Editing Neve Shalom

{{Short description|Village in Israel}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Israel village
| name = Neve Shalom - Wahat as-Salam
| hebname = {{Script/Hebrew|נְוֵה שָׁלוֹם}}
| arname = واحة السلام
| image = view east 121202c 760.jpg
| caption = View of the village
| image_emblem=Neve Shalom - Wahat as-Salam Logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert
| emblem_size=250px
| founded = 1969
| founded_by = 
| country = {{ISR}}
| district = jerusalem
| council = [[Mateh Yehuda Regional Council|Mateh Yehuda]]
| popyear = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population = {{Israel populations|Newe Shalom}}
| population_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}}
| pushpin_map = Israel jerusalem#Israel
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_label_position = 
| coordinates = {{coord|31|49|4|N|34|58|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_dunam = 
| meaning = Oasis of Peace
| website = {{URL|nswas.org}}
}}

'''Neve Shalom''' ({{langx|he|נְוֵה שָׁלוֹם||Oasis of Peace}}), also known as '''Wahat as-Salam''' ({{langx|ar|واحة السلام}})<ref>{{harvnb|Halabi|Zak|2004|p=125}}.”The village has an official name in Hebrew and in Arabic: Neve Shalom/Wahat al Salam, which is meant to convey the partnership between Arabs and Jews in the life of the community. In practice, when one is speaking Hebrew, the village is called “Neve Shalom”; when one is speaking Arabic it is sometimes called “Neve Shalom” and sometimes “Wahat al Salam”. Only when the members of the village are speaking English or another third language, do they refer to the village by its full name in both languages .</ref> is a [[intentional community|cooperative village]] in [[Israel]], jointly founded by [[Israeli Jews]] and [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]] in an attempt to show that the two peoples can live side by side peacefully, as well as to conduct educational work for peace, equality and understanding between the two peoples. The village is located on one of the two [[Latrun]] hilltops overlooking the [[Ajalon|Ayalon Valley]],<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=1}}</ref> and lies midway between [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Jerusalem]]. Falling under the jurisdiction of [[Mateh Yehuda Regional Council]], in {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Newe Shalom}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}

==History==
The name ''Neve Shalom'' is taken from a passage in the [[Isaiah]] 32:18: "My people shall dwell in an oasis of peace".<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|pp=57–72}}.</ref>

The village was the brainchild of Father [[Bruno Hussar]]. Born in Egypt the son of [[non-practicing Jews]], he [[List of converts to Christianity from Judaism|converted to Christianity]] while studying engineering in France.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yazbek |first=Hiba |date=2023-09-30 |title=In an Israeli Oasis, a Model for Peace, if Messy and Imperfect |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/30/world/middleeast/israel-peace-oasis-village.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Witnessing at first hand the vitriolic [[antisemitism]] of wartime France sharpened his awareness of his Jewish roots.<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=58}}.</ref> He joined the [[Dominican Order]], was ordained into the priesthood in 1950, and sent to Jerusalem to establish a centre for Jewish studies in 1953, where he obtained [[Israeli citizenship]] in 1966. In 1970, in order to promote [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] interfaith dialogue, he obtained forty hectares (120 acres<ref name="Montville 1998 21">{{harvnb|Montville|1998|p=21}}.</ref>) of terrain classified as [[no man's land]]<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=58}}.</ref> in the [[Battles of Latrun (1948)|Latrun salient]], at a '[[Peppercorn (legal)|peppercorn rent]]' of 3 pence a year on a 100-year lease from the local [[Trappist]] abbey. The area was desolate, treeless, unwatered and covered with brambles, and had not been under cultivation since the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]].<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|pp=121–123}}.</ref> At the outset foreigners came to share the experience with him, but few remained beyond one or two months, save for Anne LeMeignon who settled in a hut and stayed on.<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=59}}.</ref>

Hussar's project envisaged the creation of a sociocultural framework that would enable residents to live on terms of equality and mutual respect while conserving the distinct cultural heritage, language and sense of identity each individual brought to the community from the complex mosaic of Palestine's historic communities. At the same time, it would be designed to function as a school of peace where people from all over the country could learn to listen to each other.<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|pp=xv, 124}}.</ref>

In Hussar's own words:
<blockquote>"We had in mind a small village composed of inhabitants from different communities in the country.  Jews, Christians and Muslims would live there in peace, each one faithful to his own faith and traditions, while respecting those of others.  Each would find in this diversity a source of personal enrichment.".<ref>{{harvnb|Hussar|1989}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=119}}</ref></blockquote>
Conditions were harsh, and at first Hussar lived in a bus on the site.<ref name="Montville 1998 21"/> Even basic facilities like a bathroom were lacking, and showers could be taken only by driving once a week the {{convert|10| km}} to [[Nahshon, Israel|kibbutz Nachshon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=127}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Montville|1998|pp=21–22}}.</ref> The first five families, four Jewish and one Palestinian<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|pp=59–60}}:Abdel-Salam Najjar and his wife Ayesha. He was son of the [[imam]] of Arrabe near [[Nazareth]], and was told by Hussar to gain experience on a [[kibbutz]]. He duly went to work as a volunteer at [[Kerem Shalom]] on the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]-[[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] border, where he met Ilan and Tamar Frisch. Together they moved to Neve Shalom.</ref> settled there in 1978, dwelling in tents. Among the early members (from November 1980)<ref>{{harvnb|Aron|1992}}.</ref> was Major [[Wellesley Aron]], grandfather of the Israeli singer [[David Broza]].<ref name="davidbroza.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidbroza.net/hp/Activities.aspx |publisher=DavidBroza.net|title=Neve Shalom Wahat-Al-Salam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009075735/http://www.davidbroza.net/hp/Activities.aspx |archive-date=October 9, 2010}}</ref> Says David Broza: "The group of people that my grandfather joined saw the place as an opportunity to expand on the idea of finding peace within yourself as a prelude to bringing peace to the community and the region".<ref name="davidbroza.net"/> The School for Peace was established in 1978. The founding families came mainly from a secular background.<ref name="Gavron 2008 61">{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=61}}.</ref> The Neve Shalom-Wahat as-Salam model earned both the [[Beyond War#Award Ceremonies|1989 Beyond War Award]],<ref>Beyond War Award Page http://traubman.igc.org/bwaward.htm</ref> and a [[Giraffe Heroes Project|Giraffe Heroes Award]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Neve Shalom/Wahat Al-Salam - Giraffe Hero |url=https://giraffeheroes.org/10/NeveShalomWahatAl-Salam |website=giraffeheroes.org |access-date=15 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and inspired the 1992 birth of the sustained [[Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group]] in the United States.

[[File:Neve-Shalom-2013.jpg|thumb|Neve Shalom, Jewish-Arab village in [[Israel]]]]
For years it survived as an orphan community devoid of official assistance. In 1994, after lobbying by foreign  supporters and the American diplomat [[Samuel W. Lewis]], the Israeli government had a change of heart and began to provide subsidies, and extended legal status to the village as a municipality. As a result, it earned autonomous zoning rights.<ref name="Montville 1998">{{harvnb|Montville|1998}}.</ref> The "School of Peace" closed down in a month-long strike, in protest and mourning, at the outbreak of the [[Al Aqsa Intifada]] in 2000, and made efforts to provide welfare for Palestinians as the violence spread.<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=57}}.</ref>

While assimilation is not promoted, intermarriage is not disapproved of, though instances are rare. The preference is for each community to maintain its distinct identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=64}}.</ref> The forging of a convivial bicultural identity has not erased difficulties. Even in schooling, Grace Feuerverger's account documents, achingly painful tensions do arise in relationships as children, teachers and families interact.<ref name="Shapiro 2010 104">{{harvnb|Shapiro|2010|p=104}}.</ref> One resident stated the issue in the following terms:
<blockquote>The Neve Shalom/Wahat Al-Salam experience ''humanizes'' the conflict. It is called an oasis, but only as compared to other areas in the country. The village has many difficulties but at least we are not being broken. We do have personal squabbles as in any village, but we are living the conflict instead of fighting it.<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=141}}.</ref></blockquote>

To mark the advent of the new millennium, towards the end of the 1990s the Trappist monastery decided to hand over half<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=60}}.</ref> the land, some {{convert|50| acres|ha|order=flip}}, to Neve Shalom/Wahat as-Salam as an outright gift to its residents.<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=143}}.</ref>

In May 2010, a sign was posted outside the village decrying the deaths of human rights activists during the [[Gaza flotilla raid]].  The wording of the sign originally described the deaths as "murder" but was subsequently changed to "killing" to better reflect the village consensus.<ref name="nswas.org">[http://nswas.org/spip.php%3Farticle967 'Protesting the attack on the Freedom Flotilla,'] at nsws.org.,31 May 2010.</ref> The following month ''[[Arutz Sheva]]'' reported that a rift had broken out between Jews and Arabs over this issue and threats had been made to expel the Jewish residents.<ref>{{harvnb|Ronen|2010}}.</ref> On its website, the community wrote that the initiative was undertaken and authorized democratically by both Jewish and Palestinian members of the village.<ref name="nswas.org"/> In July of the same year, the community organized a joint Jewish-Palestinian conference on human rights which was attended by speakers ranging from [[Gideon Levy]] to [[Neve Gordon]] and Ziv Hadas, Executive Director for [[Physicians for Human Rights]].<ref>[http://www.oasisofpeace.org/press/Joint_Jewish-Palestinian_Conference_in_NSWAS.doc 'Joint Jewish-Palestinian Conference in Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035531/http://www.oasisofpeace.org/press/Joint_Jewish-Palestinian_Conference_in_NSWAS.doc |date=2016-03-04 }} July 22, 2010.</ref>

In a [[Price tag attack policy|price tag attack]] in 2012, the tires of  14 vehicles were punctured and some of the vehicles were painted with anti-Palestinian graffiti.” <ref>{{harvnb|Hasson|Rosenberg|2012}}.</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:A House in Neve Shalom.JPG|thumb|250px|Home in Neve Shalom]]
The village is home (as of 2010) to some sixty families. By principle, half of the inhabitants are Jews, the rest are Muslim and Christian [[Israeli Arabs]]. Another 300 Jewish and  Arab families remain on the waiting list for settlement in the community. A recently approved expansion plan will permit the village to grow in coming years by another 92 housing lots.  Since its founding, the village has had a regular rotation of international volunteers brought in to provide basic support functions at its various facilities.

==Administrative structure==
The community is run by a steering committee or secretariat which, like its subcommittees, is elected by an annual democratic vote. The head of the secretariat effectively serves as the mayor of the village. In addition there are several internal committees to run the various activities of the village. A numerical balance is consistently observed between Jewish and Arab representatives. Rotation however is not observed, and since 1995 the village administrator has always been an Arab.<ref name="Gavron 2008 61"/> Jewish classes in the village school each have both a Jewish and an Arab teacher, but this does not extend to the curriculum, where maths, for example, is taught to children in their respective native languages.<ref>{{harvnb|Gavron|2008|p=65}}.</ref>  When matters of principle are on the agenda, a [[wikt:plenum|plenum]], made up of all full members of the village, is constituted to deliberate, and its final decisions are binding on everyone.<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|pp=2–3}}.</ref> Since the adult Jewish residents are not equally fluent in Arabic,<ref name="Montville 1998"/><ref name="Shapiro 2010 104"/> the [[minutes]] of official deliberations are taken down in Hebrew and workshops are conducted in Hebrew to account for what  Rabah Halabi describes as a large gap between "proclaimed policy and the actual situation,"<ref>{{harvnb|Halabi|Zak|2004|pp=125, 128}}.</ref> and Feuerverger, using the theories of [[Paolo Freire]], illustrates that language issues refract problems of power.<ref name="Shapiro 2010 104"/>

==Education==
According to Grace Feuerverger, Neve Shalom/Wahat as-Salam's emancipatory education 'has become a global role model of intercultural harmony, of teaching and learning to live together in peace.'<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2011|p=84}}.</ref>
There are three educational institutions in the village;
*A bi-national, bi-lingual ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]–[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) children's educational framework, from preschool to eighth grade,<ref>{{harvnb|Salinas|2007|p=104}}.</ref> with an enrollment (2009–2010) of 250. About 90% of the pupils come from towns and villages in a {{convert|30|km}} radius of Neve Shalom ~ Wahat as-Salam.  The largest unit in the children's educational framework is the primary school, founded in 1984 as the first such bi-national school in the country. Today, the school is recognized and receives some support from the state.
*The [http://nswas.org/rubrique138.html School for Peace]: a unique educational institution offering Jewish-Arab encounter programs in the spirit of Neve Shalom ~ Wahat as-Salam. Founded in 1979, the SFP has conducted workshops, seminars and courses for some 35,000 youth and adults from Israel and the Palestinian territories. The School for Peace also trains facilitators in conflict-group encounter skills. Its teachers workshop has obtained accreditation from the [[Ministry of Education (Israel)|Ministry of Education]] for in-service training.<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=xxvii}}.</ref>
*The Pluralistic Spiritual Centre in Memory of Bruno Hussar, known as the "House of Silence" ("Beit Dumia/Bayt Sakinah"),<ref>{{harvnb|Feuerverger|2001|p=2}}.</ref> is a place and a framework for spiritual reflection on issues at the core of the Middle East conflict and the search for its resolution. The Centre conducts a variety of activities and seminars that are open to the general public. Muslims conduct Friday prayers, Jews, Sabbath services, and Christians worship there on Sundays.<ref name="Gavron 2008 61"/>

==Economy and culture==
The village also has a small guest house, offering programs aimed at acquainting local or foreign groups with the village and its cultural context. On June 22, 2006, [[Pink Floyd]] frontman [[Roger Waters]] played a [[live concert]] at the village, attracting over 50,000 fans.<ref>{{harvnb|JPost|2006}}.</ref>

The Neve Shalom project has drawn a wide range of evaluations: some hail its exemplary function as a regional model for co-existence, while others dismiss the experiment. In the [[Middle East Quarterly]] in 1998, [[Multi-track diplomacy|Joseph Montville]] took it as 'encouraging evidence of a genuine, [[grass-roots]] peace process.' Documenting its extensive work in networking to teach and train students from schools and universities on both sides of the border, he cited it as an effective part of two-track diplomacy, while noting that both religious and secular extremists from both sides prefer no contact with the "other", and other Israelis, while not dismissive, regard it as a naïve, impractical fantasy.<ref name="Montville 1998"/> Edward Alexander, in reply, dismissed Montville's positive assessment. Building bridges between Jews and Arabs for mutual understanding ignores the fact, he argues, that both are fully cognizant of each other, with Arabs denying Jewish sovereignty while Jews refuse to renounce it. Neve Shalom can only exist if Jews suppress their [[Zionism]] in an act of self-abasement similar to that of the 'trembling ghetto Jew', while Arabs observe the deference gleefully. Montville's evidence shows a case where a Jewish boy absorbed guilt in an act of 'prodigious sympathy' while his Palestinian counterpart exuded rage. What is forgotten, he concluded, is that 'it was not the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] that led to Arab hatred, but Arab hatred and aggression that led to that occupation.'<ref>{{harvnb|Alexander|1998}}.</ref> Ahmad Yusuf, director of a U.S.-based Islamist think tank, emphasizes the limits of dialogue concerning reciprocal [[stereotype|negative stereotypes]]. One weeps at Neve Shalom, he notes. Addressing security concerns through techniques of crisis resolution and social psychology, however, is not sufficient. Real success, in Palestinian terms, would consist of problem-solving focused not only on security, but also justice and equality. Optimally this requires a federal [[two-state solution|binational state]]. Yusuf concluded with the citation of an Arab proverb. In it a boy notices a butcher weeping as he slaughters a lamb. His father tells him to focus not on the tears, but the knife in his hand.<ref>{{harvnb|Yusuf|1998}}.</ref>

H. Svi Shapiro assesses Neve Shalom's aspirations to provide a civic achievement of citizens enjoying equal status and rights, and concludes that "Neve Shalom/Wahat Al-Salam provides no definitive solution to this conundrum.  It does allow us, however, to see how one group of courageous, idealistic, and thoughtful individuals is struggling to mediate the tensions inherent in this situation."<ref>{{harvnb|Shapiro|2010|p=106}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Givat Haviva]] 
*[[HaKfar HaYarok]] 
*[[Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel]]
*[[Intentional community]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://nswas.org/ Village homepage] (multilingual)
*[https://sfpeace.org/ School for Peace homepage] (English, Arabic, Hebrew)
*[https://oasisofpeace.org/ American Friends of the Oasis of Peace]
*[https://oasisofpeaceuk.org/ British Friends of Neve Shalom]

{{Mateh Yehuda Regional Council}}
{{Footer Niwano Peace Prize laureates}}
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[[Category:1969 establishments in Israel]]
[[Category:Intentional communities in Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]
[[Category:Mixed Israeli communities]]
[[Category:Organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1969]]
[[Category:Populated places in Jerusalem District]]
[[Category:Mateh Yehuda Regional Council]]