congress]].<ref name="cyclopaedia">[[#White|White, 1895]], p. 288</ref><ref name="Bloom">[[#Bloom|Bloom]], Page essay</ref>

His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war.<ref name="Bloom"/> He is remembered for the words on his battle flag, "Dont Give Up the Ship", which was a tribute to the dying command of his colleague Captain [[James Lawrence]] of USS ''Chesapeake''. He is also known for his message to General [[William Henry Harrison]] which reads in part, "We have met the enemy and they are ours; ..."

Perry became embroiled in a long-standing and bitter controversy with the commander of {{USS|Niagara|1813|6}}, Captain [[Jesse Elliott]], over their conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie, and both were the subject of official charges. In 1815, he successfully commanded {{USS|Java|1815|2}} in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] during the [[Second Barbary War]]. So seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press (being the subject of scores of books and articles).<ref name="biblio">[[#Paullin|Paullin, 1918]], See ''Bibliography''</ref> He has been frequently memorialized, and many places, ships and persons have been named in his honor.

==Childhood and early life==
Perry was the oldest of five boys born to [[Christopher Raymond Perry|Christopher]] (1761–1818) and Sarah Wallace Perry (née Alexander) (1763–1830). As a boy, Perry lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island,<ref name="capace">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Rhode Island |first1=Nancy |last1=Capace |location=St. Clair Shores, Michigan |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHPYeCvnASoC&q=1761+Milestone&pg=PA368 |isbn=978-0-403-09610-7
|publisher=Somerset Publishers, Inc |year= 2001 |access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref> sailing ships in anticipation of his future career as an officer in the United States Navy.<ref name="Bloom"/>  Perry came from a long line of naval men from both sides of his family. His mother taught Perry and his younger brothers to read and write and had them attend [[Trinity Church (Newport, Rhode Island)|Trinity Episcopal Church]] regularly, where he was baptized by Reverend William Smith on April 1, 1794, at the age of nine. Reverend [[Theodore Dehon]], rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young Perry.<ref>[[#Skaggs06|Skaggs, 2006]], p. 6</ref> He was educated in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. His earliest ancestor to the Americas was Edward Perry, who came from [[Devon]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], and settled in [[Sandwich, Massachusetts]], around 1650 with his wife, Mary Freeman.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cKxEAAAQBAJ&dq=oliver+hazard+perry+devon+england&pg=PA660 | isbn=978-3-382-30918-3 | title=Lives of Illustrious Men of America | date=March 3, 2023 | publisher=BoD – Books on Demand}}</ref>

==Early naval career==
Through his father's influence, Perry was appointed a [[midshipman]] in the United States Navy, at the age of thirteen, on April 7, 1799. Perry sailed aboard {{USS|General Greene|1799|6}}, of which his father was commanding officer, on her maiden voyage in June 1799. The ship made its first stop in [[Cuba]], charged with receiving American merchant ships and providing escort from [[Havana]] to the United States.<ref name="Bloom"/><ref>[[#Mackenzie40|Mackenzie, 1840]], p. 40</ref> Perry's service aboard ''General Greene'' continued during the [[Quasi-War]] with [[French First Republic|France]].<ref>[[#Barnes|Barnes, 1912]], p. 11</ref> He first experienced combat on February 9, 1800, off the coast of the French colony of [[Haiti]], which was in a [[War of Knives|state of rebellion]].<ref>[[#Brown|Brown, 2006]], Oliver Hazard Perry, p. 226</ref><ref>[[#Barnes|Barnes, 1912]], p. 16</ref>

During the [[First Barbary War]], he served aboard {{USS|Adams|1799|6}}<ref>[[#Mackenzie40|Mackenzie, 1840]], pp. 53–55</ref> and later was [[first lieutenant]] (second in command) of {{USS|Nautilus|1799|6}}. He then served under Captain [[John Rodgers (1772–1838)|John Rodgers]] on {{USS|Constitution}} and USS ''Essex''. He was placed in charge of the construction of [[gunboat]]s in Newport and [[Westerly, Rhode Island]].

Beginning in April 1809, he commanded the [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{USS|Revenge|1806|6}}, engaging in patrol duties to enforce the [[Embargo Act]], as well as a successful raid to regain an American ship held in Spanish territory in Florida. On January 9, 1811, ''Revenge'' [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] off Rhode Island and was lost. "Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, [Perry] turned his attention to saving the crew, and after helping them down the ropes over the vessel's stern, he was the last to leave the vessel."<ref name=copes>{{cite journal | last = Copes | first = Jan M. | title =The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic| journal =Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society | volume =66, Part 2 | issue = 227 | pages = 49–77| publisher = Newport Historical Society | location =[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport, RI]] | date =Fall 1994}}</ref>{{rp|61}} The subsequent court-martial exonerated Perry, placing blame on the ship's pilot.<ref group=upper-alpha>His progression from being the subject of a [[court-martial]] for running aground to being a formidable commander who made a real difference has a striking parallel to the career of Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]].</ref><ref name="Graham">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHgAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Oliver Hazard Perry|first1=James Fenimore |last1=Cooper | author-link = James Fenimore Cooper |publisher=[[Graham's Magazine]] |volume=XXII |date=May 1843 |page=268 |access-date=January 7, 2011 |issue=5}}</ref> In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of ''Revenge'', nearly 200 years to the day after it sank.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/01/07/us/AP-US-Shipwreck-Discovered.html?hp|title=Divers: 1811 Wreck of Perry Ship Discovered Off RI|newspaper=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=January 7, 2011|access-date=January 7, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="AOL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2011/01/08/divers-say-theyve-found-1811-wreck-of-oliver-hazard-perry-ship/|title=Divers Say They've Found 1811 Wreck of Perry Ship|publisher=AOL News|date=January 8, 2011|access-date=January 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109083905/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/01/08/divers-say-theyve-found-1811-wreck-of-oliver-hazard-perry-ship/|archive-date=January 9, 2011}}</ref> Cannons from ''Revenge'' were salvaged by the U.S. Navy in 2017.

Following the court-martial, Perry was given a leave of absence from the Navy. On May 5, 1811, he married Elizabeth Champlin Mason of Newport, Rhode Island, whom he had met at a dance in 1807.<ref name="Graham"/> They enjoyed an extended honeymoon touring New England. The couple would eventually have five children, with one dying in infancy.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/pevi/historyculture/perry.htm|title=Oliver Hazard Perry – Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial|access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>

==War of 1812==

At the beginning of the War of 1812, the British [[Royal Navy]] controlled the [[Great Lakes]], except for [[Lake Huron]]. The United States Navy controlled [[Lake Champlain]].<ref>[[#Skaggs06|Skaggs, 2006]], p. 50</ref> The American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances in the Great Lakes and northern New York [[:File:Grlakes lawrence map.png|waterways]]. The roles played by commanders like Perry, at [[Lake Erie]] and [[Isaac Chauncey]] at [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Thomas Macdonough]] at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort.<ref name="potter">[[#Potter|Potter, 1981]], p. 106</ref>

Naval historian [[E. B. Potter]] noted that "all naval officers of the day made a special study of [[Horatio Nelson|Nelson's]] battles." Oliver Perry was no exception.<ref name="potter"/>
At his request, he was given command of the American naval forces on Lake Erie during the war. Secretary of the Navy [[Paul Hamilton (politician)|Paul Hamilton]] had charged prominent merchant seaman [[Daniel Dobbins]] with building the American fleet on [[Presque Isle Bay]] at [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], and Perry was named chief naval officer.<ref name="cyclopaedia"/><ref name="Bloom"/><ref name="National Portrait">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFUYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT386 |title=The national portrait gallery of distinguished Americans |volume=1 |first1=James |last1=Herring |first2=James Barton |last2=Longacre |publisher=D. Rice & A.N. Hart |place=Philadelphia |year=1854 |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref>

Perry knew battle was coming, and he "consciously followed Nelson's example in describing his battle plans to his captains."<ref name=potter/>{{rp|218}} Perry's instructions were:

{{blockquote|Commanding officers are particularly enjoined to pay attention in preserving their stations in the Line, and in all cases to keep as near the ''Lawrence'' as possible. ... Engage your designated adversary, in close action, at half cable's length. {{#Tag:ref|A "cable" is 720 feet in the Royal Navy, {{convert|600|ft|m|0}} in the U.S. Navy. "Half cable's length" would be less than {{convert|330|ft|m}}.|group=upper-alpha}}<ref name = altoff>{{cite book|last=Altoff|first=Gerard T.|title=Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie|publisher=The Perry Group|location=[[Put-in-Bay, Ohio|Put-in-Bay, OH]]|year = 1999 |isbn = 978-1-887794-03-9}}</ref> |Oliver H. Perry, General Order, USS Lawrence}}

===Hero of Lake Erie===
[[File:BattleofLakeErie.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Perry (standing) after abandoning ''Lawrence'', in a 1911 painting by [[Edward Percy Moran]]]]

On September 10, 1813, Perry's squadron fought the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] against a smaller Royal Navy squadron. It was at the outset of this battle that Perry famously said, "If a victory is to be gained, I will gain it."<ref name="Farmer">[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__Od5AAAAMAAJ/page/n324 <!-- pg=283 --> Farmer, Silas. (1884) (Jul 1969) ''The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County'', p. 283] and [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL161750W/The_history_of_Detroit_and_Michigan_or_The_metropolis_illustrate Various formats at] [[Open Library]].</ref> Initially, the exchange of gunfire favored the British. Perry's [[flagship]], {{USS|Lawrence|1813|6}}, was so severely disabled in the encounter that the British commander, [[Robert Heriot Barclay]], thought that Perry would surrender it, and sent a small boat to request that the American vessel pull down its flag.<ref name="auto1">
Dudley, William S., ed. ''The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. vol.2'' (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 559.</ref><ref name=rooz/>

Faithful to the words of his [[Naval Ensign|battle flag]], "DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://go.navyonline.com/blog/dont-give-up-the-ship|title=Don’t Give Up the Ship!|website=www.gonavyonline.com}}</ref>   a paraphrase of the dying words of Captain [[James Lawrence]], the ship's namesake and Perry's friend,<ref name="quotes">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/trivia02.htm |title=Famous Navy Quotes: Who Said Them and When |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923044759/http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/trivia02.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> Perry, with ''Lawrence''{{'}}s [[chaplain]] and [[purser]] as the remaining able crew, personally fired the final [[salvo]].<ref name=rooz>{{cite book|last=Roosevelt|first=Theodore|author-link=Theodore Roosevelt|title=The Naval War of 1812 Or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans|publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|edition = Tenth|location=New York|year = 1889|page=266 <!--|isbn=0-375-75419-9-->|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9104}}</ref> He then had his men row him a half-mile (0.8&nbsp;km) through heavy gunfire to transfer his command to {{USS|Niagara|1813|6}}. Once aboard, Perry dispatched ''Niagara''{{'s}} commander, Captain [[Jesse Elliott]], to bring the other schooners into closer action while he steered ''Niagara'' toward the damaged British ships. Like Nelson's {{HMS|Victory||2}} at Trafalgar, ''Niagara'' broke the opposing line.

Perry's force pounded Barclay's ships until they could offer no effective resistance and surrendered. Although he had won the battle aboard ''Niagara'', he received Barclay's surrender on the deck of the recaptured ''Lawrence'' to allow him to see the terrible price Perry's men had paid.<ref name="Farmer"/> Perry's battle report to General [[William Henry Harrison]] was famously brief: "We have met the enemy and they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop."<ref name="quotes"/>{{#Tag:Ref|The British order of battle was actually two ships, ''one'' brig, ''two'' schooners and one sloop.<ref name=rooz/>{{rp|260–261}} "Perry's message was inaccurate."<ref name = altoff/>{{rp|Note 129, p. 97.}}|group=upper-alpha}} The six captured ships were successfully returned to Presque Isle.<ref>[[#Skaggs00|Skaggs, 2000]], p. 147</ref><ref name="Skaggs">{{cite journal |url=http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-04/perry-triumphant |last1=Skaggs |first1=David Curtis |title=Perry Triumphant |date=April 2009 |volume=23 |journal=[[Naval History (magazine)|Naval History Magazine]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |access-date=September 3, 2011 |issue=2}}</ref>

[[File:DONT GIVE UP THE SHIP flag.svg|200px|thumb|{{center|Perry's battle flag}}]]

Although the engagement was small compared to Napoleonic naval battles such as the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], the victory had disproportionate strategic importance, opening Canada up to further American invasions, while simultaneously protecting the entire [[Ohio Valley]].<ref name="Bloom"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&pg=PA48 Symonds, Craig L; Clipson, William J. (April 2001) ''The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press 264 pp], {{ISBN|978-1-55750-984-0}}, p. 48.</ref> The loss of Barclay's squadron directly led to the critical [[Battle of the Thames]], a victory over British and Indian forces by Harrison's army, the deaths of [[Tecumseh]] and [[Roundhead (Wyandot)|Roundhead]], and the breakup of [[Tecumseh's confederacy|his confederacy]].<ref name="Skaggs"/> Along with the [[Battle of Plattsburgh]], it was one of only two battle of the war in which an entire squadron was defeated.<ref name="Bloom"/>

Perry was involved in nine battles that led to and followed the Battle of Lake Erie, and they all had a seminal impact. "What is often overlooked when studying Perry is how his physical participation and brilliant strategic leadership influenced the outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories:

<blockquote> Capturing [[Fort George, Ontario]] in the [[Battle of Fort George]]; Destroying the British munitions at [[Olde Fort Erie]] (see [[Capture of Fort Erie]]); Rescuing five vessels from Black Rock; Building the Erie fleet; Getting the ships over the sandbar; Blocking British supplies for a month prior to battle; Planning the Thames invasion with General Harrison; Winning the Battle of Lake Erie; and Winning the Battle of Thames.<ref name="Bloom"/><ref name="Skaggs"/></blockquote>

<gallery>
File:Men of Toledo (And Their Neighbors)" presented in cartoon with a historical preface from "official" data - DPLA - 0d0f8c371cbf6d8687013bd10d051e76 (page 18) (cropped).jpg|A caricature of Perry's victory on Lake Erie from the 1906 book "Men of Toledo (and Their Neighbors)"
</gallery>

===The Battle Flag===
[[File:USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) flies a “Don’t Give Up the Ship” flag. (49966895161).jpg|thumb|{{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71}} flies a replica "Dont Give Up the Ship" flag in 2020.]]

"Dont give up the ship!" became the battle cry of Oliver Hazard Perry. The phrase was uttered by Captain James Lawrence as he died after being wounded by enemy fire aboard the ''Chesapeake'' on June 1, 1813. Perry learned of Lawrence's demise at Presque Isle. He honored Lawrence with the name of a brig, called ''Lawrence''. A battle flag was needed, and the words of Perry's good friend were suited for the coming days.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Skaggs |first=David Curtis |date=2013 |title=The Battle of Lake Erie and Its Aftermath |url=http://muse.jhu.edu.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/chapter/890518 |location=Ohio |publisher=The Kent State University Press |page=220}}</ref>

Margaret Forster Steuart was enlisted to make the battle flag.<ref name="auto"/> She was a resident of Erie Pennsylvania, wife of Army Captain Thomas Steuart and sister to Thomas Forster, both friends of Perry's. Forster was the commander of the Erie Light Infantry that had guarded the fleet.<ref name="auto"/> With the help of her two daughters, three nieces, and a cousin, she had the flag ready for Perry within just a few days.<ref name="auto"/> As of July 2009, Perry's flag, Steuart's work, and Lawrence's dying words can be seen today, with the flag on display in [[Bancroft Hall]]'s [[Bancroft_Hall#The_Rotunda_and_Memorial_Hall|Memorial Hall]] at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis.

===Perry–Elliott controversy===
[[File:NH&HC43575.jpg|thumb|450px|Mural: ''Battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813.'' (1959) by Charles Robert Patterson and Howard B. French, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. ''Niagara'' joins the battle. ''Detroit'' and ''Queen Charlotte'' at right.]]
While Nelson had [[Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood|Collingwood]], Perry had Jesse Elliott, and was considerably less well served. Elliott, while serving with [[Isaac Chauncey]] at Lake Ontario, was tasked to augment Perry's squadron with 11 officers and 91 men, "and none were sent but the worst."<ref name=altoff2>Quoted in {{cite book|last=Altoff|first=Gerard T.|title=Deep Water Sailors Shallow Water Soldiers: Manning the United States Fleet on Lake Erie – 1813|publisher=The Perry Group|location=[[Put-in-Bay, Ohio|Put-in-Bay, OH]]|year = 1993 | pages= 23–24| isbn = 978-1-887794-01-5}}</ref> Subsequently, detailed by Chauncey to command ''Niagara,'' Elliott stated "that if he could have foreseen that he himself should be sent to Lake Erie, his selections would have been different."<ref name=altoff2/> Elliott then appropriated the "best of the worst" for ''Niagara''; and Perry "in the interest of harmony" accepted the situation, though with growing ill-will.<ref name=altoff2/>

In his initial post-action report, Perry had praised Captain Elliott's role in the American victory at Lake Erie; and as news of the battle spread, Perry and Elliott were both celebrated as national heroes. Soon after, however, several junior officers publicly criticized Elliott's performance during the battle, charging that Elliott allowed ''Lawrence'' to suffer the brunt of the British fire while holding ''Niagara'' back from the fight. William Vigneron Taylor, Perry's [[sailing master]], in a letter to Taylor's wife, put it thus:

{{blockquote|The ''Lawrence'' alone rec'd the fire of the whole British squadron 2 1/2 hours within pistol shot—we were not supported as we ought to have been. Captain Perry led the ''Lawrence'' into action & sustained the most destructive fire with the most gallant spirit perhaps that was ever witnessed under similar circumstances.<ref>
{{cite book | last =Taylor | first =William V. | title =Logbook of the USS ''Lawrence'' | publisher =Newport Historical Society | year =1813 | location =[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport, RI]]}}</ref>|William Taylor, September 15, 1813}}

The meeting between Elliott and Perry on the deck of ''Niagara'' was terse. Elliott inquired how the day was going. Perry replied, "Badly." Elliott then volunteered to take Perry's small boat and rally the schooners, and Perry acquiesced.<ref name=altoff/>{{rp|49}} As Perry turned ''Niagara'' into the battle, Elliott was not aboard. Elliott's rejoinder to history's criticism of inaction was that there had been a lack of effective signaling. Charges were filed, but not officially acted upon. Attempting to restore his honor, Elliott and his supporters began a 30-year campaign that would outlive both men and ultimately leave his reputation in tatters.<ref name=Skaggs/>

In Perry's report to Secretary of the Navy [[William Jones (statesman)|William Jones]], written three days after the battle, he mentioned Elliott in what, at first, seem to be complimentary terms, but, when read carefully, betray his disdain for Elliott.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Perry wrote, "In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgement; and, since the close of the action, has given me the most able and essential assistance."<ref>American State Papers. Naval Affairs. Volume 1. p. 295.</ref>

===Congressional Gold Medal===

On January 6, 1814, Perry was honored with a [[Congressional Gold Medal]],<ref name=Medal>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/medallichistoryo02loub/medallichistoryo02loub_djvu.txt |author=J. F. Loubat, LL.D. (1831–1927)|others=Illustrated by Jaquemart, Jules Fredinand (1837–1880)|year=1888|title=The Medallic History of the United States of America, 1776—1876. Volume II|publisher=N. Flayderman & Co. |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref> the [[Thanks of Congress]], and a promotion to the rank of [[Captain (naval)|Captain]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wcarr1/Lossing2/Chap18.html |last1=Lossing|first1=Benson J. |title=Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812 |chapter=XVIII – Events on the Northern and Niagara Frontiers in 1812 |year=1869|access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html |publisher=Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |title=List of Congressional Gold Medal Recipients |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref> This was one of 27 Gold Medals authorized by Congress arising from the War of 1812.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C*PL%5B%3C%230%20%20%0A |last1=Glassman |first1=Matthew Eric, Analyst for the Congress |date=June 21, 2010 |title=Congressional Gold Medals, 1776–2009 |page=3 |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref>

* '''Obverse''' – bust of Perry facing right surrounded by ''Oliverus H. Perry Princeps Stagno Eriense.'' ~ ''Classam Totam Contudit''.
* '''Reverse''' depicts a sea battle scene with inscriptions:
::''Viam Invenit Virtus Aut Facit''
::''Inter Class. Ameri.''
::''Et Brit Die X. Sep.''
::''MDCCCXIII''
:(Valor finds or makes a way. Between the Fleets of America and Britain September 10, 1813.)<ref>[http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/medal_ohp.shtml Congressional Gold Medal Honoring Oliver Hazard Perry].</ref>{{sfn|Snowden|1861|pages=83–84}}

Elliott was also recognized with a Congressional Gold Medal<ref name=Medal/> and the Thanks of Congress for his actions in the battle. This recognition would prove to fan the flames of resentment on both sides of the Elliott–Perry controversy.<ref name=Skaggs/>

In recognition of his victory at Lake Erie, in 1813 Perry was elected as an honorary member of the New York [[Society of the Cincinnati]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

<gallery>
File:Perry medal lg front.gif|The front of the Perry medal
File:Perry medal back.gif|The back of the Perry medal
</gallery>

==Later commands and controversies==
[[File:OliverHazardPerryEngraving.jpg|thumb|upright|United States Navy engraved portrait of Commodore Perry]]

In May 1814, Perry took command of a squadron of seven gunboats based in Newport. He held this command for only two months as in July he was placed in command of {{USS|Java|1815|6}}, a 44-gun frigate which was under construction in [[Baltimore]]. While overseeing the outfitting of ''Java'', Perry participated in the defenses of Baltimore and Washington, D.C., during the British invasion of the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. In a twist of irony, these land battles would be the last time the career naval officer saw combat. The [[Treaty of Ghent]] was ratified before ''Java'' could be put to sea.<ref name="NPS"/>

For Perry, the post-war years were marred by controversies. In 1815, he commanded ''Java'' in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] during the [[Second Barbary War]]. While moored in Naples, Perry slapped the commander of the ship's Marines, Captain John Heath, whom Perry charged with "disrespectful, insolent, and contemptuous conduct to me his superior officer".<ref>{{cite web |title=H. Doc. 15-66 - Letter from the Secretary of the Navy, transmitting, in obedience to a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the twenty-second instant, copies of the proceedings of the court martial ordered by Commodore Isaac Chauncey, on the Mediterranean station, for the trial of Captain Oliver H. Perry ; also, for the trial of Captain John Heath of the Marine Corps. January 30, 1818. Read, and ordered to lie upon the table |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00007_00_00-029-0066-0000 |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=E. De Krafft |access-date=June 28, 2023 |page=14 |date=January 30, 1818}}</ref> The ensuing court-martial found both men guilty, but levied only mild reprimands. After the crew returned home, Heath challenged Perry to a pistol [[duel]], which was fought on October 19, 1817, on the same field in [[Weehawken, New Jersey]] where [[Burr–Hamilton duel|Aaron Burr shot and killed Alexander Hamilton]]. Heath fired first and missed. Perry declined to return fire, satisfying the Marine's honor.<ref name=NPS/>

Perry's return from the Mediterranean also reignited the feud with Elliott. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliott challenged Perry to a duel, which Perry refused. (While it was normally considered cowardly to refuse a duel, Perry's stature as a hero was such that no one doubted his physical courage and few felt that Perry had wrongly offended Elliott's honor.){{peacock inline|date=August 2022}} He instead, on August 8, 1818, filed formal court-martial charges against Elliott. Perry filed a total of six charges and twenty-one specifications including "conduct unbecoming an officer," and failure to "do his utmost to take or destroy the vessel of the enemy which it was his duty to encounter."{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Wishing to avoid a scandal between two decorated naval heroes, Secretary of the Navy [[Smith Thompson]] and [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Monroe]] suppressed the matter by offering Perry a diplomatic mission to [[South America]] in exchange for dropping his charges. This put an official end to the controversy, though it would continue to be debated for another quarter century.<ref name=Skaggs2>{{cite book|title=Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.S. Navy|first1=David Curtis |last1=Skaggs|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2006|pages=191–199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAA05BcoIkgC&pg=PR6 |access-date=September 3, 2011|isbn=978-1-59114-792-3}}</ref>

==Mission to Venezuela and death==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
In 1818 Perry purchased a large house on Washington Square in Newport which was built in 1750 for merchant Peter Buloid. The house remained in the Perry family until 1865 and now serves as an antique bookstore.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:1$USstamp1894blackOliverHazardPerry.jpg|thumb|{{center|Oliver Hazard Perry}}{{center|[[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Bureau issues|Issue of 1894]]}}]]
[[File:Oliver H Perry stripr of five2.jpg|thumb|{{center|Other stamps depicting Perry}}]]

In 1819, Perry sailed for the [[Orinoco River]], [[Venezuela]], aboard of the [[frigate]] {{USS|John Adams|1799|2}} with the frigate {{USS|Constellation|1797|2}} and the schooner {{USS|Nonsuch|1813|6}}, arriving on July 15 to discourage piracy, while still maintaining friendly relations with [[Republic of Venezuela]] and the [[United Provinces of South America|Republic of Buenos Aires]]. Shifting his flag to USS ''Nonsuch'', due to its shallower draft, Perry sailed upriver to [[Ciudad Bolívar|Angostura]] to negotiate an anti-piracy agreement with President [[Simón Bolívar]]. A favorable treaty was signed on August 11 with Vice President [[Francisco Antonio Zea]] in the absence of Bolivar (who was engaged in the liberation of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]]), but when the schooner started downriver, many of her crew, including Perry, had been stricken with [[yellow fever]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Despite the crew's efforts to reach [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] for medical assistance, the commodore died on board USS ''Nonsuch'' on August 23, 1819, his 34th birthday, as the ship entered the [[Gulf of Paria]] and was nearing [[Port of Spain]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20061024051556/http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/america/unitedstates/1783/1809/1809/perry-oh.htm Oliver Hazard Perry]}} Robinson Library accessed November 28, 2017.</ref> He was buried in [[Port of Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oliver Hazard Perry |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/historical-figures/oliver-hazard-perry.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=public1.nhhcaws.local |language=en-US}}</ref>

His remains were later taken back to the United States in 1826 and interred in Newport, Rhode Island. Originally interred in the Old [[Common Burial Ground]], his body was eventually moved to Newport's [[Island Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book| url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;sid=af7ec6e6a62cb051e355616f708c9a7f;rgn=full%20text;idno=AJA1974.0001.001;view=image;seq=0401| title = Drake, Samuel Adams, 1833–1905. ''Nooks and corners of the New England coast'', Rhode Island Cemeteries, p. 401.| year = 2005}}</ref>

[[Perry Street (Savannah, Georgia)|Perry Street]] in [[Savannah, Georgia]], is named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cope |first=Tony |title=It's Not That Lincoln |publisher=The Abercorn Press |year=2016}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Family==
{{main|The Perry Family}}
[[File:COMMODORE OLIVER PERRY FARM, WASHINGTON COUNTY RI.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|[[Commodore Oliver Perry Farm]] in Rhode Island]]
[[File:Com. John Rodgers LCCN2014718859.jpg|thumb|180px|Commander [[John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I)|John Rodgers]] was a great-grandnephew of Oliver Hazard Perry.]]

Perry married Elizabeth Champlin Mason in 1811. They had five children, four of whom lived to maturity. They were:

# Brigadier General Christopher Grant Champlin Perry, RIM (April 2, 1812 – April 5, 1854), commander of the [[Artillery Company of Newport]] from 1845 to 1854, m. Murial Frances Sergeant of Philadelphia (great-granddaughter of [[Benjamin Franklin]]); their daughter Margaret Mason Perry married the artist [[John LaFarge]];
# Oliver Hazard Perry II (February 23, 1813 – March 4, 1814), died in infancy;
# Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr., USN (February 23, 1815 – August 20, 1878), m. 1) Elizabeth Ann Randolph (1816–1847) (Virginia Randolph family) and m. 2) Mary Ann Moseley;
# First Lieutenant Christopher Raymond Perry, USA (June 29, 1816 – October 8, 1848), never married;
# Elizabeth Mason Perry, m., as his 2nd wife, the Reverend Francis Vinton, rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in Newport.

Perry's son Christopher Grant Champlin Perry was a physician, and served as commander of the [[Artillery Company of Newport]] from April 1848 until his death in 1854. In May 1849 he was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Rhode Island Militia and given command of the 1st Brigade encompassing Newport and Bristol Counties.<ref>Civil and Military List of Rhode Island. Vol. 2. p. 665.</ref>

Perry's son Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr. entered the Navy as a midshipman in 1829, rose to the rank of lieutenant and resigned in 1849. He served on the [[United States Exploring Expedition]] under Captain [[Charles Wilkes]] from 1839 to 1842. Although he is buried in the same cemetery as his parents, for unknown reasons, he is not buried in the same plot with his parents.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Perry's son Christopher Raymond Perry graduated from the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point in 1842. He served during the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican War]] and fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca-de‑la‑Palma on May 9, 1846. He died on active duty as a 1st lieutenant in 1848.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher R. Perry |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1163*.html |title=Christopher R. Perry • Cullum's Register • 1163 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref>

==Dates of rank==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
* Midshipman – April 7, 1799
* Lieutenant – January 15, 1807
* Master Commandant – August 28, 1812
* Captain – September 10, 1813

Although Perry is often referred to as "Commodore Perry," it should be kept in mind that, prior to the American Civil War, [[Commodore (United States)|commodore]] was not a rank in the U.S. Navy but, rather, the title of an officer in command of a squadron of two or more ships. Perry first held the title of commodore when he took command of the Lake Erie squadron in 1813.

==Assignments==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
* Midshipman, USS ''General Greene'' – April 1799 to May 1801
* Acting Lieutenant, USS ''Adams'' – June 1802 to November 1803
* Second Lieutenant, USS ''Constellation'' – May 1804 to July 1805
* First Lieutenant, USS ''Nautilus'' – July 1805 to December 1805
* Acting Lieutenant, USS ''Constitution'' – December 1805 to c. July 1806
* Second Lieutenant, USS ''Essex'' – c. July 1806 to c. October 1806
* Officer in Charge of Gunboat construction in Newport and Westerly, RI – October 1806 to April 1809
* Commanding Officer, USS ''Revenge'' – April 1809 to January 1811
* Commanding Officer, Gunboat Squadron, Newport, RI – c. 1811 to January 1813
* Commanding Officer, Lake Erie Squadron – March 1813 to c. October 1813
* Commanding Officer, Gunboat squadron, Newport, RI – May 1814 to July 1814
* Commanding Officer, USS ''Java'' (under construction) – July 1814 to August 1815
* Commanding Officer, USS ''Java'' (in commission) – August 1815 to c. May 1817
* Senior Naval Officer, Newport, RI – c. May 1817 to May 1819
* Commanding Officer, Venezuelan diplomatic mission – June 1819 to August 1819 (deceased)

Note – Time gaps between assignments were probably in a "waiting orders" status.

==Geographical namesakes==
Many locations in the United States are named in his honor, including:
*Perry Traditional Academy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* Perrysville Avenue (Old Rt. 19 connection), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* Perry North (Observatory Hill) and Perry South (Perry Hilltop) neighborhoods on the Northside section in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
* Oliver Hazard Perry Elementary School, Cleveland, Ohio
* Perry Elementary School, Erie, Pennsylvania
* P.S. 34 Oliver H. Perry Elementary School, Brooklyn, New York<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ps34.org/about_us |website=About Us - P.S. 34 Oliver H. Perry Elementary School|title=About Us - P.S. 34 Oliver H. Perry Elementary School}}</ref>
* [[Commodore Perry School District]], including [[Perry Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania]]
* Oliver Hazard Perry Middle School, Providence, Rhode Island
* Oliver Hazard Perry Elementary School, San Diego, California
* Training Ship ''Oliver Hazard Perry'', Newport, Rhode Island
* All of the ten [[Perry County (disambiguation)|Perry counties]] in the U.S.
* [[Perryville, Missouri|Perryville]] and [[Perry County, Missouri]]
* The hamlet of [[Perrysburg (village), New York|Perrysburg]] and [[Perrysburg (town), New York|the surrounding township]]; and the Village of [[Perry (village), New York|Perry, New York]] and [[Perry (town), New York|the surrounding township]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=1407|title=Perry, New York Village Information|publisher=epodunk.|access-date=September 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215202/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=1407|archive-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The city of [[Perry, Michigan]] in [[Perry Township, Michigan|Perry Township]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BT8iAAAAIBAJ&pg=1689%2C2760640 | title=Ghost towns and post offices of Shiawassee County visited | work=The Argus-Press | date=October 2, 2000 | access-date=May 2, 2015 | page=3}}</ref>
* The city of [[Perry, Georgia]]
* The town of [[Perry, Maine]]
* The village of [[Perry, Illinois]]
* The cities of [[Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg]],{{efn-ua|There is a monument of him on the river near the PYC (Perrysburg Yacht Club). This town also is the home of [[Fort Meigs]]}} [[Perrysville, Ohio|Perrysville]], [[North Perry, Ohio|North Perry]] and [[Perry, Ohio|Perry]]; [[Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio|Perrysburg Township]]; and [[Perry County, Ohio]]
* The unincorporated hamlet of South Perry<ref>[http://ohio.hometownlocator.com/oh/hocking/south-perry.cfm South Perry]</ref> in [[Perry Township, Hocking County, Ohio|Perry Township]], [[Hocking County]], Ohio
* [[Perry Township, Stark County, Ohio|Perry Township]], between Canton and Massillon in Stark County, Ohio. The [[Perry High School (Stark County, Ohio)|local high school]] is also named in his honor.
* The borough of [[Perryopolis, Pennsylvania|Perryopolis]] and [[Oliver Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania|Oliver Township]], within [[Perry County, Pennsylvania|Perry County]], and [[Oliver Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania|Oliver Township]] and [[Perry Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania|Perry Township]] in [[Jefferson County, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniaplac00espe |title=Pennsylvania place names |first1=Abraham Howry |last1=Espenshade |page=[https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniaplac00espe/page/337 337] |publisher=Pennsylvania State College |year=1925|isbn=978-0-8063-0416-8}}</ref>
* The village of Perryville in the town of [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]] The portion of [[U.S. Route 1]] near Perryville is named the Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry Highway. Perry Street in Newport is also named after him.<ref name="capace2">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Rhode Island |first1=Nancy |last1=Capace |location=St. Clair Shores, Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHPYeCvnASoC&q=1761+Milestone&pg=PA368 |isbn=978-0-403-09610-7
|publisher=Somerset Publishers, Inc |pages=160, 360, 363 |year= 2001 |access-date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>
* The City of [[Hazard, Kentucky|Hazard]] in [[Perry County, Kentucky|Perry County]], [[Kentucky]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1AksAAAAIBAJ&pg=3595%2C5275109 | title=Origins of place names are traced | work=Kentucky New Era | date=December 11, 1984 | access-date=April 29, 2015 | author=Bergstrom, Bill | page=2B}}</ref>
* [[Perry County, Tennessee]]
* Perry Street, New York
* [[Fort Perry]] in [[Box Springs, Georgia]]
*[[Commodore Downs]] Thoroughbred race track in Fairview Township on the western edge of Erie, Pennsylvania (1973–1983).
* The Inn at Perry Cabin, St. Michaels, Maryland<ref name="CoNaTr">{{cite web |title=Inn at Perry Cabin |url=https://www.cntraveler.com/hotels/united-states/st-michaels/inn-at-perry-cabin-st-michaels |website=Conde Nast Traveler |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref>
*An eastbound service plaza along the [[Ohio Turnpike]] is named the Commodore Perry Service Plaza, located in [[Sandusky County, Ohio]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ohioturnpike.org/truckers/service-plazas/commodore-perry |title = Commodore Perry}}</ref>
*[[Perry Square]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]

==Monuments==
The national monument commemorating Perry is the [[Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial]] in the village [[Put-In-Bay, Ohio]] on [[South Bass Island, Ohio]]. Its {{convert|352|ft|m|abbr=on}} tower, the world's most massive [[Doric order|Doric]] column, was constructed by a multi-state commission between 1912 and 1915.<ref name="interstate">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/perrymemorialcen01inte |first1=Henry (1840–1921) |last1=Watterson | author-link = Henry Watterson |title=The Perry memorial and centennial celebration under the auspices of the national government and the states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, New York, Rhode Island, Kentucky, Minnesota and Indiana |year=1912 |place=[[Cleveland]], Ohio |publisher=Interstate Board of the Perry's Victory Centennial Commissioners |access-date=October 22, 2011}}</ref>

Other monuments include:
* Memorial plaque, Trinity Episcopal Church, [[Newport, Rhode Island]], dedicated by Perry's widow on August 23, 1855, the 36th anniversary of his death.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/annalsoftrinityc00maso#page/322/mode/2up/search/perry Text of Perry memorial plaque], quoted in George Champlin Mason, ''Annals of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island, 1698–1821'', (Philadelphia: The Evans Printing House, 1890), p. 323.</ref>
* [[Perry Monument (Cleveland)|Perry Monument]], [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]], monument and statue by [[William Walcutt]], dedicated on September 10, 1860, the 47th anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. Walcutt's marble statue was replaced with a bronze copy in 1929. The monument was relocated to Fort Huntington Park in 1991.
** Walcutt's marble Perry statue is on long-term loan to the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial.
* ''[[Oliver Perry Monument|Oliver Hazard Perry]]'' by [[William Greene Turner]], Eisenhower Park, [[Newport, Rhode Island]], dedicated September 10, 1885, the 72nd anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie.<ref>{{cite news | last = Olshan | first = Matthew | title = A tale of two statues: A reader's story about Newport's Perry monuments prompts an investigation by a Pennsylvania writer | page = A9 | newspaper = The Newport Daily News | location = [[Newport, RI]] | date = August 20, 2009 | url = http://www.newportdailynews.com/ee/newportdailynews/index.php | access-date = May 10, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501003929/http://www.newportdailynews.com/ee/newportdailynews/index.php | archive-date = May 1, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref>
* ''Oliver Hazard Perry'' by [[Charles Henry Niehaus]], [[Delaware Park-Front Park System|Front Park]], [[Buffalo, New York]], dedicated on September 25, 1916.
* Perry Monument, [[Perry Square]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] designed by [[Paul Philippe Cret]], 1925, features a bronze copy after William Greene Turner's 1885 statue.
* Oliver Hazard Perry Memorial Gateway, [[Port-of-Spain, Trinidad]], dedicated April 1925. Captain [[Henry E. Lackey]], the United States Navy representative at the dedication, arrived aboard the newly commissioned [[light cruiser]] {{USS|Memphis|CL-13}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/ar/lima/lackey_he.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813233215/http://www.history.navy.mil/ar/lima/lackey_he.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2006 |title=Papers of Rear Admiral Henry E. Lackey (1899–1940) |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[U.S. Naval Historical Center|Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center]] |access-date=September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/navy/cruiser/Memphis.html |title=USS Memphis|publisher=historycentral.com |access-date=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
* Perry Monument at Misery Bay, [[Presque Isle State Park]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania]] dedicated in 1926.
* ''Oliver Hazard Perry'' (bronze copy after William Walcutt), on the south front of the [[Rhode Island State House]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]], dedicated in 1928.
* Perry Monument, [[Perrysburg, Ohio]], dedicated in 1997, features a bronze copy after William Walcutt's 1860 statue.
* The reverse of the 2013 "Perry's Victory" [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]] shows [[William Walcutt]]'s statue of Perry (1860) with the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial in the distance.<ref>{{cite web|last=[[United States Mint]]|title=Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/atb/?local=PerrysVictory|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318063628/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/atb/?local=PerrysVictory|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Commodore Oliver Perry Farm|The family farm]] in South Kingstown, where Perry was probably born and later built a house, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservation.ri.gov/pdfs_zips_downloads/national_pdfs/south_kingstown/soki_post-road-184_commodore-perry-farm.pdf |title=82000020 NRHP nomination for Commodore Oliver Perry Farm|publisher=Rhode Island Preservation|access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>
* A larger than life portrait of Commodore Perry hangs in the Executive Chamber of the [[Rhode Island State House]].

<gallery>
File:Perrys Monument 2012.jpg|Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial (1912–1915), Put-In-Bay, Ohio on South Bass Island
File:Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial Vistor's Center.jpg|''Oliver Hazard Perry'' (1860), by William Walcutt, Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial
File:Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry Statue, Eisenhower Park, Newport, RI.JPG|''Oliver Hazard Perry'' (1885), by William Greene Turner, Newport, Rhode Island
File:Perry Monument - Presque Isle, PA.jpg|Perry Monument (1926), Presque Isle, Erie, Pennsylvania
File:Rhode Island State House Perry AD.jpg|Perry statue (1928), Rhode Island State House
</gallery>

==Paintings==
[[File:Battle erie.jpg|thumb|''Battle of Lake Erie'' (1873) by William Henry Powell]]
[[File:24-02-020-perry.jpg|thumb|Painting at the Perry Area Historical Museum in [[Perry, Georgia]]]]

* "Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry" (1818–1828) by [[Gilbert Stuart]] and [[Jane Stuart]], [[Toledo Museum of Art]], Toledo, Ohio
* ''Perry's Victory on Lake Erie'' (1865) by [[William Henry Powell]], Rotunda, [[Ohio Statehouse]], Columbus, Ohio.<ref>[http://www.ohiostatehouse.org/galleries/media/perrys-victory-by-william-powell Perry's Victory on Lake Erie], from The Ohio Statehouse.</ref> Dimensions: {{convert|12|x|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
* ''Battle of Lake Erie'' (1873) by William Henry Powell, [[United States Capitol]], Washington D.C.<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Painting_33_00008.htm Battle of Lake Erie], from United States Senate.</ref> Dimensions: {{convert|16.76|x|26.63|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
* ''Portrait of Oliver Hazard Perry'' (1900), by [[Gari Melchers]], Executive Chamber, Rhode Island State House<ref>[http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/portrait-id/naval_captains/naval_captains_images/operry3.jpg Portrait of Oliver Hazard Perry by Gari Melchers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422134810/http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/portrait-id/naval_captains/naval_captains_images/operry3.jpg |date=April 22, 2016}}, Rhode Island State House.</ref>
* ''Battle of Lake Erie'' ({{circa}} 1911) by [[Edward Percy Moran]]
* ''Battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813'' (1959), by Charles Robert Patterson and Howard B. French, [[United States Naval Academy]], Annapolis, Maryland

==Documentary==
In 2016, principal photography began on ''We Have Met the Enemy'', a feature-length documentary produced by Lou Reda (''[[Vietnam in HD]]'', ''[[The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)|The Blue and the Gray]]''), for a planned spring 2017 release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nebula.wsimg.com/a245ed42f0667e2b4561ba3f71311b28?AccessKeyId=78B8E5B585265630E99F&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |title=We Have Met the Enemy |access-date=October 4, 2016 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005160638/http://nebula.wsimg.com/a245ed42f0667e2b4561ba3f71311b28?AccessKeyId=78B8E5B585265630E99F&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Eponymous ships==
Commodore Perry has been repeatedly honored with ships bearing his name.
* {{USS|Perry|1843}}, a sailing [[brig]] 1843–1865
* {{USS|Commodore Perry|1859}}, an armed side-wheel ferry built in 1859 by Stack and Joyce, Williamsburg, New York and purchased by the Navy on October 2, 1861; and commissioned later in the month, Acting Master F. J. Thomas was in command<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c12/commodore_perry.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314021400/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c12/commodore_perry.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 14, 2004 |title=Commodore Perry |publisher=The Naval Historical Center |access-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref>
* {{USS|Perry|DD-11}}, a {{Sclass|Bainbridge|destroyer}} (1900–1919)
* {{USS|Perry|DD-340}}, a {{Sclass|Clemson|destroyer}} converted into a high-speed [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] and re-designated DMS–17 effective November 19, 1940. Served 1921–1944; sunk in [[Battle of Peleliu]].
* SS ''Oliver Hazard Perry'', a [[Liberty ship]]. See [[List of Liberty ships (M–R)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html|title=Liberty Ships built by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II|publisher=usmm.org|access-date=September 26, 2010|archive-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091805/http://www.usmm.org/libertyships.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{USS|Perry|DD-844}}, a {{Sclass|Gearing|destroyer}} (1945–1970)
* {{USS|Oliver Hazard Perry|FFG-7}}, a guided-missile [[frigate]] (1976–1997), and the {{Sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate}}s, of which it was a member, are named in his honor. The Navy built 51 of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, with the first going into service in 1977, and the last to be finally moth-balled in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/last-deployment-navy-frigates-soon-decommissioned-224836583.html |title=Last deployment: All Navy frigates soon to be decommissioned |work=Yahoo News |agency=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Brock |last1=Vergakis |date=January 7, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/end-of-the-ghetto-navy-is-in-sight-as-last-usn-frigate-1678669074 |title=End Of The 'Ghetto Navy' Is In Sight As Last USN Frigate Cruise Begins |first1=Tyler |last1=Rogoway |work=Fox Trot Alpha |date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> ''See also'' [[USS Perry]].
* [[SSV Oliver Hazard Perry|SSV ''Oliver Hazard Perry'']], a Rhode Island Educational Foundation [[tall ship]]

==Popular song==
In 1820, [[Anthony Heinrich|Anthony Philip Heinrich]] wrote a song, "Ode to the Memory of Commodore O. H. Perry",<ref>[https://imslp.org/wiki/Ode_to_the_Memory_of_Commodore_O._H._Perry_(Heinrich,_Anthony_Philip) "Ode to the Memory of Commodore O. H. Perry"]</ref> with words by Henry C. Lewis.

==See also==
* {{USS|Niagara|1813}}
* [[The Perry Family]]
* [[Jesse Elliot]]
* [[Matthew C. Perry]]
* [[List of books about the War of 1812]]
* [[Bibliography of early American naval history]]
{{Portal bar|Rhode Island|Biography|Ohio|History|Canada}}

== Notes ==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha|colwidth=30em}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Barnes |first= James |author-link=James Barnes (author) |ref=Barnes |year=1912 |title=The hero of Erie: (Oliver Hazard Perry) |publisher=[[D. Appleton & Company]] |location=New York, London |page=167|isbn= 978-1-9778-9866-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYZLAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.battleoflakeerieart.com/perry.php |year=2008 |first1=Loren |last1=Bloom |ref=Bloom |title=The Battle of Lake Erie: Julian Oliver Davidson's Painting |type= Oliver Hazard Perry – Hero |publisher=[[Erie Maritime Museum]]|access-date=August 25, 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=John Howard |ref=Brown |title=The Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Comprising the Men and Women of the United States ..., V6 |year=2006 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |page=700 |isbn=978-1-4254-8629-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TH9AEMwOuSYC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander Slidell |ref=Mackenzie10 |author-link=Alexander Slidell Mackenzie |title=Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry |publisher=[[D.M. MacLellan Book Company]] |location=New York, NY/Akron, OH |year=1910 |page=443}} [https://archive.org/details/commodoreoliver00mackgoog E'book]
* {{cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=Alexander Slidell |ref=Mackenzie40 |title=The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry |volume=1 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcdCAAAAYAAJ |location=New York |year=1840 |pages=443|isbn=978-0-608-41337-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=EcdCAAAAYAAJ E'book]
* {{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles Edward |ref=Paullin |year=1918 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=The Raufin Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH8TAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205|title=The Battle of Lake Erie (a collection of documents, mainly those by Oliver Hazard Perry) |access-date=August 18, 2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Potter |first=Elmer Belmont |ref=Potter |title=Sea Power: A Naval History |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1981 |page=419 |isbn=978-0-87021-607-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zql2rWh6QAsC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Skaggs |first=David Curtis |author-link=David Curtis Skaggs, Jr. |ref=Skaggs06 |title=Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |year=2006 |page=302 |isbn=978-1-59114-792-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=SAA05BcoIkgC Url]
* {{cite book |last1=Skaggs |first1=David Curtis |last2=Altoff |first2=Gerard T. |year=2000 |title=A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813 |ref=Skaggs00 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VKAE3RcsLUC |isbn=978-1-55750-892-8}}
* {{cite book |author-link=James Ross Snowden |last1=Snowden |first1=James Ross (1809–1878), Director of the United States Mint |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=AGV2757.0001.001 |year=1861 |title=A Description of the Medals of Washington; and of other Objects of Interest in the Museum of the Mint. Illustrated, to which are added Biographical Notices of the Directors of the Mint from 1792 to the year 1851 |place=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]] |pages=83–84 |access-date=September 3, 2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=White |first1=James T. |ref=White |title=Oliver Hazard Perry |year=1895 |page=288 |publisher=[[National Cyclopaedia of American Biography]]}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=190DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288 Book]

== Further reading ==
* Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. ''The Macmillan Dictionary of Military Biography'' (New York: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 1998.) p.&nbsp;343.
* [[George Bancroft|Bancroft, George, 1800–1891]]; [https://archive.org/details/battlelakeerie00bancrich Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) ''History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers'' (New York: R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp.] at [[American Library Association]].
* [[Tristam Burges|Burges, Tristam (1770–1853)]] [https://archive.org/details/battlelakeeriew00burggoog (1839) ''Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement'' (Providence], [[Brown & Cady]]) at [[Internet Archive]].
* [https://archive.org/details/perrysvictoryce00emergoog Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) ''The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry's victory centennial commission, state of New York'' (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).]
* Coles, Harry L; Borstin, Daniel J., eds. (1966). ''The War of 1812'' (Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]) {{ISBN|978-0-226-11350-0}}.
* [[James Fenimore Cooper|Cooper, James Fenimore]] (1846) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5euJ0jDxvEEC ''Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers''] [[Kingman Press]] and here [https://archive.org/details/livesnavalofficers00cooprich Lives of distinguished American naval officers] for American Library Association.
* Cooper, James Fenimore, ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WK3mWOlYYNsC History of the Navy]'' (1839).
* Dillon, Richard. (1978) ''We have met the enemy: Oliver Hazard Perry, wilderness commodore'' (New York: McGraw-Hill). {{ISBN|978-0-07-016981-4}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/cac/ms/page44121.html |title=Robert J. Dodge Collection – MS 157 |work=Center for Archival Collections |publisher=Bowling Green State University |access-date=October 2, 2011 |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213053938/http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/cac/ms/page44121.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |first1=Robert J. |last1=Dodge |publisher=National Park Service |title=The Battle of Lake Erie |year=1962}}
* Dutton, Charles J. (1935) ''Oliver Hazard Perry'' (New York: Longmans, Green and Co.) 308 pp. (Scholar's Bookshelf; First Edition. 2006)  {{ISBN|978-0-945726-36-4}}.
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Perry%2C+Oliver+Hazard%2C+1785-1819%22 Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.]
* [https://archive.org/details/perrysvictoryonl00eato Eaton, Joseph Giles (1847–1905) (1905) ''Perry's Victory on Lake Erie.'' Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (Boston, For the Society, by Houghton Mifflin)] at American Library Association.
* [[Jesse Elliot|Elliott, Jesse D.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=0v7UDE1GIXEC ''Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on November 24, 1843'' (Philadelphia: G.B. Zeiber & co., 1844) 137 pp.] at [[Google books]].
* Hickey, Donald R. (1990) [https://archive.org/details/warof1812forgo00hick ''The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict''] [[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]]: [[University of Illinois Press]]. [[National Historical Society]] Book Prize and [[American Military Institute]] Best Book Award. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06059-5}}.
* Hickey, Donald R. (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516225636/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f06/hickey.html ''Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812''.] (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) {{ISBN|978-0-252-03179-3}}.
* {{cite book|title=Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence|author=Langguth, A. J.|isbn=978-0-7432-2618-9|year=2006|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/union181200ajla}}
* Lyman, Olin H. (1905) ''Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry and the War on the Lakes''.
* [[Alexander Slidell MacKenzie|Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell 1803–1848.]] [https://archive.org/details/commodoreoliverh00mack (1915) ''Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry: famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements'' (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)] at [[Internet Archive]].
* {{cite book |last=Mills |first=James Cooke |title=Oliver Hazard Perry and the battle of Lake Erie |location=Detroit, Michigan|publisher=J. Phelps |year=1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/oliverhazardperr00mill}}
* [https://archive.org/details/oliverhazardperry01mackrich Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) ''The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry.'' (New York, Harper) Volume 1], [https://archive.org/details/oliverhazardperry02mackrich Volume 2].
* [[Alfred Thayer Mahan|Mahan, Alfred Thayer]] (1840–1914) (1905) [https://archive.org/details/seapowerwar181201mahauoft ''Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812'' (2 vols.)] (Boston: [[Little Brown]]) American Library Association.
* {{cite book |last=Niles |first=John Milton |author-link=John Milton Niles |ref=Niles |title=The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry |publisher=William S. Marsh, Hartford |year=1820 |page=376|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeoliverhazar01nilegoog}}
* {{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles Edward |date=October 1918 |place=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=The Raufin Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH8TAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205|title=The Battle of Lake Erie'' (a collection of documents, mainly those by Oliver Hazard Perry)'' |access-date=August 18, 2011}}
* [https://archive.org/details/lakeerieandstor01mortgoog Morton, Edward Payson (1869–1914) ''Lake Erie and the story of Commodore Perry'' Chicago: Ainsworth & company] [[Internet Archive]] digitized by [[Google]].
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rPsxhqC9ud4C Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) ''The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.'']
* [https://archive.org/details/perryateriehowca01yale Reid, George. (1913) ''Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him.'' (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).]
* Skaggs, David Curtis; Altoff, Gerard T. Altoff [https://books.google.com/books?id=4VKAE3RcsLUC&pg=PA213 ''A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–1813''] (Naval Institute Press), winner [[John Lyman Book Awards]] 1997. {{ISBN|978-1-55750-892-8}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Skaggs |first1=David Curtis |editor-first=William Jeffrey |editor-last=Welsh |title=War on the Great Lakes: Essays Commemorating the 175th Anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie |publisher=[[Kent State University Press]] |year=1991 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23190118 |access-date=May 24, 2012 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195239/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23190118 |url-status=dead}}
* [http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-04/perry-triumphant Skaggs, David Curtis. ''Perry Triumphant'' (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2)] ''[[Naval History (magazine)|Naval History Magazine]]'' [[United States Naval Institute]].
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=190DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288 White, James T. (1895) p. 288.] ''[[National Cyclopaedia of American Biography]]''.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Perry, Oliver Hazard|Oliver Hazard Perry}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/pevi/HTML/Perry.html Perry @ the National Park Service].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040314021400/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c12/commodore_perry.htm Perry @ the Naval Historical Center].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060306213553/http://www.hillsdale.edu/personal/stewart/war/America/1812/Naval/1813-Erie-Perry.htm Perry's account of the Battle of Lake Erie] (See Further reading, Pauilin, supra.)
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-1391per The Oliver Hazard Perry papers] [[William L. Clements Library]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906105207/http://brigniagara.org/log.htm "Log of the Battle of Lake Erie"] by [[Sailing Master]] William Taylor.
* [http://www.brigniagara.org/ US Brig ''Niagara'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101212213010/http://www.greatlakesbrewing.com/beer/an-exceptional-family-of-beers/year-round/commodore-perry-ipa Commodore Perry I.P.A.] and [http://www.greatlakesbrewing.com/uploads/Beer/GL09-709%20TastingGuideLong_5%207%2010%20%283%29%2015.pdf Tasting guide, Commodore Perry]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} [[India Pale Ale]] by [[Great Lakes Brewing Co.]]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.battleoflakeerieart.com |year=2008 |first1=Loren |last1=Bloom |work=The Battle of Lake Erie: [[Julian Oliver Davidson]]'s Painting |title=Information about the epic battle painting by Julian O. Davidson |publisher=[[Erie Maritime Museum]]|access-date=August 25, 2011}}
* [http://www.andrle.com/markers/mark072.htm Perry Monument, Buffalo Historical Markers and Monuments website].
* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/collections/manuscripts/perry/index.html Correspondence of Oliver Hazard Perry] at Dartmouth Digital Library
* {{Find a Grave}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1785 births]]
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[[Category:19th-century American naval officers]]
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[[Category:People from Rhode Island in the War of 1812]]
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[[Category:Perry family|Oliver Hazard]]
[[Category:United States Navy admirals]]
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