Editing Nicotiana

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae}}
{{for|the agricultural product|Tobacco}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Tabak 9290019.JPG
|image_caption = ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
|taxon = Nicotiana
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species = ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''
|type_species_authority = L.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms =
* ''Amphipleis'' Raf.
* ''Blenocoes'' Raf.
* ''Dittostigma'' Phil.
* ''Eucapnia'' Raf.
* ''Langsdorfia'' Raf.
* ''Lehmannia'' Spreng.
* ''Merinthe'' Salisb.
* ''Nicotia'' Opiz
* ''Nicotidendron'' Griseb.
* ''Perieteris'' Raf.
* ''Polydiclis'' Miers
* ''Sairanthus'' G.Don
* ''Siphaulax'' Raf.
* ''Tabacum'' Gilib.
* ''Tabacus'' Moench
* ''Waddingtonia'' Phil.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=powo />
}}

'''''Nicotiana''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ɪ|k|oʊ|ʃ|i|ˈ|eɪ|n|ə|,_|n|ɪ|ˌ|k|oʊ|-|,_|-|k|ɒ|t|i|-|,_|-|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə|,_|-|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}{{refn|{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Nicotiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182242/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nicotiana |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Nicotiana |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}} }}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|access-date=2016-01-21|Nicotiana}}}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref>) is a [[genus]] of [[herbaceous plants]] and [[shrub]]s in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Solanaceae]], that is [[Native plant|indigenous]] to the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. Various ''Nicotiana'' [[species]], commonly referred to as '''tobacco plants''', are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. ''[[Nicotiana tabacum|N. tabacum]]'' is grown worldwide for the cultivation of [[tobacco leaves]] used for manufacturing and producing [[List of tobacco products|tobacco products]], including [[cigar]]s, [[cigarillo]]s, [[cigarette]]s, [[chewing tobacco]], [[dipping tobacco]], [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], and [[snus]].

==Taxonomy==

===Species===
{{main|List of Nicotiana species{{!}}List of ''Nicotiana'' species}}
[[File:Tobacco blossom 1580.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Cross section of ''Nicotiana tabacum'' [[Petal|corolla]], showing [[pistil]] and [[stamen]]s]]

The 79 accepted and known species include:<ref name=powo>{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/325974-2|access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Plants of the World Online |title=''Nicotiana'' L. |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew }}</ref><ref name=FG>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finegardening.com/genus/nicotiana|title=Nicotiana|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Nicotiana|title=Search results — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Nicotiana acuminata]]'' <small>(Graham) [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]<!--1829--></small> – manyflower tobacco or many-flowered tobacco<ref name="knapp2004">Knapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in ''Nicotiana'' (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53 (1):73–82.</ref>
* ''[[Nicotiana africana]]'' <small>Merxm.<!--1975--></small><ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana alata]]'' <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] & [[Christoph Friedrich Otto|Otto]]<!--1828--></small> – jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, Persian tobacco, ''tanbaku'' (in [[Persian language|Persian]])<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana attenuata]]'' <small>[[John Torrey|Torrey]] ex [[Sereno Watson|S. Watson]]<!--1871--></small> – coyote tobacco<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana benthamiana]]'' <small>[[Karel Domin|Domin]]<!--1929--></small><ref name="knapp2004" /> – benth, benthi
* ''[[Nicotiana clevelandii]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A. Gray]]<!--1878--></small><ref name="knapp2004" /> – Cleveland's tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana glauca]]'' <small>Graham<!--1828--></small> – tree tobacco, Brazilian tree tobacco, shrub tobacco, wild tobacco, tobacco plant, tobacco bush, tobacco tree, mustard tree<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana glutinosa]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Nicotiana langsdorffii]]'' <small>Weinm.</small><ref name="knapp2004" /> – Langsdorff's tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana longiflora]]'' <small>Cav.<!--1802--></small><ref name="knapp2004" /> – longflower tobacco or long-flowered tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana mutabilis]]'' <small>Stehmann & Semir</small><ref name=powo /> – colour-changing tobacco plant, flowering tobacco plant
* ''[[Nicotiana occidentalis]]'' <small>H.-M. Wheeler</small><ref name="knapp2004" /> – native tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana obtusifolia]]'' <small>[[Martin Martens|M. Martens]] & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]]</small> – desert tobacco, ''punche'', ''"tabaquillo"''<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana otophora]]'' <small>Griseb.<!--1879--></small><ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana plumbaginifolia]]'' <small>Viv.</small> – Tex-Mex tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana quadrivalvis]]'' <small>[[Frederick Traugott Pursh|Pursh]]</small> – Indian tobacco
* ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'' <small>L.<!--1753--></small> – Aztec tobacco, strong tobacco, ''mapacho''<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana suaveolens]]'' <small>[[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]</small> – Australian tobacco<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana sylvestris]]'' <small>[[Carlos Luis Spegazzini|Speg.]] & Comes</small> – woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, South American tobacco<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' <small>L.</small> – common tobacco, domesticated tobacco, cultivated tobacco, commercial tobacco (grown for the production of [[cigar]]s, [[cigarillo]]s, [[cigarette]]s, [[chewing tobacco]], [[dipping tobacco]], [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[snus]], etc.)<ref name="knapp2004" />
* ''[[Nicotiana tomentosiformis]]'' <small>[[Thomas Harper Goodspeed|Goodsp.]]<!--1933--></small><ref name="knapp2004" />

===Manmade hybrids===
* [[Nicotiana × didepta|''Nicotiana'' × ''didepta'']] – ''[[Nicotiana forsteri|N. forsteri]]'' × ''N. tabacum''<ref name="Ann Bot 2003">{{cite journal |first=Ann |last=Bot |year=2003 |volume=92 |pages=107–127 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcg087 |pmid=12824072 |pmc=4243627 |title=Molecular Systematics, GISH and the Origin of Hybrid Taxa in ''Nicotiana'' (Solanaceae) |journal=Annals of Botany |issue=1}}</ref>
* [[Nicotiana × digluta|''Nicotiana'' × ''digluta'']] – ''[[Nicotiana glutinosa|N. glutinosa]]'' × ''N. tabacum''<ref>Clausen, R.E. (1928) Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. VII. The cytology of hybrids of the synthetic species, ''digluta'', with its parents, ''glutinosa'' and ''tabacum''. Univ. Cal. Pub. Botany. 11(10):177-211.</ref>
* [[Nicotiana × sanderae|''Nicotiana'' × ''sanderae'']] <small>Hort. ex Wats.</small> – ''N. alata'' × ''N. forgetiana''<ref name="Ann Bot 2003"/>

===Formerly placed here===
* ''[[Petunia axillaris]]'' <small>(Lam.) Britton et al.</small> (as ''N. axillaris'' <small>Lam.</small>) – large white petunia, wild white petunia, white moon petunia<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?8235 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Nicotiana'' |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-11-30 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The genus ''Nicotiana'' (from which the word ''[[nicotine]]'' is derived) was named in honor of [[Jean Nicot]], French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent samples as a medicine to the court of [[Catherine de' Medici]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/cifas/drugsandsociety/background/chronologydruguse.html |title=Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use |first=Gregory |last=Austin |website=Teachers College Columbia University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809165620/http://www.tc.columbia.edu/centers/cifas/drugsandsociety/background/chronologydruguse.html |archive-date=2011-08-09 |access-date=2014-02-08}}</ref>

==Ecology==
{{Further|List of tobacco diseases}}
[[File:The tobacco beetle (Page 3) BHL41830187.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Illustration with photographs of tobacco leaves infested by tobacco beetles (''[[Lasioderma serricorne]]'') from Runner, G. A., ''The tobacco beetle'' (1919), Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]]]
[[File:Manduca sexta MHNT CUT 2010 0 104 Dos Amates Catemaco VeraCruz Mexico female dorsal.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A female specimen of the tobacco hawkmoth (''[[Manduca sexta]]'')]]

Despite containing enough [[nicotine]] and/or other compounds such as [[germacrene]] and [[anabasine]] and other [[piperidine alkaloids]] (varying between species) to [[Plant defense against herbivory|deter]] most [[herbivore]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panter |first1=KE |last2=Keeler |first2=RF |last3=Bunch |first3=TD |last4=Callan |first4=RJ |year=1990 |title=Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of ''Lupinus'', ''Conium'' and ''Nicotiana'' species |journal=Toxicon |pages=1377–1385 |volume=28 |issue=12 |pmid=2089736|doi=10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-Y |bibcode=1990Txcn...28.1377P }}</ref> a number of such animals have [[Evolution|evolved]] the ability to feed on ''Nicotiana'' species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species and therefore some tobacco plants (mainly tree tobacco (''[[Nicotiana glauca|N. glauca]]'')) have become established as [[invasive species]] in some places.<ref name=bionet-eafrinet>{{cite web|url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Nicotiana_glauca_(Tree_Tobacco).htm|website=BioNET-EAFRINET|title=Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tobacco) Key}}</ref>

In the 19th century, young tobacco plantings came under increasing attack from [[flea beetle]]s (particularly the potato flea beetle (''[[Epitrix cucumeris]]'') and/or ''[[Epitrix pubescens]]''), causing the destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the potato flea beetle. By 1880, it was discovered that covering young plants with a frame covered with thin fabric (instead of with branches, as had previously been used for frost control) would effectively protect the plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Tobacco, alongside its [[List of tobacco products|related products]], can be infested by [[Parasitism|parasites]] such as the tobacco beetle (''[[Lasioderma serricorne]]'') and the tobacco moth (''[[Ephestia elutella]]''), which are the most widespread and damaging [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s in the [[tobacco industry]].<ref name="Ryan 1995">{{cite book |editor-last=Ryan |editor-first=L. |year=1995 |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzUAI2vK3XMC&pg=PA1 |title=Post-harvest Tobacco Infestation Control |location=[[Norwell, Massachusetts]] and [[Dordrecht]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2723-5_1 |isbn=978-94-017-2723-5}}</ref> Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to the leaves used for manufacturing [[cigar]]s, [[cigarillo]]s, [[cigarette]]s, [[chewing tobacco]], [[dipping tobacco]], [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[snus]], etc.<ref name="Ryan 1995"/> Both the [[Beetle#Larva|grub]]s of ''Lasioderma serricorne'' and the [[caterpillar]]s of ''Ephestia elutella'' are considered major pests.<ref name="Ryan 1995"/>

Other [[moth]]s whose [[caterpillar]]s feed on ''Nicotiana'' include:
* Black cutworm, greasy cutworm, or floodplain cutworm (as a caterpillar), dark sword-grass or ipsilon dart (as a moth) (''[[Agrotis ipsilon]]'')
* Turnip moth (''[[Agrotis segetum]]'')
* [[Mouse moth]] (''Amphipyra tragopoginis'')
* Clover cutworm (as a caterpillar), [[Nutmeg (moth)|nutmeg]] (as a moth) (''Hadula trifolii'' or ''Anarta trifolii'')
* ''[[Endoclita excrescens]]''
* Hawaiian tobacco hornworm or Hawaiian tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), Blackburn's sphinx moth (as a moth) (''[[Manduca blackburni]]'')
* Tobacco hornworm or Goliath worm (as a caterpillar), tobacco hawkmoth or Carolina sphinx moth (as a moth) (''[[Manduca sexta]]'')
* Tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), five-spotted hawkmoth (as a moth) (''[[Manduca quinquemaculata]]'')
* [[Cabbage moth]] (''Mamestra brassicae'')
* [[Angle shades]] (''Phlogophora meticulosa'')
* [[Setaceous Hebrew character]] (''Xestia c-nigrum'')
* [[Cabbage looper]] (''Trichoplusia ni'')<ref>United States. Agricultural Research Service (1984), [http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18922033 ''Suppression and Management of Cabbage Looper Populations''], U.S. States Dept. of Agriculture, retrieved 25 September 2017</ref>
* [[Fall armyworm]] (''Spodoptera frugiperda'')
* Tobacco spitworm (as a caterpillar), potato tuber moth (as a moth) (''[[Phthorimaea operculella]]'')<ref name=Hayden-eal-2013>{{cite web|last1=Hayden|first1=James E.|last2=Lee|first2=Sangmi|last3=Passoa|first3=Steven C.|last4=Young|first4=James|last5=Landry|first5=Jean-François|last6=Nazari|first6=Vazrick|last7=Mally|first7=Richard|last8=Somma|first8=Louis A.|last9=Ahlmark|first9=Kurt M.|date=2013|website=Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae|title=Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae|publisher=USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP)|place=Fort Collins, Colorado|url=http://idtools.org/id/leps/micro/factsheet_index.php|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
* South American tomato pinworm, tomato pinworm or tomato leafminer (as a caterpillar), South American tomato moth (as a moth) (''[[Tuta absoluta]]'')<ref name=Hayden-eal-2013/>
* Eggplant leafroller moth or nightshade leaftier (''[[Lineodes integra]]'')<ref name=Hayden-eal-2013/>
* Eggplant webworm moth (''[[Rhectocraspeda periusalis]]'')<ref name=Hayden-eal-2013/>

These are mainly [[Noctuidae]], but they also comprise [[Sphingidae]], [[Gelechiidae]], and [[Crambidae]].

[[File:Nicotiana sylvestris Prague 2013 3.jpg|thumb|''[[Nicotiana sylvestris]]'']]
[[File:Nicotiana alata.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana alata]]'']]
[[File:Nicotiana langsdorfii 20070810-1226-74.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana langsdorffii]]'']]
[[File:Nicotiana obtusifolia flower.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nicotiana obtusifolia]]'']]
[[File:Nicotinana alata0.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nicotiana × sanderae|''Nicotiana'' × ''sanderae'']] ornamental cultivar]]

==Cultivation==
Several species of ''Nicotiana'', such as ''N. sylvestris'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-results?form-mode=false&query=Nicotiana+sylvestris|title=RHS advice & tips on garden & indoor plants &#124; Plant finder & selector / RHS Gardening|website=www.rhs.org.uk|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> ''N. alata'' 'Lime Green'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finegardening.com/plant/flowering-tobacco-nicotiana-alata-lime-green|title='Lime Green' flowering tobacco|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=rhsnicalat/> and ''N. langsdorffii'' are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, often under the name of flowering tobacco.<ref name=FG/><ref name=NGB>{{Cite web |url=http://www.northerngardening.com/NGB_articles/nicotiana.htm |title=The National Garden Bureau |access-date=2014-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421084521/http://www.northerngardening.com/NGB_articles/nicotiana.htm |archive-date=2015-04-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are popular [[Vespertine (biology)|vespertine]]s (evening bloomers); their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by [[Sphingidae|hawkmoth]]s and other [[pollinator]]s. In temperate climates, they behave as [[Annual plants|annual]]s ([[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]] 9a–11).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1175/|title=PlantFiles: Nicotiana Species, Flowering Tobacco|website=Dave's Garden|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>
The [[Hybrid plant|hybrid]] [[cultivar]] <!-- AGM withdrawn Domino Series <ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1329 |title=''Nicotiana'' Domino Series |website=RHS Gardening |access-date=July 23, 2014}}</ref>-->'Lime Green'<ref name=rhsnicalat>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/106193/Nicotiana-Lime-Green/Details |title=Nicotiana 'Lime Green' |website=RHS Gardening |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 69 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 13 April 2018}}</ref>

Garden varieties are derived from ''N. alata'' (e.g., the 'Niki' and 'Saratoga' series) and more recently from [[Nicotiana × sanderae|''Nicotiana'' × ''sanderae'']] (e.g., the 'Perfume' and 'Domino' series).<ref name=NGB/>

The tobacco budworm (''[[Chloridea virescens]]'') has proved to be a massive "pest" of many species in the genus, and has resisted many attempts at management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/tobacco_budworm.htm|title=Tobacco budworm - ''Heliothis virescens'' (Fabricius)|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{aut|[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] (ITIS)}} (1999): [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30562 ''Nicotiana'']. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Panter | first1 = K.E. | last2 = Keeler | first2 = R.F. | last3 = Bunch | first3 = T.D. | last4 = Callan | first4 = R.J. | year = 1990 | title = Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of ''Lupinus'', ''Conium'' and ''Nicotiana'' species | journal = Toxicon | volume = 28 | issue = 12| pages = 1377–1385 | pmid = 2089736 | doi = 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-y | bibcode = 1990Txcn...28.1377P }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ren | first1 = Nan | last2 = Timko | first2 = Michael P | year = 2001 | title = AFLP analysis of genetic polymorphism and evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wild ''Nicotiana'' species | url = http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=44&issue=4&startPage=559 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121205231215/http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=44&issue=4&startPage=559 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-12-05 | journal = [[Genome (journal)|Genome]] | volume = 44 | issue = 4| pages = 559–571 | doi = 10.1139/gen-44-4-559 | pmid = 11550889 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Nicotiana The Plant List]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q851829}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Nicotiana| ]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Solanaceae genera]]
[[Category:Tobacco]]

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