Editing Nodens

{{Short description|Celtic deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Roman Temple - geograph.org.uk - 1318760.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] visited the temple of Nodens, a place called "Dwarf's Hill" and translated an inscription with a [[curse]] upon a ring. It may have inspired his [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|dwarves]], [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Mines of Moria]], [[Rings of Power|rings]], and [[Celebrimbor]] "Silver-Hand".<ref name="Anger 2013"/>]]

'''*''Nodens''''' or '''*''Nodons''''' ([[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] from the [[Dative case|dative]] ''Nodenti'' or ''Nodonti'') is a [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] [[healing god]] worshipped in [[Ancient Britain]]. Although no physical depiction of him has survived, votive plaques found in a shrine at [[Lydney Park]] ([[Gloucestershire]]) indicate his connection with dogs, a beast associated with healing symbolism in antiquity. The deity is known in only one other location, in Cockersand Moss ([[Lancashire]]). He was equated on most inscriptions with the [[Roman mythology|Roman god]] [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] (as a healer rather than as a warrior) and associated in a curse with [[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]] (a hunting-god).<ref name="MacKillop_Nodons">{{harvnb|MacKillop|2004}}, s.v. ''Nodons'', ''Nudd'' and ''Nuadu Airgetlám''.</ref>{{sfn|Aldhouse-Green|2008|pp=208–210}} His name is [[cognate]] with that of later Celtic mythological figures, such as the [[Irish mythology|Irish]] ''[[Nuada]]'' and the [[Welsh mythology|Welsh]] [[Lludd Llaw Eraint|''Nudd'']].{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}<ref name="MacKillop_Nodons" />'''''{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=350}}'''''

The [[philologist]] and author [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] was invited to investigate the Latin inscription, and scholars have noted several likely influences on his [[Middle-earth]] fantasy writings, including the Elvish smith, maker of [[Rings of Power]], [[Celebrimbor]], whose name, like that of Nuada's epithet ''Airgetlám'', means 'Silver-hand'.<!--lead is meant to summarize body of article; this is a key element (for many readers)--> Nodens appears, too, in the works of [[Arthur Machen]], as well as [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]].

==Name and origin==
<!-- This section is linked from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] -->

The theonym *''Nodens'' or *''Nodons'' is [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] from the attested dative singular ''Nodenti'' or ''Nodonti'', which is derived from a [[Proto-Celtic]] stem ''*Nowdont-.'' It is a [[cognates|cognate]] (linguistic sibling from the same origin) of the [[Middle Irish]] ''[[Nuada Airgetlám|Nuadu]]'' and the [[Middle Welsh]] ''Nudd'' (which turned into [[Lludd Llaw Eraint|''Lludd'']], apparently from an alliterative assimilation).{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}<ref name="MacKillop_Nodons" />{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=350}} The Irish genitives ''nodot'' and ''núada(i)t'' (perhaps 'hand, wrist or arm')<ref>[[eDIL]], s.v. ''? núada(i)t,'' [http://www.dil.ie/33330 dil.ie/33330].</ref> also appear to be related.{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}{{Sfn|Wagner|1986|pp=180–181}} It suggests that ''Nōdonti'' was the original form, by showing the back vocalism of the Celtic suffix ''-ont''-. The development from ''-ō-'' to ''-ū-'' in [[Brittonic languages]] dates back to the end of the 3rd century AD.{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}} An [[Old Breton]] name ''Nodent'' (modern ''Nuz'') may also be added to the cognates, although the vocalism raises phonological difficulties.{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=13–14}}{{Sfn|Sterckx|1994|p=40}}

The origin of the name remains obscure, scholar [[John Carey (Celticist)|John Carey]] noting that "it seems at any rate safe to say that no etymology so far proposed can be accepted with full confidence".{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}} The Welsh noun ''nudd'' means 'mist, haze, fog', and both ''Lludd'' and ''Nuadu'' are attached to the epithet '[of the] silver hand/arm', which could lead to a conjectural Proto-Celtic stem *''snowdo-'' ('mist, haze'), from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''snewd<sup>h</sup>''- ('mist, cloud'; cf. Latin ''nūbēs'' 'clouds'),{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=350}}  perhaps also attested in the Irish ''snuad'' ('appearance, colour').{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}} However, the sound shift ''sn''- > ''n''- does not seem to be attested elsewhere in [[Gaulish]] (although -''sn''- > -''n''- is known) and remains difficult to justify in [[Proto-Brittonic]] (the sound change should have occurred later than the inscriptions).{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}} Scholars have also linked the Celtic names with the stem *''néud-'' (cf. Gothic ''niutan'' 'to catch, attain, acquire' and ''nuta'' 'catcher, fisherman', Lithuanian ''naudà'' 'property'), associating ''*Nowdont-'' with the fishing (and possibly hunting) motifs of the Lydney remains and with the silver arms of Nuadu and Lludd.{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}{{Sfn|Wagner|1986|pp=180–181}} However, this stem remains unattested elsewhere in Celtic, and possibly takes its origins from a [[pre-Indo-European language]].{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}}{{Sfn|Wagner|1986|p=186}} A third alternative is the Proto-Indo-European stem *''neh<sub>2</sub>u''-''t-'' (cf. Goth. ''nauþs'' 'need, compulsion, distress', Old Prussian ''nautin'' 'need'), which could be found in Proto-Celtic *''nāwito''- ('need'; cf. Old Irish ''neóit'', Middle Welsh ''neued''), although linguist [[Ranko Matasović]] finds the relation "formally quite difficult" to explain.{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=350}}

Nudd's son [[Gwyn ap Nudd|''Gwyn'']] (ruler of the Welsh [[Otherworld]]), his name meaning 'white', is an exact cognate of the Irish name ''Finn'', who is described as the great-grandson of Nuadu mac Achi ([[Finn mac Umaill]]) or [[Nuadu Necht]] (Finn File).{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=6–7}} Although the origin of the association remains difficult to explain, Carey writes that Nodons may be seen "a god of multi-faceted but consistent character: a shining royal warrior presiding over the chaotic in nature, society and the Otherworld (water, war, the devils of [[Annwn]])."{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=21–22}} In this view, the Middle Irish ''núada'', ''núadu'' ('hero, champion, king [poetic]?')<ref>[[eDIL]], s.v. ''núada, ? núadu,'' [http://www.dil.ie/33328 dil.ie/33328].</ref> may be interpreted as the [[Euhemerism|euhemerized]] name of the Celtic deity,{{sfn|Matasović|2009|p=350}}  with a [[semantic shift]] comparable to that conjectured for [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*balþaz'' > ''*Balðraz'' ('white, shining' > 'strong, brave, bold' > 'hero, prince'; cf. Old Norse ''[[Baldr]]'' 'brave, defiant, lord, prince' and Old English ''Bældæg'' 'shining day').{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=26}}{{Sfn|Orel|2003|pp=33–34}}

According to [[Arthur Bernard Cook]] (1906) the [[toponym]] "[[Lydney]]" derives from the Old English *''Lydan-eġ'', "[[Lludd]]'s Island", which could connect it with Nodens.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Arthur Bernard |date=25 March 1906 |title=IV. The Celts |series=The European sky-god |journal=Folklore |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=27–71|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1906.9719720 }}</ref> However, alternative etymologies of Lydney are offered in other sources. A. D. Mills suggests "island or river-meadow of the sailor, or of a man named *Lida", citing the forms "Lideneg" from c. 853 and "Ledenei" from the 1086 [[Domesday Book]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mills |first=A. D. |title=A Dictionary of English Place-Names |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford |isbn=0192831313 |page=218}}</ref>

== Inscriptions ==

=== Lydney Park complex ===
[[File:Roman Bath House - geograph.org.uk - 1318767.jpg|thumb|right|Bath house at the [[Lydney Park]] temple complex]]

The temple complex at [[Lydney Park]], situated on a steep bluff overlooking the [[Severn Estuary]], is rectangular, measuring {{nowrap|{{convert|72|by|54|m|ft|abbr=on}},}} with a central [[cella]] measuring {{nowrap|{{convert|29|by|49.5|m|yd|abbr=on}},}} and its north-western end is divided into three chambers 6.3&nbsp;m deep. This imposing, [[Romano-Celtic temple]] building has been interpreted as an ''incubatio'' or dormitory for sick [[pilgrim]]s to sleep and experience a vision of divine presence in their dreams. The site may have been chosen because it offered a clear view of the [[River Severn]] near the point at which the [[Severn Bore]] begins. Its position within an earlier [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]] may also be relevant.<ref name="green">{{cite book|last=Green |first=Miranda J. |title=Exploring the World of the Druids |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-500-28571-3 |place=London, England |page=119}}</ref>

The temple complex was first excavated by [[Charles Bathurst]] in 1805, then reexcavated in 1928–1929 by [[Mortimer Wheeler|Sir Mortimer Wheeler]] and [[Tessa Wheeler]], who produced an extensive report of the findings at the site.{{Sfn|Carey|1984|pp=2–3}} Although no anthropomorphic depiction of the deity has been discovered, a dozen figures of dogs were found at the site, presumably deposited at the shrine as offerings by pilgrims due to the healing symbolism associated with dogs. As one of these figurines has a human face, it is possible that the deity himself could have been perceived as taking the form of an animal. A bronze arm whose hand displays the spoon-shaped fingernails characteristic of someone suffering from iron deficiency gives further evidence of the healing attributes of Nodens. Findings at the site include bronze [[relief]]s depicting a sea deity, fishermen and tritons, a bronze plaque of a woman, about 320 pins, nearly 300 bracelets,{{efn|In fact, over 270 bracelets with many more suggested to be in private ownership. As the findings attested metalworking at Lydney so it could be assumed that the bracelets were produced on-site.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ellen |last=Swift |title=Roman Dress Accessories |place=Princes Risborough, England |publisher=Shire Publications |year=2003 |page=10ff}}</ref>}} and over 8,000 coins. Also present were oculists' stamps used to mark sticks of eye ointment, like those at Gallo-Roman healing sanctuaries in antiquity. The deity was further associated with aquatic and solar imagery, similar to other curative shrines of Roman Gaul.{{sfn|Aldhouse-Green|2008|pp=208–210}}

Several inscriptions to Nodens have been found, one on a lead [[curse tablet]] reading:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{lang|la|Devo Nodenti Silvianus anilum perdedit demediam partem donavit Nodenti inter quibus nomen Seniciani nollis petmittas sanitatem donec perfera(t) usque templum [No]dentis

Rediviva}}
| To the god Nodens: Silvianus has lost his ring and given half (its value) to Nodens. Among those who are called Senicianus do not allow health until he brings it to the temple of Nodens.

(This curse) comes into force again.<ref>[https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/306 RIB 306. Curse upon Senicianus]</ref><ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] 07, 00140 = [[Roman Inscriptions of Britain|RIB]]-01, 00306 (301–410 AD)</ref>
|}

Other inscriptions identify Nodens, in various spellings, with the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{lang|la|D(eo) M(arti) Nodonti Flavius Blandinus armatura v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)}}
| To the god Mars Nodons, Flavius Blandinus, weapon-instructor, gladly and deservedly fulfilled his vow.<ref>[https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/305 RIB 305. Dedication to Mars Nodons]</ref><ref>CIL 07, 00138 = RIB-01, 00305 (301–410 AD)</ref>
|-
| {{lang|la|Pectillus votum quod promissit deo Nudente M(arti) dedit}}
| Pectillus gave to the god Nudens Mars the votive offering which he had promised.<ref>[https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/307 RIB 307. Dedication to Nudens Mars]</ref><ref>CIL 07, 00139 = RIB-01, 00307 (301–410 AD)</ref>
|-
| {{lang|la|D(eo) M(arti) N(odenti) T(itus) Flavius Senilis pr(aepositus) rel(igionis?) ex stipibus pos{s}uit o(pitu)lante Victorino interp(re)tiante}}
| To the god Mars Nodens, Titus Flavius Senilis, superintendent of the cult, had (this mosaic) laid from the offerings with assistance from Victorinus the interpreter<ref>CIL 07, 00137 = RIB-02-04, 02448,03 (371–400 AD)</ref>
|}

=== Cockersand Moss ===
A silver statuette, discovered at Cockersand Moss ([[Lancashire]]) in 1718 and now lost, had an inscription on its base that reads:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| D(eo) M(arti) N(odonti) Lucianus colleg(ae) Aprili Viatoris v(otum) s(olvit)
| To the god Mars Nodons, Lucianus fulfilled the vow of his colleague, Aprilius Viator.<ref>[https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/617 RIB 617. Dedication to Mars Nodons]</ref><ref>RIB-01, 00617 = [[L'Année épigraphique|AE]] 1958, 00095b (71–300 AD)</ref>
|}

Another reads:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Deo Marti Nodonti Aurelius ...cinus sig(illum)
| To the god Mars Nodons, Aurelius ...cinus (set up) this statuette.<ref>[https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/616 RIB 616. Dedication to Mars Nodons]</ref><ref>RIB-01, 00616 = AE 1958, 00095a (71–300 AD)</ref>
|}

== Mythological parallels ==
Nuada Airgetlám was the first king of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], who was disqualified from kingship after losing his hand (or arm) in battle, but restored after he was given a working silver one by the physician [[Dian Cecht]] and the wright [[Creidhne]] (gaining the epithet ''Airgetlám'', 'silver hand'), and later a flesh and blood one by Dian Cecht's son [[Miach]].

The legendary Welsh hero [[Lludd Llaw Eraint|Nudd]] appears in the [[Welsh Triads|Triads]] as one of the three most generous men in Wales, along with his two cousins, [[Rhydderch Hael]] and [[Mordaf Hael]]. His two sons are known as [[Edern ap Nudd]] and [[Gwyn ap Nudd]]. Nudd may also be called ''Lludd'', and seems to be linked to other figures of the same name, such as the son of [[Beli Mawr]] in ''[[Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys]]''.<ref name="MacKillop_Nodons" />

== Legacy ==

=== Tolkien ===
{{further|Tolkien and the Celtic}}

{{#tag:imagemap|
File:Nodens Temple influence on Tolkien.svg{{!}}thumb{{!}}upright={{{upright|1.7}}}{{!}}center{{!}}{{{caption|Imagemap with clickable links. Apparent influence of archaeological and philological work at Nodens' Temple on [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]] legendarium<ref name="Anger 2013"/> }}}

rect  10  10  300  180 [[Celebrimbor]] 

rect 310  10  600  180 [[Rings of Power]] 

rect 610  10  890  180 [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)]] 

rect 180 220  470  400 [[Nuada Airgetlám]]

rect 200 450  400  650 [[Nodens]] 

rect 410 450  800  650 [[Lydney Park]]

rect  10  10  900  675 [[commons:File:Nodens Temple influence on Tolkien.svg]]
}}

[[J. R. R. Tolkien]], invited to investigate the Latin inscription at Lydney Park, traced Nodens to the Irish hero ''[[Nuada Airgetlám]]'', "Nuada of the Silver-Hand".<ref name="Tolkien">[[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien, J. R. R.]], "The Name Nodens", Appendix to "Report on the excavation of the prehistoric, Roman and post-Roman site in [[Lydney Park]], Gloucestershire", ''Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London'', 1932; also in ''[[Tolkien Studies|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]'', Vol. 4, 2007</ref> The Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] thought this a "pivotal" [[J. R. R. Tolkien's influences#Philology|influence on Tolkien's invention of Middle-earth]], combining as it did a god-hero, a ring, dwarves, and a silver hand.<ref name="Anger 2013"/> Mathew Lyons notes the "Hobbit-like appearance of [Dwarf's Hill]'s mine-shaft holes", and that Tolkien was, according to the Lydney curator Sylvia Jones, extremely interested in the hill's folklore on his stay there.<ref name="Anger 2013"/><ref name="Lyons 2004">{{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Mathew |title=There and Back Again: In the Footsteps of J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2004 |publisher=Cadogan Guides |location=London |isbn=978-1860111396 |page=63}}</ref> Helen Armstrong commented that the place may have inspired Tolkien's "Celebrimbor and the fallen realms of [[Moria (Middle-earth)|Moria]] and [[Eregion]]".<ref name="Anger 2013">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Anger |first=Don N. |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire |encyclopedia=[[The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=563–564}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=Helen |title=And Have an Eye to That Dwarf |journal=Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society |date=May 1997 |issue=145 |pages=13–14}}</ref> The name of the Elven-smith [[Celebrimbor]] of [[Eregion]], who forged the Rings of Power in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', means "Silver Hand" in Tolkien's [[Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|invented Elvish language]] of [[Sindarin]]. Dwarf's Hill with its many mineshafts has been suggested as an influence on the [[Lonely Mountain]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and the [[Mines of Moria]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name="Bowers 2019">{{cite book |last=Bowers |first=John M. |title=Tolkien's Lost Chaucer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGOtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-884267-5 |pages=131–132}}</ref>

=== Lovecraft ===

Nodens appears as a deity in [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]].{{sfnm|1a1=Leiber|1y=2001|1p=10|2a1=Wood|2y=2022|2pp=128, 131|3a1=Burleson|3y=1990|3p=95}} His appearance and action were based on a mixture of [[Celtic mythology]], [[Roman mythology]], and the deity's appearance in [[Arthur Machen]]'s ''[[The Great God Pan]]''.{{sfn|Wood|2022|pp=128, 132–136}} Nodens first appeared in Lovecraft's 1926 novella ''[[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath]]'', where he is an "archaic" god served by the [[night-gaunt]]s. He is depicted as somewhat benevolent and as opposing the frightening [[Nyarlathotep]].{{sfnm|1a1=Leiber|1y=2001|1p=10|2a1=Wood|2y=2022|2pp=128, 131}} Nodens appears again in Lovecraft's short story "[[The Strange High House in the Mist]]", also written in 1926. When the protagonist, Thomas Olney, enters the eponymous house, he sees "primal Nodens, Lord of the Great Abyss" riding in a large shell that is carried by dolphins.{{Sfnm|1a1=Burleson|1y=1990|1p=95|2a1=Wood|2y=2022|2pp=129, 132}}

=== Paolini ===

In [[Christopher Paolini]]'s ''[[Eragon]]'', 'Argetlam' (lit: silver hand) is another name for the ''gedwëy ignasia'' (lit: "shining palm" in the fictional 'Ancient Language' made by Paolini for the series. It is adapted from the Irish word ''Airgetlam''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bergman |first=Jenni |title=The Significant Other: a Literary History of Elves |date=2011 |publisher=Cardiff University (PhD Thesis) |page=201 |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/55478/1/U516593.pdf |quote=Though many of Paolini’s names of persons and places are Tolkienian, he does make reference to other traditions relating to elves. Eragon is sometimes addressed by the name Argetlam, said to be ‘an elven word that was used to refer to the Riders. It means “silver hand”.’ The word is an adaptation of the Irish Airgetlam with the same meaning, used as an attribute of Nuadha, king of the Tuatha De Danann.}} citing {{cite dictionary |last=MacKillop |first=James |title=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |entry=Nuada Airgetlam}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist|1}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

===Bibliography===

* {{Cite book |last=Aldhouse-Green |first=Miranda |title=A Companion to Roman Britain |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0470998854 |editor-last=Todd |editor-first=Malcolm |pages=193–219 |chapter=Gallo-British Deities and their Shrines |author-link=Miranda Aldhouse-Green}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burleson |first=Donald R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYcfBgAAQBAJ |title=Lovecraft: Disturbing the Universe |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=1990 |isbn=0-8386-3415-X |edition=First |jstor=j.ctt130jf9h |oclc=22766987}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Carey |first=John |author-link=John Carey (Celticist) |date=1984 |title=Nodons in Britain and Ireland |journal=[[Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1515/zcph.1984.40.1.1 |s2cid=161691514 |issn=0084-5302}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leiber |first=Fritz |title=Discovering H.P. Lovecraft |publisher=[[Wildside Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=1-58715-470-6 |editor-last=Schweitzer |editor-first=Darrell |editor-link=Darrell Schweitzer |location=Holicong, Pennsylvania |pages=7–16 |chapter=A Literary Copernicus |author-link=Fritz Leiber |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dX30AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacKillop |first=James |title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-860967-1 |author-link=James MacKillop (author)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Matasović |first=Ranko |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2009 |isbn=9789004173361 |author-link=Ranko Matasović}}
* {{Cite book |last=Orel |first=Vladimir E. |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel |title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology |publisher=Brill |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12875-0 |author-link=Vladimir Orel |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Simek |first=Rudolf |title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology |publisher=[[D.S. Brewer]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-85991-513-7 |author-link=Rudolf Simek}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sterckx |first=Claude |date=1994 |title=Nûtons, Lûtons et dieux celtes |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=39–79 |doi=10.1515/zcph.1994.46.1.39 |s2cid=160489954 |issn=0084-5302}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Heinrich |date=1986 |title=Zur Etymologie von keltisch Nodons, Ir. Nuadu, Kymr. Nudd/Lludd |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/zcph.1986.41.1.180 |s2cid=164811405 |issn=0084-5302}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Andrew Paul |date=August 2022 |title=A Note on Nodens in Lovecraft's Mythos |journal=Lovecraft Annual |issue=16 |pages=128–144 |issn=1935-6102 |jstor=27204678}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Le Roux |first=Françoise |year=1963 |title=Le Dieu-roi Nodons/Nuada |journal=Celticum |volume=6 |pages=425–446  |ref=none}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}

[[Category:Gods of the ancient Britons]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Hunting gods]]
[[Category:Sea and river gods]]
[[Category:Neptune (mythology)]]