Editing Obstetrics and gynaecology

{{short description|Medical specialty encompassing two subspecialties}}
{{For|the journal|Obstetrics & Gynecology (journal)}}

{{Globalize|article|2=United Kingdom|2name=the [[United Kingdom]]|3=USA|3name=the [[United States]]|date=August 2019}}
{{wiktionary|obstetrics|gynaecology}}{{Women's health sidebar}}

'''Obstetrics and gynaecology''' (also spelled as '''obstetrics and gynecology'''; abbreviated as '''Obst and Gynae''', '''O&G''', '''OB-GYN''' and '''OB/GYN'''{{efn|"OB-GYN" (or "OB/GYN") is most commonly treated as an [[initialism]] and pronounced as five individual letters, even though it only represents two different words.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ob-gyn|title=Ob-gyn|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=December 4, 2022}}</ref>}}) is the [[medical specialty]] that encompasses the two subspecialties of [[obstetrics]] (covering [[pregnancy]], [[childbirth]], and the [[postpartum period]]) and [[gynaecology]] (covering the health of the [[female reproductive system]]  – [[vagina]], [[uterus]], [[ovaries]], and [[Breast|breasts]]). The specialization is an important part of care for [[women's health]].

Postgraduate training programs for both fields are usually combined, preparing the practising obstetrician-gynecologist to be adept both at the care of female reproductive organs' health and at the management of pregnancy, although many doctors go on to develop subspecialty interests in one field or the other.

==Scope==
===United States===
[[File:Handgriffe.JPG|thumb|[[Leopold's maneuvers]]]]According to the [[American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] (ABOG), which is responsible for issuing OB-GYN certifications in the United States, the first step to OB-GYN certification is completing medical school to receive an MD or DO degree.<ref name="ABOG_certification">{{Cite web |title= Overview for Specialty Certification |url=https://www.abog.org/specialty-certification/overview|access-date=2021-12-08|website=American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology|language=en}}</ref> From there doctors must complete a four-year OB-GYN residency program approved by the [[Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]] (ACGME).<ref name="ABOG_certification" /><ref name="UI_certification">{{Cite web |title=Education, Training, and Certification for OBGYN|url=https://chicago.medicine.uic.edu/departments/academic-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/education/medical-student-education/obgyn-student-interest-group/education-training-and-certification-for-obgyn/|access-date=2021-12-08 |language=en-US | publisher = The University of Illinois College of Medicine }}</ref> For the 2021 [[Electronic Residency Application Service]] (ERAS) match, there were 277 OB-GYN residency programs accepting applicants.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=ERAS 2021 Participating Specialties & Programs|url=https://services.aamc.org/eras/erasstats/par/display.cfm?NAV_ROW=PAR&SPEC_CD=220|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-09|website=Electronic Residency Application Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015206/https://services.aamc.org/eras/erasstats/par/display.cfm?NAV_ROW=PAR&SPEC_CD=220|archive-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>

In their fourth year of residency, with an affidavit from their director to confirm program completion, OB-GYN residents can choose whether to begin the board certification process by applying to take the ABOG Qualifying Exam, which is a written test.<ref name="ABOG_requirements">{{Cite web |title= Speciality Certification Requirements |url=https://www.abog.org/specialty-certification/requirements|access-date=2021-12-08|website=American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology|language=en}}</ref> If residents pass the Qualifying Exam, demonstrating they possess the knowledge and skills to potentially become certified OB-GYNs, they are then eligible to sit for the oral Certification Exam.<ref name="ABOG_requirements" /> Prior to the Certification Exam, residents must also gather a list of patient cases they've worked on throughout their residency in order to demonstrate their competence and experience in OB-GYN patient care.<ref name="ABOG_certification" />

Residents then sit for the three-hour oral exam at ABOG's test center, and if they pass the exam they become "board certified" OB-GYNs.<ref name="UI_certification" /> Since 2013 at least 82% of all Certifying Exam examinees have passed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Specialty Certifying Exam Pass Rates|url=https://www.abog.org/specialty-certification/certifying-exam/exam-pass-rates|access-date=2021-12-08|website=American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology|language=en}}</ref>

This adds up to 11–14 years of education and practical experience. The first 7–9 years are general medical training.

Experienced OB-GYN professionals can seek certifications in sub-specialty areas, including maternal and fetal medicine. See [[Fellowship (medicine)]].

=== United Kingdom ===
All doctors must first complete medical school and obtain a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] or equivalent certification.<ref name="NHS_requirements">{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/roles-doctors/obstetrics-and-gynaecology/entry-requirements-skills-and-interest|title=Entry requirements, skills and interest (obstetrics and gynaecology)|date=2015-05-27|website=Health Careers|language=en|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> This portion typically takes five years. Following this, they are eligible for provisional registration with the [[General Medical Council]]. They then must complete two years of foundation training.<ref name="NHS_requirements" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foundationprogramme.nhs.uk/|title=UK Foundation Programme|website=www.foundationprogramme.nhs.uk|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> After the first year of training is complete, trainees are eligible for full registration with the General Medical Council.<ref name="NHS_requirements" /> After the foundation training is complete applicants take the Part 1 MRCOG examination<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/careers-training/mrcog-exams/part-1-mrcog/|title=Part 1 MRCOG exam|website=Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> administered by the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]]. There are an additional seven years of training after this, and two more exams (Part 2 and Part 3 MRCOG exams) which adds up to nine years total minimum in training, although some trainees may take longer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/roles-doctors/obstetrics-and-gynaecology/training-and-development|title=Training and development (obstetrics and gynaecology)|date=2015-05-27|website=Health Careers|language=en|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>

==Subspecialties==
Examples of subspecialty training available to physicians in the US are:

* [[Maternal-fetal medicine]]: an [[Obstetrics|obstetrical]] subspecialty, sometimes referred to as perinatology, that focuses on the medical and surgical management of high-risk pregnancies and surgery on the fetus with the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality.
* [[Reproductive endocrinology and infertility]]: a subspecialty that focuses on the biological causes and interventional treatment of infertility
* Gynecological oncology: a gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the medical and surgical treatment of women with [[cancers]] of the reproductive organs
* [[urogynaecology|Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery]]: a gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of women with [[urinary incontinence]] and [[prolapse]] of the pelvic organs. Sometimes referred to by laypersons as "[[female urology]]"
* Advanced [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic surgery]]
* [[Family planning]]: a gynaecologic subspecialty offering training in [[contraception]] and pregnancy termination ([[abortion]])
* Pediatric and adolescent gynaecology
* [[Menopause|Menopausal]] and [[Geriatrics|geriatric]] gynaecology

Of these, only the first four are truly recognized sub-specialties by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG). The other subspecialties are recognized as informal concentrations of practice. To be recognized as a board-certified subspecialist by the [[American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology]] or the [[American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology]], a practitioner must have completed an [[Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education|ACGME]] or [[American Osteopathic Association|AOA]]-accredited residency and obtained a Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) which requires an additional standardized examination.<ref>[http://www.abog.org Welcome to the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology Web Site: Certification of Obstetricians and Gynecologists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aobog.org/pages/eligibility |title=Eligibility/Board Eligibility |date=2012 |publisher=American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology |access-date=19 September 2012 }}</ref>

Additionally, physicians of other specialties may become trained in [[Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics]] (ALSO), a short certification that equips them to better manage emergent OB/GYN situations.

== Common procedures ==
There are many procedures that can be provided to people by OB/GYNs. Some procedures may include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.springfieldclinic.com/medical-specialties-services/obstetrics-gynecology/preventive-wellness/common-gyn-procedures|title=Common GYN Procedures {{!}} Obstetrics & Gynecology {{!}} Springfield Clinic|website=www.springfieldclinic.com|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>

* [[Colposcopy]]:  If the results of a cervical cancer screening test, such as Pap smear or HPV test, are abnormal this more thorough examination of the cervix and vaginal tissues may be needed. 
* [[Loop electrical excision procedure]] (LEEP): a procedure to quickly remove abnormal vaginal tissue within the cervix. A local anesthetic and a solution to enhance the points of removal visually is administered during the process. There is a chance of experiencing watery, pinkish discharge, brownish discharge, and mild cramping. 
* [[Endometrial biopsy]]:  a procedure that collects a tissue sample from the endometrium lining of the uterus. The sample is tested and checked under a microscope for abnormals cells or indicators of cancer.   
* [[Intrauterine device|IUD]] insertion: an intrauterine device that is T-shaped and is placed in the uterus through the cervix. It is a reversible contraceptive that can be done in a doctor's office. 
* [[Etonogestrel birth control implant|Nexplanon]]: is about a 4 cm implant that goes into the upper forearm. This implant releases birth control hormones into the body and can last up to three years. This type of birth control has a 99% success rate for pregnancy prevention. 
* [[Dilation and curettage]] (D&C): an out-patient procedure to open (dilate) the cervix to collect samples of endometrial tissue with a curette. A D&C can also be done to remove a fetus that was not passed naturally after a miscarriage or to induce an abortion.
*[[Tubal ligation]]: a surgery to close the fallopian tubes for the prevention of pregnancy. It is also known as "tying the tubes".
*[[Ovarian cyst|Ovarian cystectomy]]: the removal of a cyst that either has a solid appearance, larger than three inches in diameter, has the possibility to become cancerous, or causes a constant pain. Cysts can be removed without removing an ovary. Women who do not take birth control produce small cysts every other month but they can disappear on their own.

== See also ==
* [[Andrology]]
* [[Urology]]
* [[Neonatal infection]]
* [[Instruments used in obstetrics and gynecology]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | vauthors = Llewellyn-Jones D, Abraham S, Oats J | title = Fundamentals of Obstetrics and Gynecology | edition = 7th | publisher = Mosby | date = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7234-3150-3 }}

== External links ==
* [https://www.figo.org/ FIGO.org] [[International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)]]
* [https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14710528 ''BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetricians and Gynecologists'']
* [https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/18793479 & Gynecology & Obstetrics'']
{{Medicine}}
{{Obstetrical procedures}}
{{Pregnancy}}
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[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Gynaecology]]