Editing Nicholas Hawksmoor

{{Short description|English architect}}
{{Redirect|Hawksmoor|the novel|Hawksmoor (novel)|the restaurants|Hawksmoor (restaurant)|the fictional character|The Authority (comics)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Nicholas Hawksmoor
| image = File:Nicholas-Hawksmoor.jpg
| birth_date = {{circa|1661}}
| birth_place = [[Nottinghamshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1736|3|25|1661|1|1|df=y}} 
| death_place = [[Millbank]], [[London]]
| significant_buildings = [[Easton Neston house|Easton Neston]]<br>[[The Mausoleum, Castle Howard]]<br>[[Christ Church, Spitalfields]]<br>[[St George's, Bloomsbury]]<br>[[St Mary Woolnoth]]<br>[[St George in the East]]<br>[[St Anne's Limehouse]]<br>[[St Alfege Church, Greenwich]]<br>[[All Souls College, Oxford]]<br>[[The Queen's College, Oxford]]<br>[[Worcester College, Oxford]]<br>West Towers of [[Westminster Abbey]]
}}

'''Nicholas Hawksmoor''' ({{circa|1661}} – 25 March 1736) was an English architect. He was a leading figure of the [[English Baroque]] style of architecture in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. Hawksmoor worked alongside the principal architects of the time, [[Christopher Wren]] and [[John Vanbrugh]], and contributed to the design of some of the most notable buildings of the period, including [[St Paul's Cathedral]], Wren's [[List of Christopher Wren churches in London|City of London churches]], [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]], [[Blenheim Palace]] and [[Castle Howard]]. Part of his work has been correctly attributed to him only relatively recently, and his influence has reached several poets and authors of the twentieth century.

==Life==
[[File:King William's Block.jpg|thumb|King William Block (1699–1702), Greenwich Hospital, west facade.]]
[[File:EastonNestonfromVitruviusBritannicus edited.jpg|thumb|Easton Neston House, Northamptonshire (c.1695–1710); the flanking, secondary wings and [[cupola]] were never built]]
[[File:Clarendon Building, Oxford, England - May 2010.jpg|thumb|Clarendon Building (1712–13), Oxford, south front.]]
[[File:London_Westminster_Abbey_P1130951.jpg|thumb|The west towers of Westminster Abbey]]

Hawksmoor was born in [[Nottinghamshire]] in 1661, into a [[yeoman]] farming family, almost certainly in [[East Drayton]] or [[Ragnall]], Nottinghamshire.{{sfn|p=1|Downes|1979}} On his death he was to leave property at nearby [[Ragnall]], [[Dunham, Nottinghamshire|Dunham]] and a house and land at Great Drayton. It is not known where he received his schooling, but it was probably in more than basic literacy. [[George Vertue]], whose family had property in Hawksmoor's part of Nottinghamshire, wrote in 1731 that he was taken as a youth to act as clerk by "Justice Mellust in Yorkshire, where Mr Gouge senior did some fretwork ceilings afterwards Mr. Haukesmore {{sic}} came to London, became clerk to Sr. Christopher Wren & thence became an Architect".{{sfn|p=1|Downes|1979}}

=== Apprenticeship ===
[[Christopher Wren]], hearing of his "early skill and genius" for architecture, took him on as his clerk at about the age of 18. A surviving early sketch-book contains sketches and notes, some dated 1680 and 1683, of buildings in [[Nottingham]], [[Coventry]], [[Warwick]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], Bristol, [[Oxford]] and [[Northampton]].{{sfn|p=2|Downes|1979}} These somewhat amateur drawings, now in the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]] Drawings Collection, show that he was still learning the techniques of his new profession at the age of 22. His first official post was as Deputy Surveyor to Wren at [[King's House, Winchester|Winchester Palace]] from 1683 until February 1685.{{sfn|p=1|Downes|1979}} Hawksmoor's signature appears on a brickmaker's contract for Winchester Palace in November 1684.{{sfn|p=2|Downes|1979}} Wren was paying him 2 shillings a day in 1685 as assistant in his office in [[Whitehall]].{{sfn|p=2|Downes|1979}}

From about 1684 to about 1700, Hawksmoor worked with Wren on projects including [[Chelsea Hospital]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Hampton Court Palace]] and [[Greenwich Hospital (London)|Greenwich Hospital]]. Thanks to Wren's influence as Surveyor-General, Hawksmoor was named Clerk of the Works at [[Kensington Palace]] (1689) and Deputy Surveyor of Works at [[Greenwich]] (1705). In 1718, when Wren was superseded by the new, amateur Surveyor, [[William Benson (architect)|William Benson]], Hawksmoor was deprived of his double post to provide places for Benson's brother. "Poor Hawksmoor," wrote Vanbrugh in 1721. "What a Barbarous Age have his fine, ingenious Parts fallen into. What wou'd Monsr: [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] in France have given for such a man?"{{sfn|p=98|Downes|1979}} Only in 1726 after Benson's successor [[Thomas Hewet]] died, was Hawksmoor restored to the secretaryship, though not the clerkship which was given to [[Henry Flitcroft]]. In 1696, Hawksmoor was appointed surveyor to the [[Westminster and Middlesex Commission of Sewers]], but was dismissed in 1700, having neglected to attend the Court several days last past.{{Citation needed|reason=If this is a quote it needs citing|date=February 2025}}

==== Maturity ====
In 1702, Hawksmoor designed the baroque country house of [[Easton Neston house|Easton Neston]] in [[Northamptonshire]] for Sir [[William Fermor, 1st Baron Leominster|William Fermor]]. This was the only [[country house]] for which he was the sole architect, though he extensively remodelled [[Ockham Park|Ockham House]], now mostly destroyed, for the [[Lord Chancellor]] [[Peter King, 1st Baron King]]. Easton Neston was not completed as he intended, the symmetrical flanking wings and entrance colonnade remaining unexecuted.

He then worked for a time with Sir [[John Vanbrugh]], assisting him on the building [[Blenheim Palace]] for [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], where he took charge from 1705, after Vanbrugh's final break with the demanding [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough]], and [[Castle Howard]] for [[Charles Howard 3rd Earl of Carlisle|Charles Howard]], later the 3rd Earl of Carlisle. In July 1721, John Vanbrugh made Hawksmoor his deputy as Comptroller of the Works. There is no doubt that Hawksmoor brought to the brilliant amateur the professional grounding he had received from Wren, but it is also arguable that Wren's architectural development was from the persuasion of his formal pupil, Hawksmoor.

By 1700  Hawksmoor had emerged as a major architectural personality, and in the next 20 years he proved himself to be one of the great masters of the English Baroque. His baroque, but somewhat classical and [[Gothic architecture|gothic architectural]] form was derived from his exploration of [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]], the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], the English [[Middle Ages]] and contemporary [[Italian baroque]]. Unlike many of his wealthier contemporaries, Hawksmoor never travelled to Italy on a [[Grand Tour]], where he might have been influenced by the style of architecture there. Instead he studied engravings especially monuments of [[ancient Rome]] and reconstructions of the [[Temple of Solomon]].

=== Work at Oxford and Cambridge ===
As he neared the age of 50, Hawksmoor began to produce work for the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. In 1713 he was commissioned to complete [[King's College, Cambridge]]:{{sfn|pp=23 to 27|Doig|1979}} the scheme consisted of a Fellows' Building along [[King's Parade]], and opposite the Chapel a monumental range of buildings containing the Great Hall, kitchens and to the south of that the library and Provost's Lodge. Plans and wooden models for the scheme survive, but it proved too expensive and Hawksmoor produced a second scaled down design. But the college that had invested heavily in the [[South Sea Company]] lost their money when the "bubble" burst in 1720. As a result, Hawksmoor's scheme was never executed; instead, the college was developed later in the 18th century by [[James Gibbs]] and early in the 19th century by [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]]. In the 1690s, Hawksmoor gave proposals for the library of [[The Queen's College, Oxford]]. However like many of his proposals for both universities, such as [[All Souls College, Oxford]], the [[Radcliffe Library]], [[Brasenose College, Oxford]], [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], the library was not executed.

Hawksmoor conceived grand rebuilding schemes for central [[Oxford]], most of which were not realised. Surviving drawings from c.1713 propose the rebuilding of the central core of the academic area of Oxford as a ''Forum Universitatis''.{{sfn|Tyack|1998|p=168}} The concept for a domed circular library sitting within an open square for the Radcliffe Camera was initially Hawksmoor's, but the commission for the building eventually went to [[James Gibbs]], due to Hawksmoor's untimely death. He designed the [[Clarendon Building]] at Oxford; the [[Codrington Library]] and new buildings at All Souls College, Oxford; parts of [[Worcester College, Oxford]] with Sir [[George Clarke]]; the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] screen at The Queen's College, Oxford and six new churches in London. Hawksmoor was initiated into [[freemasonry]] in 1730 at the Oxford Arms in [[Ludgate Street]], City of London, a lodge belonging to the [[Premier Grand Lodge of England]].{{sfn|Berman|2010|p=140}}

==Hawksmoor's six London Churches==
[[File:St George-in-the-East (35944948224).jpg|thumb|St George in the East (1714–29), east end]]

{{Commons category|Nicholas Hawksmoor}}

In 1711, [[Parliament of Great Britain|parliament]] passed an ''Act for the building of Fifty New Churches in the Cities of London and Westminster or the Suburbs thereof'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=15258&inst_id=118&nv1=search&nv2=|title=St Anne, Limehouse, Commercial Road, Tower Hamlets|date=2010|work=Archives in London and the M25 area|publisher=AIM25|access-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> which established a [[Commission for Building Fifty New Churches|commission]] which included [[Christopher Wren]], [[John Vanbrugh]], [[Thomas Archer]] and a number of churchmen. The commission appointed Hawksmoor and [[William Dickinson (architect)|William Dickinson]] as its surveyors. As supervising architects they were not necessarily expected to design all the churches themselves. Dickinson left his post in 1713 and was replaced by [[James Gibbs]]. Gibbs was removed in 1716 and replaced by [[John James (architect)|John James]]. James and Hawksmoor remained in office until the commission was wound up in 1733. The declining enthusiasm of the Commission, and the expense of the buildings, meant that only twelve churches were completed, six designed by Hawksmoor, and two by James in collaboration with Hawksmoor.{{sfn|Downes|1970|p=103}} The two collaborations were [[St Luke Old Street (church)|St Luke Old Street]] (1727–33) and [[St John Horsleydown]] (1727–33), to which Hawksmoor's contribution seems to have been largely confined to the towers with their extraordinary steeples.

The six churches wholly designed by Hawksmoor were [[St Alfege Church, Greenwich]]; [[St George's, Bloomsbury]]; [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]]; [[St George in the East]], [[Wapping]]; [[St Mary Woolnoth]]; and [[St Anne's Limehouse]]. They are his best-known independent works of architecture, and compare in their complexity of interpenetrating internal spaces with contemporaneous work in Italy by [[Francesco Borromini]]. Their spires are essentially Gothic outlines executed in innovative and imaginative Classical detail. Although Hawksmoor and John James terminated the commission by 1733, they were still being paid "for carrying on and finishing the works under their care" until James's death.

After the death of Wren in 1723, Hawksmoor was appointed [[Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey]]. Parliament had voted £100 for the repair and completion of the Abbey in 1698. The west towers of the Abbey were designed by Hawksmoor but not completed until after his death.

===Gallery of churches===
<gallery>
File:Southeast View of Saint Alfege's Church, Greenwich (03).jpg|[[St Alfege Church, Greenwich|St Alphege Greenwich]] (1712–18)
File:St Alfege Church 1, Greenwich, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|Interior of St Alphege Greenwich (1712–18)
File:Christ Church exterior, Spitalfields, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|[[Christ Church, Spitalfields]] (1714–29)
File:Christ Church, Spitalfields Interior, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|Interior of Christ Church, Spitalfields (1714–29)
File:St Anne, Limehouse (36640179641).jpg|[[St Anne's Limehouse]] (1714–30)
File:St Anne Limehouse2.jpg|Interior of St Anne's Limehouse (1714–30)
File:StGeorgeInTheEast.JPG|[[St George in the East]] (1714–29)
File:St George, Bloomsbury.jpg|[[St George's Bloomsbury]] (1716–1731)
File:St. George's Church, Bloomsbury, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|Interior of St George's Bloomsbury (1716–1731)<!--NB: The camera appears to be pointing north. Liturgical east is left of centre in this photograph-->
File:Church of St Mary Woolnoth (8288489619).jpg|[[St Mary Woolnoth]] (1716–23)
File:St Mary Woolnoth Interior Entrance, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|Interior of St Mary Woolnoth (1716–23)
File:St Lukes Islington.jpg|[[St Luke Old Street|St Luke's Old Street]] (1727–33), joint work with John James, tower by Hawksmoor.
File:Horsleydown.jpg|[[St John Horsleydown]] (1727–33), joint work with John James, tower by Hawksmoor, bombed in [[The Blitz]] then demolished.
</gallery>

==Garden buildings and monuments==
Hawksmoor also designed a number of structures for the gardens at [[Castle Howard]]. These are:
*[[The Pyramid, Castle Howard|The Pyramid]] (1728)
*[[The Mausoleum, Castle Howard|The Mausoleum]] (1729–40) built on the same scale as his London churches, it is almost certainly the first free-standing mausoleum built in Western Europe since the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]].{{sfn|p=179|Curl|1980}}
*The [[Carrmire Gate]] (1727)
*The Temple of Venus (1731–35) demolished
At [[Blenheim Palace]] he designed the Woodstock Gate{{sfn|p=122|Hart|2002}} (1723) in the form of a [[Triumphal arch]].
He also designed the [[Ripon Obelisk]] in [[Ripon]]'s market place, erected in 1702, at {{convert|80|ft}} in height it was the first large scale obelisk to be erected in Britain.{{sfn|p=18|Barnes|2004}}
<gallery>
File:The Square Ripon ; The obelisk.jpg|[[Ripon Obelisk]] (1702), Ripon, Yorkshire
File:Mausoleum, Castle Howard, UK, 17112017, JCW1967 (5) (37805843414).jpg|The Mausoleum (1729–42), Castle Howard
File:The Pyramid, Castle Howard - geograph.org.uk - 1134429.jpg|Pyramid (1728), Castle Howard
File:The Carrmire gate - Castle Howard - geograph.org.uk - 175976.jpg|The Carrmire gate (c.1730), Castle Howard
File:Woodstock Gate, Blenheim Palace.jpg|Woodstock gate (1723), Blenheim Palace
</gallery>

==Death and obituary==
Hawksmoor died on 25 March 1736 in his house at [[Millbank]]{{sfn|p=6|Downes|1979}} from "[[Gout]] of the stomach". He had suffered poor health for the last twenty years of his life and was often confined to bed hardly able to sign his name. His will instructed that he be buried at the church of St Botolph [[Shenley, Hertfordshire]], Shenleybury, which has been deconsecrated so the tomb now sits in a private garden. The inscription, cut by Andrews Jelfe a mason who worked regularly on his buildings reads:{{sfn|p=7|Downes|1979}}

{{blockquote|''P M S''<br/>
'' L''<br/>
''Hic J[acet]''<br/>
''NICHOLAUS HAWKSMOOR Armr''<br/>
''ARCHITECTUS''<br/>
''obijt vicesimo quin[t]o die [Martii]''<br/>
''Anno Domini 1736''<br/>
''Aetatis 75''}}

Hawksmoor's only child was a daughter, Elizabeth, whose second husband, Nathanial Blackerby, wrote the [[obituary]] of his father-in-law.

His obituary appeared in ''Read's Weekly Journal'', no. 603. 27 March 1736:

{{blockquote|Thursday morning died, at this house on Mill-Bank, Westminster, in a very advanced age, the learned and ingenious Nicholas Hawksmoor, Esq, one of the greatest Architects this or the preceding Century has produc'd. His early skill in, and Genius for this noble science recommended him, when about 18 years of age, to the favour and esteem of his great master and predecessor, Sir Christopher Wren, under whom, during his life, and for himself since his death, he was concerned in the erecting more Publick Edifices, than any one life, among the moderns at least, can boast of. In King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s reign, he was employ'd under Sir Christopher Wren, in the stately buildings at Winchester; as he was likewise in all the other publick structures, Palaces &c, erected by that great Man, under whom he was assisting, from the Beginning [factually wrong, Hawksmoor was 14 years old then] to the Finishing of that grand and noble Edifice the cathedral of St. Paul's, and of all the churches rebuilt after the [[Great Fire of London|Fire of London]]. At the building of [[Royal Hospital Chelsea|Chelsea-College]] he was Deputy-Surveyor, and Clerk of Works, under Sir Christopher Wren. At [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich-Hospital]] he was, from the Beginning 'till a short time before his death, Clerk of Works. In the Reigns of King [[William III of England|William]] and Queen [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], he was Clerk of their Majesties Works at [[Kensington Palace|Kensington]], and at [[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall]], [[St James's Palace|St. Jame's]] and [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]]. In the reign of King [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], he was first Surveyor of all the new Churches, and Surveyor of Westminster-Abbey, from the death of Sir Christopher Wren. He was chiefly concern'd in designing and building a great number of magnificent Nobleman's Houses, and particularly (with Sir John Vanbrugh) those of Blenheim and Castle-Howard, at the latter of which he was at his Death, carrying on a Mausoleum in the most elegant and grand Stile, not to mention many others: But one of the most surprising of his undertakings, was the repairing of [[Beverley Minster]], where the stone wall on the north-side was near three Foot out of the perpendicular, which he mov'd at once to its upright by means of a machine of his own invention. In short his numerous Publick Works at Oxford, perfected in his lifetime, and the design and model of [[John Radcliffe (physician)|Dr. Ratcliff]]'s Library there, his design of a new Parliament-House, after the thought of Sir Christopher Wren; and, to mention no more, his noble Design for repairing the West-End of Westminster-Abbey, will all stand monuments to his great capacity, inexhaustible fancy, and solid judgement. He was perfectly skill'd in the History of Architecture, and could give exact account of all the famous buildings, both Antient and Modern, in every part of the world; to which his excellent memory, that never fail'd him to the very last, greatly contributed. Nor was architecture the only science he was master of. He was bred a scholar. and knew as well the learned as the modern tongues. He was a very skilful mathematician, geographer, and geometrician; and in drawing, which he practised to the last, though greatly afflicted with Chiragra, few excelled him. In his private life he was a tender husband, a loving father, a sincere friend, and a most agreeable companion; nor could the most poignant pains of Gout, which he for many years laboured under, ever ruffle or discompose his evenness of temper. And as his memory must always be dear to his Country, so the loss of so great and valuable man in sensibly, and in a more particular manner felt by those who had the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, and enjoy'd the happiness of his conversation.}}

Upon his death he left a widow, to whom he bequeathed all his property in [[Westminster]], [[Highgate]], [[Shenley]], and [[East Drayton]], who later married William Theaker; the grandchild of this second marriage ultimately inherited Hawksmoor's properties near Drayton after the death of the architect's widow.

==Gallery of architectural work==
<gallery>
File:Easton Neston east side 21 July 1985.jpg|[[Easton Neston house]] (c.1695–1710)
File:King William's Block1.jpg|King William Block (1699–1702), [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]]
File:Kensington Palace Orangery, September 2016 12 (edited).jpg|Kensington Palace Orangery (1704–05)
File:Kensington Palace, London, UK.jpg|King's Gallery, Kensington Palace (1694)
File:Stonehamhouse.jpg|[[South Stoneham House]] (1708), Southampton
File:UK-2014-Oxford-All Souls College 03.jpg|All Souls College (1716–34), Oxford
File:The Codrington Library, All Souls College, Oxford 1.jpg|[[Codrington Library]], All Souls College (1716–34), Oxford
File:P1213StMC.JPG|Tower (1718–24), [[St Michael, Cornhill]], London.
File:Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire (19017481082).jpg|The Long Library (1722–25), [[Blenheim Palace]]
File:UK-2014-Oxford-The Queen's College 04.jpg|Entrance, [[The Queen's College, Oxford]] (1733–36)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nicholas Hawksmoor|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095925149|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Oxford Reference}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Hawksmoor in modern literature==
Hawksmoor's architecture has influenced several poets and authors of the twentieth century. His church [[St Mary Woolnoth]] is mentioned in [[T. S. Eliot]]'s poem ''[[The Waste Land]]'' (1922).

Algernon Stitch lived in a "superb creation by Nicholas Hawksmoor" in London in the novel ''[[Scoop (novel)|Scoop]]'' by [[Evelyn Waugh]] (1938).

Hawksmoor is the subject of a poem by [[Iain Sinclair]] called 'Nicholas Hawksmoor: His Churches' which appeared in Sinclair's collection of poems ''Lud Heat'' (1975). Sinclair promoted the poetic interpretation of the architect's singular style of architectural composition that Hawksmoor's churches formed a pattern consistent with the forms of [[Theistic Satanism]] though there is no documentary or historic evidence for this. This idea was, however, embellished by [[Peter Ackroyd]] in his novel ''[[Hawksmoor (novel)|Hawksmoor]]'' (1985): the historical Hawksmoor is refigured as the fictional Devil-worshipper Nicholas Dyer, while the eponymous Hawksmoor is a twentieth-century detective charged with investigating a series of murders perpetrated on Dyer's (Hawksmoor's) churches.

Both Sinclair and Ackroyd's ideas in turn were further developed by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Eddie Campbell]] in their [[graphic novel]], ''[[From Hell]]'', which speculated that [[Jack the Ripper]] used Hawksmoor's buildings as part of [[ritual magic]], with his victims as [[human sacrifice]]. In the appendix, Moore revealed that he had met and spoken with Sinclair on numerous occasions while developing the core ideas of the book. The argument includes the idea that the locations of the churches form a [[pentagram]] with ritual significance.

==Memorials==
*In [[Towcester]], Northamptonshire Nicholas Hawksmoor Primary School, built on land formerly part of the Easton Neston estate, is named in recognition of the architect of nearby Easton Neston house.

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Richard |title=The Obelisk: A Monumental Feature in Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e0WAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Frontier|isbn=978-1-872914-28-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Alan |author-link=Alan Bennett|title=The History Boys|url={{google books|id=pNOJcW0zCZ8C|plainurl=yes|keywords=hawksmoor}}|date= 2008|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-24688-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Colvin|first=Howard |author-link=Howard Colvin|title=A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xu6KwAACAAJ|edition=3rd|year=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07207-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Curl |first=James Stevens |author-link=James Stevens Curl |title=A Celebration of Death: An Introduction to Some of the Buildings, Monuments, and Settings of Funerary Architecture in the Western European Tradition|isbn=978-0713473360 |year=1980 |publisher=Constable }}
* {{Cite book |last=Doig |first=Allan |title=The Architectural Drawings Collection of King's College, Cambridge |year=1979 |publisher=Avebury Publishing }}
* {{Cite book |last=Downes |first=Kerry |title=Hawksmoor |year=1970 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-20096-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hawksmoor0000down_t4i4 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Downes |first=Kerry |title=Hawksmoor |year=1979 |publisher=A. Zwemmer Ltd |isbn=0-302-02783-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=De la Ruffiniere du Prey |first=Pierre |title=Hawksmoor's London Churches: Architecture and Theology |location=London and Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2000}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodhart-Rendel |first=H.S.|author-link=Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel
 |title=Nicholas Hawksmoor |year=1924 |location=London |publisher=Benn|series=Masters of Architecture}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |author-link=Vaughan Hart |title=Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press }}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Hawksmoor, Nicholas|volume=25|pages=232–236}}
*{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Hawksmoor, Nicholas|noprescript=1}}
*{{cite book|last=Tyack|first=Geoffrey |title=Oxford: An Architectural Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsOx8eHkOC8C|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-817423-3}}

;Exhibition catalogues
* {{Cite book |last=Downes |first=Kerry |title=Hawksmoor. An exhibition selected by Kerry Downes |year=1977 |location=London |publisher=Whitechapel Art Gallery}}
* {{Cite book |last=The Hawksmoor Committee |title=Hawksmoor |year=1962 |location=London |publisher=Arts Council of Great Britain}}

;Journals
{{cite thesis|type=PhD thesis|hdl=10036/2999|title=The Architects of Eighteenth Century English Freemasonry, 1720 – 1740|first=Richard Andrew |last=Berman|publisher=[[University of Exeter]]|date=2010}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Architectural Design |year=1979 |volume=49 |issue=7 |title=Hawksmoor's Christ Church Spitalfields |issn=0003-8504 |series=A.D. Profile 22}} 
*{{Cite web | title = Hawksmoor's churches | last = Rose | first = Steve | work = The Guardian|location=London | date = 25 September 2006 | access-date = 2018-07-24 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/sep/25/architecture }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060505054643/http://www.christchurchspitalfields.org/v2/hawksmoor/timeline/timeline.shtml A Timeline of Hawksmoor's life]
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=115784177921406587387.000467888d024b2f85482&ll=51.511948,-0.069351&spn=0.104056,0.219727&z=12 Google map showing where Hawksmoor's London churches are]
*[http://www.ccspitalfields.org Christ Church Spitalfields]
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{NPG name}}
* [http://www.countrylifeimages.co.uk/Search.aspx?s=Nicholas%20Hawksmoor Images relating to Nicholas Hawksmoor] at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022114922/http://www.countrylifeimages.co.uk/ Country Life Picture Library]
* [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=Nicholas%20Hawksmoor&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=&district=&placeName= Images relating to Nicholas Hawksmoor]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at the [[English Heritage Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawksmoor, Nicholas}}
[[Category:1661 births]]
[[Category:1736 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English architects]]
[[Category:18th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Architects from Nottingham]]
[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]]
[[Category:English Baroque architects]]
[[Category:English ecclesiastical architects]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:John Vanbrugh]]
[[Category:Nicholas Hawksmoor buildings]]
[[Category:People from Bassetlaw District]]
[[Category:People from Shenley]]