Editing Nordic skiing

{{Short description|Skiing variant}}
{{Infobox sport
| name       = Nordic skiing
| image      = Anna Haag 2011-02-28.jpg
| caption   = [[Anna Haag]] in the women's 10&nbsp;km classic race at the [[:en:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011|2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] in Oslo, Norway.
| imagesize  = 200px
| union      = 
| nickname   = 
| first      = 
| firstlabel = 
| region     = 
| registered = 
| clubs      = 
| contact    = 
| team       = 
| mgender    = 
| type       = outdoors
| equipment  = skis, skipoles
| venue      = 
| olympic    = 1924 – present
| paralympic = 1976 – present
| obsolete   = 
}}
'''Nordic skiing''' encompasses the various types of [[skiing]] in which the toe of the [[ski boot]] is fixed to the [[Ski binding|binding]] in a manner that allows the heel to rise off the [[ski]],<ref>
{{cite book
 | last = Crego
 | first = Robert
 | title = Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries
 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
 | series = Sports and games through history
 | date = 2003
 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg/page/274 274]
 | url = https://archive.org/details/sportsgamesof18t0000creg
 | url-access = registration
 | quote = Nordic skiing definition.
 | isbn = 9780313316104 }}</ref> unlike [[alpine skiing]], where the boot is attached to the ski from toe to heel. Recreational disciplines include [[cross-country skiing]] and [[Telemark skiing]].

[[Winter Olympic Games|Olympic]] events are [[Cross-country skiing (sport)|competitive cross-country skiing]], [[ski jumping]] and [[Nordic combined]] — an event combining cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]] host these sports every odd-numbered year,<ref>
{{cite web
 | url =  http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/MajorEvents/05/55/15/WSCRules2015Eclean_1012015_English.pdf
 | title = Rules for the Organization of FIS World Championships
 | date = 2015
 | website = fis-ski.com
 | publisher = International Ski Federation
 | access-date = 2016-11-08
 | quote = The FIS World Championships in the Alpine, Nordic, Freestyle Skiing and Snowboard events are organised every uneven year.
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152517/http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/MajorEvents/05/55/15/WSCRules2015Eclean_1012015_English.pdf
 | archive-date = 2016-11-09
 | url-status = dead}}</ref> but there are also separate championships in other events, such as Telemark skiing<ref>
{{cite web
 | url = http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Telemark/03/34/69/Telemark_ICRRules2016_English.pdf
 | title = The International Ski Competition Rules (ICR)—Joint Regulations for Telemark
 | date = 2016
 | website = fis-ski.com
 | publisher = International Ski Federation
 | access-date = 2016-11-08
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152554/http://www.fis-ski.com/mm/Document/documentlibrary/Telemark/03/34/69/Telemark_ICRRules2016_English.pdf
 | archive-date = 2016-11-09
 | url-status = dead}}</ref> and [[ski flying]]. [[Biathlon]] combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, but is not included as a Nordic discipline under the rules of the [[International Ski Federation]] (FIS). Instead, it comes under the jurisdiction of the [[International Biathlon Union]].<ref>
{{cite book
 | editor-last = Müller
 | editor-first = Erich
 | title = Science and Nordic Skiing V
 | volume = 5
 | publisher = Meyer & Meyer Verlag
 | date = 2012
 | pages = 700
 | language = en
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zZvxTQ__GAAC&q=biathlon+FIS+definition&pg=PA492
 | isbn = 9781841263533 }}</ref>

The biomechanics of competitive cross-country skiing and ski jumping have been the subject of serious study. Cross-country skiing requires strength and endurance and ski jumping requires aerodynamic efficiency, both of which requirements translate into specific skills<ref>
{{cite book
 | editor-last = Linnamo
 | editor-first = Vesa
 | title = Science and Nordic Skiing
 | publisher = Meyer & Meyer Verlag
 | date = 2007
 | pages = 304
 | language = en
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYtFLdNuTpAC&q=Nordic+skiing
 | isbn = 9781841262291 }}</ref>
to be optimized in training and competition.<ref>
{{cite book
 | editor-last = Prokop
 | editor-first = Dave
 | title = Training for Nordic Skiing
 | publisher = World Publications
 | date = 1975
 | pages = 95
 | language = en
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYtFLdNuTpAC&q=Nordic+skiing
 | isbn = 9780890370520
}}
</ref>

== Origins ==
{{Main|History of skiing}}
Recreational skiing began with organized skiing exercises and races of the Norwegian and Swedish infantries. Military races and exercises included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3&nbsp;km cross-country skiing with full military backpack.<ref name="Bergsland">Bergsland, Einar (1946): ''På ski.'' Oslo: Aschehoug.</ref> Slalom (Norwegian: ''slalåm'') is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s skiers in [[Telemark]] challenged each other on "wild slopes" (''ville låmir''), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (''kneikelåm'') and sometimes included "steep jumps" (''sprøytehopp'') for difficulty. These 19th century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber-slides and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.<ref>Bø, Olav (1993). ''Skiing throughout history.'' Oslo: Samlaget. {{ISBN|8252138853}}.</ref>

== [[Skate skiing]] ==
Skate skiing is a type of skiing where the skier pushes off the ground with their foot to gain speed. This technique was developed in the mid-1980s and since 1985 many races had different races for classic skiing and skate skiing due to the speed of skate skiing. Skate skiing uses many techniques for different terrains.

== Classic skiing ==
Classic skiing was the first type of skiing used. Classic skis use grips on the bottom of the ski for the skier to kick off of. This technique is considered slower than skate skiing.

== Venues ==
Noted Nordic skiing resorts around the world include the following:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.departures.com/travel/adventure/best-cross-country-skiing-trip-winter|title=8 Dazzling Destinations For a Cross-country Skiing Trip This Winter|last=Rizzo|first=Cailey|date=August 23, 2018|website=Departures|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

=== North America ===
* Maple Leaf Trail, a 128-kilometer trail system between Ste. Agathe and Shawbridge in the Canadian [[Laurentian Mountains]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lounder|first=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=698DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Maple+Leaf+Trail&pg=PA58|title=Backpacker|date=January 1985|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|pages=58|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Catamount Trail]] that spans the length of Vermont
* [[Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort]] near [[Donner Pass]] in California
* Jackrabbit Ski Trail in the [[Adirondack Mountains]] of New York<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Phil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRzL9Vg_6BMC&dq=Jackrabbit+ski+trail&pg=PA68|title=Longstreet Highroad Guide to the New York Adirondacks|date=1999-04-25|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-1-56352-505-6|pages=68|language=en}}</ref>
* Devils Thumb Ranch offers cross-country and alpine skiing in [[Colorado]].<ref name=":0" />
* The Maine Huts and Trails system offers {{Convert|50|mi|km}} of groomed terrain among the high peaks of [[Maine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mainehuts.org/discover/things-do/skiing-maine-huts-trails|title=Skiing at Maine Huts & Trails|date=2015-09-26|website=Maine Huts & Trails|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* [[Trapp Family Lodge]] in [[Stowe, Vermont]], is named after the family of [[Maria von Trapp|Maria Von Trapp]] and offers {{Convert|62|mi|km}} of groomed terrain.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ammassalik Island]] is an island in East Greenland that offers opportunities for guided back-country ski-touring.<ref name=":0" />

=== Europe ===
* The Peer Gynt Trail in Norway extends {{Convert|82|km|mi}} via the [[Jotunheimen National Park|Jotunheimen]], [[Rondane National Park|Rondane]] and [[Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park|Dovrefjell]] national parks, a journey of about seven days with hostels along the way.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discover-norway.no/skitouring/peer-gynt|title=Ski Norway - The Peer Gynt Trail - self-guided|website=Discover Norway|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* The [[Cirque de Gavarnie|Cirque du Gavarnie]], is a [[Cirque (landform)|cirque]] in the central [[Pyrenees]], in Southwestern France, offers a limited, but scenic set of Nordic trails.<ref name=":0" />
* The Ylläs Ski Resort in Finland provides {{Convert|330|km|mi}} of trails, {{Convert|38|km|km}} of which are illuminated.<ref name=":0" />
*  Mattila holiday village in [[Finnskogen]] northwest of [[Torsby]] in [[Värmland]] provides up to {{Convert|170|km|mi}} of trails. Some trails extend all the way into [[Norway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mattila.se/uppleva-gora/langdskidor/ |title=Milslånga skidspår i vacker miljö |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=n.d. |website=mattila.se |location=[[Östmark]] |publisher=Mattila Fritid AB |language=sv |access-date=2024-01-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://visitsweden.com/what-to-do/nature-outdoors/winter-activities/cross-country-skiing-sweden/ |title=Cross-country skiing in Sweden |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=n.d. |website=visitsweden.com |location=Stockholm |publisher=V.S. VisitSweden AB |access-date=2024-01-29 }}</ref>




<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
Skier and Denali (8640710031).jpg|Wilderness cross-country skiing in Alaska.
SFC Vikersund 2012 Jurij Tepes sunday.jpg|[[Jurij Tepeš]] during team competition of [[FIS Ski-Flying World Championships]] 2012 in [[Vikersund]], Norway.
Telemark competition gate.png|Telemark skiing competition
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Skiing}}

[[Category:Nordic skiing| ]]