Editing Ocarina

{{short description|Ceramic wind instrument}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Ocarina
| image                 = 2016-01 Ocarina front.jpg
| caption               = A mono-chamber 12-hole ocarina
| hornbostel_sachs      = 421.221.42
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Vessel flute]] with duct and fingerholes
| classification        = [[Wind instrument|Wind]], [[Woodwind instrument|woodwind]], [[aerophone]]
| related               = [[Xun (instrument)|Xun]], [[slide whistle]], [[tin whistle]], [[molinukai]]
| sound sample = [[File:Carnival of Venice - ocarina played by Mosé Tapiero.flac|thumb|[[Carnival of Venice (song)|Carnival of Venice]] – ocarina played by Mosé Tapiero]]
{{listen |filename=Ocarinasample.ogg |title=Sound of an ocarina |description=An [[E major]] (in concert pitch) scale, followed by a rendition of [[Frère Jacques]]. This is a home-made six-hole English pendant ocarina.}}
}}

The '''ocarina''' (otherwise known as a potato flute) is a [[wind instrument|wind]] [[musical instrument]]; it is a type of [[vessel flute]].<ref name=historyocarinaforest>{{cite web | publisher = ocarinaforest.com | title = History of the Ocarina|date=2012-12-09| url = http://ocarinaforest.com/info/ocarina-history/ | access-date = 2012-12-30 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130313064537/http://ocarinaforest.com/info/ocarina-history/ | archive-date = 2013-03-13 }}</ref> Variations exist, but a typical ocarina is an enclosed space with four to twelve finger holes and a [[Mouthpiece (woodwind)|mouthpiece]] that projects from the body. It is traditionally made from clay or [[ceramic]], but other materials are also used, such as plastic, wood, glass, metal, or bone.

== History ==
[[File:Donati.gif|left|180px|thumb|Giuseppe Donati, Italian inventor of the modern ocarina, with his work]]

The ocarina belongs to a very old family of instruments, believed to date back over 12,000 years.<ref name=historyofocarinavtmmd>{{cite web | publisher = Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary | title = Ocarina | url = http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html | access-date = 2007-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070420191707/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html | archive-date = 2007-04-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ocarina-type instruments have been of particular importance in [[China|Chinese]] and [[Mesoamerica]]n cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their long history of song and dance. The ocarina has features similar to the [[xun (instrument)|''xun'']] (塤), another important Chinese instrument (but is different in that the ocarina uses an internal duct, whereas the ''xun'' is blown across the outer edge).<ref name=xunocarinaforest>{{cite web | publisher = ocarinaforest.com | title = The Chinese Xun | url = http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/ | access-date = 2012-12-30 | date= 2012-12-31 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130314070738/http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/ | archive-date = 2013-03-14 }}</ref> In Korea, the ''xun'' is known as the '' hun'' ({{Korean|hangul=훈|hanja=壎}}). In Japan, the ''xun'' is known as the {{Nihongo|2=土笛|3=tsuchibue|4={{lit|earthen flute}}}}. Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]], resulted in the introduction of the ocarina to the courts of Europe. Both the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] and [[Aztecs]] produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought to Europe the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument.<ref name="historyocarinaforest"/>

[[File:Ocarina 1.JPG|thumb|Ocarina, c. 1900, [[Museu de la Música de Barcelona]]]]

One of the oldest ocarinas found in Europe is from [[Runik]], [[Kosovo]]. The [[Runik ocarina]] is a [[Neolithic]] flute-like wind instrument, and is the earliest prehistoric musical instrument ever recorded in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800|title=Runik Ocarina|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport, Republic of Kosovo|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211631/https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800|archive-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The modern European ocarina dates back to the 19th century, when [[Giuseppe Donati]] from [[Budrio]], a town near [[Bologna|Bologna, Italy]], transformed the ocarina from a toy, which played only a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument (known as the first "classical" ocarina). The word ''ocarina'' derives from ''ucaréṅna'', which in the [[Bolognese dialect]] means "little goose". The earlier form was known in Europe as a [[gemshorn]], which was made from animal [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] of the [[chamois]] ({{langx|nl|gems}}).<ref name="ocarina">{{cite journal|title=A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': A New Etymology for the Word 'Ocarina'|last=Perono Cacciafoco|first=Francesco|date=December 2019|journal=Seria Stiinte Filologice|publisher=Analele Universitatii din Craiova|volume=41|number=1–2|pages=456–469}}</ref>

In 1964, John Taylor, an English mathematician, developed a fingering system that allowed an ocarina to play a full chromatic octave using only four holes.<ref name="historyocarinaforest" /> This is now known as the English fingering system, and is used extensively for pendant ocarinas. It is also used in several multi-chamber ocarinas, especially in ones that are designed to play more than one note at a time. The instrument is featured in the 1998 [[Nintendo 64]] game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'' which has been credited for increasing the popularity and sales of ocarinas due to the game's strong sales.<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Sharon R. |date=February 15, 1999 |title=Compressed Data; Can You Play 'Feelings' On the Ocarina? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214037/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html |archive-date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>  

=== Uses ===
French composer Pierre Arvay (1924–1980) wrote several pieces of library music for the ocarina. One of these – ''Merry ocarina'' – became well known in the UK when it was used as a regular musical segment in the BBC children's programme ''[[Vision On]]'', broadcast between 1964 and 1976.<ref>[https://pierrearvay.fr/en/musiques/1/all/ocarina Pierre Arvay: music]</ref>

Hungarian-Austrian composer [[György Ligeti]] (1923–2006) called for four ocarinas (to be performed by woodwind players doubling their own instruments) in his [[Violin Concerto (Ligeti)|Violin Concerto]], completed in 1993. In 1974, the Polish composer [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] (1933–2020) incorporated 12 ocarinas in his composition ''[[The Dream of Jacob]]''. Later, he incorporated 50 in the final section of his [[Symphony No. 8 (Penderecki)|Symphony No. 8]], completed in 2008, where they are meant to be played by members of the choir.

==Types==
There are many different styles of ocarinas varying in shape and the number of holes:
* Transverse (Sweet potato) – This is the best-known style of ocarina. It has a rounded shape and is held with two hands horizontally. Depending on the number of holes, the player opens one more hole than the previous note to ascend in pitch. The two most common transverse ocarinas are 10-hole (invented by [[Giuseppe Donati]] in Italy) and 12-hole. They have a range of between an octave plus a fourth and an octave plus a minor sixth.
* Pendants:
** English Pendant – These are usually very small and portable, and use the English fingering system devised by John Taylor<ref name="historyocarinaforest" /> (4–6 holes). This fingering system allows them to achieve a range of between an octave and an octave plus a major second.
** Peruvian Pendant – Dating from the time of the Incas, used as instruments for festivals, rituals, and ceremonies. They are often seen with designs of animals. They usually have 8–9 holes.
* Inline – These ocarinas are usually rectangular or oval-shaped and are constructed so that the instrument points away from the musician when played. Most inline ocarinas have a similar or identical fingering system to transverse ocarinas.
* [[Vessel flute#Multiple resonant chambers|Multi-chambered ocarinas]] (better known as "double" and "triple" ocarinas) – These ocarinas are essentially two ocarinas molded into one body, with two separate mouthpieces and two separate sets of finger holes. This construction usually either expands the range of the instrument or allows multiple notes to be played at once. Although multi-chamber ocarinas can be made in transverse, inline, or pendant style, the transverse style is the most common. A typical transverse double ocarina plays two octaves plus a [[minor third]], and a transverse triple ocarina usually plays with a range of about two octaves plus a [[minor seventh]].
* Keys and slides  –  Beginning in the late 19th century, several makers have also produced ocarinas with keys and slides. These mechanisms either expand the instrument's range, help fingers reach holes that are widely spaced, or make it easier to play notes that are not in the native key of the instrument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ledgernote.com/features/the-ocarina-almanac/|title=The Ocarina Almanac|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924060627/http://ledgernote.com/features/the-ocarina-almanac/|archive-date=24 September 2016|publisher=Ledger Note|access-date=8 March 2021|date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Ocarina.jpg|A transverse ocarina
File:Blueandwhitepatternocarinaanonymous1923.png|Meissen "Blue Onion" pattern porcelain transverse ocarina, early 20th century
File:Ocarina SopranoF AltoC.jpg|Front and back view of transverse ocarinas. The double holes on front indicate a fingering system developed in 20th-century Japan.
File:Ocarina 2.JPG|Metal transverse ocarina of 1875
File:Pendant4ocarina.gif|The English pendant ocarina, invented in the 1960s by John Taylor, produces a chromatic octave using just four finger holes
File:Körtemuzsika2.jpg|English pendant ocarina (unstrung, with two suspension holes) held in the hand
File:Mountain Warmstone G okarína.JPG|An inline ocarina
File:Budriodouble.jpg|A double-chambered inline ocarina
File:Ocarina a doppia voce americana.JPG|A double-chambered English pendant
File:Ocarina doppia di Kurt Posch.jpg|A double-chambered transverse ocarina (mouthpiece on the side)
File:FocalinkDoubleAC.jpg|An Asian double chambered ocarina. The two blow holes in the mouthpiece are clearly visible, which makes it possible for the player to play an extended [[Range (music)|range of notes]] (17 in total, in this case from A4 to C6)
File:STL Triple Bass.jpg|A triple-chambered ocarina in the bass register
File:Paolo collection.jpg|A collection of ocarinas
File:STL Teacarina ocarina.jpg|Selection of novelty "teacarinas" that are also functional teacups
File:Ocarina shops.jpg|Owl-shaped ocarinas on sale in a shop in Taiwan
File:EpiCai Glass Bottle ocarina. 10 holes.jpg|Ocarina made from a bottle
File:Pre-Columbian ceramic ocarina.jpg|A ceramic pre-Columbian ocarina, c. 1300–1500, Tairona people, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
File:Replikat der Okarina der Zeit 20211210 HOF08320 RAW-Export 20211212000388 02.png|An ocarina design based on the titular instrument in the video game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]''
</gallery>

==Musical performance==
=== Tone production and acoustics ===

{{See also|Vessel flute#Acoustics}}

How an ocarina works:
# Air enters through the windway
# Air strikes the [[fipple|labium]], producing sound
# Air pulses in and out of the ocarina, as the vessel resonates a specific pitch (see [[Helmholtz resonator]])
# Covering holes lowers the pitch; uncovering holes raises the pitch
# Blowing more softly lowers the pitch; blowing harder raises it. Breath force can change the pitch by several semitones, of which about a third of a semitone either way is useful.<ref name=breath_curve>{{cite web|url=https://pureocarinas.com/playing-techniques/learning-to-play/playing-in-tune-and-managing-the-breath-curve |title=Playing the ocarina in tune – ocarina intonation |publisher=Pure Ocarinas |access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> Too much or too little air will harm the tone.<ref name="temp_sensitivity">{{cite web |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=How air temperature affects an ocarina's pitch |url=https://pureocarinas.com/about-the-ocarina/ocarina-temperature-sensitivity |website=Pureocarinas.com |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> This is why ocarinas generally have no tuning mechanism or dynamic range, and why it is hard to learn to play one in tune.

The airstream is directed on the labium by a [[fipple]] or internal duct, which is a narrowing rectangular slot in the mouthpiece, rather than relying on the player's lips as in a [[transverse flute]]. Like other flutes, the airstream alternates quickly between the inner and outer face of the labium as the pressure in the ocarina chamber oscillates.

At first, the sound is a broad-spectrum "noise" (i.e. "chiff"), but those frequencies that are identical with the fundamental frequency of the resonating chamber (which depends on the fingering), are selectively amplified. A [[Helmholtz resonator|Helmholtz resonating chamber]] is unusually selective in amplifying a single frequency. Most resonators also amplify more [[overtones]].<ref name="Musical Acoustics pp.473">{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics|last=Benade|first=Arthur H.|author-link=Arthur Benade|year=1990|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=9780486264844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCW5Ng0UfYYC|pages=473–476}}</ref> As a result, ocarinas and other [[vessel flute]]s have a distinctive overtoneless sound.

Unlike many flutes, ocarinas do not rely on pipe length to produce a particular tone. Instead, the tone is dependent on the ratio of the total surface area of opened holes to the total cubic volume enclosed by the instrument.<ref name=physicsocarinaforest>{{cite web | publisher = ocarinaforest.com | title = Ocarina Physics | url = http://ocarinaforest.com/info/physics/how-ocarinas-work/ | access-date = 2012-12-30 | date = 2012-12-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130314100538/http://ocarinaforest.com/info/physics/how-ocarinas-work/ | archive-date = 2013-03-14 }}</ref> This means that, unlike a [[transverse flute]] or [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], sound is created by resonance of the entire cavity and the placement of the holes on an ocarina is largely irrelevant – their size is the most important factor. Instruments that have toneholes close to the voicing/embouchure should be avoided, however; as an ocarina is a [[Helmholtz resonance|Helmholtz resonator]], this weakens tonal production.

The [[resonator]] in the ocarina can create [[overtone]]s, but because of the common "egg" shape, these overtones are many octaves above the keynote scale.<ref name="Musical Acoustics pp.473"/> In similar [[vessel flute|Helmholtz resonator instruments]] with a narrow cone shape, like the [[Gemshorn]] or [[Tonette]], some partial overtones are available. The technique of [[overblowing]] to get a range of higher-pitched notes is possible with the ocarina but not widely used because the resulting note is not "clean" enough, so the range of pitches available is limited by the total area of the holes.

Some ocarina makers bypass these physical limitations by creating ocarinas that have two or three resonating chambers, each with their own windway and [[fipple|labium]]. There are two main systems that dictate how these additional chambers are tuned: the Asian system and the Pacchioni system. The Asian system maximizes range by beginning each chamber one semitone higher than the highest note of the previous chamber. The Pacchioni system instead focuses on smoothing the transition between chambers by overlapping their ranges slightly, thereby making it easier to play melodies that fall in that range.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=Multichamber ocarinas and their tuning systems |url=https://pureocarinas.com/about-the-ocarina/multichamber-ocarinas-and-their-tunings |website=Pure Ocarinas |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

===Musical notation and tablature===
Ocarina music is written in three main ways. The most apparent is the use of sheet music. There are archives of [[sheet music]] either specifically written for ocarinas, or adapted from piano sheet music. Since some ocarinas are fully [[chromatic]] and can be played in [[professional]] musical situations, including [[classical music|classical]] and [[Folk music|folk]], sheet music is an ideal notation for ocarinas.

Second is the use of numerical tablature, which expresses the musical notes as numbers. Some makers have developed their own system of numerical [[tablature]] for their ocarinas, while others follow a more universal system where numbers correspond to different notes on the scale. This method is typically used by beginners who have not learned to read sheet music.

A third method uses a pictorial tablature similar to the ocarina's finger hole pattern, with blackened holes that represent holes to cover. The tablature represents the holes on the top of the ocarina, and, where necessary, the holes on the underside. This enables easy playing, particularly for beginners. The two most popular tablature systems are:
* The John Taylor four-hole system (invented in 1964 by British mathematician John Taylor)
* The 10 hole sweet potato system (invented by [[Giuseppe Donati]] of Budrio Italy)
Depending on the artist, some may write a number or figure over the picture to depict how many beats to hold the note.<ref name=fingeringcharts>{{cite web | publisher = www.hindocarina.com | title = Ocarina Fingering Charts | url = http://hindocarina.com/enjoy/fingering.shtml | access-date = 2007-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129090713/http://hindocarina.com/enjoy/fingering.shtml | archive-date = 2008-01-29 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Articulation===
{{See also|Tin Whistle#Ornamentation}}
Due to its lack of keys, the ocarina shares many articulations with the [[tin whistle]], such as cuts, strikes, rolls, and slides.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=Articulating notes on the ocarina |url=https://pureocarinas.com/ocarina-tutorial/ocarina-ornamentation |website=Pure Ocarinas |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> However, tonguing is used more often on ocarina than on tin whistle, and vibrato is always achieved through adjusting breath pressure instead of with the fingers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=Ornamentation on the ocarina |url=https://pureocarinas.com/ocarina-tutorial/ocarina-ornamentation |website=Pure Ocarinas |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>

==Similar instruments==
Other [[vessel flute]]s include the Chinese [[Xun (instrument)|xun]] and African globe flutes. The xun (simplified Chinese: 埙; traditional: 塤; pinyin: xūn) is a Chinese vessel flute made of clay or ceramic. It is one of the oldest Chinese instruments. Shaped like an egg, it differs from the ocarina in being side-blown, like the [[Western concert flute]], rather than having a [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]-like mouthpiece (a [[fipple]] or beak). Similar instruments exist in Korea (the ''[[hun (instrument)|hun]]'') and Japan (the ''[[tsuchibue]]'').<ref name="seocarinas.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.seocarinas.com/OcarinaHistory.html |title=Ocarina |publisher=Seocarinas.com |access-date=2018-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327181201/http://seocarinas.com/OcarinaHistory.html |archive-date=2018-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A related family of instruments is the closed-pipe family, which includes the [[pan flute|panpipes]] and other instruments that produce their tone by vibrating a column of air within a stopped [[cylinder]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

The old fashioned [[jug band]] [[Jug (instrument)|jug]] also has similar properties.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The traditional German [[gemshorn]] works nearly the same way as an ocarina. The only difference is the material it is made from: the horn of a [[chamois]], [[goat]], or other suitable animal.<ref name="seocarinas.com"/>

[[File:Borrindo.jpg|thumb|[[Sindhis|Sindhi]] borrindos, a form of vessel flute produced in different sizes to give different tones. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial [[clay]], plentiful in the central [[Indus River|Indus Valley]].]]
The [[borrindo]] is a simple hollow clay ball with three to four fingering holes, one hole slightly larger than the other three, which are smaller and of equal size to one another.{{Vague|date=July 2011}}<!--Is this instrument particular to some region or cultural group? Must the clay from which it is made come from the Indus valley?--> The holes are arranged in an [[Types of triangles|isosceles triangular]] form. The borrindo is made out of soft alluvial clay available in plenty everywhere in the central [[Indus Valley]]. Being of the simplest design, it is made even by children. Some adults make fine borrindos of larger size, put pottery designs on them, and bake them. These baked borrindos, with pottery designs, are the later evolved forms of this musical instrument, which appears to have previously been used in its simple unbaked form for a long time.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The sound notes are produced by blowing somewhat horizontally into the larger hole. Finger tips are placed on smaller holes to regulate the notes. Its ease of play makes it popular among children and the youth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Hand flute]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=L'ocarina di Budrio: Pubblicato in occasione del 1 centenario ed a cura del comitato per le manifestazioni budriesi|last=Adversi|first=Aldo|publisher=Bongiovanni|year=1963|language=it}}
* {{cite book|title=Il Settimino di ocarine: Storia di una tradizione italiana|last=Cedroni|first=Claudio|publisher=Edizioni Sonic Press|year=2011|language=it}}
* {{cite book|title=From Mud to Music: Making and Enjoying Ceramic Musical Instruments|last=Hall|first=Barry|year=2006|publisher=American Ceramic Society|isbn=1-57498-139-0|url=http://www.clayz.com/fmtm.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094305/http://www.clayz.com/fmtm.html}}
* {{cite book|title=Il suono dell'argilla: l'ocarina di Budrio 150 anni dopo|editor-last=Molinario Pradelli|editor-first=Alessandro|year=2003|publisher=City of Budrio|language=it}}
* {{cite journal|title=A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': a New Etymology for the Word ocarina|last=Perono Cacciafoco|first=Francesco|year=2019|journal=Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Ştiinţe Filologice. Lingvistică|issue=1–2|pages=356–369|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=825358|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=The Art Of Ocarina Making |url=https://ocarinamaking.com/}} (continual updates)
* {{cite book |last1=Hickman |first1=Robert |title=Serious Ocarina Player – The Fundamentals of Excellent Performance|url=https://seriousocarinabook.com/index}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Enwikipediaocarina1-15-2012.ogg|date=2012-01-15}}
{{commons category|Ocarina}}
* [http://www.stlocarina.com/booklets.html A variety of ocarina fingering charts]
{{Flutes}}

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