Editing Ninhursag

{{Short description|Sumerian goddess}}

{{Infobox deity
|type=Mesopotamian
|name=Ninhursag<br>{{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄯𒊕}}|label=none}}
|deity_of=Mother goddess, goddess of [[fertility]], mountains, and rulers
|image= Mesopotamian - Cylinder Seal - Walters 42564 - Impression.jpg
|caption=[[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]]ian [[cylinder seal]] impression depicting a [[vegetation goddess]], possibly Ninhursag, sitting on a throne surrounded by worshippers (circa 2350–2150 BC)
|symbol=Omega-like symbol
|siblings=[[Enlil]],{{sfn|Steinkeller|2019|p=988}} [[Enki]],{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=507}} [[Hadad|Adad]]{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=507}}
|consort={{plainlist|
*[[Šulpae]]
*[[Enlil]] (only in [[Lagash]] and other early traditions)
*[[Enki]] (only in ''Enki and Ninhursag'' through syncretism with [[Damgalnuna]])}}
|children = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashgi]], [[Panigingarra]], [[Lisin]], Egime, and Lillu (with Šulpae)
*fifteen other children, consisting of Atugula, Atutur, [[Ninšar]], NIG-gumaḫa, Burukaš, Zarzaru, Zurmuzarmu, Nin-BUR.SAL, Šazumaḫ, Ušumšasu, Naĝaršaga, Anmea, Amaea, UR-guru, Urra, and Amaniranna
*[[Ninurta]] (only in [[Lagash]] and other early traditions)}}
|equivalent1_type = Elamite
|equivalent1      = [[Kiririsha]]
|equivalent2_type = Syrian
|equivalent2      = [[Shalash]]
|equivalent3_type = Hittite
|equivalent3      = [[Ḫannaḫanna]]
|equivalent4_type = Ugaritic
|equivalent4      = [[Asherah|Athirat]]
}}
{{Mesopotamian myth (7)}}

'''Ninḫursaĝ''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒎏𒄯𒊕}}}} ''Ninḫarsang''; {{transliteration|sux|<sup>[[dingir|D]]</sup>[[NIN (cuneiform)|NIN]]-[[Hursag|ḪAR.SAG̃]]}}), sometimes transcribed '''Ninursag''',<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ninhursag". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 2 May 2018, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ninhursag. Accessed 28 April 2022.</ref> '''Ninḫarsag''',{{sfnp|King|Hall|2008|p=117}}{{sfnp|Possehl|1979|p=127}}{{sfnp|Clay|1997|p=100}}{{sfnp|Budge|2003|p=233}}{{sfnp|Edwardes|Spence|2003|p=126}} or '''Ninḫursaĝa''',{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=7}} also known as '''Damgalnuna''' or '''Ninmah''', was the ancient [[Sumer]]ian [[mother goddess]] of the mountains, and one of the [[Anunnaki|seven great deities]] of [[Sumer]]. She is known earliest as a nurturing or [[fertility goddess]]. Temple hymn sources identify her as the "true and great lady of heaven"{{quote without source|date=March 2022}} (possibly in relation to her standing on the mountain) and kings of [[Lagash]] were "nourished by Ninhursag's milk".{{quote without source|date=March 2022}} She is the [[tutelary deity]] to several Sumerian leaders.

Her best-known myths are ''Enki and Ninhursag'' describing her dealings with Enki resulting from his sexual exploits, and ''Enki and Ninmah'' a creation myth wherein the two deities compete to create humans. She is referenced or makes brief appearances in others as well, most notably as the mother of [[Ninurta]] in the [[Anzû]] Epic.

==Name==
Ninhursag means "lady of the sacred mountain" from [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] [[EREŠ|NIN]] "lady" and [[Hursag|ḪAR.SAG̃]]  "sacred mountain, foothill",{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}} possibly a reference to the site of her temple, the E-Kur (House of mountain deeps) at [[Eridu]]. She had many names including ''Ninmah'' ("Great Queen");{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}} ''[[Mami (goddess)|Nintu]]'' ("Lady of Birth");{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}} ''[[Mami (goddess)|Mamma]]'' or ''[[Mami (goddess)|Mami]]'' (mother);{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}} ''[[Aruru (goddess)|Aruru]]'' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒀀𒊒𒊒}}}}){{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}} and ''[[Belet-Ili]]'' (mistress of the gods, [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]).{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}}

According to the 'Ninurta's Exploits' myth, her name was changed from Ninmah to Ninhursag by her son [[Ninurta]].{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=51}}  As [[Ninmena]], according to a Babylonian investiture ritual, she placed the golden crown on the king in the ''Eanna'' temple.{{sfnp|Jacobsen|1976|p=109}}

Possibly included among the original mother goddesses was ''Damgalnuna''/''Diĝirmaḫ'' (great wife of the prince) or ''Damkina'' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|4|𒀭𒁮𒆠𒈾}}}}, “true wife”), the consort of the god Enki.{{sfnp|Black|Green|Rickards|1992|pp=56f, 75}}

Nintur was another name assigned to Ninhursag as a birth goddess, though sometimes she was a separate goddess entirely.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=137}}

The mother goddess had many epithets including ''shassuru'' or 'womb goddess', ''tabsut ili'' 'midwife of the gods', 'mother of all children' and 'mother of the gods'.  In this role she is identified with [[Ki (goddess)|Ki]] in the [[Enuma Elish]].  She had shrines in both Eridu and Kish.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} It has also been speculated that she was worshipped under the name ''[[Belet Nagar|Belet-Nagar]]'' in Mari.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=1003}} However, it has also been proposed that the name Ninhursag in documents from Mari should be understood as a logographic writing of the name [[Shalash]], the wife of [[Dagan (god)|Dagan]],{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|pp=404–405}} who was the goddess of Bitin near [[Alalakh]] rather than Nagar (modern [[Tell Brak]]) in the [[Khabur (Euphrates)|Khabur]] Triangle.{{sfn|Schwemer|2008|p=590}} Belet Nagar has alternatively been identified with [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]] deities: [[Šauška|Shaushka]] (though this proposal was met with criticism){{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=71}} or [[Nabarbi]].{{sfn|Archi|2013a|p=7}}

===Diĝirmaḫ===

Dingirmah ("great goddess") was a very common epithet of Ninhursag. In older literature, the name was transcribed as <sup>d</sup>Mah, but the correct reading was confirmed through the existence of a syllabically written Emesal form, Dimmermah.{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=504}}{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=73}}

Although she was originally an epithet of Ninhursag, Dingirmah eventually developed into a separate goddess at the end of the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic period]].{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}} In the Nippur god list, Dingirmah was one of the nine goddesses of birth enumerated after Šulpae, and the Isin god list similarly included her as one of six birth goddesses. Dingirmah was also present in the ''[[An = Anum]]'' god list, which listed her alongside Ninhursag, Ninmah, Aruru and Nintur. It is uncertain whether these were all regarded as variant names for the same goddess or different goddesses with similar functions.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=87}}

A temple dedicated to Dingirmah, the E-maḫ, was built in Adab by a local ruler.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=60}} Another temple was built at [[Malgium]] by King Ipiq-Ištar.{{sfn|Black|2005|p=42}}

===Ninmaḫ===

Ninmah ("great lady") was one of the most common epithets of Ninhursag alongside Dingirmah. The name was already attested in [[Shuruppak|Fara]] and pre-Sargonian [[Lagash]], and primarily occurred in liturgical and literary texts.{{sfn|Cavigneaux|Krebernik|1998a|p=462–463}} An Akkadian form, Ereshmah (written syllabically as ''e-re-eš-ma-aḫ''), was attested at Ugarit, and was either a variant or the correctly written form of the name.{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=505}}

Like Dingirmah, Ninmah was initially an epithet of Ninhursag who later developed into a separate goddess at the end of the Early Dynastic period. In Lagash, King [[Entemena]] built a temple that was at first dedicated to Ninhursag, and then rededicated to Ninmah.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}}

In a text known as ''Archive of Mystic Heptads'', Ninmah was labeled separately from Ninhursag as the "Bēlet-ilī of the Emaḫ temple" in an enumeration of seven goddesses of birth.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=129}}

==Function==
As evidenced by the large number of names, epithets, and areas of worship associated with her cult, Ninhursag's function in religion had many different aspects and shifted notably over time. Ninhursag was not the tutelary goddess of any major city, her cult presence being attested first in smaller towns and villages.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}} It is possible that she was viewed originally more as a nurturing than a birth goddess.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=72}} Another theory posits that, along with the goddess [[Nintur]], she was the birth goddess of wild and domesticated animals.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}} Her connection to the biological process of childbirth in worship is suspected to have developed later, as she began to by syncretized with other 'birth-goddesses', and took on her '' Bēlet-ilī'' name.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=141}} In this birth aspect, she is called by the kings of [[Lagash]] as "the midwife who suckled them".{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}} From the third Early Dynastic Period and onward, the most common Ninhursag epithets emphasize her as the supreme "mother of the world".{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=139}} This term of mother, Julia Asher-Greve and Joan Westenholz argue, was analogous to the generic 'father' used for gods such as Anu and Enki, and therefore transcends the biological concept of motherhood.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=139}} Later in the Neo-Sumerian Period she became more associated with the physical process of birth. (i.e. her offerings including umbilical cord cutters).{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=140}} In the [[Old Babylonian Period]] some posit a decline in her worship, as she loses her high status as part of the four supreme deities of the pantheon.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=140}} However Westenholz posits that her cult continued to be relevant but shifted function, as she became '' Bēlet-ilī''.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=141}}

She had a documented role in Sumerian kingship ideology.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=137}} The first known royal votive gift, recovered from Kiš, was donated by a king referring to himself as ‘beloved son of Ninḫursaĝa'.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=138}} Votive objects dedicated to her ''Diĝirmaḫ'' name were recovered in [[Adab (city)|Adab]], dating to the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]].{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=138}}

She could also be understood not simply as affiliated with mountains, but as a personification of mountain (or earth) as well.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=989}} One text in Sumerian, the ''Disputation between Summer and Winter'', describes the creation of the seasons as a result of the copulation of Ninhursag (the earth) and Enlil.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=989}} Another temple hymn from [[Gudea]] praising Ningirsu (epithet of Ninurta) describes him as having been born by a mountain range.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=990}} She had a connection to the wild animals, particularly deer, who dwell on or around the mountains.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=994}} Stags appear in façade on the walls of her temples, as well as in works containing the lion headed eagle, a symbol of Ninurta.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=996}} One composition, a dedication of Ninhursag's Kes temple, mentions deer, bison, and wild goats in connection to the building.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=995}}

She and her other names could also appear in ritual incantations for a variety of functions, some of which include Damgalnunna to protect from evil demons, and Ninhursaga and Nintur in birth related incantation.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=241}} As Ninmah she has appeared occasionally in medical texts, such as one from [[Sultantepe]]{{sfn | ''Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic'' | 2018 | p=779}} which describes a ritual and offerings to be performed for the goddess in order to cure bedwetting.{{sfn | ''Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic'' | 2018 | p=784}} It is suggested that her role in performing healing connects to that of her healing Enki in ''Enki and Ninhursag''.{{sfn | ''Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic'' | 2018 | p=779}}

==Association with other deities==

===Family===

Ninhursag's parentage and ancestry is not described in any known texts.{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=507}} In the ''Hymn of [[Hadad|Adad]]'', the eponymous storm god is referred to as Bēlet-ilī's brother.{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=507}}{{sfn|Metcalf|2015|p=69}}

===Consorts and children===

Ninhursag's most well attested consort was [[Šulpae]],{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}}{{sfn|Katz|2008|p=322}} who could be described as her "beloved spouse".{{sfn|Delnero|2013|p=285}} They were attested as consorts in sources from [[Kesh (Sumer)|Kesh]],{{sfn|Black|2006|p=371}} such as the ''[[Kesh temple hymn|Kesh Temple Hymn]]'',{{sfn|Delnero|2013|p=285}} and [[Nippur]].{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}}

Deities who were regarded as the children of Ninhursag and Šulpae include [[Ashgi]],{{sfn|Such-Gutiérrez|2005|p=6}} [[Panigingarra|Paniĝinĝarra]],{{sfn|Krebernik|2005|p=326}} [[Lisin]],{{sfn|Michalowski|1987}} Egime,{{sfn|Jacobsen|2008|p=30}} and Lillu, who was possibly identical with Ashgi.{{sfn|Katz|2003|p=205}} Marcos Such-Gutiérrez suggests that Ashgi was initially Ninhursag's husband in [[Adab (city)|Adab]] due to Šulpae being sparsely attested in sources from this city from the third millennium BCE, and was only viewed as her son in later periods.{{sfn|Such-Gutiérrez|2005|p=6}} Paniĝinĝarra could appear alongside his mother in sources such as greeting formulas in letters.{{sfn|Krebernik|2005|p=326}} Although Ninhursag was generally identified as Lisin's mother, at least one text equated them with each other instead.{{sfn|Michalowski|1987}} According to the god list ''An = Anum'', Lisin (who here had swapped genders) was a son of Belet-Ili.{{sfn|Michalowski|1987}} Egime resided at her mother's Emaḫ temple in Adab,{{sfn|Ebeling|1928|p=279}} and appeared alongside Ninhursag in the lament ''Lulil and his sister'', in which the two mourned the death of Ashgi (referred to in the text as Lulil, meaning "man-spirit").{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=167}}

In the ''An = Anum'' god list, Ninhursag was assigned sixteen additional children besides Paniĝinĝarra, Lillu, Ashgi, and Lisin, named Atugula, Atutur, NIN.LA<sub>2</sub>, NIG-gumaḫa, Burukaš, Zarzaru, Zurmuzarmu, Nin-BUR.SAL, Šazumaḫ, Ušumšasu, Naĝaršaga, Anmea, Amaea, UR-guru, Urra, and Amaniranna.{{sfn|Litke|1998|p=78–82}} NIN.LA<sub>2</sub> is generally accepted to be the same goddess as Egime, because NIN was glossed as ''e-gi'', while the sign LA<sub>2</sub> (𒇲) is believed to have been derived from ME (𒈨).{{sfn|Litke|1998|p=79}}{{sfn|Cavigneaux|Krebernik|1998|p=451–452}}

In [[Lagash]], she was associated with [[Enlil]] as his wife, and the mother of [[Ningirsu]]{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}} (Assimilated with Ninurta.{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=326}}) She is Ninurta's mother as Bēlet-ilī/Mami in [[Anzû]] and other myths as well.{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=204}} Some Sumerian sources identify her as both Enlil's wife and sister, likely to rectify earlier traditions where she was Enlil's spouse, before later traditions had the goddess [[Ninlil]] as his wife instead.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=988}} After this change Ninhursag was reassigned as Enlil's elder sister.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=988}}

Enki was portrayed as Ninhursag's consort in the myth ''Enki and Ninhursag'', in which the eponymous goddess is treated as the same deity as [[Damgalnuna]], Enki's usual wife.{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=515}} However, Dina Katz points out that the goddesses were usually separate.{{sfn|Katz|2008|p=322}} In ''Enki and Ninmah'', Enki instead refers to Ninmah as his sister.{{sfn|''www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk''|2006}}{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=341–342}}{{sfn|Krebernik|1997|p=507}}

===Attendants===

In the ''An = Anum'' god list, Dingirmah was assigned a ''[[sukkal]]'' ("divine vizier") named Ekigara.{{sfn|Litke|1998|p=76}}{{sfn|''www.oracc.museum.upenn.edu''|2022}}

Her chief herald was the god Urumaš, and four additional deities who served as heralds were included in her entourage. Saparnuna was the herald of Kesh, Engal-DU.DU and Nimgir-Kurra were the heralds of the underworld, and Lugaligipirig was the herald of Adab. Six deities named Saĝšutašubšuba, KA.NI-šu-KID.DU.DU, Adgigi, Gudub, Ekurabsa, and Nin-Aruru (not to be confused with Aruru) were designated as her ''gud-balaĝ'' ("bull lyres").{{sfn|Litke|1998|p=77}} Additionally, Šulpaedara, Šulpaeamaš, and Tuduga served as the "standing gods" of her E-maḫ temple in Adab.{{sfn|Litke|1998|p=73}}

Ninhursag in her mother/birth aspects was also likely affiliated with a group of seven minor goddesses known as the [[Šassūrātu]], "wombs", who were assistants of mother goddesses.{{sfn|Archi|2013b|p=14}} These seven appear in ''Enki and Ninmah'' to assist in fashioning humankind from clay alongside their mistress, and are listed as [[Ninimma]], [[Shuzianna]], [[Ninmada]], [[Ninšar]], [[Ninmug]], [[Mumudu]], and Ninniginna.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=337}}

===Syncretism===

Ninhursag was considered to be similar to the [[Elam]]ite goddess [[Kiririsha]],{{sfn|Garrison|2007}} who was also regarded as the "mother of the gods".{{sfn|Vallat|2012}} Frédéric Grillot considered them to be equivalent to one another, but partially based his conclusion on an assumed parallel between the presumed union of Ninhursag and Enki with that of Kiririsha and [[Napirisha]].{{sfn|Garrison|2007}}

In Old Babylonian [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] the logographic writing <sup>d</sup>NIN.HUR.SAG.GA was used to represent the name of [[Shalash]], the wife of [[Dagon|Dagan]].{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|pp=404–405}}

In [[Hittites|Hittite]] sources, the logographic writings DINGIR.MAH and <sup>d</sup>NIN.TU were used to render the name of the Hittite [[mother goddess]] [[Ḫannaḫanna]].{{sfn|Schuler|1965|p=108}}

In a bilingual [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]-Amorite [[Lexical lists|lexical list]] from the [[Old Babylonian period]] which presumably originated in southern Mesopotamia,{{sfn|George|Krebernik|2022|p=114}} DIĜIR.MAḪ (Bēlet-ilī) was equated with an Amorite deity named ʔAṯeratum (''a-še-ra-tum''), but according to [[Andrew R. George]] and {{ill|Manfred Krebernik|de}} in this context the name designated [[Asherah|Athirat]], the goddess also known from [[Ugarit]], rather than the Mesopotamian goddess [[Ašratum]].{{sfn|George|Krebernik|2022|p=118}}

==Iconography==
Ninhursag was commonly depicted seated upon or near mountains,{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=991}} her hair sometimes in an [[omega]] shape and at times wearing a horned head-dress and tiered skirt. In a rectangular framed plaque from pre-Sargonic Girsu, the goddess seated upon "scale like" mountains is determined to be Ninhursag.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=991}} Here she wears a crown that is more flat without horns, and has hair in an [[omega]] like shape.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=991}} In another depiction, she is seated upon mountains and also has a mountain on her horned crown.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=992}} Here she wears a tiered robe.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=992}} She was identified as the female figure standing behind her son Ninurta on a fragment of the [[Stele of the Vultures]].{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=1000}}

Another symbol of hers was Deer, both male and female.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=991}} Studies on a plaque from Mari have identified the stone as being a representation of her.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=980}}{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=138}} The stone likely represents both a face and the naked female form.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=984}} A notable feature of the plaque is the area below the 'nose area' where ten stags stand eating plants on opposite sides of the face.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=986}} There is another group of five animals under the nose, which are suspected to be birds.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=987}} In a frieze recovered from the same Mari temple, two stags flank an Igmud-eagle, the symbol of her son Ninurta.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=996}} There are a number of other images with this eagle as well (such as the vase in the gallery below), where deer, ibexes or gazelles are present to represent Ninhursag.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=996}}

According to Johanna Stuckey, her symbol, resembling the Greek letter ''omega'' [[Ω]], has been depicted in art from approximately [[3000 BC]], although more generally from the early [[second millennium BC]]. It appears on some [[boundary stone]]s ([[kudurru]]) on the upper tier, indicating her importance. The omega symbol is associated with the Egyptian cow goddess [[Hathor]], and may represent a stylized womb.{{sfnp|Stuckey|2006}} Joan Goodnick Westenholz and Julia M. Asher-Greve argue that the symbol should be interpreted as a schematic representation of a woman's hair rather than the shape of an uterus.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=247}} They tentatively propose an identification with [[Nanaya]] rather than Ninhursag as well.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=247}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:British Museum Middle east 14022019 Panel Imdugud 2500 BC 3640.jpg|Mari temple frieze: containing symbols of Ninhursag and her son Ninurta.
File:Vase dedicated to Ningirsu by Entemena-AO 2674-IMG 9137.JPG|The Silver vase of En-temena, which was dedicated to Ningirsu.
File:Entemena vase motif.jpg|Detail on the En-temena vase - the stags here likely represent Ninhursag, with the lions greeting them in a friendly way by licking their cheeks, rather than attacking them.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=1000}}
File:Stele of Vultures detail 03 reverse.jpg|This is the fragment of the Vulture Stele that (likely) contains Ninhursag.
</gallery>

==Mythology==

===''Enki and Ninhursag''===

Two full copies of ''Enki and Ninhursag'' have been uncovered. One is from [[Nippur]]{{sfn | Kramer | Albright | 1945 | p=3}}{{sfn | Katz | 2010}} which contains the complete text (although some passages on the tablet are broken), and another from [[Ur]], found in the house of a priest of Enki, where half of the text is missing.{{sfn | Katz | 2010}} This second tablet contains fewer lines, and hence it is considered a truncated version.{{sfn | Katz | 2010}} There exists also an excerpt, covering the incestuous couplings, which differs from the Nippur version's events.{{sfn | Katz | 2010}}

In ''Enki and Ninhursag'', the goddess complains to Enki that the city of Dilmun is lacking in water.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=2}} As a result, Enki makes the land rich, and Dilmun becomes a prosperous wetland.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=2}} Afterwards, he and Ninhursag sleep together, resulting in a daughter, [[Ninsar]]{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=3}} (called ''Ninnisig'' in the ETCSL translation,{{sfn | ''https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk'' | 2006}} ''Ninmu'' by Kramer{{sfn | Kramer | Albright | 1945 | p=5}}). Ninsar matures quickly, and after Enki spots her walking along the bank, sleeps with her, resulting in a daughter, [[Ninkura|Ninkurra]].{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=3}}{{sfn | ''https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk'' | 2006}} Enki spots her and sleeps with her as well, resulting in [[Uttu]].{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=4}} (In alternate versions the order is Ninkura, Ninima, then Uttu.{{sfn|Katz|2008|p=320}}) After Enki has intercourse with Uttu, Ninhursag removes the semen from her womb and plants it in the earth, causing eight plants to spring up.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=4}} As a result of his actions, Ninhursag curses Enki by casting her "life giving eye" away from him.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=4}}{{sfn | ''https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk'' | 2006}} Enki then becomes gravely ill.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=4}} A fox then makes an offer to [[Enlil]] that he will bring Ninhursag back to cure him; in exchange Enlil promises to erect two birch trees{{sfn | ''https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk'' | 2006}} for the fox in his city, and to give the creature fame.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=4}} The fox is able to retrieve Ninhursag, and she then cures Enki, giving birth to eight minor deities from his ailing body parts.{{sfn | Dickson | 2007 | p=5}}

Comparisons between this myth and that of [[Biblical|Genesis]] are common. As suggested by [[Samuel Kramer]] and [[W. F. Albright]], Enki's eating of the eight plants and the consequences following his actions can be compared to the consumption of the fruit of knowledge by Adam and Eve.{{sfn | Kramer | Albright | 1945 | p=8}}

===''Enki and Ninmah''===

The text containing this myth has been recovered on tablets from varying locations. The primary two making up the translation are from the Old Babylonian period and were recovered from Nippur.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}} A third tablet from this period was also found containing an extract of the middle of the myth as well.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}} There was also a bilingual (Sumerian and Akkadian) version in the library of [[Assurbanipal]], and one very fragmented tablet from the Middle Assyrian period that may contain the myth, but deviates from the bilingual version in the creation portion of the myth.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}}

''Enki and Ninmah'' as a narrative can be separated into two distinct parts, the first being the birth of mankind, and the second a competition between the two spouses. The first half of this text recounts Enki creating the first humans at the behest of [[Nammu|Namma]], referred to here as his mother.{{sfn | ''www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk'' | 2006}} He receives help forming the body of men and women from Ninmah as well as her seven servants, the birth goddesses.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=337}} Once man is finished the group has a banquet, where Enki and Ninmah drink beer and the other gods praise Enki's greatness.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=337}} In the second half, Ninmah creates seven humans with illnesses and disabilities, for whom Enki finds places in society.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}} Enki then creates an individual so damaged that Ninmah cannot find a place for them, resulting in her losing the competition.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}} She then complains that Enki has driven her away from her home.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}} The ending of the text is not well understood (due to damage on the tablet), but is likely Enki consoling Ninmah and possibly finding a place for the human he made.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=330}}

===''Others''===

Ninhursag appears in the text ''[[Song of the hoe|Creator of the Hoe]]'', where she is referred to as "the mother of the gods".{{sfn | ''www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk'' | 2009}}

In the [[Anzû]] epic, Ninhursag under the name Bēlet-ilī or Mami speaks in support of Ninurta her son, and is given the epithet "The Mistress of All Gods".{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=204}} In another myth involving her son, ''Ninurta's Exploits'', the titular god goes out to conquer the mountain land to the north of Babylonia, and piles the bodies of its stony kings into a great burial mound.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=988}} He then dedicates this mountain to his mother, once Ninmah, now renamed Ninhursag after the mound.{{sfn | Steinkeller | 2019 | p=988}}

Damkina is the mother of [[Marduk]] in [[Enūma Eliš]].{{sfnp|Dalley|1998|p=235}}

==Worship==
Theories posit that, in earlier times, Ninhursag was the highest ranking female deity, but was later displaced from that status by Ninlil, before the Old Babylonian period where she was syncretized with other birthing goddesses.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=138}}

As Ninhursaga, she had temples in [[Nippur]] (Ur III period), and Mari.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=151}} In Adab, she was worshipped under her Diĝirmaḫ epithet. Under her Ninmah epithet, she had temples in Adab, Babylon, and  Ĝirsu, known as 'E-maḫ' or the 'majestic house'.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=151}}

A temple of hers from [[Ur]]'s [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) ]] was excavated by [[Sir Leonard Woolley]]{{sfn | Woolley | 1982 | p=106}}{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=151}} during his series of excavations at various sites around the city, built presumably by a King [[A'annepada]], as per the temple dedication: "Aanepada King of Ur, son of Mesanepada King of Ur, has built this for his lady Ninkhursag."{{sfn | Woolley | 1982 | p=106}} In Early Dynastic Lagash, a temple was dedicated to Ninhursag, then later to Ninmaḫ.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=59}}

An inscribed door socket was found at an unexcavated mound on the [[ʿAdhaim|Adaim]] river near where it meets the Tigris river, Khara'ib Ghdairife. It read "Manistusu, king of Kis, builder of the temple of the goddess Ninhursaga in HA.A KI. Whoever removes this tablet, may Ninhursaga and Samas uproot his seed and destroy his progeny."<ref>Al-Rawi, F. N. H., and J. A. Black, "A Rediscovered Akkadian City", Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 147–48, 1993</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ereshkigal]]
*[[Eve]]
*[[Inanna]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy A.|author-link=Jeremy Black (assyriologist)|title=The Literature of Ancient Sumer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-929633-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1W2mTtGVV4C|access-date=2022-10-02 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Dina|title=The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources|publisher=CDL Press|publication-place=Bethesda, MD|year=2003|isbn=1-883053-77-3|oclc=51770219 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal|last=Katz|first=Dina|title=The Messenger, Lulil and Cult of the Dead|journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|volume=93|issue=2|year=1999|issn=0373-6032|jstor=23281604|pages=107–118|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23281604|access-date=2022-03-31 |ref=none}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Krebernik|first=Manfred|entry=Muttergöttin A. I. In Mesopotamien|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=1997|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8082|language=de|access-date=2022-10-02 |ref=none}}

==External links==
*''[https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.1.1# Enki and Ninhursag]'' in the [[Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature]]
*''[https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.1.2# Enki and Ninmah]'' in the [[Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature]]
*[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/mothergoddess/ Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Mother Goddess (Ninmah, Nintud/r, Belet-ili)]
*[https://madainproject.com/ninmah_temple Temple of Ninmah in ancient Babylon]

{{Sumerian mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Mountain goddesses]]
[[Category:Tutelary deities]]
[[Category:Characters in the Enūma Eliš]]