Editing New Urbanism

{{short description|Urban design movement promoting sustainable land use}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Celebration fl.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Market Street, [[Celebration, Florida]]]]
{{Sustainable transport sidebar}}

'''New Urbanism''' is an [[urban design]] movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating [[Walkability|walkable]] neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the [[United States]] in the early 1980s, and has gradually influenced many aspects of [[real estate development]], [[urban planning]], and municipal [[land-use]] strategies. New Urbanism attempts to address the ills associated with [[urban sprawl]] and [[post-war|post-WW II]] [[Suburbanization|suburban]] development.

New Urbanism is strongly influenced by urban design practices that were prominent until the rise of the automobile prior to World War II; it encompasses basic principles such as [[traditional neighborhood development]] (TND) and [[transit-oriented development]] (TOD).<ref>Kelbaugh, Douglas S. 2002. Repairing the American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 161.</ref> These concrete principles emerge from two  organizing concepts or goals: building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Urbanism Principles|url = http://www.newurbanism.org/newurbanism/principles.html|website = www.newurbanism.org|access-date = 2016-01-20}}</ref>

New Urbanists support [[regional planning]] for open space; context-appropriate [[architecture]] and planning; adequate provision of infrastructure such as sporting facilities, libraries and community centres;<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{cite journal|last1=Wear|first1=Andrew|title=Planning, Funding and Delivering Social Infrastructure in Australia's Outer Suburban Growth Areas|journal=Urban Policy and Research|volume=34|issue=3|pages=284–297|date=16 February 2016|doi=10.1080/08111146.2015.1099523|bibcode=2016UrbPR..34..284W |s2cid=155633165|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/iESRIdipyg6q3MvIyPS3/full}}</ref> and the balanced development of jobs and housing. They believe their strategies can reduce traffic congestion by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk, or take the train. They also hope to increase the supply of affordable housing and rein in [[suburban sprawl]]. The ''[[Charter of the New Urbanism]]'' also covers issues such as [[historic preservation]], safe streets, [[green building]], and the redevelopment of [[brownfield land]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talen |first1=Emily |title=The social goals of new urbanism |journal=Housing Policy Debate |date=2002 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/10511482.2002.9521438|s2cid=145521120 }}</ref> The ten [[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]] also phrase guidelines for New Urbanist approaches.

Architecturally, New Urbanist developments are often accompanied by [[New Classical Architecture|New Classical]], [[Postmodern architecture|postmodern]], or [[Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles, although that is not always the case. The movement's principles are reflected in the field of [[complementary architecture]].

==Background==
[[File:Great King St., New Town.jpg|thumb|Places like Great King Street in [[New Town, Edinburgh]] provided a model for New Urbanism]]

New Urbanism began to solidify in the 1970s and 80s with the urban visions and theoretical models for the reconstruction of the "European" city proposed by architect [[Leon Krier|Léon Krier]], and the [[pattern language]] theories of [[Christopher Alexander]]. The term "new urbanism" itself started being used in this context in the mid-1980s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Barton |date=1985 |title=The New Urbanism as a Way of Life: The Relationship Between Inner City Revitalization in Canada and the Rise of the New Middle Class |publisher=Thesis (M.C.P.)--University of Manitoba |isbn=9780315148628 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NyySgAACAAJ&q=%22new+urbanism%22 |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Meinig |first=Donald |date=1986 |title=The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k98OEM26HSAC&q=%22new+urbanism%22&pg=PA255 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=255 |isbn=978-0-300-17394-9 |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref> but it wasn't until the early 1990s that it was commonly written as a proper noun capitalized.<ref>{{cite book |date=1991 |title=Urban Design Update: Newsletter of the Institute for Urban Design, Volumes 7–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8dUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22created+under+the+rubric+of+New+Urbanism%22 |publisher=Institute for Urban Design |access-date=2014-09-06 }}</ref>

In 1991, the [[Local Government Commission (Sacramento, California)|Local Government Commission]], a private nonprofit group in [[Sacramento, California]], invited architects [[Peter Calthorpe]], Michael Corbett, [[Andrés Duany]], [[Elizabeth Moule]], [[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk]], [[Stefanos Polyzoides]], and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles for land use planning. Named the ''[[Ahwahnee Principles]]'' (after [[Yosemite National Park]]'s [[Ahwahnee Hotel]]), the commission presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991, at its first Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgc.org/about/ahwahnee/principles|title=Principles – Local Government Commission|work=Local Government Commission}}</ref>

In 2009, co-founders Elizabeth Moule, Hank Dittmar, and Stefanos Polyzoides authored the Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism to clarify and detail the relationship between New Urbanism and sustainability. The Canons are "a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world". They promote the use of [[passive heating]] and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general, a "culture of permanence".<ref>[http://www.cnu.org/sites/files/Canons.pdf The Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625234557/http://www.cnu.org/sites/files/Canons.pdf |date=2014-06-25 }} |date=October 8, 2014</ref>

==Defining elements==
[[Andrés Duany]] and [[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk]], two of the founders of the Congress for the New Urbanism, observed mixed-use streetscapes with corner shops, front porches, and a diversity of well-crafted housing while living in one of the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] neighborhoods of [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. They and their colleagues observed patterns including the following:

* The neighborhood has a discernible center. This is often a square or a green and sometimes a busy or memorable street corner. A transit stop would be located at this center.
* Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly {{convert|0.25|mi|km}}.
* There are a variety of dwelling types — usually houses, [[terraced house|rowhouse]]s, and [[apartment building|apartment]]s — so that younger and older people, [[Single (relationship)|single]]s and families, the poor and the wealthy may find places to live.
* At the edge of the neighborhood, there are shops and offices of sufficiently varied types to supply the weekly needs of a household.
* A small ancillary building or [[garage apartment]] is permitted within the backyard of each house. It may be used as a rental unit or place to work (for example, an office or craft workshop).
* An elementary school is close enough so that most children can walk from their home.
* There are small playgrounds accessible to every dwelling — not more than a tenth of a mile away.
* Streets within the neighborhood form a connected network, which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination.
* The streets are relatively narrow and shaded by rows of trees. This slows traffic, creating an environment suitable for pedestrians and bicycles.
* Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the street, creating a well-defined outdoor room.
* Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street. Parking is relegated to the rear of buildings, usually accessed by alleys.
* Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. These provide sites for community meetings, education, and religious or cultural activities.

==Terminology==
Several terms are viewed either as synonymous, included in, or overlapping with the New Urbanism. The terms Neotraditional Development<ref>{{cite web |url=http://facweb.arch.ohio-state.edu/jnasar/crpinfo/research/NeoTradJPER2003.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=facweb.arch.ohio-state.edu |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214103135/http://facweb.arch.ohio-state.edu/jnasar/crpinfo/research/NeoTradJPER2003.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> or Traditional Neighborhood Development are often associated with the New Urbanism. These terms generally refer to complete New Towns or new neighborhoods, often built in traditional architectural styles, as opposed to smaller infill and redevelopment projects. The term Traditional Urbanism has also been used to describe the New Urbanism by those who object to the "new" moniker. The term "Walkable Urbanism" was proposed as an alternative term by developer and professor Christopher Leinberger.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Leinberger|first1=Christopher|title=The Option of Urbanism|date=2009|publisher=Island Press|location=District of Columbia|isbn=978-1-59726-137-1}}</ref> Many debate whether [[Smart Growth]] and the New Urbanism are the same or whether substantive differences exist between the two; overlap exists in membership and content between the two movements. Placemaking is another term that is often used to signify New Urbanist efforts or those of like-minded groups. The term Transit-Oriented Development is sometimes cited as being coined by prominent New Urbanist [[Peter Calthorpe]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archdaily.com/409612/does-china-s-urbanization-spell-doom-or-salvation-peter-calthorpe-weighs-in/|title=Does China's Urbanization Spell Doom or Salvation? Peter Calthorpe Weighs In&nbsp;... |work=ArchDaily|date=2013-08-02 }}</ref> and is heavily promoted by New Urbanists. The term [[sustainable development]] is sometimes associated with the New Urbanism as there has been an increasing focus on the environmental benefits of New Urbanism associated with the rise of the term sustainability in the 2000s, however, this has caused some confusion as the term is also used by the [[United Nations]] and [[Agenda 21]] to include [[Human development (humanity)|human development]] issues (e.g., [[developing country]]) that exceed the scope of [[land development]] intended to be addressed by the New Urbanism or [[Sustainable Urbanism]]. The term "livability" or "livable communities" was popular under the [[Obama administration]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/05/04/president-obamas-transportation-bill-prioritizes-livability-high-speed-rail/|title=President Obama's Transportation Bill Prioritizes Livability, High-Speed Rail – Streetsblog USA|date=2011-05-04}}</ref> though it dates back at least to the mid-1990s when the term was used by the [[Local Government Commission (Sacramento, California)|Local Government Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newpartners.org/about/about-the-event|title=About the Event|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023010313/http://www.newpartners.org/about/about-the-event|archive-date=2014-10-23}}</ref>

Planning magazine discussed the proliferation of "urbanisms" in an article in 2011 titled "A Short Guide to 60 of the Newest Urbanisms".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Jonathan|title=A Short Guide to 60 of the Newest Urbanisms|date=April 2014|volume=77|issue=4|pages=19–21|url=https://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/60urbanisms.htm|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916131317/https://www.planning.org/planning/2011/apr/60urbanisms.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several New Urbanists have popularized terminology under the umbrella of the New Urbanism including [[Sustainable Urbanism]] and [[Tactical urbanism|Tactical Urbanism]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citylab.com/design/2012/03/guide-tactical-urbanism/1387/|title=The Official Guide to Tactical Urbanism|work=CityLab|date=2 March 2012 }}</ref> (of which Guerrilla Urbanism can be viewed as a subset). The term Tactical Urbanism was coined by Frenchman Michel de Certau in 1968 and revived in 2011 by New Urbanist Mike Lydon and the co-authors of the Tactical Urbanism Guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tactical-urbanism-citizen-projects-go-mainstream/|title=Tactical urbanism: Citizen projects go mainstream|website=[[CBS News]]|date=1 May 2014}}</ref> In 2011 [[Andres Duany]] authored a book that used the term Agrarian Urbanism to describe an agriculturally-focused subset of New Urbanist town design.<ref>{{cite book | author=Duany, Andres | title=Garden Cities: Theory & Practice of Agrarian Urbanism | publisher=The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment | year=2011| isbn=978-1-906384-04-3| author-link=Duany, Andres }}</ref> In 2013 a group of New Urbanists led by CNU co-founder [[Andres Duany]] began a research project under the banner of Lean Urbanism<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citylab.com/design/2014/03/why-andres-duany-so-focused-making-lean-urbanism-thing/8635/|title=Why Andrés Duany Is So Focused on Making 'Lean Urbanism' a Thing|work=CityLab|date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> which purported to provide a bridge between Tactical Urbanism and the New Urbanism.

Other terms have surfaced in reaction to the New Urbanism intended to provide a contrast, alternative to, or a refinement of the New Urbanism. Some of these terms include [[Everyday Urbanism]] by Harvard Professor Margaret Crawford, John Chase, and John Kaliski,<ref>{{cite book | author=Chase, John | title=Everyday Urbanism| publisher=The Monacelli Press | year=1999| isbn=978-1-885254-81-8}}</ref> [[Ecological Urbanism]], and True Urbanism by architect Bernard Zyscovich. [[Landscape urbanism]] was popularized by Charles Waldheim who explicitly defined it as in opposition to the New Urbanism in his lectures at Harvard University.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mehaffy|first1=Michael|title=The Landscape Urbanism: Sprawl in a Pretty Green Dress?|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/46262|website=Planetizen}}</ref> ''Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents'', edited by Andres Duany and Emily Talen, specifically addressed the tension between these two views of [[urbanism]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.newsociety.com/Books/L/Landscape-Urbanism-and-its-Discontents|title=Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents|publisher=New Society Publishers}}</ref>

==Organizations==
[[File:Sankt Eriksområdet 2014, 1.JPG|thumb|New urbanist ''Sankt Eriksområdet'' quarter in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], built in the 1990s.]]
The primary organization promoting the New Urbanism in the United States is the [[Congress for the New Urbanism]] (CNU). The Congress for the New Urbanism is the leading organization promoting walkable, mixed-use neighborhood development, sustainable communities and healthier living conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iravani |first1=Hamid |last2=Rao |first2=Venkat |title=The effects of New Urbanism on public health |journal=Journal of Urban Design |date=2020 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=218–235 |doi=10.1080/13574809.2018.1554997 |doi-access=free}}</ref> CNU members promote the principles of CNU's Charter and the hallmarks of New Urbanism, including:

* Livable streets arranged in compact, walkable blocks.
* A range of housing choices to serve people of diverse ages and income levels.
* Schools, stores and other nearby destinations reachable by walking, bicycling or transit service.
* An affirming, human-scaled public realm where appropriately designed buildings define and enliven streets and other public spaces.

The CNU has met annually since 1993 when they held their first general meeting in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], with approximately one hundred attendees. By 2008 the Congress was drawing two to three thousand attendees to the annual meetings.

The CNU began forming local and regional chapters circa 2004 with the founding of the New England and Florida Chapters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnuflorida.org/|title=Home – Congress For The New Urbanism Florida Chapter|work=Congress For The New Urbanism Florida Chapter}}</ref> By 2011 there were 16 official chapters and interest groups for 7 more. {{As of|2013}}, Canada hosts two full CNU Chapters, one in Ontario (CNU Ontario), and one in British Columbia (Cascadia) which also includes a portion of the north-west US states.

While the CNU has international participation in Canada, sister organizations have been formed in other areas of the world including the Council for European Urbanism (CEU),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceunet.org/|title=C.E.U. Council for European Urbanism|access-date=22 October 2014|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212007/http://www.ceunet.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (MIU) and the Australian Council for the New Urbanism.

By 2002 chapters of Students for the New Urbanism began appearing at universities including the [[Savannah College of Art and Design]], [[University of Georgia]], [[University of Notre Dame]], and the [[University of Miami]]. In 2003, a group of younger professionals and students met at the 11th Congress in Washington, D.C., and began developing a "Manifesto of the Next Generation of New Urbanists". The [[Next Generation of New Urbanists]] held their first major session the following year at the 12th meeting of the CNU in Chicago in 2004. The group has continued meeting annually {{As of|2014|lc=y}} with a focus on young professionals, students, new member issues, and ensuring the flow of fresh ideas and diverse viewpoints within the New Urbanism and the CNU. Spinoff projects of the Next Generation of the New Urbanists include the Living Urbanism publication first published in 2008 and the first [[Tactical Urbanism]] Guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tacticalurbanismguide.com/|title=Tactical Urbanism Materials Guide – Your resource for getting TU Projects done in your community!}}</ref>

The CNU has spawned publications and research groups. Publications include the ''New Urban News'' and the ''New Town Paper''. Research groups have formed independent nonprofits to research individual topics such as the [[Form-based code|Form-Based Codes]] Institute, The National Charrette Institute and the Center for Applied Transect Studies.

In the [[United Kingdom]] New Urbanist and European urbanism principles are practised and taught by [[The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment]]. They have also been broadly supported in the final report of the Building Better Building Beautiful Commission, Living with Beauty,<ref>https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/861832/Living_with_beauty_BBBBC_report.pdf</ref> and by organisations such as Create Streets who, using the concept of "Gentle Density" both campaign for new urbanist principles in public policy and also support landowners and councils on actual schemes.

Around the world, other organisations promote New Urbanism as part of their remit, such as [[International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism|INTBAU]], A Vision of Europe, Council for European Urbanism, and others.

The CNU and other national organizations have also formed partnerships with like-minded groups. Organizations under the banner of [[Smart Growth]] also often work with the Congress for the New Urbanism. In addition the CNU has formed partnerships on specific projects such as working with the [[United States Green Building Council]] and the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] to develop the [[LEED for Neighborhood Development]] standards, and with the [[Institute of Transportation Engineers]] to develop a [[Context Sensitive Solutions]] (CSS) Design manual.

Founded in 1984, the Seaside Institute is a nonprofit promoting the New Urbanist movement, based in [[Seaside, Florida]]. The organization's primary goal is to inspire livable communities that are centered around sustainability, connectivity, and adaptability. Since 1993, the Seaside Institute has awarded the Seaside Prize to professionals who have made a significant impact on how communities can be built and rebuilt to reflect New Urbanist principles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://viemagazine.com/article/the-seaside-prize-returns/ | title=The Seaside Prize Returns | date=31 October 2022 }}</ref>

Emerging New Urbanist (ENU) empowers, includes, fosters, and advances the goals of the Charter of the New Urbanism.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Criticism==
{{Globalize|date=February 2010}}
New Urbanism has drawn both praise and criticism from all parts of the [[political spectrum]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharifi|first1=Ayyoob|title=From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society|volume=20|pages=1–16|date=September 2015|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2015.09.002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Cliff |title=The New Urbanism: Critiques and Rebuttals |journal=Journal of Urban Design |date=2002 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=261–291 |doi=10.1080/1357480022000039330}}</ref> It has been criticized both for being a [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] scheme and for failing to address social equity and for both restricting private enterprise and for being a deregulatory force in support of private sector developers.

Journalist [[Alex Marshall (Journalist)|Alex Marshall]] has decried New Urbanism as essentially a marketing scheme that repackages conventional suburban sprawl behind a façade of nostalgic imagery and empty, aspirational slogans.<ref>See, ''e.g.'', Alex Marshall, "Building New Urbanism: Less Filling, But Not So Tasty", ''Builder Magazine'', 30 November 1999, p. ___. Print; archived on Marshall's web site, http://www.alexmarshall.org/2006/08/02/building-new-urbanism-less-filling-but-not-so-tasty/. Retrieved 1 November 2013.</ref> In a 1996 article in [[Metropolis (architecture magazine)|''Metropolis'' magazine]], Marshall denounced New Urbanism as "a grand fraud".<ref>Alex Marshall, "Suburbs in Disguise", ''Metropolis Magazine'', July 1996, p. 70, republished as "New Urbanism" in Busch, Akiko, ed., ''Design is&nbsp;... Words, Things, People, Buildings and Places'' (New York:Metropolis Books/Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), p. 272; and as "Suburbs in Disguise" on Marshall's web site, http://www.alexmarshall.org/2007/08/31/suburbs-in-disguise/, retrieved 2 October 2013.</ref> The attack continued in numerous articles, including an opinion column in ''The Washington Post'' in September of the same year,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WashingtonPost.com: Putting Some 'City' Back in the Suburbs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/longterm/library/growth/solutions/nokent.htm |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> and in Marshall's first book, ''How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken''.<ref>U. of Texas Press 2000.{{Cite web |url=http://utpress.utexas.edu/index.php/books/marhow |title=How Cities Work - University of Texas Press |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030161406/http://utpress.utexas.edu/index.php/books/marhow |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Critics have asserted that the effectiveness claimed for the New Urbanist solution of mixed income developments lacks statistical evidence.<ref>Popkin, S. et al. (2004) A Decade of HOPE VI. The Urban Institute</ref> Independent studies have supported the idea of addressing poverty through mixed-income developments,<ref>Goetz, Edward G. (2003) Clearing the Way: Deconcentrating the Poor in Urban America, The Urban Institute Press: Washington, DC</ref><ref>Chaskin, R.J., Joseph, M.L., Webber, H.S. (2007) The Theoretical Basis for Addressing Poverty Through Mixed-Income Development. Urban Affairs Review 42 (3): 369–409.</ref> but the argument that New Urbanism produces such diversity has been challenged from findings from one community in Canada.<ref>Grant, J. and K. Perrott (2009) Producing diversity in a new urbanism community. Town Planning Review 80 (3): 267–289.</ref>

Some parties have criticized the New Urbanism for being too accommodating of motor vehicles and not going far enough to promote cleaner modes of travelling such as walking, cycling, and public transport. The Charter of the New Urbanism states that "communities should be designed for the pedestrian and transit as well as the car".<ref name="The Charter of the New Urbanism">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnu.org/charter|title=The Charter of the New Urbanism|date=2015-04-20}}</ref> Some critics suggest that communities should exclude the car altogether in favor of [[Car-free movement|car-free developments]]. Steve Melia proposes the idea of "filtered permeability" (see [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)]]) which increases the connectivity of the pedestrian and cycling network resulting in a time and convenience advantage over drivers while still limiting the connectivity of the vehicular network and thus maintaining the safety benefits of cul de sacs and horseshoe loops in resistance to property crime.<ref>[http://www.stevemelia.co.uk/ltt.htm "Neighbourhoods Should be Made Permeable for Walking and Cycling but not for Cars"], Steve Melia, Local Transport Today, January 23, 2008</ref>

In response to critiques of a lack of evidence for the New Urbanism's claimed environmental benefits, a rating system for neighborhood environmental design, [[LEED-ND]], was developed by the [[U.S. Green Building Council]], [[Natural Resources Defense Council]], and the [[Congress for the New Urbanism]] (CNU),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnu.org/leednd |title=LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) &#124; Congress for the New Urbanism |access-date=2014-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014174711/http://www.cnu.org/leednd |archive-date=2014-10-14 }}</ref> to quantify the sustainability of New Urbanist neighborhood design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usgbc.org/articles/getting-know-leed-neighborhood-development|title=Getting to know LEED: Neighborhood Development|date=1 January 2014}}</ref> New Urbanist and board member of CNU [[Doug Farr]] has taken a step further and coined [[Sustainable Urbanism]], which combines New Urbanism and LEED-ND to create walkable, transit-served urbanism with high performance buildings and infrastructure.

Criticizing the lack of evidence for low greenhouse gas emissions results, Susan Subak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/university-of-nebraska-press/9780803296886/|title=The Five-Ton Life|last=Subak|first=Susan|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=2018}}</ref> has pointed out that while New Urbanism emphasizes walkability and building variety, it is the scale of dwellings, especially the absence of large houses that may determine successful, low carbon outcomes at the community level.

New Urbanism has been criticized for being a form of centrally planned, large-scale development, "instead of allowing the initiative for construction to be taken by the final users themselves".<ref>[http://p2pfoundation.net/Brief_History_of_P2P-Urbanism "A brief history of Peer-to-peer Urbanism"], Nikos Salingaros and Federico Mena-Quintero, October 2010</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}} It has been criticized for asserting universal principles of design instead of attending to local conditions.<ref>Grant, J. (2006) Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge</ref>

==Examples==
{{Main article|Examples of New Urbanism}}

===United States===
{{example farm|section|date=June 2024}}
[[File:House in baldwin park.JPG|thumb|A [[Key West]] style house in [[Baldwin Park, Florida]]]]
[[File:New Urbanism.jpg|thumb|The Pier Village community in [[Long Branch, New Jersey]] in 2009]]

New Urbanism is having a growing influence on how and where metropolitan regions choose to grow. At least fourteen large-scale planning initiatives are based on the principles of linking transportation and land-use policies, and using the neighborhood as the fundamental building block of a region.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} [[Miami|Miami, Florida]] has adopted the most ambitious New Urbanist-based zoning code reform yet undertaken by a major U.S. city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnu.org/node/3166|title=Saving western Maryland before it's swallowed up|date=January 2005}}</ref>

More than six hundred [[Planned community|new towns]], villages, and neighborhoods, following New Urbanist principles, have been planned or are currently under construction in the U.S. Hundreds of new, small-scale, urban and suburban infill projects are under way to reestablish walkable streets and blocks. In Maryland and several other states, New Urbanist principles are an integral part of ''[[smart growth]]'' legislation.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In the mid-1990s, the [[U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD) adopted the principles of the New Urbanism in its multibillion-dollar program to rebuild public housing projects nationwide. New Urbanists have planned and developed hundreds of projects in infill locations. Most were driven by the private sector, but many, including HUD projects, used public money.

====Prospect New Town====
Founded in the mid-1990s, [[Prospect New Town]] is Colorado's first full-scale New Urbanist community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prospectnewtown.com/story/|title=Story - Prospect New Town, Longmont, CO Homes|website=Prospect New Town|language=en|access-date=2019-06-24|archive-date=2023-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416143010/https://www.prospectnewtown.com/story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Developer Kiki Wallace worked with the firm of [[Duany Plater Zyberk & Company]] to develop the {{convert|32|acre|adj=on}} neighborhood that was formerly his family's tree farm. Currently in its final phase of development, the neighborhood is intended to have a population of approximately 2,000 people in 585 units on 340 lots. The development includes a [[town center]] interwoven into the center of the residential area, with businesses ranging from restaurants to professional offices. The streets are oriented to maximize the view of the mountains, and the traditional town center is no more than five minutes on foot from any place in the neighborhood.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====University Place in Memphis====
In 2010, University Place in [[Memphis, Tennessee]] became the second only [[U.S. Green Building Council]] (USGBC) LEED certified neighborhood. LEED ND (neighborhood development) standards integrates principles of smart growth, urbanism, and green building and were developed through a collaboration between USGBC, Congress for the New Urbanism, and the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]]. University Place, developed by [[McCormack Baron Salazar]], is a 405-unit, {{convert|30|acre|adj=on}}, mixed-income, mixed use, multigenerational, [[HOPE VI]] grant community that revitalized the severely distressed Lamar Terrace public housing site.<ref>[http://www.multihousingnews.com/news/south/architecture-inc-celebrates-leed-nd-certification-of-university-place-in-memphis/1004034759.html Architecture Inc. Celebrates LEED-ND Certification of University Place in Memphis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707093319/http://www.multihousingnews.com/news/south/architecture-inc-celebrates-leed-nd-certification-of-university-place-in-memphis/1004034759.html |date=2015-07-07 }}, Multi Housing News, May 18, 2011.</ref>

====The Cotton District====
[[The Cotton District]] in [[Starkville, Mississippi]] was the first New Urbanist development, begun in 1968 long before the New Urbanism movement was organized.<ref>http://www.tndtownpaper.com/Volume4/new_towns_cotton_district.htm The Town Paper, Vol. 4, No. 1 — December 2001/ January 2002</ref> The District borders Mississippi State University, and consists mostly of residential rental units for college students along with restaurants, bars and retail. The Cotton District got its name because it is built in the vicinity of an old cotton mill.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Seaside====
[[File:Seaside, Florida.jpg|thumb|[[Seaside, Florida]]]]

[[Seaside, Florida]], the first fully New Urbanist town, began development in 1981 on {{convert|80|acre}} of [[Florida Panhandle]] coastline. It was featured on the cover of the ''[[The Atlantic|Atlantic Monthly]]'' in 1988, when only a few streets were completed, and it has become internationally famous for its architecture, as well as the quality of its streets and public spaces.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamer|first1=David|title=Learning from the past: Historic Districts and the New Urbanism in the United States|journal=Planning Perspectives|date=2000|volume=15|issue=2|pages=107–122|doi=10.1080/026654300364047|bibcode=2000PlPer..15..107H |s2cid=144859077}}</ref>

Seaside is now a tourist destination, and it appeared in the film ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998). Lots sold for US$15,000 in the early 1980s. Slightly over a decade later, in the mid-1990s, the price had escalated to about US$200,000. Today, most lots sell for more than $1&nbsp;million, and some houses top $5&nbsp;million.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}

====Mueller Community====
The [[Mueller Community]] is located on the {{convert|700|acre|adj=on}} site of the former [[Robert Mueller Municipal Airport]] in [[Austin, Texas]], which closed in 1999. Per the developer, the value of the Mueller development upon completion will be $1.3 billion, and will comprise {{convert|4.2|e6ft2}} of non-residential development, {{convert|650000|ft2}} of retail space, 4,600 homes, and {{convert|140|acre}} of open space. An estimated 10,000 permanent jobs within the development will have been created by the time it is complete. In 2012, the Mueller Community had more [[electric cars]] per capita than any other neighborhood in the United States – a fact partially attributable to an incentive program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/electric-vehicle-program-piloted-in-austin-neighborhood/ |title=Electric Vehicle Program Piloted in Austin Neighborhood |last=Stroh |first=Katie |date=2013-01-21 |publisher=[[Texas Monthly]] |access-date=2023-08-02}}</ref>

====Stapleton====
The site of the former [[Stapleton International Airport]] in [[Denver]] and [[Aurora, Colorado]], closed in 1995, is now being redeveloped by [[Forest City Enterprises]].<ref name="LAT 2003-10-18">Vincent, Roger and Groves, Martha (October 18, 2003) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-18-fi-playa18-story.html "L.A.'s Urban Model"] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved 12 October 2016</ref> Stapleton is expected to be home to at least 30,000 residents, six schools, and {{convert|2|e6ft2}} of retail. Construction began in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scienceandtech.org/ |title=DSST Web site |access-date=2007-08-24 |archive-date=2020-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130123033/http://scienceandtech.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-26-100-million_x.htm USA Today</ref> [[Northfield Stapleton]], one of the development's major retail centers, recently opened.

====San Antonio====
In 1997, [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], as part of a new master plan, created new regulations called the Unified Development Code (UDC), largely influenced by New Urbanism. One feature of the UDC is six unique land development patterns that can be applied to certain districts: Conservation Development; Commercial Center Development; Office or Institutional Campus Development; Commercial Retrofit Development; Tradition Neighborhood Development; and [[Transit Oriented Development]]. Each district has specific standards and design regulations. The six development patterns were created to reflect existing development patterns.<ref>Greenburg, Ellen, 2004. Codifying New Urbanism: How to Reform Municipal Land Development Regulations. American Planning Association PAS Report Number 526</ref>

====Mountain House====
[[Mountain House, California|Mountain House]], one of the latest New Urbanist projects in the United States, is a new town located near [[Tracy, California]]. Construction started in 2001. Mountain House will consist of 12 villages, each with its own elementary school, park, and commercial area. In addition, a future [[train station]], transit center, and bus system are planned for Mountain House.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Mesa del Sol====
[[Mesa del Sol]], New Mexico—the largest New Urbanist project in the United States—was designed by architect [[Peter Calthorpe]], and is being developed by [[Forest City Enterprises]]. Mesa del Sol may take five decades to reach full build-out, at which time it should have: 38,000 residential units, housing a population of 100,000; a {{convert|1400|acre|adj=on}} industrial office park; four town centers; an urban center; and a [[downtown]] that would provide a [[twin towns and sister cities|twin city]] within [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====I'On====
Located in [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]], [[I'On]] is a traditional neighborhood development, mixed with a new urbanism styled architecture, reflecting on the building designs of the nearby downtown areas of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Founded on April 30, 1995, I'On was designed by the town planning firms of Dover, Kohl & Partners and [[Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company]], and currently holds over 750 single family homes. Features of the community include extensive sidewalks, shared [[public]] greens and parks, [[trails]], and a grid of narrow, [[traffic calming]] streets. Most homes are required to have a [[front porch]] of not less than {{convert|8|ft}} in depth. Floor heights of {{convert|10|ft}}, raised foundations, and smaller lot sizes give the community a [[Urban density|dense]], vertical feel.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Haile Plantation====
[[Haile Plantation, Florida]], is a 2,600-household, {{convert|1,700|acre|adj=on}} development of regional impact southwest of the city of Gainesville, within Alachua County. Haile Village Center is a traditional neighborhood center within the development. It was originally started in 1978 and completed in 2007. In addition to the 2,600 homes the neighborhood consists of two merchant centers (one a New England narrow street village and the other a chain grocery strip mall), as well as two public elementary schools and an 18-hole golf course.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Celebration, Florida====
[[File:House in celebration.JPG|thumb|A [[Mediterranean Revival]] house in [[Celebration, Florida]]]]

In June 1996, the [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Company]] unveiled its {{convert|5,000|acre|adj=on}} town of [[Celebration, Florida|Celebration]], near Orlando, Florida. Celebration opened its downtown in October 1996, relying heavily on the experiences of Seaside, whose downtown was nearly complete. Disney shuns the label New Urbanism, calling Celebration simply a "town".{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Celebration's Downtown has become one of the area's most popular tourist destinations making the community a showcase for New Urbanism as a prime example of the creation of a "sense of place".<ref>Celebration Business Alliance, Sept 2010</ref>

====Jersey City====
The construction of the [[Hudson Bergen Light Rail]] in [[Hudson County, New Jersey]] has spurred transit-oriented development. In [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], at least three projects are planned to transform [[brownfield]] sites, two of which have required remediation of [[toxic waste]] by previous owners:
*[[Bayfront, Jersey City|Bayfront]], once site of a [[Honeywell]] plant is a {{convert|100|acre|adj=on}} site on the [[Hackensack River]], near the planned West Campus of [[New Jersey City University]].
*[[Canal Crossing, Jersey City|Canal Crossing]], named for the former [[Morris Canal]], was once partially owned by [[PPG Industries]], and is a {{convert|117|acre|adj=on}} site west of [[Liberty State Park]].
*[[Liberty Harbor]] is on the north side of the [[Morris Canal]].

====Old York Village, Chesterfield Township, New Jersey====
The sparsely developed agricultural [[Chesterfield Township, New Jersey|Township of Chesterfield]] in [[New Jersey]] covers approximately {{convert|21.61|sqmi|km2 ha}} and has made farmland preservation a priority since the 1970s. Chesterfield has permanently preserved more than {{convert|7000|acre|km2 ha}} of farmland through state and county programs and a township-wide transfer of development credits program that directs future growth to a designated "receiving area" known as Old York Village. Old York Village is a neo-traditional, new urbanism town on {{convert|560|acre|km2 ha}} incorporating a variety of housing types, neighborhood commercial facilities, a new elementary school, civic uses, and active and passive open space areas with preserved agricultural land surrounding the planned village. Construction began in the early 2000s and a significant percentage of the community is now complete. Old York Village was the winner of the [[American Planning Association]] National Outstanding Planning Award in 2004.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:bF_sLhalru4J:www.clarkecatonhintz.com/news_62/cch.pdf+Old+York+Village+Chesterfield&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShmUa4sV_i-RkZGv6VCfru69zqmyvd5QuPhmbvt5rknjP-2U5ceIqitHl7582Z5kNIPD4OgHwbRbyf1gybr7uRoLFeZNt2zwDdwkAHE8sIn0CrPSu1O0ENRX_hc9dHjNk6SxPjS&sig=AHIEtbSNUnz4J_fonSY-LCM60WBGc0GLxw "Old York Village, Chesterfield Wins an American Planning Association Award for an Outstanding Project/ Program/ Tool"]</ref><ref>[http://www.chesterfieldtwp.com/Smart%20Growth/smartgrowthpage.html "Old York Village Implementing Smart Growth"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001092432/http://www.chesterfieldtwp.com/Smart%20Growth/smartgrowthpage.html |date=2011-10-01 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111001092441/http://www.chesterfieldtwp.com/Smart%20Growth/Master%20Plan%20Amendment-May%2028,%202002.pdf "Master Plan Amendment: Township of Chesterfield"]</ref>

==== Civita ====
[[Civita (San Diego, California)|Civita]] is a [[Sustainable development|sustainable]], [[Transportation|transit]]-oriented {{convert|230|acre|adj=on}} master-planned village under development in the [[Mission Valley, San Diego|Mission Valley]] area of [[San Diego|San Diego, California]], [[United States]]. Located on a former [[quarry]] site, the [[Urban planning|urban]]-style village is organized around a community park that cascades down the terraced property.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sand and gravel quarry becoming a sustainable, urban village|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/dec/14/sand-and-gravel-quarry-becoming-a-sustainable/|newspaper=U-T San Diego|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> Civita development plans call for {{convert|70|acre}} of parks and open space, 4,780 residences (including approximately 478 [[Affordable housing|affordable]] units), an approximately {{convert|480000|ft2|adj=on}} [[Lifestyle center (retail)|retail center]], and {{convert|420000|ft2}} for an office/business campus.<ref name = urbanland>{{cite web|last=Kirk|first=Patricia|title=Civita: San Diego's New City within the City|url=http://urbanland.uli.org/planning-design/civita-san-diego-s-new-city-within-the-city/|publisher=Urban Land Magazine|access-date=16 April 2014|date=2013-04-19}}</ref><ref name = leung>{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Lily|title=Mission Valley's 230-acre Civita to debut|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/dec/07/an-open-house-at-civita/|newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

Sudberry Properties, the developer of Civita, incorporated numerous [[green building]] practices in the Civita design.<ref>{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Morris|title=Terraced Living in a San Diego Quarry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/29/realestate/commercial/in-san-diego-terraced-living-in-an-old-quarry.html|newspaper=New York Times |date=February 28, 2012 |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> In 2009, Civita achieved a Stage 1 Gold rating for the U.S. [[Green Building Council|Green Building Council's]] 2009 LEED-ND (Neighborhood Development) pilot and received the California Governor's Environmental and Economic Leadership Award.<ref name = urbanland/><ref>{{cite web|last=McCandless|first=Catherine|title=No Longer Just A Hole In The Ground|url=https://www.mit.edu/people/spirn/Public/Ulises-11-308/Quarrying.pdf|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> In 2010, Civita was designated as a California Catalyst Community by the [[California Department of Housing and Community Development]] to support innovation and test sustainable strategies that reflect the interdependence of environmental, economic, and community health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalyst Projects for California Sustainable Communities|url=http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/catayst_summaries082510.pdf|publisher=California Department of Housing and Community Development|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309060249/http://www.hcd.ca.gov/hpd/catayst_summaries082510.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Del Mar Station ====
Del Mar Station, which won a Congress for the New Urbanism Charter Award in 2003,<ref>[http://www.cnu.org/node/916#2003 "Charter Award Recipients"], Congress for the New Urbanism (accessed 8 April 2015).</ref> is a [[transit-oriented development]] surrounding a prominent [[Los Angeles Metro Rail|Metro Rail]] [[Del Mar station|stop]] on the [[L Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Gold Line]], which connects Los Angeles and Pasadena. Located at the southern edge of downtown Pasadena, it serves as a gateway to the city with 347 apartments, out of which 15% are affordable units. Approximately {{convert|20000|sqft}} of retail is linked with a network of public plazas, paseos, and private courtyards. The {{convert|3.4|acre|adj=on}}, US$77 million project sits above a 1,200-car multi-level subterranean parking garage, with 600 spaces dedicated to transit. A light rail right-of-way, detailed as a public street, bisects the site. It was designed by [[Moule & Polyzoides]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Del Mar Station Transit Village|url=http://www.mparchitects.com/site/projects/del-mar-station-transit-village|publisher=Moule & Polyzoides|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cnu.org/resources/projects/del-mar-station-2007 Del Mar Station] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412172431/https://www.cnu.org/resources/projects/del-mar-station-2007 |date=2015-04-12 }}, Congress for the New Urbanism, September 14, 2007.</ref>

==== Norfolk, VA, East Beach ====
East Beach in Norfolk, VA, was designed and built in the style of traditional Atlantic coastal villages. The Master Plan for East Beach was developed in the style of “New Urbanism” by world renowned TND master planners Duany Plater-Zyberk. Newly constructed homes reflect traditional classic detail and proportion of Tidewater Virginia homes, and are built with materials that will withstand the test of time and forces of Mother Nature and the Chesapeake Bay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbeachnorfolk.com/index.php|title=East Beach Norfolk – Luxury Condos, Villas, Waterfront Homes – A Simple Life on the Chesapeake Bay|access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

===Other countries===
New Urbanism is closely related to the [[Urban village]] movement in Europe. They both occurred at similar times and share many of the same principles although urban villages has an emphasis on traditional city planning. In Europe many brown-field sites have been redeveloped since the 1980s following the models of the traditional city neighbourhoods rather than Modernist models. One well-publicized example is [[Poundbury]] in England, a suburban extension to the town of Dorchester, which was built on land owned by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] under the overview of [[Prince Charles]]. The original masterplan was designed by [[Leon Krier]]. A report carried out after the first phase of construction found a high degree of satisfaction by residents, although the aspirations to reduce [[car dependency]] had not been successful. Rising house prices and a perceived premium have made the open market housing unaffordable for many local people.<ref name="poundbury">WATSON, G., BENTLEY, I., ROAF, S. and SMITH, P., 2004. Learning from Poundbury, Research for the West Dorset District Council and the Duchy of Cornwall. Oxford Brookes University.</ref>

The Council for European Urbanism (CEU), formed in 2003, shares many of the same aims as the U.S.'s New Urbanists. CEU's Charter is a development of the [[Congress for the New Urbanism]] Charter revised and reorganised to relate better to European conditions. An Australian organisation, Australian Council for New Urbanism has since 2001 run conferences and events to promote New Urbanism in that country. A [[New Zealand Urban Design Protocol]] was created by the Ministry for the Environment in 2005.

There are many developments around the world that follow New Urbanist principles to a greater or lesser extent:

====Europe====
[[File:Queen Mother SQUARE, Poundbury, Dorset.jpg|thumb|The town of [[Poundbury]] in England, constructed in the New Urbanism form from 1988–present]]
[[File:Serrisplacetoscaneserris.jpg|thumb|''Place de Toscane'' in [[Serris, Seine-et-Marne|Serris]], France, designed by [[New Classical Architecture|new classical]] architect [[Pier Carlo Bontempi]] in 2002]]

*[[Le Plessis-Robinson]], a 21st-century example of [[New classical architecture|neo-traditionalism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/57600|title=Le Plessis-Robinson: A Model for Smart Growth|work=Planetizen: The independent resource for people passionate about planning and related fields}}</ref> in the south-west of Paris. This city is in the process of transforming itself, destroying old modern blocklike buildings and replacing them with traditional buildings and houses in one of the biggest worldwide projects with Val d'Europe. In 2008 the city was nominated best architectural project of the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeunesarchi.com/ |title=Jeunesarchi.com |website=www.jeunesarchi.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718100847/http://www.jeunesarchi.com/ |archive-date=18 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Poundbury]], in Dorset, England, is a neotraditionalist urban extension focussed on high quality urban realm and the expression of traditional modes of urban or village life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/behind-the-facade-of-prince-charless-poundbury_o|title=Behind the Façade of Prince Charles's Poundbury|date=2013-12-03|newspaper=Architect|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
* [[Tornagrain]], between Inverness and Nairn, Scotland, The design is based on the architectural and planning traditions of the Highlands and the rest of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tornagrain.com/|website=www.tornagrain.com|access-date=2023-09-21|title=Tornagrain}}</ref>
*[[Val d'Europe]], east of Paris, France. Developed by [[Disneyland Resort Paris]], this town is a kind of European counterpart to Walt Disney World Celebration City.
*[[Jakriborg]], in Southern [[Sweden]], is a recent example of the New Urbanist movement.
*[[Brandevoort]], in [[Helmond]], in the [[Netherlands]], is a new example of the New Urbanist movement.
*''Sankt Eriksområdet'' quarter in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], built in the 1990s.
*Other developments can be found at Heulebrug, part of [[Knokke-Heist]], in [[Belgium]], and Fonti di Matilde in [[:it:San Bartolomeo (Reggio Emilia)|San Bartolomeo]] (outside of [[Reggio Emilia]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interactive.wttw.com/bontempi/selected-works|title=Bontempi Selected Works|work=WTTW Chicago Public Media – Television and Interactive|date=2014-03-13}}</ref> [[Italy]].
*[[Kartanonkoski]], in [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]], is the only example of neotraditional architecture in Finland implemented on a larger scale. The area has around 4000 inhabitants and its architecture has been mainly influenced by [[Nordic Classicism]].
*[[Vauban,_Freiburg|Vauban]] and its surrounding city [[Freiburg]] serve as centers for innovation integrating solar roofs, carbon neutral buildings, [[Passivhaus]], and point-access block single-exit apartment blocks into the fabric of New Urbanist architecture and neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html|title=In German Suburb, Life Goes On Without Cars |newspaper=New York Times|date=2009-05-11}}</ref>

====Americas====
[[File:05 Ciudad Cayala Front View.jpg|thumb|Ciudad Cayala in [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala, founded in 2011]]

*[[Mahogany Bay Village, Belize]], is {{convert|24|ha|acre|adj=on}} New Urbanist community on Ambergris Caye, Belize. 
*[[Orchid Bay, Belize]], is one of the largest New Urbanist projects in Central America and the Caribbean.
*[[Las Catalinas, Costa Rica]], is a coastal town in the [[Guanacaste Province]] of Northwest [[Costa Rica]]. Envisioned as a compact, walkable beach town, Las Catalinas was founded in 2006 by [[Charles Brewer (businessman)|Charles Brewer]] and incorporates many of the principles of New Urbanism.
*[[McKenzie Towne, Calgary|McKenzie Towne]] is a New Urbanist development which commenced in 1995 by [[Carma Developers]] LP in [[Calgary]].
*[[Cornell, Ontario|Cornell]], within the city of [[Markham, Ontario]], was designed with walkable neighborhoods, density to support public transit, a variety of housing types and retail.<ref>
{{cite magazine |url= http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj06/indepth/communities.asp |title= Is new urbanism the answer to suburbia's dying communities? |magazine= Canadian Geographic |access-date= 2011-01-31 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101117025306/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj06/indepth/communities.asp |archive-date= 2010-11-17 }}</ref>
*New Amherst is a new urbanist development in the town of [[Cobourg, Ontario]].
*[[UniverCity]], beside the [[Simon Fraser University]] campus on Burnaby Mountain in [[Burnaby]], [[British Columbia]], is a sustainable community that is designed to be walkable, dense, and well connected to public transit networks.
*[[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant Village]] in the city of [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]] was designed as a mixed-use neighbourhood surrounding a train station and with a central square.

====Asia====
[[File:Traffic along Lornie Road, Singapore - 20130728.JPG|thumb|Traffic along Lornie Road, [[Singapore]]]]
*The structure plan for [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]], follows [[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]], which share underlying axioms with the New Urbanism.

====Africa====
There are several such developments in South Africa. The most notable is [[Melrose Arch]] in [[Johannesburg]]. [[Triple Point (East London)|Triple Point]] is a comparable mixed-use development in [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], in [[Eastern Cape]] province. The development, announced in 2007, comprises 30&nbsp;hectares. It is made up of three apartment complexes together with over 30 residential sites as well as 20,000 sq&nbsp;m of residential and office space. The development is valued at over R2&nbsp;billion ($250&nbsp;million).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eprop.co.za/news/item/9127-East-London-gets-own-Melrose-Arch.html |title="EAST LONDON GETS OWN MELROSE ARCH", ''eProp.co.za, 12 December 2007 |access-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427102550/http://www.eprop.co.za/news/item/9127-East-London-gets-own-Melrose-Arch.html |archive-date=2015-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been cases where market forces of urban decay are confused with new urbanism in [https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/ African cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144749/https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/ |date=2018-09-07 }}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/|title=Debunking New Urbanism in Harare|last=Muzenda|first=Archimedes|date=2017-07-12|publisher=African Urban Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144749/https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/|archive-date=2018-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> This has led to a form of suburban mixed-use development that does not promote walkability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2016/08/25/in-search-of-a-new-african-urbanism/|title=In search of a new African urbanism {{!}} Infrastructure news|website=www.infrastructurene.ws|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-date=2017-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531172205/http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2016/08/25/in-search-of-a-new-african-urbanism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/Legacy/sitefiles/file/44/1068/3229/9086/africanperspectives/pdf/papers/viana.pdf|title=African City: towards a new paradigm –"chameleonic" urbanism for hybrid cities|last=Viana|publisher=African Perspectives Conference Proceedings}}</ref>

====Australia====
Most new developments on the edges of Australia's major cities are master planned, often guided expressly by the principles of New Urbanism. The relationship between housing, activity centres, the transport network and key social infrastructure (sporting facilities, libraries, community centres etc.) is defined at structure planning stage.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/>
*Jindee, [[Western Australia]], a new coastal development north of [[Perth]] which has been designed using Smart Code.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jindee |url=https://studiolfa.com/project/jindee |website=Studio LFA |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> 
*Tullimbar Village, [[New South Wales]], is a new development which follows the principles of New Urbanism.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tullimbar Village :: Wollongong NSW :: Contemporary Lifestyle Community|url = http://www.tullimbarvillage.com.au|website = www.tullimbarvillage.com.au|access-date = 2015-05-29|first = Screen|last = Art|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031048/http://www.tullimbarvillage.com.au/|archive-date = 2015-05-01|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2017}}{{primary source inline|date=December 2017}}

Another important factor or principle of New Urbanism that guides Australia's major cities is how good their foot circulation seems to be which is guided by the wayfinding systems that are implemented. Kenneth B. Hall Jr. and Gerald A. Porterfield said in their book, "Community by Design," the way to gain good circulation is to take some thoughtful consideration to things like wayfinding, sight lines, transition, visual clues, and reference points.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Community by Design|last=Hall|first=Kenneth B.|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc|others=Gerald A. Porterfield|year=2001|pages=97|isbn=007141794X}}</ref> Circulation design should work to create an interesting and informative system that utilizes subtle elements as well as technical ones.<ref name=":0" /> City of Port Philip, Australia, is a good example of wayfinding where they have come up with a comprehensive pedestrian signage system, specifically for their local areas of St Kilda, South Melbourne and Port Melbourne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.victoriawalks.org.au/wayfinding/|title=Case study - Wayfinding signage|website=www.victoriawalks.org.au|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.studiobinocular.com/2013/02/city-of-port-phillip-wayfinding/|title=City of Port Phillip: Wayfinding - Studio Binocular|date=2013-02-09|work=Studio Binocular|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032747/https://www.studiobinocular.com/2013/02/city-of-port-phillip-wayfinding/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city's wayfinding system consists of 26 individually designed panels that are placed on some major streets such as St Kilda and St Kilda East, linking St Kilda Junction and Balaclava Station to the foreshore via Fitzroy, Carlisle and Acland Streets.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> City of Port Philip also created directional signage systems that makes use of the already existing street furniture such as trash cans to help provide for 130 directional indicators across Port Melbourne.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===== 20-minute neighbourhoods =====
[[Melbourne]] followed up a 2014 plan<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Stanley|first1=John|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274064812|title=Moving People: Connecting Neighbourhoods: The 20 minute city, Bus Industry Confederation Inc.|last2=Stanley|first2=Janet|last3=Davis|first3=Stephen|date=2015-03-23}}</ref> by launching 20-minute neighbourhoods in January 2018, aiming to provide for most daily needs within a 20-minute walk from home, together with safe cycling and public transport options.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 minute neighbourhoods|url=https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/current-projects/20-minute-neighbourhoods|last=Department of Environment|first=Land|website=www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> Another definition has used the time taken to cycle, or take a bus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=John|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274075380|title=Connecting neighbourhoods: The 20 minute city. Bus and Coach Industry Policy paper 4|date=2015-03-25}}</ref> In Melbourne the concept was initiated in the suburbs of [[Croydon South, Victoria|Croydon South]], [[Strathmore, Victoria|Strathmore]], and [[Sunshine West, Victoria|Sunshine West]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=20-Minute Neighbourhoods|url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/428908/Creating-a-more-liveable-Melbourne.pdf|date=2019|website=Victoria State Government|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2023-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032835/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/428908/Creating-a-more-liveable-Melbourne.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The concept has since expanded to other cities, such as [[Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda?|url=http://theconversation.com/people-love-the-idea-of-20-minute-neighbourhoods-so-why-isnt-it-top-of-the-agenda-131193|last1=Stanley|first1=John|last2=Hansen|first2=Roz|website=The Conversation|date=19 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> and [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamilton Mode Shift Programme - 20 Minute City|url=https://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/covid-19/recovery-package/Documents/1.%20Hamilton%20Mode%20Shift%20Programme%20-%2020%20Minute%20City%20.pdf|date=March 2020|website=Hamilton City Council|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203231418/https://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/covid-19/recovery-package/Documents/1.%20Hamilton%20Mode%20Shift%20Programme%20-%2020%20Minute%20City%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics have pointed out that Melbourne's plan excludes jobs and that a previous target for public transport use has been shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the "20-minute city" mostly spin? – The Urbanist|url=https://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2017/08/09/20-minute-city-mostly-spin/|website=blogs.crikey.com.au|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124111/https://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2017/08/09/20-minute-city-mostly-spin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The concept has been equated with [[Localism Act 2011|localism]].<ref name=":3" />

[[Dubai]] launched the 20-minute city project in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Rory |date=2022-12-12 |title=Dubai 2040 Urban Plan: Ruler sets out ambitions to create '20-minute city' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2022/12/12/dubai-urban-plan-sheikh-mohammed-property/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> where residents are able to access daily needs & destinations within 20 minutes by foot or bicycle. The plan involves placing 55% of the residents within 800 meters of mass transit stations, allowing them to reach 80% of their daily needs and destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai 2040 {{!}} The Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan recognizes the significance of time in people's lives and acknowledges that effectively managing and utilizing time for commuting and meeting basic needs. |url=http://dubai2040.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/the-20-minutes-city/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also== <!-- don't duplicate already existing links -->
*[[List of examples of New Urbanism]]

{{col-begin}}

{{col-2}}

===Urban planners, architects and New Urbanists===
{{See also|New Classical Architecture#New Classical Architects}}
*[[Ivan Chtcheglov]]
*[[Walter F. Chatham]]
*[[Larry Beasley]]
*[[Christopher Charles Benninger]]
*[[Peter Calthorpe]]
*[[Andrés Duany]]
*[[Hans Kollhoff]]
*[[Leon Krier]]
*[[Gabriele Tagliaventi]]
*[[James Howard Kunstler]]
*[[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk]]
*[[Sim Van der Ryn]]
*[[Pier Carlo Bontempi]]
*[[Ali Kemal Arkun]]
*[[Matthew Sergio Digoy]]

===Locations===
* [[Atlantic Station, Atlanta]]
*[[Birkdale Village|Birkdale Village, North Carolina]]
*[[Carlton Landing, Oklahoma]]
*[[Daybreak (community)|Daybreak, South Jordan, Utah]]
*[[Downtown DeLand's Historic Garden District|DeLand, FL]]
*[[Greenbelt, Maryland]]
*[[Issaquah Highlands|Issaquah Highlands, Issaquah, Washington]]
*[[Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland]]
*[[National Harbor, Maryland|National Harbor]]
*New Town, Missouri
*[[Orenco Station, Hillsboro, Oregon|Orenco Station]], Oregon (New Urbanist transit-oriented development)
*[[Port Melbourne, Victoria#Beacon Cove|Beacon Cove]]
*[[Coed Darcy]]
*[[Poundbury]]
*[[Prospect New Town|Prospect New Town, Colorado]]
*[[Seabrook, Washington]]
*[[Verrado]], [[Buckeye, Arizona]]
*[[Uptown, Dallas]], Texas (New Urbanist area rated most pedestrian-friendly in Texas)
*Old York Village, [[Chesterfield Township, New Jersey]]


{{col-2}}

===Topics===
*[[Car-free movement]]
*[[Carsharing]]
*[[Circles of Sustainability]]
*[[Community building]]
*[[Crime prevention through environmental design]]
*[[European Urban Renaissance]]
*[[EcoMobility]]
*[[Garden City Movement]]
*[[Gentrification]]
*[[International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism]]
*[[Land recycling]]
*[[Land value tax]]
*[[Missing Middle Housing]]
*[[MIU (Movement for Israeli Urbanism)]]
*[[Mixed-use development]]
*[[Mobility transition]]
*[[Naked streets]]/Shared space
*[[New Classical Architecture]]
*{{interlanguage link|New Pedestrianism|de||es|Nuevo peatonalismo|fr|Nouveau piétonnisme|ja|新歩行者主義|zh|新徒步主义}})
*[[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]]
*[[Pedestrian-oriented development]]
*[[Pedestrian Village]]
*[[Preservation development]]
*[[Traditional Neighborhood Development]]
*[[Urban decay]]
*[[Urbanism]]
*[[Urban green space]]
*[[Urban renaissance]]
*[[Urban resilience]]
*[[Urban sprawl]]
*[[Urban vitality]]
*[[Walking audit]]
*[[World Urbanism Day]]
*[[YIMBY]]
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|New urbanism}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190911030238/https://www.cnu.org/ Congress for the New Urbanism]
* [https://www.acnu.org/ Australian Council for New Urbanism]
* [http://www.ceunet.org Council for European Urbanism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212007/http://www.ceunet.org/ |date=17 August 2020 }}

{{Urban Planning}}

[[Category:New Urbanism| ]]
[[Category:Sustainable design]]
[[Category:Sustainable transport]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Human ecology]]
[[Category:Theories of aesthetics]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]