Editing Nifty Fifty

{{Short description|Group of 50 companies on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1960s–1970s}}
{{For multi|the Indian stock market index|NIFTY 50|other uses}}
In the [[United States]], the term '''Nifty Fifty''' was an informal designation for a group of roughly fifty [[Market capitalization#Market cap terms|large-cap]] stocks on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in the 1960s and 1970s that were widely regarded as solid [[buy and hold]] growth stocks, or "[[Blue chip (stock market)|blue-chip]]" stocks. These fifty stocks are credited by historians with propelling the [[bull market]] of the early 1970s, while their subsequent crash and underperformance through the early 1980s are an example of what may occur following a period during which many investors ignore fundamental [[stock valuation]] metrics, to instead make decisions on popular sentiment.<ref name="Fesenmaier-Smith">{{cite web
 |last1        = Fesenmaier
 |first1       = Jeff
 |last2        = Smith
 |first2       = Gary
 |title        = The Nifty-Fifty Re-Revisited
 |url          = http://economics-files.pomona.edu/GarySmith/Nifty50/Nifty50.html
 |access-date  = 2012-02-05
 |archive-date = 2011-11-27
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127144254/http://economics-files.pomona.edu/GarySmith/nifty50/nifty50.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref> Roughly half of the Nifty Fifty have since recovered and are solid performers, although a few are now defunct or otherwise worthless. 

Investor [[Howard Marks (investor)|Howard Marks]] reports that about half of the Nifty Fifty "compiled respectable returns for 25 years, even when measured from their pre-crash highs, suggesting that very high valuations can be fundamentally justified."<ref>{{cite web
 | last1 = Marks
 | first1 = Howard
 | title = Something of Value
 | url = https://www.oaktreecapital.com/docs/default-source/memos/something-of-value.pdf
 | access-date = 2021-02-22
 | archive-date = 2021-02-18
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210218215125/https://www.oaktreecapital.com/docs/default-source/memos/something-of-value.pdf
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref> On the other hand, Professor [[Jeremy Siegel]] analyzed the Nifty Fifty era in his book ''[[Stocks for the Long Run]]'', and determined companies that routinely sold for P/E ratios above 50 consistently performed worse than the broader market (as measured by the [[S&P 500]]) in the next 25 years, with only a few exceptions.<ref>Siegel, Jeremy (1994). Stocks for the Long Run (1st edition). McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-1-55623-804-8</ref>

==Characteristics==
The stocks were often described as "one-decision", as they were viewed as extremely stable, even over long periods of time.

The most common characteristic by the constituents were solid earnings growth for which these stocks were assigned extraordinary high [[price–earnings ratio]]s. Trading at fifty times earnings or higher was common, far above the long-term market average of about 15 to 20. 

==NYSE Nifty Fifty constituents==
:Note: There is no official version of companies composing the list,<ref name="Fesenmaier-Smith"/> but the following companies were often included among the Nifty Fifty: 
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[American Express]]
* [[Wyeth|American Home Products]]
* [[American Hospital Supply Corporation]]
* [[Tyco Electronics|AMP Inc.]]
* [[Anheuser-Busch]]
* [[Avon Products]]
* [[Baxter International]]
* [[Black & Decker]]
* [[Bristol-Myers Squibb|Bristol-Myers]]
* [[Burroughs Corporation]]
* [[Chesebrough-Ponds]]
* [[The Coca-Cola Company]]
* [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
* [[Dow Chemical]]
* [[Eastman Kodak]]
* [[Eli Lilly and Company]]
* [[Emery Worldwide|Emery Air Freight]]
* [[Citibank|First National City Bank]]
* [[General Electric]]
* [[The Gillette Company|Gillette]]
* [[Halliburton]]
* [[Heublein]]
* [[International Business Machines|IBM]]
* [[International Flavors and Fragrances]]
* [[ITT Corporation|International Telephone and Telegraph]]
* [[JCPenney]]
* [[Johnson & Johnson]]
* [[Louisiana Land & Exploration]]
* [[Lubrizol]]
* [[3M|Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing]] (3M)
* [[McDonald's Corporation|McDonald's]]
* [[Merck & Co.]]
* [[MGIC Investment Corporation]]
* [[PepsiCo]]
* [[Pfizer Inc.|Pfizer]]
* [[Altria Group|Philip Morris Cos.]]
* [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]]
* [[Procter & Gamble]]
* [[Revlon]]
* [[Schering-Plough|Schering Plough]]
* [[Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company]]
* [[Schlumberger]]
* [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]]
* [[Simplicity Pattern]]
* [[Bristol-Myers Squibb|Squibb]]
* [[Kmart (United States)|S.S. Kresge]]
* [[Texas Instruments]]
* [[Upjohn]]
* [[The Walt Disney Company]]
* [[Walmart]]
* [[Xerox]]
{{div col end}}

== U.S. bear market of the 1970s ==
The long bear market of the 1970s which began with the [[1973–74 stock market crash]] and lasted until 1982 caused valuations of the nifty fifty to fall to low levels along with the rest of the market, with most of these stocks under-performing the broader market averages.  A notable exception was Wal-Mart, the best performing stock on the list, with a 29.65% compounded annualized return over a 29-year period.<ref name="Fesenmaier-Smith"/> However, Wal-Mart's [[initial public offering]] was in 1970 and only started trading on the NYSE on August 25, 1972,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stock Information |url=https://stock.walmart.com/investors/stock-information/quote-and-chart/ |website=walmart.com |publisher=Walmart |access-date=13 July 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220713211406/https://stock.walmart.com/investors/stock-information/quote-and-chart/ |archive-date=2022-07-13}}</ref> at the end of the bull market.<ref>[[Peter Lynch]] and John Rothchild (1993). One Up on Wall Street. Simon & Schuster, p. 158</ref>

Because of the under-performance of most of the nifty fifty list, it is often cited as an example of unrealistic investor expectations for growth stocks.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Big Tech}}
* {{annotated link|Traitorous eight}}
* {{annotated link|Dow Jones Industrial Index}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stock market]]
[[Category:Economic bubbles]]
[[Category:History of stock exchanges in the United States]]