Editing Norman Bethune

{{Short description|Canadian physician (1890–1939)}}
{{for|this person's grandfather, born August 13, 1822, and also a Canadian physician|Norman Bethune Sr.}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Norman Bethune graduation 1922.jpg
| caption            = Bethune in 1916
| birth_name         = Henry Norman Bethune
| birth_date         = {{birth-date|March 4, 1890}}
| birth_place        = [[Gravenhurst, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1939|11|12|1890|3|4}}
| death_place        = [[Tang County, Hebei]], China
| education          = [[University of Toronto]]
| occupation         = [[Physician]], [[surgeon]]
| party              = [[Communist Party of Canada]]
| known_for          = Developing mobile medical units, surgical instruments and a method for transporting blood for transfusions
| employer           = [[Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal|Royal Victoria Hospital]], [[Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal]]
| module             = {{Infobox Chinese
|child = yes
|c     = {{linktext|白求恩|lang=zh}}
|p     = Bái Qiú'ēn
|wg    = Pai2-chʻiu2-ên1
|altname = Transcription of full name
|s2    = 亨利·诺尔曼·白求恩
|t2    = 亨利·諾爾曼·白求恩
|p2    = Hēnglì Nuò'ěrmàn Báiqiú'ēn}}
}}
'''Henry Norman Bethune''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|θ|.|j|uː|n}}; March 4, 1890<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/100-stories/Pages/bethune.aspx|title=Henry Norman Bethune|last=Canada|first=Library and Archives|date=February 24, 2015|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> &ndash; November 12, 1939; {{lang-zh|t=白求恩}}{{efn|In Chinese, Norman Bethune is mainly known by his Chinese name 白求恩 (Bái Qiú'ēn), which phonetically mimics his English surname while appearing to be like a native Chinese name. The {{ill|Xinhua Transliteration Manual for English Names|zh|英语姓名译名手册}} recommends that 贝休恩 (Bèixiū'ēn) be used to transcribe the surname Bethune in general cases; meanwhile, the manual lists Norman Bethune's Chinese name 白求恩 as an alternate form of transliteration.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://icc.swu.edu.cn/u/cms/icc/201808/14085659gmoh_%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C.%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89-1985%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E7%AC%AC3%E7%89%88-%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB.pdf |title=英语姓名译名手册 |publisher=[[The Commercial Press]] |year=1989 |edition=2 |location=Beijing |pages=1, 35 |language=zh |trans-title=Transliteration Manual for English Names}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Hailun |date=1989 |title=The Art of Naming in China and Translating Western Names Into Chinese |journal=Literary Onomastics Studies |volume=16 |issue=Article 12 |url=https://soar.suny.edu/handle/20.500.12648/2877 |page=49  }}</ref>}}) was a Canadian [[Cardiothoracic surgery|thoracic surgeon]], early advocate of [[socialized medicine]], and member of the [[Communist Party of Canada]]. Bethune came to international prominence first for his service as a frontline [[trauma surgeon]] supporting the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republican government]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]], and later supporting the [[Chinese Communist Party]]'s (CCP) [[Eighth Route Army]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. Bethune helped bring [[modern medicine]] to rural China, treating both sick villagers and wounded soldiers.

Bethune was responsible for developing a mobile [[Blood transfusion|blood-transfusion]] service for frontline operations in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He later died of [[blood poisoning]] after accidentally cutting his finger while operating on wounded Chinese soldiers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Henry Norman Bethune Biography|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography|publisher=Thomson Corporation|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/henry-norman-bethune/|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Bethune's service to the CCP earned him the respect of [[Mao Zedong]], who wrote a [[eulogy]] dedicated to Bethune when he died in 1939.<ref name="MaoEulogy" /> His name is honored in China to this day.

== Family history ==
Bethune came from a prominent [[Scottish Canadian]] family, whose origins can be traced back to the [[Beaton medical kindred|Bethune/Beaton medical kindred]] who practised medicine in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Era.<ref name = Munro/> His great-great-grandfather, the Reverend Doctor [[John Bethune (Canadian minister)|John Bethune]] (1751–1815), the family patriarch, established the first [[Presbyterian]] congregation in [[Montreal]], the first five Presbyterian churches in Ontario and was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church of Canada.<ref name="Munro">Munro A, Macintyre IMC. The ancestors of Norman Bethune (1890–1939) traced back to the Bethunes of Skye, leading members of the MacBeth/Beaton medical dynasty. J R Coll Physicians. 2013;43:262–9. https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Munro.pdf</ref>

Bethune's great-grandfather, [[Angus Bethune (fur trader)|Angus Bethune]] (1783–1858), joined the [[North West Company]] (NWC) at an early age and travelled extensively throughout what was the North West of Canada at that time, exploring and trading for furs. Angus Bethune married Louise McKenzie (1793–1833), a Métis woman.<ref>Barkwell, Lawrence J. “BETHUNE, NORMAN, DR.” The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture, January 14, 2014, http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/14559.</ref> Louise McKenzie was the daughter of the Hon. [[Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne|Roderick McKenzie]], a prominent NWC partner, and his country wife.<ref name=":0">Jones, Gwynneth C. D. The Historical Roots of Métis Communities North of Lake Superior. Prepared for the Métis Nation of Ontario, March 31, 2015, p. 186. Zotero, http://www.metisnation.org/media/586242/mno_report_on_historic_metis_north_of_lake_superior_(march2015).pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205205550/http://www.metisnation.org/media/586242/mno_report_on_historic_metis_north_of_lake_superior_(march2015).pdf |date=February 5, 2020 }}.</ref> Bethune and McKenzie were both stationed at the Fort William fur trade post at the head of [[Lake Superior]].<ref name=":0" /> He eventually reached the Pacific at [[Fort Astoria|Fort Astoria, Oregon]]. He became chief factor of the Lake Huron district for the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] after the merger of the rival companies. Upon retirement from the HBC in 1839, he successfully ran for a post as an alderman on Toronto City Council.<ref name = "RussellNB"/>
[[File:Norman Bethune's study in Gravenhurst.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The study of Reverend Malcolm Bethune (father of Norman) in Gravenhurst.]]
Bethune's grandfather, [[Norman Bethune, Sr.]] (1822–92), was educated as a doctor at King's College, [[University of Toronto]], and in London, England at [[Guy's Hospital]], graduating in 1848 as a member of the [[Royal College of Surgeons]]. He went on to become a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] in 1860 and practised in Edinburgh until 1869.<ref name = Munro/> Upon his return to Canada, he became one of the founders of the Upper Canada School of Medicine,<ref>Heather MacDougall, “Bethune, Norman,” in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography,'' vol. 12, University of Toronto/Université Laval, accessed May 24, 2020, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bethune_norman_12E.html.</ref> which was incorporated into [[University of Trinity College|Trinity College, Toronto]] and eventually the University of Toronto.<ref name = Munro/>

Bethune's father, the Rev. Malcolm Nicolson Bethune, led an uneventful life as a small-town pastor, initially at Gravenhurst, Ontario, from 1889 to 1892. His mother was Elizabeth Ann Goodwin, an English immigrant to Canada. Both his parents were very religious, though Bethune himself was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bethune |first=Norman |title=The Politics of Passion: Norman Bethune's Writing and Art |url={{google books|yZYQU46wxWYC|plainurl=yes}} |year=1998 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-0907-4 |editor-first=Larry |editor-last=Hannant |access-date=April 21, 2012|quote=Bethune was a communist and an atheist with a healthy contempt for his evangelical father.}}</ref> Bethune grew up with a "fear of being mediocre", instilled into him by his emotionally strict father and domineering mother.<ref name="archives.cbc.ca">{{cite news |last=McEnaney |first=Marjorie |title=The early years of Norman Bethune |work=CBC Digital Archives |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/norman-bethune-the-early-years |date=September 13, 1964 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

Bethune was a distant relative of actor [[Christopher Plummer]].

==Early life==
[[File:Historic House in Fall2006.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Norman Bethune's birthplace, now [[Bethune Memorial House]]]]
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:Dr_Bethune_In_Battlefield.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Dr. Bethune performing a surgical operation close to a battlefield, October 1939, by prominent Chinese photographer of women.Wu Yinxian]] -->

Bethune was born in [[Gravenhurst, Ontario|Gravenhurst]], [[Ontario]], on March 4, 1890. His birth certificate erroneously stated March 3.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Roderick |last2=Stewart |first2=Sharon |title=Phoenix: The Life of Norman Bethune |year=2011 |url={{google books|u4eKCrdHwVgC|plainurl=yes|page=7}} |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-3819-1 |ref=StewartStewart2011}}, p. 7</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2022}} His siblings were his sister Janet and brother Malcolm.

As a youth, Bethune attended [[Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute|Owen Sound Collegiate Institute]], graduating in 1907. After a brief period as a primary school teacher in [[Edgeley, Vaughan|Edgeley]], in 1909, he enrolled at the University of Toronto to study physiology and biochemistry.<ref name = "Li2003">Shenwen Li, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023728/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bethune_henry_norman_16E.html “Bethune, Henry Norman”] in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'', vol. 16, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003, accessed May 25, 2020.</ref> He interrupted his studies for one year in 1911 to be a volunteer labourer-teacher with the Reading Camp Association (later [[Frontier College]]) at a remote [[lumber camp]] near [[Whitefish River (Sudbury District)|Whitefish, Sudbury]].<ref name = "Li2003"/> He returned to the University of Toronto in the fall of 1912, this time in the faculty of medicine.<ref name = "Li2003"/>

In 1914, when [[World War I]] was declared in Europe, he once again suspended his medical studies after being accepted into the [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]]. Bethune joined the Canadian Army's No. 2 Field Ambulance to serve as a stretcher-bearer in France. He was wounded by [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]] and sent to an English hospital to recover, repatriating to Canada in October 1915.<ref name = "Li2003"/> When he had recuperated from his injuries, he returned to Toronto to complete his medical degree. He received his M.D. in 1916.<ref name="archives.cbc.ca"/>

== Personal life ==
In 1917, with the war still in progress, Bethune joined the [[Royal Navy]] as a Surgeon-Lieutenant at the Chatham Hospital in England. In 1919, he began an internship specializing in children's diseases at [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|The Hospital for Sick Children at Great Ormond Street, London]]. Later he went to [[Edinburgh, Scotland|Edinburgh]], where he earned the [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|FRCS]] qualification at the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|Royal College of Surgeons]].<ref name=maclean/> In 1920 he met Frances Penney, whom he married in 1923. After a one-year "[[Grand Tour]]" of Europe, during which they spent much of her inheritance, they moved to [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], where Bethune took up private practice and also took a part-time job as an instructor at the [[Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery]].

In 1926 Bethune contracted [[tuberculosis]]. He sought treatment at the [[Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium|Trudeau Sanatorium]] in [[Saranac Lake, New York]]. At this time, Frances divorced Bethune and returned to her home in Scotland.

In the 1920s the established treatment for tuberculosis was total bed rest in a sanatorium. While convalescing Bethune read about a radical new treatment for tuberculosis called [[pneumothorax]]. This involved artificially collapsing the tubercular (diseased) lung, thus allowing it to rest and heal itself. The physicians at the Trudeau thought this procedure was too new and risky, but Bethune insisted on having the operation performed and made a full and complete recovery.

In 1929 Bethune remarried Frances; the best man at the wedding was his friend and colleague Graham Ross. They divorced again, for the final time, in 1933.

In 1928 Bethune joined thoracic surgical pioneer [[Edward William Archibald]], surgeon-in-chief of the [[McGill University]]'s [[Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal|Royal Victoria Hospital]] in Montreal.<ref name=maclean>{{Cite journal |last1=MacLean |first1=Lloyd D. |last2=Entin |first2=Martin A. |title=Norman Bethune and Edward Archibald: sung and unsung heroes |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02043-9 |url=http://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(00)02043-9/pdf |format=PDF |journal=Annals of Thoracic Surgery |year=2000 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1746–1752 |pmid=11093539 |s2cid=8639276 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>  From 1928 to 1936 Bethune perfected his skills in [[thoracic surgery]] and developed or modified more than a dozen new surgical tools. His most famous instrument was the Bethune Rib Shears, which remain in use today.<ref>[http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/doctors/mobile_blood.html Canadian Medicine: Mobile Blood Banks<!-- bot-generated title -->] at www.mta.ca {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312061955/http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/doctors/mobile_blood.html|date=March 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Innovative Healer |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5437,25117611&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |website=Norman Bethune 1890 - 1939 |access-date=August 5, 2015 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116130724/http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5437,25117611&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He published 14 articles describing his innovations in thoracic technique. He started his career in surgery at the Toronto General Hospital in 1921.

== Political activities ==
Bethune became increasingly concerned with the socio-economic aspects of disease.<ref name = "RussellNB"/> As a concerned doctor in Montreal during the economic depression years of the 1930s, Bethune frequently sought out the poor and gave them free medical care. He challenged his professional colleagues and agitated, without success, for the government to make radical reforms of medical care and health services in Canada.

Bethune was an early proponent of [[universal health care|socialized medicine]] and formed the Montreal Group for the Security of People's Health. In 1935 Bethune travelled to the [[Soviet Union]] to observe firsthand their system of universal free health care. During this year he became a committed Communist and joined the [[Communist Party of Canada]].  When returning from the Spanish Civil War to raise support for the Loyalist cause, he openly identified with the Communist cause.

== Spanish Civil War ==
[[File:Norman Bethune transfusion unit 1936.jpg|250px|thumb|Canadian Blood Transfusion Unit which operated during the Spanish Civil War. Dr Norman Bethune is to the right (c. 1936–37, Spain).]]

Shortly after the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1936, with the financial backing of the committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, Bethune went to Spain to offer his services to the government (Loyalist) forces.  He arrived in [[Madrid]] on November 3.

Unable to find a place where he could be used as a surgeon, he seized on an idea which may have been inspired by his limited experience of administering blood transfusions as Head of Thoracic Surgery at the [[Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal|Sacred Heart Hospital]] in Montreal between 1932 and 1936.  The idea was to set up a mobile blood transfusion service by which he could take blood donated by civilians in bottles to wounded soldiers near the front lines. The unit was officially presented to the Republicans in 1937 by [[Alexander Albert MacLeod]] under Bethune's direction.<ref name="BiographicalDictionary1985">{{Cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Leaders|last=Josephson|first=Harold|publisher=Greenwood|year=1985|isbn=0-313-22565-6|location=Connecticut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_q1j1/page/588 588-589]|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_q1j1/page/588}}</ref> Though this unit, the ''Servicio canadiense de transfusión de sangre'', was not the first of its kind—a similar service had been set up in Barcelona by a Spanish haematologist, [[Frederic Durán-Jordà]], and had been functioning since September—Bethune's Madrid-based unit covered a far wider area of operation.<ref>[[#StewartStewart2011|Stewart & Stewart (2011)]], pp.163–176</ref>

Bethune returned to Canada on June 6, 1937, where he went on a speaking tour to raise money and volunteers for the Spanish Civil War.

Shortly before leaving for Spain, Bethune wrote the following poem, published in the July 1937 edition of ''The [[Canadian Forum]]'':
{{quote
|And this same pallid moon tonight,<br />
Which rides so quietly, clear and high,<br />
The mirror of our pale and troubled gaze,<br />
Raised to a cool Canadian sky.<br />
<br />
Above the shattered mountain tops,<br />
Last night, rose low and wild and red,<br />
Reflecting back from her illumined shield,<br />
The blood bespattered faces of the dead.<br />
<br />
To that pale disc, we raise our clenched fists,<br />
And to those nameless dead our vows renew,<br />
"Comrades, who fought for freedom and the future world,<br />
Who died for us, we will remember you."}}

== China ==
[[File:Norman Bethune China 1938.jpg|thumb|left|Norman Bethune in China with [[Nie Rongzhen]] (centre) and an interpreter, 1938.]]
[[File:Wanping-Norman-Bethune-3558.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Bethune at [[Wanping Fortress]], Beijing]]
In January 1938 Bethune travelled to [[Yan'an]] in the [[Northern Shaanxi|Shanbei region]] of Shaanxi province in China. There he joined the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. The Lebanese-American doctor [[Ma Haide (George Hatem)|George Hatem]], who had come to Yan'an earlier, was instrumental in helping Bethune get started at his task of organizing medical services for the front and the region.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The People's Doctor: George Hatem and China's Revolution |first=Edgar A |last=Porter |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1997 |isbn= 0-8248-1905-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTdNTR4ZefwC |ref=Porter1997 |pages=115–118}}</ref>

In China, Bethune performed emergency [[battlefield medicine|battlefield surgical operations]] on war casualties and established training for doctors, nurses, and orderlies.<ref><!-- deadlink not found in Wayback Machine removed [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_199904/ai_n8846092] --> Alexander, C A, New York-tidewater chapters' history of military medicine award: The military odyssey of Norman Bethune, ''Military Medicine'', April 1999</ref> He did not distinguish between sides in treating casualties.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Robert |title=America's Magic Mountain |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |date=1986 |isbn=0-395-37905-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/saranacamericasm00tayl }}</ref>

Bethune had thoughts on the manner in which medicine was practised, and stated:
{{quote|Medicine, as we are practising it, is a luxury trade. We are selling bread at the price of jewels. ... Let us take the profit, the private economic profit, out of medicine, and purify our profession of rapacious individualism ... Let us say to the people not 'How much have you got?' but 'How best can we serve you?'<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=1704189|title=Patients, Practitioners, & Medical Care|year=1979|volume=120|issue=12|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|last1=Rakoff|first1=V. M.|pages=1500–1501}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Robert, MD |title=Norman Bethune: His Contributions to Medicine and CMAJ |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/site/100/pdfs/bethuneCMAJ.pdf |date=November 1, 1989 |volume=141 |issue=9 |pages=947–953 |pmid=2680011 |pmc=1451431 |access-date=August 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904092115/http://www.cmaj.ca/site/100/pdfs/bethuneCMAJ.pdf |archive-date=September 4, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ted |last1=Allan |first2=Sydney |last2=Gordon |title=The Story of Doctor Norman Bethune |page=130}}</ref>}}

In the summer of 1939 Bethune was appointed medical advisor to the Jin-Cha-Ji (Shanxi-[[Chahar Province|Chahar]]-[[Hebei]]) [[Shaan-Gan-Ning|Border Region]] Military District, under the direction of General [[Nie Rongzhen]].<ref>[[#Porter1997|Porter (1997)]], p. 122–123.</ref>

Stationed with the [[Communist Party of China]]'s [[Eighth Route Army]] in the midst of the Japanese invasion of China during the WWII, Bethune cut his left [[middle finger]] on October 29, 1939, while retrieving bony fragments from a soldier with a wounded leg.  Three days later on November 1, while operating on another soldier with neck [[erysipelas]], his finger wound reopened and was infected.  Probably due to [[malnourishment]], which gave him a weakened state, he contracted [[septicaemia]] and died on November 12, 1939.<ref name = "RussellNB">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Russell |first=Hilary |title=Norman Bethune |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norman-bethune/ |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |date=August 8, 2008 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

There is considerable controversy surrounding the last [[will and testament|will]] which Bethune purportedly wrote on the eve of his death.  Here follows one version:
<blockquote>Dear [[Nie Rongzhen|Commander Nie]],<br />Today I feel really unwell. Probably I have to say farewell to you forever! Please send a letter to [[Tim Buck]] the General Secretary of the Canadian Communist Party. The address is No.10, Wellington Street, Toronto, Canada. Please also make a copy for Committee on International Aid to China and Democratic Alliance of Canada, tell them, I am very happy here&nbsp;... Please give my [[Kodak Retina]] II camera to comrade [[Sha Fei]].<br />— Norman Bethune, 04:20pm, November 11th, 1939.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://vision.xitek.com/famous/201009/08-50856.html |language=zh |work=Zhao Junyi |title=Photographic history: Bethune's camera was given to comrade Sha Fei |date=2010-09-08 |publisher=vision.xitek.com |access-date=September 13, 2010 |archive-date=September 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915002225/http://vision.xitek.com/famous/201009/08-50856.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

== Legacy ==
===In Canada===
[[File:Place Norman Bethune Montreal 09.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A statue of Bethune in Montreal's [[Norman Bethune Square]].]]
In 1973, following the visit of Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] to China, the Government of Canada purchased the manse of Presbyterian Church in Gravenhurst, in which Bethune was born. The previous year, Dr. Bethune had been declared a [[Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)|Person of National Historic Significance]]. In 1976, the restored building was opened to the public as [[Bethune Memorial House]]. In 2012, the Government of Canada opened a new visitor centre, to enhance the experience of visitors to the site.<ref>{{cite press release |title=New Visitor Centre at Bethune Memorial House Receives a Hero's Welcome |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?nid=685699 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115093809/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?nid=685699 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |publisher=Government of Canada |date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=August 6, 2015 }}</ref> The house is operated as a [[National Historic Site of Canada]] by [[Parks Canada]].

In 1979, [[Dr. Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute]] was founded in Scarborough.

In 1998, Bethune was inducted into the [[Canadian Medical Hall of Fame]] located in [[London, Ontario]].  In 2000, the University of Toronto inaugurated the annual Bethune Round Table on International Surgery, an annual surgical conference named in his honour.
[[File:BMH Visitor Centre.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Bethune Memorial House Visitor Centre in Gravenhurst, opened in May 2013.]]

In August 2000, then-[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Adrienne Clarkson]], who is of Chinese descent, visited Gravenhurst and unveiled a bronze statue of him erected by the town. It stands in front of the Opera House on the town's main street, Muskoka Road.

The city of Montreal, Quebec, has created a [[Norman Bethune Square|public square]] and erected a [[Norman Bethune Memorial (Montreal)|statue of him]] in his honour, located near the [[Guy-Concordia (Montreal Metro)|Guy-Concordia Metro station]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Allan |last=Hustak |title=Statue of Bethune getting new home |work=The Gazette (Montreal) |date=December 3, 2007 |url=http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=0fdbe6ad-0cd1-4c38-be5c-b67cb2780514 |access-date=August 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904092116/http://www2.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=0fdbe6ad-0cd1-4c38-be5c-b67cb2780514 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 }}</ref> His archives are held at [[McGill University]] in the [[Osler Library of the History of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/norman-bethune-collection|title=Norman Bethune Collection|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:1964_Chinese_Movie_Bethune.jpg|thumb|right|200px|1964 Chinese movie ''Dr Bethune'']] -->

In March 1990, to commemorate the centenary of his birth, Canada and China each issued two postage stamps of the same design in his honour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=SY |last2=Pettigrew |first2=K |title=Henry Norman Bethune (1890–1939): Surgeon, communist, humanitarian |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |date=October 2016 |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=526–527 |doi=10.11622/smedj.2016162|pmid=27779274 |pmc=5075949 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Banners with a stylized photo of him titled Local Heroes, hang in the River District of [[Owen Sound]] with his birthdate and death and listing his accomplishments as "Surgeon, Inventor, Political Activist, Artist, Writer, Poet".

===In China===
Virtually unknown in his homeland during his lifetime, Bethune received international recognition when Chairman [[Mao Zedong]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] published his eulogy entitled ''In Memory of Norman Bethune'' ({{zh|c=紀念白求恩}}),<ref name = "MaoEulogy"/> which documented the final months of the doctor's life in China. Almost the entire Chinese population knew about the essay, which became required reading in China's elementary schools in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norman Bethune |website=ChinesePosters.net |url=http://chineseposters.net/themes/bethune.php |access-date=August 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023934/http://chineseposters.net/themes/bethune.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three Constantly Read Articles|website=ChinesePosters.net|url=http://chineseposters.net/themes/mao-three-articles.php|access-date=August 6, 2015|archive-date=November 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114011832/http://chineseposters.net/themes/mao-three-articles.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The standard elementary school text book still has the essay today: {{quote|Comrade Bethune's spirit, his utter devotion to others without any thought of self, was shown in his great sense of responsibility in his work and his great warm-heartedness towards all comrades and the people. Every Communist must learn from him. ... We must all learn the spirit of absolute selflessness from him. With this spirit everyone can be very useful to the people. A man's ability may be great or small, but if he has this spirit, he is already noble-minded and pure, a man of moral integrity and above vulgar interests, a man who is of value to the people.<ref name = "MaoEulogy">Mao Zedong, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_25.htm''In Memory of Norman Bethune''], December 21, 1939. ''Selected Works'', Vol. II pp. 337-38. Quoted in the ''[[Quotations of Chairman Mao Zedong]]'', Chapter 17: Serving the People.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese still cherish memory of Norman Bethune |work=People's Daily Online |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200412/23/eng20041223_168381.html |date=December 22, 2004 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last=Jingqing Yang |title=Serve the People: Ethics of Medicine in China |conference=EASP 5th Conference: Welfare Reform in East Asia |publisher=East Asia Social Policy |location=National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan |date=November 3, 2008 |url=http://www.welfareasia.org/5thconference/papers/Yang%20J_communist%20ideology%20and%20professional%20ethics.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.welfareasia.org/5thconference/papers/Yang%20J_communist%20ideology%20and%20professional%20ethics.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>}}
[[File:Comrade Bethune&#039;s Unselfish Spirit poster.png|thumb|1968 propaganda poster depicting Bethune with a quotation from Mao's eulogy for him]]
During the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior, the eulogy was frequently assigned for Third Front workers to read.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Meyskens |first=Covell F. |url= |title=Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-78478-8 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |oclc=1145096137}}</ref>{{Rp|page=94}} 

Bethune is one of the few Westerners to whom China has dedicated statues, of which many have been erected in his honour throughout the country. He is buried in the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery, [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Hebei]] Province, China, where his tomb and memorial hall lie opposite the tomb of [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]], an Indian doctor also honoured for his humanitarian efforts in China.<ref>{{cite web|title=North China Martyrs Cemetery|url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/92040/North-China-Martyrs-Cemetery.htm|website=www.tracesofwar.com}}</ref>

Elsewhere in China, the Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences ({{zh|c=白求恩医科大学}}) in [[Changchun]], [[Jilin province]], was one of the eleven national medical universities directly subordinated to [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China]]. The predecessor of this university was the Hygiene School of {{Interlanguage link multi|Jin-Cha-Ji Military Region|zh|3=晋察冀军区}} of the [[Eighth Route Army]] (八路军晋察冀军区卫生学校 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese]]) founded in 1939 by Bethune's advocacy. The school developed with Bethune Hygiene School (February 16, 1940), Bethune Medical School (Jan 1946), Bethune Medical University (June 1946), {{Interlanguage link multi|Medical University of North China|zh|3=华北医科大学}} (1948), {{Interlanguage link multi|First Military Medical University (1948–1958)|lt=First Military Medical University|zh|3=中国人民解放军第一军医大学 (1958年前)}} (1951 in [[Tianjin]]), moved to [[Changchun]] in 1954, Medical College of Changchun (July 1958), Medical University of Jilin (June 1959), Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences (March 1978), merged into [[Jilin University]] as {{Interlanguage link multi|Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University|zh|3=吉林大学白求恩医学部}} in 2000. There are at least three dedicated statues of Bethune in this university: in the west square of College of Basic Medicine, in the Second Affiliated Hospital and in the Third Affiliated Hospital.

He is also commemorated at three institutions in [[Shijiazhuang]] – Bethune Military Medical College, Bethune Specialized Medical College and Bethune International Peace Hospital. In Canada, Norman Bethune College at [[York University]], and [[Dr. Norman Bethune Collegiate Institute]] (a secondary school) in [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[Ontario]], are named after him.

The biannually awarded {{Interlanguage link multi|Bethune Medal|zh|3=白求恩奖章}} ({{zh|c=白求恩奖章}}), established in 1991, is the highest medical honour in China, bestowed to up to seven individuals by the [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Health]] and [[Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Personnel]] of China, to recognize outstanding contribution, heroic spirit and great humanitarianism in the medical field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2009-04/10/content_11163574.htm |title=白求恩奖章 |trans-title=Bethune Medal |work=Xinhua News Agency |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105102259/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2009-04/10/content_11163574.htm |archive-date=January 5, 2014 }}</ref>

The 2007 [[Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival]] featured as its central theme a memorial to Bethune.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Bethune is among the "foreign friends of China" that [[Xi Jinping]] cites in [[Foreign policy of Xi Jinping|his foreign policy]] discourses in an effort to recognize the contributions of other countries to China's national liberation.<ref name=":Shan">{{Cite book |last=Shan |first=Patrick Fuliang |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |pages=42 |chapter=What Did the CCP Learn from the Past? |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref>

===In Spain===
On February 7, 2006, the city of [[Málaga]], Spain, opened the Walk of Canadians in his memory. This avenue, which runs parallel to the beach "Crow Rock" direction to Almeria, paid tribute to the solidarity action of Dr. Norman Bethune and his colleagues who helped the population of Málaga during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. During the ceremony, a commemorative plaque was unveiled with the inscription: "Walk of Canadians – In memory of aid from the people of Canada at the hands of Norman Bethune, provided to the refugees of Málaga in February 1937". The ceremony also included a planting of an olive tree and a maple tree representative of Spain and Canada as a symbol of friendship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inauguration of the Canadians' Promenade in tribute to Norman Bethune in Malaga, Spain |url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/spain-espagne/media/bethune_paseo.aspx?lang=eng |website=Government of Canada |access-date=May 25, 2020 |language=en |date=February 7, 2006}}</ref>

=== In film and literature ===
''Doctor Bethune'' ({{zh |c = 白求恩大夫 |p = Bái Qiú'ēn Dàifu}}), was made in 1964;<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jie |title=Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780231206273}}</ref>{{Rp|page=214}} [[Gerald Tannebaum]], an American humanitarian, played Bethune.

Bethune was the subject of a 1964 [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary ''Bethune,'' directed by [[Donald Brittain]]. The film includes interviews with many people close to Bethune, including his biographer [[Ted Allan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wise|first1=Wyndham|title=Take One's Essential Guide to Canadian Film|date=December 15, 2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=9781442656208|page=1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oveMBgAAQBAJ&q=Bethune+Brittain&pg=PA1952|access-date=May 8, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brittain">{{cite AV media |url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/bethune |title=Bethune |last=Brittain |first=Donald |year=1964 |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |access-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref>

[[Donald Sutherland]] played Bethune in the 1974–75 television show ''[[Witness to Yesterday]]'' hosted by [[Patrick Watson (producer)|Patrick Watson]].

Sutherland's portrayal of Bethune in ''[[Witness to Yesterday]]'' probably led to him securing the role of Bethune in two biographical films: ''Bethune'' (1977),<ref>{{cite web |title=Bethune (1977) |website=IMDB.com |date=September 18, 1977 |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075743 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> made for television on a low budget, and ''[[Bethune: The Making of a Hero]]'' (1990).<ref>{{cite web |title=Bethune: The Making of a Hero (1990) |website=IMDB.com |date=September 17, 1993 |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099127 |access-date = August 6, 2015}}</ref> The latter, based on a 1952 book ''The Scalpel, The Sword; The Story Of Doctor Norman Bethune'' by [[Ted Allan]] and [[Sydney Gordon]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ted |last1=Allan |first2=Sydney |last2=Gordon |title=The Scalpel, the Sword: The Story of Dr. Norman Bethune |edition=Revised |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |date=1989 |isbn=0-7710-0729-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/scalpelsword0000unse }}</ref> was a co-production of [[Telefilm Canada]], the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], FR3 TV France and China Film Co-production.

In the CBC's ''[[The Greatest Canadian]]'' program in 2004, he was voted the 26th Greatest Canadian by viewers.

In 2006, [[China Central Television]] produced a 20-part drama series, ''Norman Bethune'' (诺尔曼·白求恩), documenting his life, which with a budget of [[Renminbi|yuan]] 30&nbsp;million (US$3.75&nbsp;million) was the most expensive Chinese TV series to date. The series is directed by [[Yang Yang (director)|Yang Yang]] and starred Canadian actor Trevor Hayes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Xinhua |title = Sixty-seven years on, Canadian idealist moves China again |work=People's Daily Online |date=August 31, 2006 |url = http://english.people.com.cn/200608/31/eng20060831_298507.html |access-date=September 1, 2006}}</ref>

The 2006 novel ''The Communist's Daughter,'' by [[Dennis Bock]], is a fictionalized account of Bethune's life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bock |first=Dennis |title=The Communist's Daughter |date=2007 |orig-year=2006 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Kopf |isbn=978-1-4000-4462-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/communistsdaught00bock }}</ref>

[[Adrienne Clarkson]], a Chinese-Canadian and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]], wrote a biography of Bethune<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.extraordinarycanadians.com/subjects/bethune.php|title = Search Results}}</ref> and tells his story in the companion documentary 'Adrienne Clarkson on Norman Bethune.<ref>{{YouTube|7npkIYEGyNw|'Adrienne Clarkson on Norman Bethune'}}</ref>

The Bethune biographer, Roderick Stewart, has produced five books on Norman Bethune, including ''Bethune'' (1973),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bethune0000stew|isbn = 9780773771253|title = Bethune|year = 1975|last1 = Stewart|first1 = Roderick| publisher=Paperjacks }}</ref>  ''The Canadians:  Norman Bethune'' (1974),  and ''The Mind of Norman Bethune'' (1990).  In 2011, he co-authored with Sharon Stewart, ''Phoenix:  The Life of Norman Bethune'',  a book which Canadian author Michael Bliss, in his review in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', said, "should become the definitive basis for all serious discussion of Bethune".<ref>{{cite news |last=Bliss |first=Michael |title=Phoenix: The Life of Norman Bethune Reviewed by Michael Bliss |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/phoenix-the-life-of-norman-bethune-reviewed-by-michael-bliss/article585179/ |date=July 1, 2011 |access-date=August 6, 2015}}</ref> In 2014 ''Bethune in Spain'', written by Stewart and co-author Jesus Majada, was published by [[Oberon Press]].

The television miniseries ''[[Canada: A People's History]]'', by [[CBC Television]], briefly mentioned Bethune's story during the episode describing Canadians in the [[Spanish Civil War]].

When the CBC decided to produce a film version of Rod Langley's 1973 play ''Bethune'', they offered the leading role to Donald Sutherland. After accepting, Sutherland persuaded the CBC to allow Thomas Rickman to rework the Langley script. Rickman's script, based on Roderick Stewart's 1973 biography ''Bethune'', was used in ''Bethune'', the 1977 CBC film production.

The character Jerome Martell in [[Hugh MacLennan]]'s novel ''[[The Watch That Ends the Night]]'' is generally thought to have been inspired by Bethune, a claim MacLennan denied, though they were known to one another and MacLennan based much of his writing off his own life experiences. Canadian rock group [[The Tragically Hip]] wrote their 1992 hit [[Courage (for Hugh MacLennan)]] in tribute to the author and in reference to ''The Watch'' in particular. The song's refrain 'Courage, it couldn't have come at a worse time' is a reference to the novel's climax, in which the 'Bethunian' qualities of Jerome Martell are at their peak.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

''The Secret History of the Intrepids'', by D. K. Latta, is an [[Alternate history|alternate-history]] fantasy story imagining Norman Bethune, [[William Stephenson]], [[Grey Owl]] and others as 1940s superheroes. It was published in the 2013 anthology, ''Masked Mosaic: Canadian Super Stories''.

In the science fiction novel ''[[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|The Three-Body Problem]]'' by Cixin Liu, a foreigner named Mike Evans is given the nickname "Bethune" by the inhabitants of a remote area in northwestern China.

Norman Bethune is a character in the novel ''Los pacientes del doctor García'' by [[Almudena Grandes]], where he teaches the titular character his blood transfusion techniques in a besieged [[Madrid]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]].

== See also ==
* [[Bethune Memorial House]]
* [[Canada–China relations]]
* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]]
* [[Edgar Snow]]
* [[Edward H. Hume]]
* [[Gregor Robertson (politician)|Gregor Robertson]], Mayor of [[Vancouver]] and distant relative of Bethune
* [[Christopher Plummer]], distant relative of Bethune
* [[Jean Ewen]], (于青莲) a Canadian nurse who worked with Bethune in China
* [[John Rabe]]
* [[Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham]]
* [[Leonora King]], a Canadian doctor honoured by the [[Qing Empire]] for her work during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Three Old Articles (China)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{DictCanbio|ID=bethune_henry_norman_16E.html}}

== Further reading ==
* Rodríguez-Solás, D. [https://www.academia.edu/1629802/Remembered_and_Recovered_Bethune_and_The_Canadian_Blood_Transfusion_Unit_in_Malaga_1937 "Remembered and Recovered: Bethune and The Canadian Blood Transfusion Unit in Málaga, 1937"]. Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos. 36.1 (2011): 83–100.
* Patterson, R. [https://archive.today/20130801115428/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=1451431 "Norman Bethune: his contributions to medicine and to CMAJ"]. CMAJ. November 1, 1989, 141 (9): 947–953.

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@45.030389,-83.2016712,5z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!6m1!1s1rcRdmTJ51Qc82MV0GvfOf5xCGpA Google map of places in North America connected with the Bethune legacy.]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@39.0973318,-16.7819759,4z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!6m1!1s1qi2315xXw5Hi73bVGWYgoQ1HX9rZP99a Google map of places in Spain connected with the Bethune legacy.]
* [http://chineseposters.net/themes/bethune.php Chinese Posters of Bethune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023934/http://chineseposters.net/themes/bethune.php |date=October 9, 2015 }}
* [[localwiki:hsl/Bethune_Murals|Photographs of a five by sixty foot mural drawn by Bethune while a patient at the Trudeau Sanatorium in 1927]]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/health/medicine/comrade-bethune-a-controversial-hero/fear-of-being-mediocre.html CBC Digital Archives - 'Comrade' Bethune: A Controversial Hero]
* [http://www.nfb.ca/film/bethune Watch the National Film Board of Canada documentary ''Bethune'']
* Gerd Hartmann: [http://www.chinalink.de/kultur/medizin/bethune.html {{lang|de|Humanist statt Held}}] (German: "Humanist rather than hero").
*[https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/chinese-medical-college-fonds Chinese Medical College archives] containing photographs of Bethune's activities in field hospitals in China held at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426160845/https://utarms.library.utoronto.ca/ University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services]

{{Canadian Medical Hall of Fame}}
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