Editing Nolo contendere

{{Short description|Plea of "no contest" where the defendant neither admits nor disputes a charge}}
{{redirect|No contest}}
{{distinguish|Alford plea}}
{{italic title}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
'''''Nolo contendere''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|oʊ|l|oʊ|_|k|ə|n|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|d|ə|ɹ|i}}) is a type of legal plea used in some jurisdictions in the United States.  It is also referred to as a [[plea]] of '''no contest''' or '''no defense'''. It is a plea where the [[defendant]] neither admits nor disputes a [[Criminal charge|charge]], serving as an alternative to a pleading of [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] or [[Acquittal|not guilty]]. A no-contest plea means that defendants refuse to admit guilt but accept punishment as if guilty, and is often offered as a part of a [[plea bargain]].<ref name="Bibas 2003"/>

The plea is recognized in United States federal criminal courts, and many state criminal courts. In many jurisdictions, a plea of ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' is not a typical [[right]] and carries various restrictions on its use. ''{{lang|la|Nolo contendere}}'' originated from the [[Latin]] phrase for "I do not wish to contend" ({{lang|la|nōlō contendere}}, {{IPA|la|ˈnoːɫoː kɔnˈtɛndɛrɛ}}).

==United States==
In the United States, state law determines whether, and under what circumstances, a defendant may plead no contest in state criminal cases. In federal court, the [[Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]] only allow a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea to be entered with the court's consent; before accepting the plea, the court is required to "consider the parties' views and the public interest in the effective administration of justice".<ref name="Cornell" />

===Residual effects===
A ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea has the same ''immediate'' effects as a plea of guilty, but may have different ''residual'' effects or consequences in future actions. For instance, a conviction arising from a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea is subject to any and all penalties, fines, and forfeitures of a conviction from a guilty plea in the same case, and can be considered as an aggravating factor in future criminal actions. However, unlike a guilty plea, a defendant in a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea may not be required to [[Allocution|allocute]] the charges. This means that a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' conviction typically may not be used to establish either [[negligence per se|negligence ''per se'']], [[malice (legal term)|malice]], or whether the acts were committed at all in later civil proceedings related to the same set of facts as the criminal prosecution.<ref Name=FedRule410 />

Under the [[Federal Rules of Evidence]],<ref Name=FedRule410 /><ref Name=FedRule803 /> and in those states whose rules of evidence are similar or identical to them, ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' pleas may not be used to defeat the [[hearsay]] prohibition if offered as an "admission by [a] party-opponent".<ref Name=FedRule801 /> Assuming the appropriate gravity of the charge, and all other things being equal, a guilty plea to the same charge would cause the reverse effect: An opponent at trial could introduce the plea, over a hearsay objection, as evidence to establish a certain fact.<ref Name=FedRule803 />

===Compared with Alford plea===
''{{lang|la|Nolo contendere}}'' plea is similar to an [[Alford plea]] (also known as a "best interest plea"). An Alford plea allows a criminal defendant to formally record an admission of guilt for the charges, yet—at the same time— declare their innocence regarding those charges. Under an Alford plea, the defendant agrees to accept all the consequences of a guilty verdict—such as accepting punishment. An Alford plea bypasses the full process of a criminal trial.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alford plea |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/alford_plea |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> The primary distinction between an Alford plea and a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea is that, in an Alford plea, the defendant pleads guilty (in a formal sense) yet in a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea, the defendant does not assert innocence or guilt. A formal admission of guilt under an Alford plea can be used against the defendant in future civil suits, whereas nolo contendere pleas cannot.<ref name=":0" />

===Individual states===
====Alaska====
In [[Alaska]], a criminal conviction based on a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea may be used against the defendant in future [[civil actions]]. The [[Alaska Supreme Court]] ruled in 2006 that a "conviction based on a no contest plea will collaterally [[Estoppel|estop]] the criminal defendant from denying any element in a subsequent civil action against him that was necessarily established by the conviction, as long as the prior conviction was for a serious criminal offense and the defendant in fact had the opportunity for a full and fair hearing".<ref name="All Business 2006" /><ref name="Alaska 2006" />

====California====
In [[California]], a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea is known as a ''West plea'' after a seminal case involving plea bargains, ''People v. West'' (1970) 3 Cal.3d 595. The state Board of Pharmacy considers a plea of ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' to be deemed a conviction with regard to issuing licenses for pharmacies, pharmacists and drug wholesalers.

A ''nolo contendere'' plea to any felony is considered exactly equivalent to a guilty plea for the purposes of civil actions; this plea to any non-felony is not admissible to a civil action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TITLE 6. PLEADINGS AND PROCEEDINGS BEFORE TRIAL ~ CHAPTER 4. Plea |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1016&lawCode=PEN%20Cal.%20Penal%20Code%20§%201016 |publisher=California Legislative Information, State of California |date=1998-09-28 |access-date=2019-04-29 }}</ref>

====Florida====
In [[Florida]], the [[Florida Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] held in 2005 that no-contest convictions may be treated as prior convictions for the purposes of future sentencing.<ref name="Florida 2005" />

====Michigan====
In [[Michigan]], "A ''nolo contendere'' plea does not admit guilt, it merely communicates to the court that the criminal defendant does not wish to contest the state's accusations and will acquiesce in the imposition of punishment."<ref>''Lichon v American Universal Insurance Co.'', 435 Mich 408, 417 (1990).</ref> A ''nolo contendere'' plea may be appropriate "where the defendant would not be able to supply a sufficient factual basis for a guilty plea because he or she was intoxicated on the night of the incident, where there is the possibility of future civil litigation resulting from the offense, or where a defendant cannot remember the events which led to his or her being charged with a crime".<ref>1A Gillespie Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure, § 16:15.</ref>

A no contest plea prevents the court from eliciting a defendant's admission of guilt, but the result of the defendant's plea not to contest the charges against him or her is the same as if the defendant had admitted guilt. If a defendant pleads no contest to a charged offense, with the exception of questioning the defendant about his or her role in the charged offense, the court must proceed in the same manner as if the defendant had pleaded guilty.<ref>MCL 767.37.</ref> A plea of no contest to a felony offense requires the court's consent.<ref>MCR 6.301(B).</ref>

A defendant's no contest plea to criminal charges does not ''estop'' that defendant from denying responsibility in a later civil action arising from the same conduct.<ref>Lichon, 435 Mich at 417.</ref>

====South Carolina====
According to [[South Carolina]] code, the defendant in any misdemeanor case in any of the courts may enter a plea of ''nolo contendere'' with the consent of the court. The plea of guilty will be recorded on defendant records and will not affect sentencing.<ref>{{Citation |title=The South Carolina Code of Laws, Unannotated: Title 17 - Criminal Procedure, Chapter 23, Pleading and Trial, Section 17-23-40 |url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t17c023.php |publisher= |website=The South Carolina Legislature |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref>

====Texas====
In [[Texas]], the right to appeal the results of a [[plea bargain]] taken from a plea of either ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' or "guilty" is highly restricted. Defendants who have entered a plea of ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' may only appeal the judgment of the court if the appeal is based on written pretrial motions ruled upon by the court.<ref name="Texas 2007" />

====Virginia====
The [[Virginia]] Rules of Evidence differ from the parallel federal rules in that a ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' plea entered in a criminal case is admissible in a related civil proceeding.<ref>{{cite web |title=Code of Virginia |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/ |ref=8.01-418 |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615192540/https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Commonwealth==
In the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]]—such as England and Wales, Scotland, Canada, and Australia—the plea of ''{{lang|la|nolo contendere}}'' is not permitted. The defendant must enter a plea of "guilty" or "not guilty". If a defendant refuses to enter a plea, the court will record a plea of "not guilty".<ref name="Wills 2007" />

==See also==
{{portal|Law}}

* ''[[Nolle prosequi]]''

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Bibas 2003">{{cite journal | author=Stephano Bibas | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/four/nolo.html | title=Harmonizing Substantive Criminal Law Values and Criminal Procedure: The Case of ''Alford'' and ''Nolo contendere'' Pleas | journal=Cornell Law Review | volume=88 | issue=6 | date=July 2003 | access-date=10 May 2007 | archive-date=27 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063617/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plea/four/nolo.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Cornell">{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcrmp/Rule11.htm |title=Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure - Rule 11 |access-date=2017-06-27 |archive-date=2011-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129123904/http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcrmp/Rule11.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref Name=FedRule410>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule410 | title=United States Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 410(2) | publisher=Cornell Law School | author=Legal Information Institute | access-date=22 April 2010 | archive-date=25 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125142039/http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule410 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref Name=FedRule801>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule801 | title=United States Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 801(d)(2) | publisher=Cornell Law School | author=Legal Information Institute | access-date=22 April 2010 | archive-date=25 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125142039/http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule801 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref Name=FedRule803>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule803 | title=United States Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 803(22) | publisher=Cornell Law School | author=Legal Information Institute | access-date=22 April 2010 | archive-date=25 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125142039/http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule803 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="All Business 2006">[http://www.allbusiness.com/services/legal-services/4112972-1.html "Drunk driver who pled no contest can't relitigate issue of recklessness"],''All Business'', 18 December 2006, retrieved 22 April 2010</ref>

<ref name="Alaska 2006">{{cite web | url=http://www.state.ak.us/courts/sp.htm | publisher=Alaska Supreme Court | title=Lamb v. Anderson No. 6078 (S-11936), P3d 736 | date=17 November 2006 | access-date=31 December 2008 | archive-date=30 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230015432/http://www.state.ak.us/courts/sp.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Florida 2005">{{cite web | url=http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/2005/sc02-1943.pdf | publisher=Florida Supreme Court | title=Sheldon Montgomery vs. Florida | date=17 March 2005 | access-date=31 December 2008 | archive-date=20 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320110318/http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/2005/sc02-1943.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Texas 2007">{{cite web | url=https://www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us/rules/TRAP/trap-all.pdf#s2r25| title=Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 25.2(a) | publisher=Supreme Court of Texas | access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Wills 2007">{{cite journal | year=2007 | author= David J. Wills | title=Different State jurisdictions govern the plea process through their own legislation | url=http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/J/JusticeA1886.pdf | journal=Division 3 Sections 146 146A }}</ref>

</references>

{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}}

[[Category:Latin legal terminology]]
[[Category:Pleas]]