Editing Nestor (genus)

{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Nestor'' (genus)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Nestor
| image = Nestor meridionalis.jpg
| image_caption = [[Kākā|New Zealand kaka]] <br/>(''Nestor meridionalis'')
| authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1830
| type_species = ''[[Kākā|Psittacus nestor]]''<ref name=HM4>{{cite web |url= https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=67 |title= Psittacidae |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= aviansystematics.org |publisher= The Trust for Avian Systematics |access-date= 2023-07-24}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = Latham, 1790
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 
''[[Kea|N. notabilis]]'' <small>Kea </small><br/>
''[[Kākā|N. meridionalis]]'' <small>Kaka </small><br/>
†''[[Norfolk kākā|N. productus]]'' <small>Norfolk kaka </small><br/>
†''[[Chatham kākā|N. chathamensis]]'' <small>Chatham kaka </small>
}}
The [[genus]] '''''Nestor''''' is one of the two [[extant taxon|extant]] genera of the [[parrot]] family [[New Zealand parrot|Strigopidae]].<ref name="revision">{{cite journal|url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z03205p040f.pdf|author=Joseph, Leo|year=2012|title= A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)|journal= Zootaxa|volume= 3205|pages= 26–40|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Together with the [[kākāpō]], and the extinct parrots in the genus ''[[Nelepsittacus]]'', they form the parrot superfamily [[Strigopoidea]]. The ''Nestor's'' genus contains two [[Extant taxon|extant]] parrot [[species]] from [[New Zealand]] and two [[extinct]] species from [[Norfolk Island]], [[Australia]] and [[Chatham Island]], New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. A defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe.<ref name=forshaw>{{Cite book | first= Joseph M.| last= Forshaw|author2=Cooper, William T.|year= 1981|orig-year=1973, 1978|edition=corrected second| title= Parrots of the World|publisher=David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London|isbn=0-7153-7698-5}}</ref> The superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of [[lorikeet]]s has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but DNA evidence shows they are not.<ref name="Wright"/><ref name=tokita>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x|last1=Tokita |first1=M|last2=Kiyoshi |first2=T |last3=Armstrong |first3=KN |year=2007|title=Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony.|journal=Evolution & Development|volume=9|issue=6|pages=590–601|pmid=17976055|s2cid=46659963 }}</ref>

==Classification==
All four species in the genus ''Nestor'' are thought to stem from a 'proto-kaka', dwelling in the forests of New Zealand 5 million years ago.<ref name="Wright">{{Cite journal|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|journal=Mol Biol Evol|year=2008|first1=T.F. |last1=Wright|last2=Schirtzinger |first2=E. E. |last3=Matsumoto |first3=T. |last4=Eberhard |first4=J. R. |last5=Graves |first5=G. R. |last6=Sanchez |first6=J. J. |last7=Capelli |first7=S. |last8=Muller |first8=H. |last9=Scharpegge |first9=J. |last10=Chambers |first10=G. K. |last11=Fleischer |first11=R. C.|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2141–2156|doi= 10.1093/molbev/msn160|pmid=18653733|pmc=2727385 }}</ref><ref name=Grant-Mackie>{{Cite journal|last1=Grant-Mackie|first1=E.J. |first2=J.A. |last2=Grant-Mackie |first3=W.M. |last3=Boon |first4=G.K. |last4=Chambers|year=2003|title=Evolution of New Zealand Parrots|journal=NZ Science Teacher|volume=103}}</ref> The closest living relative of the genus is the [[kākāpō]] (''Strigops habroptilus'').<ref name="Wright"/><ref name=Grant-Mackie/><ref name=JuniperParr>{{Cite book|last=Juniper|first=Tony|author2=Mike Parr|title=Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-300-07453-6}}</ref><ref name=deKloet>de Kloet, R.S.; de Kloet, S.R. (2005). The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''36''': 706&ndash;721.</ref>  Together, they form the [[Strigopoidea]], an ancient group that split off from all other [[Psittaciformes]] before their radiation.<ref name="Wright"/><ref name=Grant-Mackie/><ref name=deKloet/>

In 2012 Leo Joseph and collaborators proposed that the genus ''Nestor'' should be placed in its own family, Nestoridae.<ref name=joseph>{{Cite journal | last1=Joseph | first1=L. | last2=Toon | first2=A. | last3=Schirtzinger | first3=E.E. | last4=Wright | first4=T.F. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2012 | title=A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3205 | issue=1 | pages=26–40 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2}}</ref> This proposal has not been adopted in lists of the world birds and instead ''Nestor'' is placed with the genus ''[[Strigops]]'' in the family [[Strigopidae]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Remsen | editor-first2=J.V. Jr. | editor2-link=James Van Remsen Jr. | year=2013 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Non-passerines | edition=4th | location=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-0-8 | page=353 | url=https://archive.org/details/howardmoorecompl0001howa/page/353/mode/1up | url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | last1=Clements | first1=J.F. | last2=Schulenberg | first2=T.S. | last3=Iliff | first3=M.J. | last4=Fredericks | first4=T.A. | last5=Gerbracht | first5=J.A. | last6=Lepage | first6=D. | last7=Billerman | first7=S.M. | last8=Sullivan | first8=B.L. | last9=Wood | first9=C.L. | year=2022 | title=The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2022 | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist | access-date=18 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | title=HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v7 | url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy | publisher=Birdlife International | access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

==Species==
There are two [[extant taxon|surviving]] species and at least one well documented extinct species in the genus ''Nestor''. Very little is known about the fourth, the Chatham kākā, which may have been conspecific with another kaka species.

* [[Kea]], ''Nestor notabilis''
* [[Kākā]], ''Nestor meridionalis''
** North Island kākā, ''Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis''
** South Island kākā, ''Nestor meridionalis meridionalis''
* †[[Norfolk kākā]], ''Nestor productus'' (extinct)
* †[[Chatham kākā]], ''Nestor chathamensis'' (extinct)

{| style="width:98%;" class="wikitable" border="1"
! align="center" style="background-color: #D3D3A4" colspan ="4" |'''Nestoridae'''
|- 
! width = "20%" |Common name<br/>(''binomial name'')<br/>status
! Image
! align="center" |Description
! width = "25%" |Range and habitat
|-
| [[Kea]]<br/>
(''Nestor notabilis'')<br/>
[[Endangered species|Endangered]]<ref name=IUCN-Kea>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Nestor notabilis'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T22684831A119243358 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22684831A119243358.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.</ref>
| [[File:Kea (Nestor notabilis) -on ground-8.jpg|center|500x150px]]
|{{convert|48|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Mostly olive-green with scarlet underwings and rump. Dark-edged feathers. Dark brown beak, iris, legs, and feet. Male has longer bill.<ref name=BirdLife-1410>{{cite web|url =http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1410&m=0|title=Kea - BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2008}}</ref>
| New Zealand: [[South Island]]<br/><br/>High-level forests and subalpine scrublands 850–1400&nbsp;m [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref name=Juniper-Parr>{{cite book|last=Juniper|first=Tony|author2=Mike Parr|title=Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|date=1998|isbn=978-0300074536}}</ref> 
|-
| [[Kākā|South Island kākā]]<br/>
(''Nestor meridionalis meridionalis'')<br/>
[[Endangered species|Endangered]]<ref name=IUCN-Kaka>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Nestor meridionalis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22684840A93049267 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684840A93049267.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.</ref>
| [[File:Kaka -Stewart Island-1c.jpg|center|500x150px]]
| Similar to the North Island kākā, but slightly smaller, brighter colours, the crown is almost white, and the bill is longer and more arched in males.<ref name=BirdLife-1412>{{cite web|url =http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1412&m=0 |title=Kaka - BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2008}}</ref>
| New Zealand: [[South Island]]<br/><br/>Unbroken tracts of ''[[Nothofagus]]'' and ''[[Podocarpus]]'' forests 450–850&nbsp;m [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] in summer and 0–550&nbsp;m in winter.<ref name=Juniper-Parr/>
|-
| [[Kākā|North Island kākā]]<br/>
(''Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis'')<br/>
[[Endangered species|Endangered]]<ref name=IUCN-Kaka/>
| [[File:Kaka-Parrots.jpg|center|500x150px]]
| About {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Mainly olive-brown with dark feather edges. Crimson underwings, rump, and collar. The cheeks are golden/brown. The crown is greyish.<ref name=BirdLife-1412/>
| New Zealand: [[North Island]]<br/><br/>Unbroken tracts of ''[[Nothofagus]]'' and ''[[Podocarpus]]'' forests between 450–850&nbsp;m [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] in summer and 0–550&nbsp;m in winter.<ref name=Juniper-Parr/>
|-
| [[Norfolk kākā]]<br/>
(†''Nestor productus'')<br/>
[[Extinction|Extinct]] by 1851 approx.<ref name="IUCN-Norfolk-Kaka">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Nestor productus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22684834A93049105 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.</ref>
| [[File:John-Gould-001.jpg|center|500x150px]]
| About 38&nbsp;cm long. Mostly olive-brown upperparts, (reddish-)orange cheeks and throat, straw-coloured breast, thighs, rump and lower abdomen dark orange.<ref name=forshaw/> 
| Formerly endemic on [[Norfolk Island]] and the adjacent [[Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)|Phillip Island]]<ref name=BirdLife-1411>{{cite web|url =http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1411&m=0 |title=Norfolk Island Kaka - BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2008}}</ref><br/><br/>Rocks and trees<ref name=forshaw/>
|-
| [[Chatham kākā]]<br/>
(†''Nestor chathamensis'')<br/>
Extinct by 1550–1700<ref name="Millener-Chatham-Islands-bird-fauna">{{cite journal|last=Millener|first=P. R. |date=1999|title=The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington, D.C., June 1996). |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology|volume=89|pages=85–109|url=http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Paleobiology/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=SCtP-0089}}</ref>
|[[File:Chatham Kaka, Nestor chathamensis, by Hannah Moss 2019.12.16.png|center|500x150px]]
|Only known from [[subfossil]] bones.<ref name="Millener-Chatham-Islands-bird-fauna"/>
| Formerly endemic on [[Chatham Island]] of New Zealand<br/><br/>Forests<ref name="Millener-Chatham-Islands-bird-fauna"/>
|}

==Status==
[[File:Nestoridae-dist.png|thumb|350px|Current distribution of extant species, as well as previous distribution of extinct island species.]]
Of the four species, the Norfolk kaka<ref name="IUCN-Norfolk-Kaka"/><ref name=BirdLife-1411/> and Chatham kaka<ref name=Millener-Chatham-Islands-bird-fauna/> became extinct in recent history. The last known individual of the Norfolk kaka died in captivity in London sometime after 1851,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenway|first=James Cowan|title=Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World|publisher=Dover Publications|location=New York|year=1967|edition=2nd|author-link=James Greenway}}</ref> and only between seven<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=226&sort=taxon&type=all |title=Nestor productus - Norfolk Island Kaka specimen(s) in the ZMA |publisher=Nlbif.eti.uva.nl |access-date=2008-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608010236/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=226&sort=taxon&type=all |archive-date=2011-06-08 }}</ref> and 20<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=51 |title=Naturalis - Extinct bird: Nestor productus (Norfolk Island Kaka) |publisher=Nlbif.eti.uva.nl |access-date=2008-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608010247/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=51 |archive-date=2011-06-08 }}</ref> skins survive. The Chatham kaka became extinct in pre-European times, after [[Polynesians]] arrived at the island, between 1550 and 1700, and is only known from [[subfossil]] bones.<ref name=Millener-Chatham-Islands-bird-fauna/>  The mainland [[kākā|kaka]] is listed as endangered,<ref name="IUCN-Kaka"/><ref name=BirdLife-1412/> and the [[kea]] is listed as vulnerable.<ref name="IUCN-Kea"/><ref name=BirdLife-1410/>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{EB1911 poster|Nestor (parrot)|Nestor}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Strigopidae}}
{{Psittacopasseres|Ps.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q508474}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nestor (genus)| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Parrots of Oceania]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]