Editing Neon tetra

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Neon tetra
| image = Neonsalmler Paracheirodon innesi.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=":4">{{cite iucn |author=Lima, F. |year=2023 |title=''Paracheirodon innesi'' |volume=2023 |page=e.T49829801A160186246 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T49829801A160186246.en |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Paracheirodon innesi
| authority = ([[George S. Myers|G. S. Myers]], 1936)&nbsp;<ref>{{ITIS |id=163041 |taxon=''Paracheirodon innesi''}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Hyphessobrycon innesi'' <small>Myers, 1936</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Paracheirodon|innesi|month=December|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

The '''neon tetra''' ('''''Paracheirodon innesi''''') is a [[freshwater fish]] of the [[characin]] [[family (biology)|family]] (family [[Characidae]]) of [[order (biology)|order]] [[Characiformes]]. The [[type species]] of its genus, it is native to [[Blackwater river|blackwater]] and [[Clearwater river (river type)|clearwater]] streams in the [[Amazon basin]] of South America.<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name="seriouslyfish">{{cite web | url=http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/paracheirodon-innesi/ | title=''Paracheirodon innesi'' | publisher=SeriouslyFish | access-date=10 October 2017 }}</ref> Its bright colouring makes the fish visible to [[Conspecificity|conspecifics]] in the dark blackwater streams,<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Ikeda | first1 = Takehide | last2 = Shiro | first2 = Kohshima | year = 2009 | title = Why is the neon tetra so bright? Coloration for mirror-image projection to confuse predators? "Mirror-image decoy" hypothesis | journal = [[Environmental Biology of Fishes]] | volume = 86 | issue = 3| pages = 427–441 | doi = 10.1007/s10641-009-9543-y| bibcode = 2009EnvBF..86..427I | s2cid = 23842656 }}</ref> and is also the main reason for its popularity among [[aquarium|freshwater fish hobbyists]], with neon tetras being one of the most widely kept tropical fish in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alderton|first=David|title=Freshwater Aquariums|publisher=BowTie Press|year=2002|isbn=1-931993-11-4|pages=62|language=English}}</ref>

==Range and habitat==
The neon tetra is found in the western and northern [[Amazon basin]] in southeastern [[Colombia]], eastern [[Peru]], and western [[Brazil]].<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name="seriouslyfish" /> It lives in waters with a temperature between {{convert|20|and(-)|28|C|F}} and [[pH]] 4–7.5.<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name="seriouslyfish" /> It has a preference for acidic [[Blackwater river|blackwater]] streams, but also occurs in transparent [[Clearwater river (river type)|clearwater]] streams.<ref name="seriouslyfish" /> It is not found in the [[Whitewater river (river type)|whitewater rivers]].<ref name="seriouslyfish" /> [[UN FAO]] considers ''P. innesi'' an [[introduced species]] in [[Singapore]]<ref name="FAOSING">{{cite web | title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture | website=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations | url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/en/introsp/2023/en | access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> and the [[United States]].<ref name="FAOUS">{{cite web | title=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture | website=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations | url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/en/introsp/3682/en | access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> FAO considers its introduction to Singapore to be [[ecology|ecologically]] and [[socioeconomics|socioeconomically]] beneficial, but it is not [[established species|established]] there.<ref name="FAOSING" />

==Description==
The neon tetra has a light-blue back over a silver-white [[abdomen]]. The fish is characterized by an [[iridescent]] blue horizontal stripe along each side of the fish from its nose to the base of the [[adipose fin]], and an iridescent red stripe that begins at the middle of the body and extends posteriorly to the base of the [[caudal fin]]. The fish is partially transparent (including fins) except for these markings. [[Sexual dimorphism]] is slight, with the female having a slightly larger belly, and a bent iridescent stripe rather than the male's straight stripe.  During the night, the blue and red become gray or black as the fish rests. It reactivates once it becomes active in the morning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aquariumnexus.com/neon-tetras-lose-color/
|title=Do Neon Tetras Lose Color at Night?
|website=AquariumNexus|date=22 June 2020
}}</ref> This peculiar change is due to the neon tetras capacity to change the color of its iridescent stripe in response to lighting conditions. In a light-adapted state it is blue-green, likewise in a dark-adapted state its color changes to indigo. This change is produced by guanine crystals in their cells that reflect light. The neon tetra grows to approximately {{cvt|4|cm}} in overall length.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aquariumtidings.com/neon-tetra/
|title=Neon Tetra Fish – The Care, Feeding and Breeding of Neon Tetras
|website=Aquarium Tidings|date=21 June 2014
}}</ref>

==Economics==
The neon tetra was first imported from [[South America]] and was described by renowned ichthyologist [[George S. Myers]] in 1936, and named after [[William T. Innes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://petcentral.chewy.com/cardinal-and-neon-tetras/
|title=Cardinal And Neon Tetras
|website=Pet Central|date=22 July 2014
}}</ref> ''P. innesi'' is one of the most popular [[aquarium]] fish, with about 2 million sold in the US each month.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fishkeepingworld.com/neon-tetra/
|title=Neon Tetra Complete Care Guide 2020
|website=Fishkeeping World|date=24 January 2022
}}</ref> Most neon tetras available in the United States are imported from Southeast Asia, where they are farm-raised, or to a lesser extent from [[Colombia]], [[Peru]], and [[Brazil]], where they are collected from the wild.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8640%281998%29060%3C0032%3ACSOTNT%3E2.0.CO%3B2
|title=Controlled Spawning of the Neon Tetra
|journal=The Progressive Fish-Culturist|year=1998
|volume=60
|page=32
|doi=10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0032:CSOTNT>2.0.CO;2
|issn=1548-8640
|last1=Chapman
|first1=Frank A.
|last2=Colle
|first2=Douglas E.
|last3=Rottmann
|first3=Roger W.
|last4=Shireman
|first4=Jerome V.
}}</ref> During a single month, an average of 1.8 million neon tetras with an estimated value of $175,000 are imported into the United States for the aquarium trade.<ref name="chapman1997">{{cite journal|last=Chapman|first=F. A.|year=1997|title=United States of America trade in ornamental fish|journal=Journal of the World Aquaculture Society|volume=28|issue=1 |pages=1‒10|doi=10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00955.x|bibcode=1997JWAS...28....1C |display-authors=etal}}</ref>  With the exception of home aquarists and a few commercial farms that breed neon tetras experimentally, captive breeding on a commercial scale is nonexistent in the USA.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.ufl.edu/archive/2001/01/uf-scientists-figure-out-how-to-breed-neon-tetras-profitably.html
|title=UF Scientists Figure Out How To Breed Neon Tetras Profitably
|website=University of Florida}}</ref>

==In the aquarium==
[[File:Neontetra tmy.JPG| thumb|A shoal of neon tetras in a home aquarium]]

In the wild they inhabit very soft, acidic waters (pH 4.0 to 4.8)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIws-q85lvcC&pg=PA79|title=Fish Physiology|date=1983-12-01|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-058530-7|language=en}}</ref> Ideal pH for aquarium is 7.0, but a range of 6.0 to 8.0 is tolerable.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Burkhart|first1=Alice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzBBzzop8QwC&q=%22neon+tetra%22+ph&pg=PA105|title=Pocket Guide to the Care and Maintenance of Aquarium Fish |last2=Crow |first2=Richard |last3=Keeley |first3=Dave |date=2002|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-85648-632-3|language=en}}</ref> They can have a lifespan of as long as ten years,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hargrove|first1=Maddy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-qrDxOwa9IC&pg=PA105 |title=Freshwater Aquariums For Dummies |last2=Hargrove|first2=Mic|date=2011-03-03|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-05097-2|language=en}}</ref> but normally just two to three years in an aquarium.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agutter|first=Alastair R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_46DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|title=Tropical Fish Keeping Journal: Book Edition Four|date=2017-09-05|publisher=Alastair R Agutter|isbn=978-1-9761-4058-7|language=en}}</ref>

Neon tetras are considered easy to keep in an aquarium of at least {{convert|10|USgal}} with a temperature range of between {{convert|72|-|76|F|C}}, a water pH of between 6.0 and 7.0, GH of below 10 dGH and KH of 1–2 dKH, and under 20 ppm of nitrate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://modestfish.com/neon-tetra/|title=Neon Tetra Care Guide: How To Create The Optimal Environment|website=ModestFish|date=5 January 2022 }}</ref>

They are shoaling fish and must be kept in groups of at least six, but will be more active in groups of eight to 12 or more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.buildyouraquarium.com/neon-tetra/|title=Neon Tetras: The Ultimate Care, Diet, Breeding, & Info Guide|website=buildyouraquarium|date=27 February 2023 }}</ref> Neon tetras are best kept in a densely planted tank to resemble their native Amazon environments.

===Nutrition===
Neon tetras are [[omnivore]]s and will accept most [[flake food]]s, if sufficiently small, but should also have some small foods such as [[brine shrimp]], [[daphnia]], freeze-dried [[Glycera (genus)|bloodworm]]s, [[tubifex]], which can be stuck to the side of the aquarium, and micropellet food to supplement their diets. A tropical sinking pellet is ideal, as most brands of these include natural color enhancers that bring out the color in neon tetras. Some frozen foods, including frozen blood worms, add variety to their diets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/neon-tetra-paracheirodon-1381835
|title=Neon Tetra Fish Species Profile
|website=the spruce pets}}</ref>

===Breeding===
[[File:NeonTetra.JPG|thumb|Neon tetra]]

The male is slender, and the blue line is straighter. The female is rounder, producing a bent blue line. Some aquarists say the females look plumper when viewed from above. However, the straightness of the line and the plumpness of the female might occasionally be due to the eggs she is carrying. A neon tetra can appear slightly plump in the belly due to having overeaten.

Neon tetras need dim lighting, a DH less than one, about 5.5 pH, and a temperature of {{convert|75|F|C|0}} to breed. There also needs to be a lot of tannins in the water. Neon tetras are old enough to breed at 12 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/how-to-breed-neon-tetras/
|title=How to breed Neon tetras
|website=Practical Fishkeeping|date=13 June 2016
}}</ref>

Breeding neon tetras is considered to be difficult in home aquariums.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freshwatercentral.com/breeding-neon-tetras|title=Breeding Neon Tetras|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509064558/https://freshwatercentral.com/breeding-neon-tetras|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it is becoming more common, with less than 5% of specimens currently sold in America caught in the wild, and more than 1.5 million specimens imported to America each month from fish farms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/neon-tetra-paracheirodon-1381835|title=Brightest Little Fish Has an Amazing History|website=The Spruce Pets|language=en|access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>

===Disease===
Neon tetras are occasionally afflicted by the so-called "neon tetra disease" (NTD) or [[pleistophora]] disease, a [[sporozoan]] disease caused by ''[[Pleistophora hyphessobryconis]]''. Despite being a well-known condition, it is generally incurable and often fatal to the fish. However this disease is also generally preventable.<ref name="aquarium-pond-answers.com">{{cite web|title=Neon Tetra & FNT Disease; Sporozoan Fish Infection|website=Aquarium-Pond-Answers.com|url=http://www.aquarium-pond-answers.com/2007/02/neon-tetra-disease.html|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> The disease cycle begins when [[microsporidian]] [[parasite]] spores enter the fish after it consumes infected material, such as the bodies of a dead fish, or [[live food]] such as [[tubifex]], which may serve as [[intermediate host]]s. The disease is most likely passed by newly acquired fish that have not been quarantined.

Symptoms include restlessness, loss of coloration, lumps on the body as cysts develop, difficulty swimming, curved spines as the disease progresses, and secondary infections, such as [[fin rot]] and bloating.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neon Tetra Disease Treatment & Prevention  |date=22 June 2021 |url=https://tankquarium.com/neon-tetra-disease/|publisher=Tankquarium}}</ref>

A so-called "[[false neon disease]]", which is bacterial, shows very similar symptoms. It is impossible for the home aquarist to determine for certain the difference between NTD and false NTD on the basis of visible symptoms alone, without laboratory backup. This disease has also been confused with [[columnaris]] (mouth rot, mouth fungus, 'flex').

Generally the best 'treatment' is the immediate removal of diseased fish to preserve the remaining fish, although some occasional successful treatments have been performed that include fish baths and a "medication cocktail". The use of a [[diatom filter]], which can reduce the number of free parasites in the water, may help. As with Pleistophora neon tetra disease, prevention is most important and this disease is rare when good preventive measures are performed.<ref name="aquarium-pond-answers.com" />

==Related species==
[[File:Cardinal tetra & neon tetra.jpg|thumb|The [[cardinal tetra]] (above) has more red on the underside than the neon tetra (below).]]

The [[green neon tetra]] (''P. simulans'') and [[black neon tetra]] (''Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi'') are distinct species—the latter belongs to a different [[genus]]—and not color varieties. The [[cardinal tetra]] (''P. axelrodi'') is also a similar species, but its greater extent of red coloring distinguishes it from the neon tetra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pond Fish |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |year=2019 |edition=978-0-2413-6424-6 |location=UK |pages=99}}</ref> The name ''[[Hyphessobrycon]] innesi'' is an obsolete synonym for ''P. innesi''.

==See also==
* [[List of freshwater aquarium fish species]]
* [[Project Piaba]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=F. A.|year=1998|title=Controlled spawning of the neon tetra|journal=The Progressive Fish-Culturist|volume=60|pages=32‒37|doi=10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0032:CSOTNT>2.0.CO;2|display-authors=etal}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Paracheirodon innesi}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q131431}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Paracheirodon|innesi]]
[[Category:Tetras of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fishkeeping]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Colombia]]
[[Category:Fish of the Amazon basin]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George S. Myers]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1936]]

[[lmo:Neon]]