Editing Neo-Nazism

{{Short description|Movement to revive Nazi ideologies}}
{{About|Nazism after World War II|fascist movements after World War II|Neo-fascism}}
{{Pp|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] way too much long term disruptive editing. Enough.|small=yes}}
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[[File:Pohjoismaisen vastarintaliikkeen mielenosoitus 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Nordic Resistance Movement]]'s 2018 "[[612 march]]" (on Finnish independence day) ]]
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{{Antisemitism|Manifestations}}

'''Neo-Nazism''' comprises the post–[[World War II]] militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]]. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and [[Supremacism#Racial|racial supremacy]] (often [[white supremacy]]), to attack racial and ethnic minorities (often [[antisemitism]] and [[Islamophobia]]), and in some cases to create a [[fascist state]].<ref>Gay, Kathlyn (1997) [[iarchive:neonazisgrowingt00gayk|<!-- quote="Neo-nazis" goals. --> ''Neo-Nazis: A Growing Threat'']]. Enslow. p. 114. {{isbn|978-0894909016}}. Quote: "Neo-Nazis ... use fear and violence in their efforts to destroy minorities. Their goal is to ''establish'' a "superior" society."(emphasis added)</ref><ref>Staff (ndg) [https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-nazi "Ideologies: Neo Nazi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212171945/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/neo-nazi |date=12 February 2021 }} [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]. Quote: "While some neo-Nazi groups emphasize simple hatred, others are more focused on the revolutionary ''creation of a fascist political state''." (emphasis added)<!-- italic emphasis only, not bold + italic --></ref>

Neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including antisemitism, [[ultranationalism]], [[racism]], [[xenophobia]], [[ableism]], [[homophobia]], [[anti-communism]], and creating a "[[Fourth Reich]]". [[Holocaust denial]] is common in neo-Nazi circles.

Neo-Nazis regularly display [[Nazi symbolism|Nazi symbols]] and express admiration for [[Adolf Hitler]] and other Nazi leaders. In some European and Latin American countries, laws prohibit the expression of pro-Nazi, racist, antisemitic, or homophobic views. [[Bans on Nazi symbols|Nazi-related symbols are banned in many European countries]] (especially [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|Germany]]) in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism.<ref>* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mc9wZPAky8C |title=Anti-Semitism in Germany: The Post-Nazi Epoch Since 1945 |author=Werner Bergmann |author2=Rainer Erb |year=1997 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |pages=91 |isbn=978-1-56000-270-3 |oclc=35318351 |quote=In contrast to today, in which rigid authoritarianism and neo-Nazism are characteristic of marginal groups, open or latent leanings toward Nazi ideology in the 1940s and 1950s |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161901/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mc9wZPAky8C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/azofmoderneurope0000poll |url-access=registration |title=A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789 |year=2000 |author=Martin Polley |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/azofmoderneurope0000poll/page/103 103] |isbn=978-0-415-18597-4 |oclc=49569961 |quote=Neo-Nazism, drawing heavily both on the ideology and aesthetics of the NSDAP, emerged in many parts of Europe and elsewhere in the economic crises of the 1970s, and has continued to influence a number of small political groups. }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.apologeticsindex.org/26-neo-nazism |title=Neo-Nazism |publisher=ApologeticsIndex |quote=The term Neo-Nazism refers to any social, political and/or (quasi) religious movement seeking to revive Nazism. Neo-Nazi groups are racist hate groups that pattern themselves after Hitler's philosophies. Examples include: Aryan Nations, National Alliance |date=2005-12-16 |access-date=12 December 2007 |archive-date=3 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103204641/https://www.apologeticsindex.org/26-neo-nazism |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Definition ==
The term neo-Nazism describes any post-[[World War II]] militant, social or political movements seeking to revive the ideology of [[Nazism]] in whole or in part.<ref>* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkInaWFrki4C |title=The Radical Right in Germany: 1870 to the Present |author=Lee McGowan |year=2002 |publisher=Pearson Education |pages=9, 178 |isbn=978-0-582-29193-5 |oclc=49785551 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161140/https://books.google.com/books?id=EkInaWFrki4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.döw.at/english/right/englre.html |title=Right-Wing Extremism in Austria: History, Organisations, Ideology |author=Brigitte Bailer-Galanda |author2=Wolfgang Neugebauer |quote=Right-wing extremism can be equated neither with Nazism nor with neo-Fascism or neo-Nazism. Neo-Nazism, a legal term, is understood as the attempt to propagate, in direct defiance of the law (Verbotsgesetz), Nazi ideology or measures such as the denial, playing-down, approval or justification of Nazi mass murder, especially the Holocaust. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117201946/https://www.xn--dw-fka.at/english/right/englre.html |archive-date=17 January 2012 |author-link=Brigitte Bailer-Galanda }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/neonazism1.html |title=Neo Nazism |author=Martin Frost |quote=The term neo-Nazism refers to any social or political movement seeking to revive National Socialism, and which postdates the Second World War. Often, especially internationally, those who are part of such movements do not use the term to describe themselves. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027053134/https://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/neonazism1.html |archive-date=27 October 2007 }}
* Lee, Martin A. 1997. ''The Beast Reawakens''. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, pp. 85–118, 214–34, 277–81, 287–330, 333–78. On ''Volk'' concept, and a discussion of ethnonationalist integralism, see pp. 215–18</ref><ref>* {{cite web |url=https://www.holocaust-education.dk/eftertid/nynazisme.asp |title=Neo-Nazism |access-date=2007-12-08 |author1=Peter Vogelsang |author2=Brian B. M. Larsen |year=2002 |publisher=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |quote=Neo-Nazism is the name for a modern offshoot of Nazism. It is a radically right-wing ideology, whose main characteristics are extreme nationalism and violent xenophobia. Neo-Nazism is, as the word suggests, a modern version of Nazism. In general, it is an incoherent right-extremist ideology, which is characterised by 'borrowing' many of the elements that constituted traditional Nazism. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109212637/https://www.holocaust-education.dk/eftertid/nynazisme.asp |archive-date=9 November 2007 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://czechkid.eu/si1310.html |title=Neo-Nazism |access-date=2007-12-08 |author1=Ondřej Cakl |author2=Klára Kalibová |year=2002 |publisher=Faculty of Humanities at Charles University in Prague, Department of Civil Society Studies |quote=Neo-Nazism: An ideology which draws upon the legacy of the Nazi Third Reich, the main pillars of which are an admiration for Adolf Hitler, aggressive nationalism ("nothing but the nation"), and hatred of Jews, foreigners, ethnic minorities, homosexuals and everyone who is different in some way. |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110257/https://czechkid.eu/si1310.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term 'neo-Nazism' can also refer to the ideology of these movements, which may borrow elements from Nazi doctrine, including [[ultranationalism]], [[anti-communism]], racism, [[ableism]], [[xenophobia]], [[homophobia]], [[antisemitism]], up to initiating the [[Fourth Reich]]. [[Holocaust denial]] is a common feature, as is the incorporation of [[Nazi symbolism|Nazi symbols]] and admiration of [[Adolf Hitler]].

Neo-Nazism is considered a particular form of [[far-right politics]] and right-wing extremism.<ref>[https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/fields-of-work/right-wing-extremism/what-is-right-wing-extremism What is right-wing extremism?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616001922/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/fields-of-work/right-wing-extremism/what-is-right-wing-extremism |date=16 June 2018 }} Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, n.d., retrieved 4 December 2017 (in English)</ref>

=== Esotericism ===
{{See also|Esoteric neo-Nazism}}

Neo-Nazi writers have posited a spiritual, esoteric doctrine of [[Race (human categorization)|race]], which moves beyond the primarily [[Darwinian]]-inspired materialist [[scientific racism]] popular mainly in the [[Anglosphere]] during the 20th century. Figures influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism,{{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed for 'influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism', as our only current cited source (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2015) presents them as influential on the 'bizarre fringes' of Nazism, but racism is central to Nazism, not just part of its fringe|date=October 2018}} such as [[Miguel Serrano]] and [[Julius Evola]] (writers who are described by critics of Nazism such as the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] as influential within what it presents as parts of "the bizarre fringes of National Socialism, past and present"),<ref name=2015-02-08>{{cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/new-book-black-sun-looks-fringes-national-socialism|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|title=New Book, Black Sun, Looks at Fringes of National Socialism|date=8 February 2015|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124155901/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/new-book-black-sun-looks-fringes-national-socialism|url-status=live}}</ref> claim that the [[Hyperborean]] ancestors of the [[Aryan race|Aryans]] were in the distant past, far higher beings than their current state, having suffered from "involution" due to mixing with the "Telluric" peoples; supposed creations of the [[Demiurge]]. Within this theory, if the "Aryans" are to return to the [[Golden Age]] of the distant past, they need to awaken the memory of the blood. An [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] origin of the Hyperboreans is often claimed. These theories draw influence from [[Gnosticism]] and [[Tantrism]], building on the work of the [[Ahnenerbe]]. Within this racist theory, Jews are held up as the antithesis of nobility, purity and beauty.

=== Ecology and environmentalism ===
Neo-Nazism generally aligns itself with a [[blood and soil]] variation of environmentalism, which has themes in common with [[deep ecology]], the [[organic movement]] and [[animal protectionism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazis-cloak-themselves-in-eco-rhetoric/a-15793310|publisher=DW|title=Neo-Nazis cloak themselves in eco-rhetoric|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131552/https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazis-cloak-themselves-in-eco-rhetoric/a-15793310|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/|publisher=Red Pepper|title=Darker Shades of Green|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190702/https://www.redpepper.org.uk/darker-shades-of-green/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tendency, sometimes called "[[ecofascism]]", was represented in the original German Nazism by [[Richard Walther Darré]] who was the [[Reichsminister of Food]] from 1933 until 1942.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html|publisher=Peter Staudenmaier|title=Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents|date=8 February 2015|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829023614/https://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Germany and Austria, 1945–1950s ===
Following the defeat of [[Nazi Germany]], the political ideology of the ruling party, Nazism, was in complete disarray. The final leader of the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP) was [[Martin Bormann]]. He died on 2 May 1945 during the [[Battle of Berlin]], but the [[Soviet Union]] did not reveal his death to the rest of the world, and his ultimate fate remained a mystery for many years. [[Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death|Conspiracy theories emerged about Hitler himself]], that he had secretly survived the war and fled to South America or elsewhere.

The [[Allied Control Council]] officially dissolved the NSDAP on 10 October 1945, marking the end of "Old" Nazism. A process of [[denazification]] began, and the [[Nuremberg trials]] took place, where many major leaders and ideologues were condemned to death by October 1946, others committed suicide.

[[File:Otto Ernst Remer portrait.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Otto Ernst Remer]], {{lang|de|[[Wehrmacht]]}} general and leader of the postwar [[Socialist Reich Party]]]]
In both the East and West, surviving ex-party members and military veterans assimilated to the new reality and had no interest in constructing a "neo-Nazism".{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} However, during the [[West German federal election, 1949|1949 West German elections]] a number of Nazi advocates such as [[Fritz Rössler]] had infiltrated the [[national conservative]] ''[[Deutsche Rechtspartei]]'', which had five members elected. Rössler and others left to found the more radical [[Socialist Reich Party]] (SRP) under [[Otto Ernst Remer]]. At the onset of the [[Cold War]], the SRP favoured the Soviet Union over the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

In [[Austria]], national independence had been restored, and the {{lang|de|[[Verbotsgesetz 1947]]}} explicitly criminalised the NSDAP and any attempt at restoration. [[West Germany]] adopted a similar law to target parties it defined as anti-constitutional; Article 21 Paragraph 2 in the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]], banning the SRP in 1952 for being opposed to [[liberal democracy]].

As a consequence, some members of the nascent movement of German neo-Nazism joined the {{lang|de|Deutsche Reichspartei}} of which [[Hans-Ulrich Rudel]] was the most prominent figure. Younger members founded the {{lang|de|[[Wiking-Jugend]]}} modelled after the [[Hitler Youth]]. The {{lang|de|Deutsche Reichspartei}} stood for elections from 1953 until 1961 fetching around 1% of the vote each time.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} Rudel befriended French-born [[Savitri Devi]], who was a proponent of [[Esoteric Nazism]]. In the 1950s she wrote a number of books, such as ''[[Pilgrimage (book)|Pilgrimage]]'' (1958), which concerns prominent [[Third Reich]] sites, and ''[[The Lightning and the Sun]]'' (1958), in which she claims that Adolf Hitler was an avatar of the God [[Vishnu]]. She was not alone in this reorientation of Nazism towards its [[Thule Society|Thulean]]-roots; the {{lang|de|[[Artgemeinschaft]]}}, founded by former SS member Wilhelm Kusserow, attempted to promote a new [[paganism]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}
In the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany) a former member of [[Sturmabteilung|SA]], [[Wilhelm Adam]], founded the [[National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)|National Democratic Party of Germany]]. It reached out to those attracted by the Nazi Party before 1945 and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the far-right again or turn to the anti-communist Western Allies.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} [[Joseph Stalin]] wanted to use them to create a new pro-Soviet and anti-Western strain in German politics.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|last=Zubok, V. M. (Vladislav Martinovich)|title=A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev|date=2007|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3098-7|location=Chapel Hill|pages=89–90|oclc=86090559}}</ref> According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin even suggested that they could be allowed to continue publishing their own newspaper, [[Völkischer Beobachter]].<ref name=":0a" /> While in Austria, former SS member Wilhelm Lang founded an esoteric group known as the [[Landig Group|Vienna Lodge]]; he popularised [[Nazism and occultism]] such as the [[Black Sun (occult symbol)|Black Sun]] and ideas of Third Reich survival colonies below the polar ice caps.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

[[File:Otto Strasser crop2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Otto Strasser]], leader of the [[German Social Union (West Germany)|German Social Union]], returned from exile to Germany in the mid-1950s.]]
With the onset of the [[Cold War]], the allied forces had lost interest in prosecuting anyone as part of the denazification.<ref name="Evans-2008">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard J. |author-link=Richard J. Evans |year=2008 |title=The Third Reich at War |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 |url-access=registration |series=The Third Reich Trilogy |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0/page/747 747–48] |isbn=978-0-14-311671-4}}</ref> In the mid-1950s this new political environment allowed [[Otto Strasser]], an NS activist on the left of the NSDAP, who had founded the [[Black Front]] to return from exile. In 1956, Strasser founded the [[German Social Union (West Germany)|German Social Union]] as a Black Front successor, promoting a [[Strasserite]] "nationalist and socialist" policy, which dissolved in 1962 due to lack of support. Other Third Reich associated groups were the [[HIAG]] and [[Stille Hilfe]] dedicated to advancing the interests of [[Waffen-SS]] veterans and rehabilitating them into the new democratic society. However, they did not claim to be attempting to restore Nazism, instead functioning as lobbying organizations for their members before the government and the two main political parties (the conservative [[CDU/CSU]] and the Nazis' one-time archenemies, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]])

Many bureaucrats who served under the Third Reich continued to serve in German administration after the war. According to the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]], many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]].<ref name="Simon Wiesenthal Center">{{cite web |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441293 |title=About Simon Wiesenthal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2013 |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |access-date=17 November 2013 |at=Section 11 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326215654/https://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441293 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hartmann">{{cite web |url=https://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/4bdfd55e42f57/1.phtml |title=Der Alibiprozeß |publisher=Ossietzky 9/2010 |work=Den Aufsatz kommentieren |year=2010 |access-date=19 November 2013 |last=Hartmann |first=Ralph |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222254/https://www.sopos.org/aufsaetze/4bdfd55e42f57/1.phtml |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> Not until the 1960s were the former concentration camp personnel prosecuted by [[West Germany]] in the [[Belzec trial]], [[Frankfurt Auschwitz trials]], [[Treblinka trials]], [[Chełmno trials]], and the [[Sobibór trial]].<ref name="Rückerl-1972">{{Cite book |last=Rückerl |first=Adalbert |year=1972 |title=NS-Prozesse |publisher=Verlag C F Muller |location=Karlsruhe, Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K23zAAAAMAAJ&q=Treblinka |access-date=8 September 2013 |quote=Adalbert Rückerl, head of the Central Bureau for the Prosecution of National Socialist Crimes observed that because of the 1968 Dreher's amendment (§ 50 StGB), 90% of all Nazi war criminals in Germany enjoyed total immunity from prosecution. |page=132 |isbn=978-3788020156 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304125116/https://books.google.com/books?id=K23zAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the government had passed laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs.

=== "Universal National Socialism", 1950s–1970s ===

{{more citations needed section|date=May 2022}}

Neo-Nazism found expression outside of Germany, including in countries who fought against the Third Reich during the Second World War, and sometimes adopted [[Pan-European identity|pan-European]] or "universal" characteristics, beyond the parameters of [[German nationalism]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} The two main tendencies, with differing styles and even worldviews, were the followers of the American [[Francis Parker Yockey]], who was fundamentally [[anti-American]] and advocated for a [[pan-European nationalism]], and those of [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], an [[American conservative]].<ref group= "nb">Some of the fascistic old-guard from the pre-war ultra-nationalist movements were more skeptical of the benefits of the Rockwell-Jordan uniform scene. [[Oswald Mosley]] of the [[Union Movement]] described Jordan as, "a midget trying to walk in the boots of giants." Meanwhile, Yockeyism leaned more to the left than the "official" fascistic Pan-Europeanism of those which would become the [[European Social Movement]]. The latter associated with Mosley, [[Maurice Bardèche]] and others upheld a strictly "neither East, nor West", third position in regards to Soviet and American power.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Yockey, a neo-Spenglerian author, had written ''[[Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics]]'' (1949) dedicated to "the hero of the twentieth century" (namely, Adolf Hitler) and founded the [[European Liberation Front]]. He was interested more in the destiny of Europe; to this end, he advocated a [[National Bolshevik]]-esque [[Red–green–brown alliance|red-brown alliance]] against [[American culture]] and influenced 1960s figures such as SS-veteran [[Jean-François Thiriart]]. Yockey was also fond of [[Arab nationalism]], in particular [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and saw [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuban Revolution]] as a positive, visiting officials there. Yockey's views impressed Otto Ernst Remer and the radical traditionalist philosopher [[Julius Evola]]. He was constantly hounded by the [[FBI]] and was eventually arrested in 1960, before committing suicide. Domestically, Yockey's biggest sympathisers were the [[National Renaissance Party (United States)|National Renaissance Party]], including [[James H. Madole]], [[H. Keith Thompson]] and [[Eustace Mullins]] ({{lang|fr|protégé}} of [[Ezra Pound]]) and the [[Liberty Lobby]] of [[Willis Carto]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Rockwell, an American conservative, was first politicised in the [[anti-communism]] and anti-[[racial integration]] movements before becoming anti-Jewish. In response to his opponents calling him a "Nazi", he theatrically appropriated the aesthetic elements of the NSDAP, to "own" the intended insult. In 1959, Rockwell founded the [[American Nazi Party]] and instructed his members to dress in imitation [[Sturmabteilung|SA]]-style brown shirts, while flying the flag of the Third Reich. In contrast to Yockey, he was pro-American and cooperated with FBI requests, despite the party being targeted by [[COINTELPRO]] due to the mistaken belief that they were agents of Nasser's Egypt during a brief intelligence "brown scare".<ref group= "nb">While the intelligence claims in regards to the Rockwell's American costume group proved unfounded, a number of actual German Nazis did relocate to the Middle East, some converted to Islam and changed their names; particularly Egypt and Syria. This includes [[Johann von Leers]], [[Alois Brunner]], [[Aribert Heim]], [[Franz Stangl]], [[Gerhard Mertins]], [[Hans Eisele (physician)|Hans Eisele]], [[Walter Rauff]], [[Artur Schmitt]] and others. The father of Neo-Nazism, Otto Ernst Remer, also fled to Egypt, then Syria during the 1950s.</ref> Later leaders of American [[white nationalism]] came to politics through the ANP, including a teenage [[David Duke]] and [[William Luther Pierce]] of the [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]], although they soon distanced themselves from explicit self-identification with neo-Nazism.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In 1961, the [[World Union of National Socialists]] was founded by Rockwell and [[Colin Jordan]] of the British [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]], adopting the ''[[Cotswold Declaration]].'' French socialite [[Françoise Dior]] was involved romantically with Jordan and his deputy [[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]] and a friend of Savitri Devi, who also attended the meeting. The National Socialist Movement wore quasi-SA uniforms, was involved in streets conflicts with the Jewish [[62 Group]]. In the 1970s, Tyndall's earlier involvement with neo-Nazism would come back to haunt the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]], which he led, as they attempted to ride a wave of anti-immigration populism and concerns over British national decline. Televised exposes on ''[[This Week (Thames Television TV series)|This Week]]'' in 1974 and ''[[World in Action]]'' in 1978, showed their neo-Nazi pedigree and damaged their electoral chances. In 1967, Rockwell was killed by a disgruntled former member. [[Matt Koehl]] took control of the ANP, and strongly influenced by Savitri Devi, gradually transformed it into an esoteric group known as the [[New Order (Neo-Nazi group)|New Order]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In [[Franco's Spain]], certain SS refugees most notably [[Otto Skorzeny]], [[Léon Degrelle]] and the son of [[Klaus Barbie]] became associated with [[CEDADE]] (''Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa''), an organisation which disseminated Third Reich apologetics out of [[Barcelona]]. They intersected with neo-Nazi advocates from [[Mark Fredriksen]] in France to [[Salvador Borrego]] in Mexico.
In the post-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]] splinter groups such as [[Ordine Nuovo]] and [[Avanguardia Nazionale]], involved in the "[[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]]" considered Nazism a reference. [[Franco Freda]] created a "[[Nazi-Maoism]]" synthesis.

In Germany itself, the various Third Reich nostalgic movements coalesced around the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 1964 and in Austria the [[National Democratic Party (Austria, 1967–88)|National Democratic Party]] in 1967 as the primary sympathisers of the NSDAP past, although more publicly cautious than earlier groups.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

=== Holocaust denial and subcultures, 1970s–1990s ===
[[Holocaust denial]], the claim that [[the Holocaust|six million Jews]] were not deliberately and systematically exterminated as an official policy of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler, became a more prominent feature of neo-Nazism in the 1970s. Before this time, Holocaust denial had long existed as a sentiment among neo-Nazis, but it had not yet been systematically articulated as a theory with a bibliographical canon. Few of the major theorists of Holocaust denial (who call themselves "[[Historical revisionism|revisionists]]") can be uncontroversially classified as outright neo-Nazis (though some works such as those of [[David Irving]] forward a clearly sympathetic view of Hitler and the publisher [[Ernst Zündel]] was deeply tied to international neo-Nazism), however, the main interest of Holocaust denial to neo-Nazis was their hope that it would help them rehabilitate their political ideology in the eyes of the general public. ''[[Did Six Million Really Die?]]'' (1974) by [[Richard Verrall]] and ''[[The Hoax of the Twentieth Century]]'' (1976) by [[Arthur Butz]] are popular examples of Holocaust denial material.
[[File:Flag of the Order of Flemish Militants.svg|thumb|right|The radicalisation of Flemish activist group [[Vlaamse Militanten Orde]] in the 1970s energised international neo-Nazism.]]

Key developments in international neo-Nazism during this time include the radicalisation of the {{lang|nl|[[Vlaamse Militanten Orde]]}} under former [[Hitler Youth]] member [[Bert Eriksson]]. They began hosting an annual conference; the "Iron Pilgrimage"; at [[Diksmuide]], which drew kindred ideologues from across Europe and beyond. As well as this, the [[NSDAP/AO (1972)|NSDAP/AO]] under [[Gary Lauck]] arose in the United States in 1972 and challenged the international influence of the Rockwellite WUNS. Lauck's organisation drew support from the [[National Socialist Movement of Denmark]] of [[Povl Riis-Knudsen]] and various German and Austrian figures who felt that the "National Democratic" parties were too bourgeois and insufficiently Nazi in orientation. This included [[Michael Kühnen]], [[Christian Worch]], [[Bela Ewald Althans]] and [[Gottfried Küssel]] of the 1977-founded [[Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists|ANS/NS]] which called for the establishment of a Germanic [[Fourth Reich]]. Some ANS/NS members were imprisoned for planning paramilitary attacks on [[NATO]] bases in Germany and planning to liberate [[Rudolf Hess]] from [[Spandau Prison]]. The organisation was officially banned in 1983 by the Minister of the Interior.

During the late 1970s, a British subculture came to be associated with neo-Nazism; the [[skinheads]]. Portraying an ultra-masculine, crude and aggressive image, with working-class references, some of the skinheads joined the [[British Movement]] under [[Michael McLaughlin (activist)|Michael McLaughlin]] (successor of [[Colin Jordan]]), while others became associated with the National Front's [[Rock Against Communism]] project which was meant to counter the [[Socialist Workers Party (UK)|SWP]]'s [[Rock Against Racism]]. The most significant music group involved in this project was [[Skrewdriver]], led by [[Ian Stuart Donaldson]]. Together with ex-BM member [[Nicky Crane]], Donaldson founded the international [[Blood & Honour]] network in 1987. By 1992 this network, with input from [[Harold Covington]], had developed a paramilitary wing; [[Combat 18]], which intersected with [[football hooligan]] firms such as the [[Chelsea Headhunters]]. The neo-Nazi skinhead movement spread to the United States, with groups such as the [[Hammerskins]]. It was popularised from 1986 onwards by [[Tom Metzger]] of the [[White Aryan Resistance]]. Since then it has spread across the world. Films such as ''[[Romper Stomper]]'' (1992) and ''[[American History X]]'' (1998) would fix a public perception that [[white power skinheads|neo-Nazism and skinheads]] were synonymous.

[[File:Black_Sun_2.svg|thumb|left|upright|Serrano identified Aryan-Hyperborean blood as the "light of the [[Black Sun (occult symbol)|Black Sun]]", a symbol found at SS-cult site [[Wewelsburg|Wewelsburg Castle]].]]
New developments also emerged on the esoteric level, as former Chilean diplomat [[Miguel Serrano]] built on the works of [[Carl Jung]], [[Otto Rahn]], [[Wilhelm Landig]], [[Julius Evola]] and [[Savitri Devi]] to bind together and develop already existing theories. Serrano had been a member of the [[National Socialist Movement of Chile]] in the 1930s and from the early days of neo-Nazism, he had been in contact with key figures across Europe and beyond. Despite this, he was able to work as an ambassador to numerous countries until the rise of [[Salvador Allende]]. In 1984 he published his book ''Adolf Hitler: The Ultimate Avatar''. Serrano claimed that the Aryans were extragalactic beings who founded [[Hyperborea]] and lived the heroic life of [[Bodhisattvas]], while the Jews were created by the [[Demiurge]] and were concerned only with coarse [[materialism]]. Serrano claimed that a new [[Golden Age]] can be attained if the Hyperboreans repurify their blood (supposedly the light of the Black Sun) and restore their "[[Genetic memory (psychology)|blood-memory]]". As with Savitri Devi before him, Serrano's works became a key point of reference in neo-Nazism.

=== Lifting of the Iron Curtain, 1990s–present ===
With the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] and the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] during the early 1990s, neo-Nazism began to spread its ideas in the East, as hostility to the triumphant liberal order was high and [[revanchism]] a widespread feeling. In Russia, during the chaos of the early 1990s, an amorphous mixture of [[KGB]] hardliners, Orthodox neo-Tsarist nostalgics (i.e., [[Pamyat]]) and explicit neo-Nazis found themselves strewn together in the same camp. They were united by opposition to the influence of the United States, against the liberalising legacy of [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s {{transliteration|ru|[[perestroika]]}} and on the [[Jewish question]], [[Soviet Anti-Zionism|Soviet Zionology]] merged with a more explicit anti-Jewish sentiment. The most significant organisation representing this was [[Russian National Unity]] under the leadership of [[Alexander Barkashov]], where black-uniform clad Russians marched with a red flag incorporating the [[Swastika]] under the banner of ''[[Russia for Russians]].'' These forces came together in a last gasp effort to save the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]] against [[Boris Yeltsin]] during the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis]]. As well as events in Russia, in newly independent ex-Soviet states, annual commemorations for SS volunteers now took place; particularly in [[Remembrance day of the Latvian legionnaires|Latvia]], [[20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)|Estonia]] and [[14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)|Ukraine]].

[[File:Evstafiev-neo-bolsheviks.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[National Bolshevik Party]]. "Nazbols" tailor ultra-nationalist themes to a native Russian environment while still employing Nazi aesthetics.]]
The Russian developments excited German neo-Nazism who dreamed of a [[Berlin]]–Moscow alliance against the supposedly "decadent" [[Atlanticist]] forces; a dream which had been thematic since the days of Remer.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Zündel visited Russia and met with ex-KGB general Aleksandr Stergilov and other Russian National Unity members. Despite these initial aspirations, international neo-Nazism and its close affiliates in ultra-nationalism would be split over the [[Bosnian War]] between 1992 and 1995, as part of the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]]. The split would largely be along ethnic and sectarian lines. The Germans and the French would largely back the Western Catholic [[Croats]] (Lauck's NSDAP/AO explicitly [[Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War|called for volunteers]], which Kühnen's [[Free German Workers' Party]] answered and the French formed the "Groupe [[Jacques Doriot]]"), while the Russians and the Greeks would back the Orthodox [[Serbs]] (including Russians from Barkashov's Russian National Unity, [[Eduard Limonov]]'s [[National Bolshevik Party|National Bolshevik Front]] and [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]] members joined the [[Greek Volunteer Guard]]). Indeed, the revival of [[National Bolshevism]] was able to steal some of the thunder from overt Russian neo-Nazism, as ultra-nationalism was wedded with veneration of [[Joseph Stalin]] in place of Adolf Hitler, while still also flirting with Nazi aesthetics.

== Analogous European movements ==
Outside Germany, in other countries which were involved with the [[Axis powers]] and had their own native ultra-nationalist movements, which sometimes collaborated with the Third Reich but were not technically German-style National Socialists, revivalist and nostalgic movements have emerged in the post-war period which, as neo-Nazism has done in Germany, seek to rehabilitate their various loosely associated ideologies. These movements include [[neo-fascists]] and [[post-fascists]] in Italy; Vichyites, Pétainists and "national Europeans" in France; [[Ustaše]] sympathisers in [[Croatia]]; neo-[[Chetniks]] in Serbia; [[Iron Guard]] revivalists in [[Romania]]; [[Hungarists]] and [[Miklós Horthy|Horthyists]] in Hungary and others.<ref>Lõwy, Michael (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=-gIOBkCDlZMC&dq=%22neo-chetniks%22+%22neo-Nazis%22&pg=PA66 ''Fatherland Or Mother Earth?: Essays on the National Question''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806190931/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gIOBkCDlZMC&lpg=PA66&ots=u5924_NLGc&dq=%22neo-chetniks%22%20%22neo-Nazis%22&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q=%22neo-chetniks%22%20%22neo-Nazis%22&f=false |date=6 August 2020 }} Pluto Press. pp. 65–66 {{isbn|978-0745313436}}</ref>

== Issues ==
=== Ex-Nazis in mainstream politics ===
[[File:Kurt Waldheim 1971cr.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The 1980s dispute between Austrian president [[Kurt Waldheim]] and the [[World Jewish Congress]] caused an international incident.]]
The most significant case on an international level was the election of [[Kurt Waldheim]] to the Presidency of Austria in 1986. It came to light that Waldheim had been a member of the [[National Socialist German Students' League]], the SA and served as an intelligence officer during the Second World War. Following this he served as an Austrian diplomat and was the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] from 1972 until 1981. After revelations of Waldheim's past were made by an Austrian journalist, Waldheim clashed with the [[World Jewish Congress]] on the international stage. Waldheim's record was defended by [[Bruno Kreisky]], an Austrian Jew who served as Chancellor of Austria. The legacy of the affair lingers on, as [[Victor Ostrovsky]] has claimed the [[Mossad]] doctored the file of Waldheim to implicate him in war crimes.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

=== Contemporary right-wing populism ===
Some critics have sought to draw a connection between Nazism and modern [[right-wing populism]] in Europe, but the two are not widely regarded as interchangeable by most academics. In Austria, the [[Freedom Party of Austria]] (FPÖ) served as a shelter for ex-Nazis almost from its inception.<ref name="Fuchs">{{cite book |last=Fuchs|first=Christian |editor-last=Morelock |editor-first=Jeremiah |title=Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism |publisher=University of Westminster Press |date=2018 |page=165 |chapter=Racism, Nationalism and Right-Wing Extremism Online: The Austrian Presidential Election 2016 on Facebook |isbn=978-1-912656-04-2}}</ref> In 1980, scandals undermined Austria's two main parties and the economy stagnated. [[Jörg Haider]] became leader of the FPÖ and offered partial justification for [[Nazism]], calling its employment policy effective. In the [[Austrian legislative election, 1994|1994 Austrian election]], the FPÖ won 22 percent of the vote, as well as 33 percent of the vote in [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] and 22 percent in Vienna; showing that it had become a force capable of reversing the old pattern of Austrian politics.<ref>Laqueur, Walter, ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future'', pp. 80, 116, 117</ref>

Historian [[Walter Laqueur]] writes that even though Haider welcomed former Nazis at his meetings and went out of his way to address [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS) veterans, the FPÖ is not a fascist party in the traditional sense, since it has not made [[anti-communism]] an important issue, and it does not advocate the overthrow of the democratic order or the use of violence. In his view, the FPÖ is "not quite fascist", although it is part of a tradition, similar to that of 19th-century Viennese mayor [[Karl Lueger]], which involves [[nationalism]], xenophobic populism, and authoritarianism.<ref>Laqueur, Walter, ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future'', pp. 117–18</ref> Haider, who in 2005 left the Freedom Party and formed the [[Alliance for Austria's Future]], was killed in a traffic accident in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7664846.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Austria's Haider dies in accident | date=2008-10-11 | access-date=2010-05-20 | archive-date=12 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712185019/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7664846.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Barbara Rosenkranz]], the Freedom Party's candidate in [[2010 Austrian presidential election|Austria's 2010 presidential election]], was controversial for having made allegedly pro-Nazi statements.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8634796.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Austria spooked by Nazi past in election | date=2010-04-23 | access-date=2010-05-20 | archive-date=26 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426205322/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8634796.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Rosenkranz is married to [[Horst Rosenkranz]], a key member of a banned neo-Nazi party, who is known for publishing far-right books. Rosenkranz says she cannot detect anything "dishonourable" in her husband's activities.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/reich-mother-on-the-march-in-hitlers-homeland-1953005.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Reich mother on the march in Hitler's homeland | date=2010-04-24 | access-date=2010-05-20 | archive-date=27 April 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427010909/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/reich-mother-on-the-march-in-hitlers-homeland-1953005.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Around the world==
===Europe===
====Albania====
[[Brerore]] and [[Albanian Third Position]] (ATP) are neo-Nazi groups based in Albania with ATP also having reach into [[Kosovo]] and [[Northern Macedonia]]. Some of ATP's members are also members of Tirana Fanatiks football [[Ultras|ultra]] hooligan club.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://balkaninsight.com/extreme-right-organisations/orgBrerore.php|work=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=30 March 2025|title=Brerore (Aureole)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nacionale.com/politike/hitleret-shqiptare-qe-kerkojne-permbysjen-e-sistemit-interviste-me-grupin-e-erret-fashist|work=[[Nacionale.com]]|date=30 March 2025|title='Hitlerët' shqiptarë që kërkojnë përmbysjen e sistemit: Intervistë me grupin e errët fashist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://balkaninsight.com/extreme-right-organisations/orgATP.php|work=[[Balkan Insight]]|date=30 March 2025|title=Albanian Third Position, ATP (Pozicioni i Tretë Shqiptar)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://acqj.al/ekstremistet-e-djathte-ne-shqiperi-sfida-per-demokracine-dhe-diversitetin/|work=[[Albanian Center for Quality Journalism]]|date=30 March 2025|title=Ekstremistët e djathtë në Shqipëri: Sfida për demokracinë dhe diversitetin}}</ref>

====Armenia====
The [[Hosank|Armenian-Aryan Racialist Political Movement]] is a National Socialist movement in [[Armenia]]. It was founded in 2021 and supports [[Aryanism]], Antisemitism, and White supremacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/3633204|title=בעיר הבירה: תנועה אנטישמית ארמנית צעדה עם דגלי נאצים - וואלה! יהדות|website=וואלה!|date=4 February 2024 }}</ref>

====Belarus====
There has been a Nazi presence in Belarus since at least 1933 in the form of the {{Interlanguage link|Belarusian National Socialist Party|be|Беларуская нацыянал-сацыялістычная партыя|de|Weißruthenische Nationalsozialistische Partei|it|Partito Nazionalsocialista Bielorusso}}. Neo-Nazi White Legion (Белы Легіён) attempted a bombing of a Soviet Victory Monument in [[Minsk]]. In 2020, Dynamo Minsk fans unfurled a banner during a match with a picture of [[Rudolf Hess]] and the text  “For us, your life is an iconic example of loyalty”. White Power Skinhead groups include "White Willpower" (Белая Воля) and Support88. In 2004 a magazine by the name of the Belarusian Resistance (Беларускі Рэзыстанс) with editor-in-chief Siarhej Iorsh was first published, with the focus of the magazine being rehabilitating the Belarusians who fought the Red Army.<ref name=Kotljarchuk>Kotljarchuk, A. (2022). The Counter-Narrative of WWII and the Far Right-Identity. In CBEES State of the Region Report: Vol. 2021. The Many Faces of the Far Right in the Post-Communist Space : A Comparative Study of Far-Right Movements and Identity in the Region (pp. 61–75). Retrieved from https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-48535</ref><ref>Jury Turonak: [https://www.belhistory.eu/english_version/belarusian-historal-review-volume-10-fascicle-1-2-18-19-december-2003/jury-turonak-fabian-akincyc-as-a-leader-of-belarusian-national-socialists Fabian Akinčyc as a leader of Belarusian national-socialists]. In: Belarusian Historal Review. Bd. 10, Nr. 1/2 = 18/19, 2003, belhistory.eu.</ref><ref>Antonio J. Munoz, Oleg V. Romanko: Hitler’s White Russians. Collaboration, Extermination and Anti-partisan Warfare in Byelorussia, 1941–1944. Europa Books, Bayside NY 2003, ISBN 1-891227-42-4, S. 456.
</ref>

Since the independence of Belarus, the far-right in Belarus has systematically rehabilitated [[Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany|Belarusian nazi collaborators]] both in the internet and real life. For example in 2014, the right-wing organization Young Front demonstrated with banners depicting General [[Michał Vituška]], nazi collaborator and anti-Soviet partisan. In 2018, the biggest alcohol company in the country Bulbash United posted a picture of General [[Francišak Kušal]], a prominent Nazi collaborator, and a text praising him attached to it on their webpage. It drew both condemnation and praise from the netizens of Belarus. Aliaksei Dzermant is the founder of Kryuskaja Draugija Druvingau, Belarusian branch of the neo-Nazi pagan [[Allgermanische Heidnische Front]]. Dzermant is also the founder of the modern successor of the Belarusian Nazi Party.<ref name=Kotljarchuk/>

====Belgium====
{{Main|Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw}}

A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, [[Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw]] (Blood, Soil, Honour and Loyalty), was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network ([[Blood and Honour]]). The group rose to public prominence in September 2006, after 17 members (including 11 soldiers) were arrested under the December 2003 [[Anti-terrorism legislation|anti-terrorist laws]] and laws against racism, [[antisemitism]] and supporters of censorship. According to Justice Minister [[Laurette Onkelinx]] and Interior Minister [[Patrick Dewael]], the suspects (11 of whom were members of the military) were preparing to launch terrorist attacks in order to "destabilize" [[Belgium]].<ref>* [https://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=305025 "De nouvelles découvertes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212055603/https://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=305025 |date=12 December 2007 }}, ''[[La Libre Belgique]]'', 8 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.lesoir.be/actualite/belgique/2006/09/12/article__12_neonazis_en_chambre_du_conseil.shtml "Mandats d'arrêts confirmés pour les néo-nazis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312223922/https://www.lesoir.be/actualite/belgique/2006/09/12/article__12_neonazis_en_chambre_du_conseil.shtml |date=12 March 2007 }}, ''[[Le Soir]]'', 13 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> According to the journalist Manuel Abramowicz, of the Resistances,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.resistances.be/network | title=Network }}{{Dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> the extremists of the radical right have always had as its aim to "infiltrate the state mechanisms", including the army in the 1970s and the 1980s, through [[Westland New Post]] and the [[Front de la Jeunesse (Belgium)|Front de la Jeunesse]].<ref>[https://www.lesoir.be/actualite/belgique/2006/09/08/article_hermes_469637.shtml "Les néonazis voulaient déstabiliser le pays"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014000647/https://www.lesoir.be/actualite/belgique/2006/09/08/article_hermes_469637.shtml |date=14 October 2006}}, ''[[Le Soir]]'', 7 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

A police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks (in [[Leopoldsburg]] near the Dutch border, Kleine-Brogel, [[Peer, Belgium|Peer]], Brussels (Royal military school) and [[Zedelgem]]) as well as 18 private addresses in [[Flanders]]. They found weapons, munitions, explosives and a homemade bomb large enough to make "a car explode". The leading suspect, B.T., was organizing the trafficking of weapons and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far-right movement [[National Alliance (Netherlands)|De Nationale Alliantie]].<ref>* [https://permanent.nouvelobs.com/europe/20060908.OBS1014.html "Un groupe terroriste néonazi démantelé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224061043/https://permanent.nouvelobs.com/europe/20060908.OBS1014.html |date=24 February 2011 }}, ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'', 8 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3214,36-810816,0.html "La Belgique démantèle un groupe néonazi préparant des attentats"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120604115911/https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3214,36-810816,0.html |date=4 June 2012 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 7 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.rtl.be/page/rtlinfo/articles/societearticle/227.aspx?articleid=63636 "Des militaires néonazis voulaient commettre des attentats"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310190123/https://www.rtl.be/page/rtlinfo/articles/societearticle/227.aspx?articleid=63636 |date=10 March 2007 }}, [[RTL Group|RTL]] Belgique, 8 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.afp.com/francais/news/stories/060908071234.ynnt5b6h.html "Des militaires néonazis voulaient déstabiliser la Belgique par des attentats"]{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], 8 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/539618/La_Belgique_decouvre%252C_stupefaite%252C_un_complot_neonazi_au_sein_de_son_armee.html "La Belgique découvre, stupéfaite, un complot néonazi au sein de son armée"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716155057/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/539618/La_Belgique_decouvre%252C_stupefaite%252C_un_complot_neonazi_au_sein_de_son_armee.html |date=16 July 2021 }} AFP, 8 September 2006. {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3214,36-810996@51-810817,0.html "Un réseau terroriste de militaires néonazis démantelé en Belgique"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111001326/https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3214,36-810996@51-810817,0.html |date=11 January 2008 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 8 September 2006 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==== Bosnia and Herzegovina ====
The neo-Nazi [[white nationalism|white nationalist]] organization Bosanski Pokret Nacionalnog Ponosa ([[Bosnian Movement of National Pride]]) was founded in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] in July 2009. Its model is the [[Waffen-SS]] [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|Handschar Division]], which was composed of [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] volunteers.<ref>{{cite book |first=George |last=Lepre |title=Himmler's Bosnian Division: The Waffen-SS Handschar Division 1943–1945 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7643-0134-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPZmAAAAMAAJ&q=lepre+george |ref=Lepre_1997 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805011359/https://books.google.com/books?id=rPZmAAAAMAAJ&q=lepre+george |url-status=live }}</ref> It proclaimed its main enemies to be "Jews, [[Romani people|Roma]], Serbian [[Chetniks]], the [[Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia|Croatian separatists]], [[Josip Broz Tito]], [[Communism|Communists]], homosexuals and [[black people|blacks]]".<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.bosanski-nacionalisti.com/|title=はげ対策｜食事やシャンプーで薄毛抑制？！｜育毛剤で元気な髪を|publisher=bosanski-nacionalisti.com|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=14 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114142201/https://www.bosanski-nacionalisti.com/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/neonacisti_bih/1956417.html|title=Osnovan Bosanski pokret nacionalnog ponosa|newspaper=Radio Slobodna Evropa|date=12 February 2010 |access-date=13 February 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054310/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/neonacisti_bih/1956417.html|url-status=live|last1=Arnautović |first1=Marija }}</ref> Its ideology is a mixture of [[Bosnian nationalism]], [[Nazism|National Socialism]] and [[white nationalism]]. It says "Ideologies that are not welcome in Bosnia are: Zionism, Islamism, communism, capitalism. The only ideology good for us is Bosnian nationalism because it secures national prosperity and social justice..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/muslim-bosnian-neo-nazi-group-most-worlds-problems-result-plot-aimed-letting-chosen-people|title=Muslim Bosnian Neo-Nazi Group: Most of the World's Problems Result From a Plot Aimed at "Letting the 'Chosen People' Control... the World"|website=MEMRI|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123195228/https://www.memri.org/reports/muslim-bosnian-neo-nazi-group-most-worlds-problems-result-plot-aimed-letting-chosen-people|url-status=live}}</ref> The group is led by a person nicknamed Sauberzwig, after the commander of the 13th SS Handschar. The group's strongest area of operations is in the Tuzla area of Bosnia.

==== Bulgaria ====
The primary neo-Nazi political party to receive attention in post-WWII Bulgaria is the [[Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

On 13 February of every year since 2003, Bulgarian neo-Nazis and like-minded far-right nationalists gather at [[Sofia, Bulgaria|Sofia]] to honor [[Hristo Lukov]], a late World War II general known for his antisemitic and pro-Nazi stance. From 2003 to 2019, the annual event was hosted by Bulgarian National Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bulgaria-nationalists-honor-pro-nazi-general-flowers-75876539 |title=Bulgaria: Nationalists honor pro-Nazi general with flowers |date=13 February 2021 |website=ABC News |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710213206/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/bulgaria-nationalists-honor-pro-nazi-general-flowers-75876539 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Romekhvpaac | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/Romekhvpaac| archive-date=2021-10-29|title=Neo-Nazis march in the streets of Sofia, Bulgaria |date=12 February 2021 |via=YouTube |author=World Jewish Congress |access-date=16 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/bulgaria/neo-nazi-lukov-march-thwarted/ |title=Neo-Nazi Likov march thwarted |date=16 February 2021 |website=European Jewish Congress |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715051008/https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/bulgaria/neo-nazi-lukov-march-thwarted/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bulgaria is also home to a neo-Nazi group called the White Front that is "linked to an extremely violent fringe of neo-Nazis" that have defaced synagogues with antisemitic posters. White Front also countered Sofia Pride by plastering around homophobic posters claiming homosexuality is connected to pedophilia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gender.land/lgbti-organizatsia-reagira-na-homofobska-kampania-v-plovdiv/ | title=ЛГБТИ организация реагира на хомофобска кампания в Пловдив • Genderland | work=Genderland | date=25 March 2019 | author1=Genderland }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/countering-radical-right/football-fandom-and-fascist-generals-bulgarias-radical-right/|work=[[Open Democracy]]|date=17 May 2025|title=Football fandom and fascist generals: Bulgaria’s radical right}}</ref>

==== Croatia ====
{{See also|Far-right politics in Croatia}}
[[File:Thompson Maksimir 17.6.2007 2.jpg|thumb|right|Young boy wearing a shirt with a [[Black Legion (Ustaše militia)|Black Legion]] sign at a [[Thompson (band)|Thompson]] concert]]
[[File:20130609 Zagreb 041.jpg|thumb|right|Graffiti depicting the U symbol of the [[Ustashe]] during the [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia]]]]
Neo-Nazis in [[Croatia]] base their ideology on the writings of [[Ante Pavelić]] and the [[Ustaše]], a [[Fascism|fascist]] anti-Yugoslav separatist movement.<ref>* Yeomans, Rory, "Of "Yugoslav Barbarians" and Croatian Gentlemen Scholars: Nationalist Ideology and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Yugoslavia", in Turda, Marius and Paul Weindling, eds., ''"Blood And Homeland": Eugenics And Racial Nationalism in Central And Southeast Europe, 1900–1940'' Central European University Press, 2006)
* {{cite web |last=Ognyanova |first=Irina |title=Nationalism and National Policy in Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) |url=https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh367/OgnyanovaArticle.pdf |publisher=Usna.edu |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207104245/https://www.usna.edu/Users/history/tucker/hh367/OgnyanovaArticle.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* Jonassohn, Kurt and Karin Solveig Björnson, ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations'' (Transaction Publishers 1998), p. 279</ref> The Ustaše regime committed a [[Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)#Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide]] against [[World War II persecution of Serbs|Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews and Roma]]. At the end of [[World War II]], many Ustaše members fled to the West, where they found sanctuary and continued their political and [[terrorism|terrorist]] activities (which were tolerated due to [[Cold War]] hostilities).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0011.html |publisher=Jasenovac-info.com |title=Headquarters Counter Intelligence Corps Allied Forces Headquarters APO 512, 30 January 1947: Present Whereabouts and Past Background of Ante Pavelic, Croat Quisling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006030523/https://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0011.html |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/DGB4V0MCGNFLU49E.pdf |title=The historical link between the Ustasha genocide and the Croato-Serb civil war: 1991-1995 |year=2000 |doi=10.1080/713677614 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062323if_/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/713677614#.VxCI4Oj7SUk |archive-date=15 April 2016|last1=Mirkovic |first1=Damir |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=363–373 |s2cid=72467680 | issn = 1462-3528}}</ref>

In 1999, Zagreb's [[Square of the Victims of Fascism]] was renamed ''Croatian Nobles Square'', provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude towards the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/report-news/croatias-willingness-tolerate-fascist-legacy-worries-many |title=Croatia's Willingness To Tolerate Fascist Legacy Worries Many |publisher=Iwpr.net |date=1999-09-08 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116083050/https://iwpr.net/report-news/croatias-willingness-tolerate-fascist-legacy-worries-many |archive-date=16 November 2010}}</ref> In 2000, the [[Zagreb City Council]] again renamed the square into ''Square of the Victims of Fascism''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20001221/novosti1.htm |title=Slobodna Dalmacija, Četvrtak 21. prosinca 2000. – novosti |publisher=Arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=20 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220100153/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20001221/novosti1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Many streets in Croatia were renamed after the prominent Ustaše figure [[Mile Budak]], which provoked outrage amongst the Serbian minority. Since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of Mile Budak or other persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm |title=Europe &#124; Croatia erases 'fascist' tributes |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-08-27 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107000052/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3605236.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> A plaque in [[Slunj]] with the inscription "Croatian Knight [[Jure Francetić]]" was erected to commemorate Francetić, the notorious Ustaše leader of the Black Legion. The plaque remained there for four years, until it was removed by the authorities.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ex-yupress.com/nacional/nacional7.html |title=Nacional, Monument to Francetic in Slunj |publisher=Ex-yupress.com |date=2000-06-15 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003423/https://www.ex-yupress.com/nacional/nacional7.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2003, Croatian [[penal code]] was amended with provisions prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, [[historical revisionism]] and [[holocaust denial]] but the amendments were annulled in 2004 since they were not enacted in accordance with a constitutionally prescribed procedure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=172879|title=Ustavni sud ukinuo izmjene i dopune Kaznenog zakona|website=index.hr|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181332/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ustavni-sud-ukinuo-izmjene-i-dopune-kaznenog-zakona/172879.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, since 2006 Croatian penal code explicitly prohibits any type of [[hate crime]] based on [[race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[Human skin color|color]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], religion or national origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeno/2006/1706.htm |title=71 28.6.2006 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona |publisher=Nn.hr |date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415062130/https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/127449.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There have been instances of [[hate speech]] in Croatia, such as the use of the phrase {{transliteration|sh|[[Srbe na vrbe!]]}} ("[Hang] Serbs on the [[willow]] trees!").{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} In 2004, an [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia|Orthodox]] church was [[spray painting|spray-painted]] with pro-Ustaše graffiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=279919 |title=Zbog srpskih tablica vandali Mađarima uništili kuću – Vijesti.net |publisher=Index.hr |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185256/https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/zbog-srpskih-tablica-vandali-madjarima-unistili-kucu-/279919.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spc.org.yu/Vesti-2004/04/28-4-04-e01.html#usta |title=Information Service of the Serbian Orthodox Church |date=28 April 2004 |website=Serbian Orthodox Church |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010052901/https://www.spc.org.yu/Vesti-2004/04/28-4-04-e01.html |archive-date=10 October 2006}}</ref> During some protests in Croatia, supporters of [[Ante Gotovina]] and other at the time suspected [[war crime|war criminals]] (all acquitted in 2012) have carried [[nationalism|nationalist]] symbols and pictures of Pavelić.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285B2863285D2863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285F2859285F2861285828632863286328592863M |title=Da san ima 40 kuna, nosija bi' i ja ustasku kapu |date=18 December 2005 |access-date=16 July 2021 |language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107225003/https://www.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Pretrazivac&WCU=285A285B2863285D2863285A28582858285E2863286328632859285F2859285F2861285828632863286328592863M |archive-date=7 January 2008}}</ref> On 17 May 2007, a concert in Zagreb by [[Thompson (band)|Thompson]], a popular Croatian singer, was attended by 60,000 people, some of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Some gave Ustaše salutes and shouted the Ustaše slogan "''[[Za dom spremni]]''" ("For the homeland – ready!"). This event prompted the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] to publicly issue a protest to the Croatian president.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mesiću, Zuroff |title=Gnušamo se ustaških simbola na Thompsonovu koncertu |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,18,zuroff_mesic,78943.jl |publisher=Jutarnji.hr |language=hr |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109225642/https://www.jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2007,6,18,zuroff_mesic,78943.jl |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Margelov institut traži opoziv ministra Kirina zbog Thompsonovog koncerta |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/dogadjaji_dana/clanak/art-2007,6,18,mergelov_institut,79015.jl |publisher=jutarnji.hr |language=hr |access-date=14 August 2009 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109225730/https://www.jutarnji.hr/dogadjaji_dana/clanak/art-2007,6,18,mergelov_institut,79015.jl |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.suntimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=496261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183434/https://www.suntimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=496261 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |title=Nazi hunters slam singer's concert |publisher=Suntimes.co.za |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lefkovits |first=Etgar |url=https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813065577&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130619160845/https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181813065577&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-19 |title=Nazi hunter raps 'fascist' Croatian rock concert |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ejpress.org/article/17594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625140217/https://www.ejpress.org/article/17594 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2007 |title=Jews slam Croatia's failure to condemn 'Nazi' concert |work=European Jewish Press |date=2007-06-19 |access-date=2009-11-03}}</ref> Cases of displaying Ustashe memorabilia have been recorded at the [[Bleiburg commemoration]] held annually in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/koruski-zupan-skup-u-bleiburgu-treba-zabraniti-1240486|title=Koruški župan: Skup u Bleiburgu treba zabraniti|website=vecernji.hr|access-date=29 May 2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095646/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/koruski-zupan-skup-u-bleiburgu-treba-zabraniti-1240486|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Czech Republic ====
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
The government of the [[Czech Republic]] strictly punishes neo-Nazism ([[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Neonacismus''). According to a report by the [[Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic]], neo-Nazis committed more than 211 crimes in 2013. The Czech Republic has various neo-Nazi groups. One of them is the group Wotan Jugend, based in Germany.

==== Denmark ====
The [[National Socialist Movement of Denmark]] was formed in 1991, and was formally a neo-Nazi party, that would actively promote the Nazi ideology in Denmark. The party did not gain any political influence, and were regarded as a failed political project by neo-Nazi expert Frede Farmand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-20 |title=Fra politik til politi-sag |url=https://www.information.dk/indland/2010/10/politik-politi-sag |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Information |language=da}}</ref> Long time party leader Johnni Hansen was replaced by Esben Rohde Kristensen in 2010, which resulted in a large amount of party members leaving the party. While the party never has been formally dissolved, there has been very little activity from its core member since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=værd |first1=Af Torsten Ruus Husk den gode tone! På Ekstra Bladet lægger vi stor vægt på at have en tæt dialog med jer læsere Jeres input er guld |last2=turde |first2=og mange historier ville ikke kunne lade sig gøre uden jeres tip Men selv om vi også har tradition for at |last3=Tier |first3=Når Andre |last4=mene |first4=værner vi om en sober og konstruktiv tone Du må |last5=Vil |first5=Hvad Du |last6=Henvendelser |first6=Men Vi Accepterer Ikke |last7=Chikanerende |first7=Der Er |last8=politianmeldt |first8=hadefulde eller krænkende overfor vores medarbejdere Sådanne henvendelser vil blive blokeret og registreret af Ekstra Bladet og evt |date=2021-12-11 |title=Nazi-veteran begraver DNSB: - Vi har ingen fører mere |url=https://ekstrabladet.dk/krimi/nazi-veteran-begraver-dnsb-vi-har-ingen-foerer-mere/9038719 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=ekstrabladet.dk |language=da}}</ref> Former neo-Nazi [[Daniel Carlsen]] formed the small national party [[Party of the Danes]] in 2011, which officially rejected Nazism, but were none the less categorized as such by professor in politics Peter Nedergaard.<ref>{{cite web |title=Europeiskt miljonstöd till sammanslutning av fascister och nazister |date=13 April 2016 |url=https://expo.se/2016/europeiskt-miljonstod-till-sammanslutning-av-fascister-och-nazister_7063.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106061000/https://expo.se/2016/europeiskt-miljonstod-till-sammanslutning-av-fascister-och-nazister_7063.html |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=Hovedrysten over nyt parti på den yderste højrefløj - Nationalt {{!}} www.b.dk |url=https://www.b.dk/nationalt/hovedrysten-over-nyt-parti-paa-den-yderste-hoejrefloej |access-date=2024-05-31 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427194356/https://www.b.dk/nationalt/hovedrysten-over-nyt-parti-paa-den-yderste-hoejrefloej |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> It was dissolved in 2017 after its founder [[Daniel Stockholm]] announced retirement from politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlingske.dk/content/item/64604|title=Partiformand trækker sig og nedlægger Danskernes Parti|date=24 June 2017|website=Berlingske.dk|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181334/https://www.berlingske.dk/politik/partiformand-traekker-sig-og-nedlaegger-danskernes-parti|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Estonia ====
In 2006, Roman Ilin, a Jewish theatre director from [[St. Petersburg]], Russia, was attacked by neo-Nazis when returning from a tunnel after a rehearsal. Ilin subsequently accused Estonian police of indifference after filing the incident.<ref>UCSJ: Union of Councils for Jews in the Former Soviet Union, 26 April 2006, {{cite web |url=https://www.ucsj.org/news/estonian-police-criticized-reaction-antisemitic-incident |title=Estonian Police Criticized for Reaction to Antisemitic Incident |access-date=2009-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004142804/https://www.ucsj.org/news/estonian-police-criticized-reaction-antisemitic-incident |archive-date=4 October 2011}}. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</ref> When a dark-skinned French student was attacked in [[Tartu]], the head of an association of foreign students claimed that the attack was characteristic of a wave of neo-Nazi violence. An Estonian police official, however, stated that there were only a few cases involving foreign students over the previous two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/fd/08/fd-080924-race-xen-web.pdf |title=Violence Based on Racism and Xenophobia: 2008 Hate Crime Survey |access-date=2009-06-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111091808/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/fd/08/fd-080924-race-xen-web.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2009}}. Human Rights First. 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</ref> In November 2006, the Estonian government passed a law banning the display of [[Nazi symbolism|Nazi symbols]].<ref>[[Jamestown Foundation]] 26 January 2007: [https://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32427 Moscow stung by Estonian ban on totalitarianism's symbols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920033500/https://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32427 |date=20 September 2016 }} by [[Vladimir Socor]]</ref>

The 2008 [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] Special Rapporteur's Report noted that community representatives and non-governmental organizations devoted to human rights had pointed out that neo-Nazi groups were active in Estonia—particularly in Tartu—and had perpetrated acts of violence against non-European minorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/documents/832/1334/document/en/pdf/text.pdf |title=Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Doudou Diene, on His Mission to Estonia |access-date=2011-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720183627/https://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/documents/832/1334/document/en/pdf/text.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011}}. 25–28 September 2008. Universal Human Rights Index. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</ref>

The neo-Nazi terrorist organization [[Feuerkrieg Division]] was found and operates in the country, with some members of the [[Conservative People's Party of Estonia]] having been linked to the Feuerkrieg Division.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://estonianworld.com/security/a-global-neo-nazi-organisation-led-by-a-13-year-old-estonian-schoolboy/ |title=A global neo-Nazi organisation led by a 13-year-old Estonian schoolboy |work=Estonian World |date=August 10, 2020 |last=Silver |first=Tambur |access-date=April 10, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512122848/https://estonianworld.com/security/a-global-neo-nazi-organisation-led-by-a-13-year-old-estonian-schoolboy/ |archive-date=May 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/grupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d?id=84628759 | work=[[Delfi (web portal)]] | title=Grupuotė, kurios narys planavo išpuolį Lietuvoje: įtraukti siekiama net ir vaikus (The group whose member planned the attack in Lithuania: even children are sought in involvement) | date=June 26, 2020 | access-date=June 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140746/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/grupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d?id=84628759 | archive-date=June 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.err.ee/926367/weekly-ekre-mp-ruuben-kaalep-has-long-history-of-neo-nazi-activity | title=EKRE MP Ruuben Kaalep has long history of neo-Nazi activity | work=[[Eesti Rahvusringhääling]] | date=July 10, 2019 | access-date=July 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103640/https://news.err.ee/926367/weekly-ekre-mp-ruuben-kaalep-has-long-history-of-neo-nazi-activity | archive-date=May 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Finland====
{{Further|Far-right politics in Finland}}
[[File:Pekka Siitoin.png|thumb|[[Pekka Siitoin]], Finnish neo-Nazi, [[occultist]], and [[Satanism|Satanist]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Western Esotericism in Scandinavia |date=21 June 2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32596-8 |page=598 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Western_Esotericism_in_Scandinavia/rGpyDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.turkulainen.fi/paikalliset/1401646 |title=Suomessa on lakkautettu järjestöjä viimeksi 1970-luvulla – muistatko vielä surullisen kuuluisan Naantalin uusnatsin? |last=Mäkilä |first=Ville |date=1 September 2018 |website={{ill|Turkulainen (newspaper)|lt=Turkulainen|fi|Turkulainen}} |language=fi |access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805230049/https://www.turkulainen.fi/paikalliset/1401646 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
In Finland, neo-Nazism is often connected to the 1930s and 1940s fascist and pro-Nazi [[Patriotic People's Movement]] (IKL), its youth movement [[Blues-and-Blacks]] and its predecessor [[Lapua Movement]]. Post-war fascist groups such as [[Patriotic People's Movement (1993)]], [[Patriotic Popular Front]], [[For Independence|Patriotic National Movement]], [[Blue-and-Black Movement]] and many others consciously copy the style of the movement and look up to its leaders as inspiration. A [[Finns Party]] councillor and police officer in Seinäjoki caused small scandal wearing the fascist blue-and-black uniform.<ref>{{cite web|title=IKL:n kopio havittelee eduskuntapaikkoja Pohjanmaalla juhlittiin Vihtori Kosolan syntymäpäivää|url=https://www.hs.fi/suomi/art-2000003254386.html|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Finns Party splinter group dons colours of 1940s fascists|date=13 January 2021|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_splinter_group_dons_colours_of_1940s_fascists/11735369|publisher=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080717/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finns_party_splinter_group_dons_colours_of_1940s_fascists/11735369|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ignazi |first=Piero |title=Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe |date=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198293255 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref>

During the Cold War, all partied deemed fascist were banned according to the [[Paris Peace Treaties]] and all former fascist activists had to find new political homes.<ref>Jorma O. Tiainen (toim.): ''Vuosisatamme Kronikka'', s. 668. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1987. {{ISBN|951-20-2893-X}}.</ref> Despite [[Finlandization]], many continued in public life. Three former members of the Waffen SS served as ministers; the [[Finnish SS Battalion]] officers [[Sulo Suorttanen]] ([[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]]) and [[Pekka Malinen]] ([[People's Party of Finland (1951)|People's Party]]) as well as [[Mikko Laaksonen]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Finland|Social Democrat]]), a soldier in the [[Finnish volunteers in the Waffen-SS#Finnish SS-Company|Finnish SS-Company]], formed of pro-Nazi defectors.<ref>''[[Lars Westerlund]] – Sotavangit ja internoidut Kansallisarkiston artikkelikirja''. Kansallisarkisto, Helsinki 2008 ([https://arkisto.fi/uploads/Julkaisut/monografiat/Internoidut_Naytto.pdf Verkkojulkaisuna Kansallisarkiston sivuilla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724123204/https://arkisto.fi/uploads/Julkaisut/monografiat/Internoidut_Naytto.pdf|date=24 July 2022}})</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.kirjastot.fi/kysy/arkistohaku/kysymys/?ID=e5a28990-6bcf-4d52-a597-bdae00af97bd|title=Kysymys SS-vapaaehtoisista|date=31 May 2007|publisher=Kirjastot.fi|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213251/https://www2.kirjastot.fi/kysy/arkistohaku/kysymys/?ID=e5a28990-6bcf-4d52-a597-bdae00af97bd|url-status=live}}</ref> Neo-Nazi activism was limited to small illegal groups like the [[Turku Society for the Spiritual Sciences|clandestine Nazi occultist group]] led by [[Pekka Siitoin]] who made headlines after [[Kursiivi printing house arson|arson and bombing]] of the printing houses of the [[Communist Party of Finland]]. His associates also sent [[letter bomb]]s to leftists, including to the headquarters of the [[Left Youth (Finland)|Finnish Democratic Youth League]].<ref>[https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005528696.html Kekkonen sai tarpeekseen Suomen natseista – 1977 Supolle lähti tuima kirje: "Mikä tämä tanssi Siitoimen ympärillä on?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514124647/https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005528696.html |date=14 May 2021 }}, [[Iltasanomat]], Miika Viljakainen</ref> Another group called the "New Patriotic People's Movement" bombed the left-wing ''[[Kansan Uutiset]]'' newspaper and the embassy of communist Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342434 |title="Minä vannon uhraavani kaikkeni sille työlle, joka koituu maani ja kansani parhaaksi!" |publisher=[[Yle]] |author=Harri Alanne |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809135404/https://areena.yle.fi/audio/1-4342434 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ksml.fi/kulttuuri/Kirja-arvio-Marginaaliset-mellastajat/1096708 |title=Kirja-arvio: Marginaaliset mellastajat |author=Alanko, Aki |date=19 January 2018 |publisher=[[Keskisuomalainen]] |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411232136/https://www.ksml.fi/kulttuuri/Kirja-arvio-Marginaaliset-mellastajat/1096708 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |title= Okkultistinen "valtakunnanjohtaja" seurasi lukiolaisten pommi-iskuja – tällainen on Suomen äärioikeiston historia |author= Muurinen, Juha |publisher= [[Iltalehti]] |access-date= 9 August 2021 |archive-date= 4 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211104214732/https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201801182200677781 |url-status= live }}</ref> Member of the [[Nordic Realm Party]] Seppo Seluska was convicted of the torture and murder of a gay Jewish person.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maestre|first=Antonio|author-link=Antonio Maestre|date=26 November 2019|title=Nadia es nuestra Danuta|url=https://www.lasexta.com/el-muro/antonio-maestre/nadia-nuestra-danuta_201911265ddcef480cf2ab850a60192c.html|work=[[LaSexta]]|language=es|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923100242/https://www.lasexta.com/el-muro/antonio-maestre/nadia-nuestra-danuta_201911265ddcef480cf2ab850a60192c.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Pienszka|first=Magdalena|date=13 April 2020|title=Kobieta z torebką atakuje skinheada. Za legendarnym zdjęciem stoi smutna historia|url=https://ksiazki.wp.pl/kobieta-z-torebka-atakuje-skinheada-za-legendarnym-zdjeciem-stoi-smutna-historia-6499560997025921a|work=[[WP (Polish TV channel)|WP Ksiazki]]|language=pl|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610071451/https://ksiazki.wp.pl/kobieta-z-torebka-atakuje-skinheada-za-legendarnym-zdjeciem-stoi-smutna-historia-6499560997025921a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Previdelli|first=Fabio|date=2 May 2020|title=Muito além da foto: Danuta Danielsson, a mulher que deu bolsada em um neonazista|url=https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/muito-alem-da-foto-danuta-danielsson-a-mulher-que-deu-bolsada-em-um-neonazista.phtml|work=Aventuras na História|language=pt-br|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023174705/https://aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br/noticias/reportagem/muito-alem-da-foto-danuta-danielsson-a-mulher-que-deu-bolsada-em-um-neonazista.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The skinhead culture gained momentum during the late 1980s and peaked during the late 1990s. In 1991, Finland received a number of Somali immigrants who became the main target of Finnish skinhead violence in the following years, including four attacks using explosives and a racist murder. Asylum seeker centres were attacked, in [[Joensuu]] skinheads would force their way into an asylum seeker centre and start shooting with shotguns. At worst Somalis were assaulted by 50 skinheads at the same time.<ref>[https://www.hs.fi/elama/a1381948605154 Seitsemän vuotta uusnatsina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084006/https://www.hs.fi/elama/a1381948605154 |date=8 March 2016 }} Helsingin sanomat 17.10.2013</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2|title=Right-Wing Terrorism and Militancy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Case Study|publisher=[[University of Oslo]] Center for Research on Extremism|access-date=5 November 2020|quote=One particularly severe episode happened in 1997, when a group of about 50 skinheads attacked Somali youths playing football in the Helsinki suburb Kontula. The violence did not stop before the police started shooting warning shots, and 22 skinheads were sentenced for the attack. Pekonen et al. also mention a number of other violent events from the 1990s, including ten particularly severe events from 1995 (not included in the RTV dataset because sufficient event details are lacking): a racist murder, an immigrant stabbed by a skinhead, four attacks on immigrants using explosives, and another four immigrants beaten severely.|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326170854/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most prominent neo-Nazi group is the [[Nordic Resistance Movement]], which is tied to multiple murders, attempted murders and assaults of political enemies was found in 2006 and proscribed in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162|title=Extreme right radicals seeking more visible presence in Finland|date=2 February 2013|publisher=[[Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505122827/https://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162|url-status=live}}</ref> The second biggest Finnish party, the [[Finns Party]] politicians have frequently supported far-right and neo-Nazi movements such as the Finnish Defense League, Soldiers of Odin, Nordic Resistance Movement, Rajat Kiinni (Close the Borders), and Suomi Ensin (Finland First).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-finns-party/ |title=FACTSHEET: THE FINNS PARTY |website=Bridge Initiative |publisher=Georgetown University |access-date=9 August 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025209/https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-finns-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s and 2000s, before the breakthrough of the Finns Party, a few neo-Nazi candidates enjoyed success, like Janne Kujala of [[Finland - Fatherland]] (founded as Aryan Germanic Brotherhood) and [[Jouni Lanamäki]] who was previously associated with the [[Nordic Reich Party]].<ref name="hs2017">Juho Jokinen: [https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000005394328.html Jouni Lanamäki kuohutti 1990-luvulla rasismilla, vetäytyi julkisuudesta ja loi kaikessa hiljaisuudessa karaokebaarien imperiumin Helsinkiin – Nyt hän avaa suunsa 25 vuoden jälkeen] (vain tilaajille) Helsingin Sanomat 4.10.2017.</ref><ref>[[Turun Sanomat]], [https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074034457 Suomi-Isänmaalle ensimmäinen valtuutettu], 30.3.2005</ref> Pekka Siitoin of the [[National Democratic Party (Finland)|National Democratic Party]] was the fifth most popular candidate in [[Naantali]] city council elections.<ref>Pohjola, Mike (toim.): Mitä Pekka Siitoin tarkoittaa? Savukeidas, 2015. ISBN 978-952-268-155-3 p. 79</ref>

The NRM, Finns party and other far-right nationalist parties organize an [[612 march|annual torch march demonstration]] in Helsinki in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion on the [[Independence Day (Finland)|Finnish independence day]] which ends at the [[Hietaniemi cemetery]] where members visit the tomb of [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] and the monument to the Finnish SS Battalion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/427922/neo-nazis-marching-on-the-streets-in-european-cities-despite-eu-bans|title=Neo-Nazis marching on the streets in European cities despite EU bans|quote=Helsinki, Finland, 'Towards Freedom' and '612 for freedom' march' in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion which fought with Nazi Germany|date=28 March 2023|work=[[Brussels Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bnaibrith.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AnnualMarchesGlorifyingNazism_Z105c.pdf|title=On Europe's Streets:Annual Marches Glorifying Nazism|quote=The main organizers and guests of the event have been drawn from either non-party-affiliated far-right-activists or members of the right-wing populist Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset), its youth organization Finns Party Youth (Perussuomalaiset Nuoret)...the 612-march is a torchlight procession from central Helsinki to the Hietaniemi war cemetery, where members visit the tomb of World War II-era President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and the monument to the Finnish SS-Battalion. There are speeches at both the assembly point and at the cemetery, eulogizing the Battle for Helsinki, depicted by speakers as the occasion "when Germans and Finns marched side by side and liberated the city from the communists."|date=25 March 2023|work=[[B'nai B'rith]], [[Amadeu Antonio Foundation]], [[Federal Foreign Office]]}}</ref> The event is protested by antifascists, leading to counterdemonstrators being violently assaulted by NRM members who act as security. The demonstration attracts close to 3,000 participants according to the estimates of the police and hundreds of officers patrol Helsinki to prevent violent clashes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006334051.html?share=f6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb|title=Äärioikeistolaisten hihamerkit ja anarkistiliput vilahtelivat Helsingissä, kun tuhannet marssivat itsenäisyyspäivän mielenosoituksissa – Poliisi otti kiinni 13 ihmistä|publisher=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=7 October 2020|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213300/https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006334051.html?share=f6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201712082200589810|title=Pohjoismainen vastarintaliike joukkonujakassa itsenäisyyspäivänä – uusnatsit naureskelivat väkivallalle: "Hauskaa!"|publisher=[[Iltasanomat]]|date=7 October 2020|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019223439/https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201712082200589810|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="holappa">{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/05/15/nain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike|title=Näin toimii Suomen Vastarintaliike|date=15 May 2016 |publisher=[[Yle]]|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224412/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/05/15/nain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10535875|work=[[Yleisradio]]|title=Finnish neo-Nazi group diversifies, seeks alliances as ban closes in|date=21 September 2024|quote=Last year's right-wing 612 torchlight procession on Independence Day attracted about 3,000 people.}}</ref>

==== France ====
{{Main|History of far-right movements in France}}
[[File:Celtic-style crossed circle.svg|thumb|upright|French neo-fascist groups adopted the [[Celtic cross]] as an ambiguous "Christian and pagan" symbol in the 1940s.|left]]
In France, the most enthusiastic collaborationists during the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]] had been the [[National Popular Rally]] of [[Marcel Déat]] (former [[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]] members) and the [[French Popular Party]] of [[Jacques Doriot]] (former [[French Communist Party]] members). These two groups, like the Germans, saw themselves as combining ultra-nationalism and [[socialism]]. In the south there existed the vassal state of [[Vichy France]] under the military "Hero of the Verdun", Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] whose {{lang|fr|[[Révolution nationale]]}} emphasised an authoritarian Catholic conservative politics. Following the [[liberation of France]] and the creation of the [[Fourth French Republic]], collaborators were prosecuted during the {{lang|fr|[[épuration légale]]}} and nearly 800 put to death for treason under [[Charles de Gaulle]].

In the aftermath of the Second World War, the main concern of the French radical right was the collapse of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]], in particular the [[Algerian War]], which led to the creation of the [[Organisation armée secrète|OAS]]. Outside of this, individual fascistic activists such as [[Maurice Bardèche]] (brother-in-law of [[Robert Brasillach]]), as well as SS-veterans [[Marc Augier|Saint-Loup]] and [[René Binet (neo-Fascist)|René Binet]], were active in France and involved in the [[European Social Movement]] and later the [[New European Order]], alongside similar groups from across Europe. Early neo-fascist groups included [[Jeune Nation]], which introduced the [[Celtic cross]] into use by radical right groups (an association which would spread internationally). A "neither East, nor West" pan-Europeanism was most popular among French fascistic activists until the late 1960s, partly motivated by feelings of national vulnerability following the collapse of their empire; thus the Belgian SS-veteran [[Jean-François Thiriart]]'s group [[Jeune Europe]] also had a considerable French contingent.

It was the 1960s, during the [[Fifth French Republic]], that a considerable upturn in French neo-fascism occurred; some of it in response to the [[Protests of 1968]]. The most explicitly pro-Nazi of these was the [[Fédération d'action nationale et européenne|FANE]] of [[Mark Fredriksen]]. Neo-fascist groups included [[Pierre Sidos]]' [[Occident (movement)|Occident]], the [[Ordre Nouveau (1960s)|Ordre Nouveau]] (which was banned after violent clashes with the Trotskyist [[Revolutionary Communist League (France)|LCR]]) and the student-based [[Groupe Union Défense]]. A number of these activists such as [[François Duprat]] were instrumental in founding the [[National Front (France)|Front National]] under [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]; but the FN also included a broader selection from the French hard-right, including not only these neo-fascist elements, but also [[Integrism|Catholic integrists]], monarchists, Algerian War veterans, [[Poujadists]] and national-conservatives. Others from these neo-fascist micro-groups formed the [[Parti des forces nouvelles]] working against Le Pen.

Within the FN itself, Duprat founded the FANE-backed [[Revolutionary Nationalist Groups|Groupes nationalistes révolutionnaires]] faction, until his 1978 assassination. The subsequent history of the French hard right has been the conflict between the national-conservative controlled FN and "national revolutionary" (fascistic and National Bolshevik) splinter or opposition groups. The latter include groups in the tradition of Thiriart and Duprat, such as the [[Parti communautaire national-européen]], [[Troisième voie]], the [[Nouvelle Résistance]] of [[Christian Bouchet]],<ref name="Banquet">[https://www.revue-lebanquet.com/docs/a_0000362.html Stratégies et pratiques du mouvement nationaliste-révolutionnaire français : départs, desseins et destin d'Unité Radicale (1989–2002)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082901/https://www.revue-lebanquet.com/docs/a_0000362.html|date=29 September 2007}}, ''Le Banquet'', n°19, 2004 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> [[Unité Radicale]] and most recently [[Bloc identitaire]]. Direct splits from the FN include the 1987 founded FANE-revival [[Parti nationaliste français et européen]], which was disbanded in 2000. Neo-Nazi organizations are outlawed in the Fifth French Republic, yet a significant number of them still exist.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/03/thefarright.france |title=France says it will outlaw all neo-Nazi groups |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2005-02-03 |access-date=2009-11-03 |location=London |first=Jon |last=Henley |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829015300/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/03/thefarright.france |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Germany ====
{{Further|Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)}}
[[File:Nationale sozialisten leipzig recht auf zukunft.jpg|thumb|Neo-Nazi demonstration in [[Leipzig]], Germany, in October 2009]]
Following the failure of the [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in the [[West German federal election, 1969|election of 1969]], small groups committed to the revival of Nazi ideology began to emerge in Germany. The NPD splintered, giving rise to paramilitary ''Wehrsportgruppe''. These groups attempted to organize under a national umbrella organization, the [[Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists]].<ref name=virchow>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/0031322032000185587 |title=The groupuscularization of neo-Nazism in Germany: The case of the Aktionsbüro Norddeutschland |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=38 |pages=56–70 |year=2004 |last1=Virchow |first1=Fabian|issue=1 |s2cid=143578391 }}</ref> Neo-Nazi movements in [[East Germany]] began as a rebellion against the Communist regime; the banning of Nazi symbols helped neo-Nazism to develop as an [[anti-authoritarian]] youth movement.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3167/ej.2000.330206 |title=Issues Surrounding the Development of the Neo-Nazi Scene in East Berlin |journal=European Judaism |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=45–50 |year=2000 |last1=Brothers |first1=Eric}}</ref> Mail order networks developed to send illegal Nazi-themed music [[Compact Cassette|cassette]]s and merchandise to Germany.<ref>{{Cite news| title = A cultural history of neo-Nazi rock| access-date = 2018-11-12| url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/a-cultural-history-of-neo-nazi-rock/article4468118/| archive-date = 9 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200609083115/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/music/a-cultural-history-of-neo-nazi-rock/article4468118/| url-status = live}}</ref>

[[Turks in Germany]] have been victims of neo-Nazi violence on several occasions. In 1992, two young girls were killed in the [[Mölln arson attack]] along with their grandmother; nine others were injured.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Turkish victims killed by Neo-Nazis in 1992 Mölln attack remembered in Germany| work = DailySabah| date = 23 November 2017| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/11/23/turkish-victims-killed-by-neo-nazis-in-1992-molln-attack-remembered-in-germany| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021707/https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/11/23/turkish-victims-killed-by-neo-nazis-in-1992-molln-attack-remembered-in-germany| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Welle| first = Deutsche| date = 2012-11-22| title = Neo-Nazi fire attack still smolders 20 years on| work = [[Deutsche Welle]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-fire-attack-still-smolders-20-years-on/a-16399158| archive-date = 23 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171123175424/https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-fire-attack-still-smolders-20-years-on/a-16399158| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1993, five Turks were killed in the [[1993 Solingen arson attack|Solingen arson attack]].<ref>{{Cite web| last = Zeller| first = Frank| title = Tense Germany, Turkey mark deadly 1993 neo-Nazi attack| website = [[The Times of Israel]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/tense-germany-turkey-mark-deadly-1993-neo-nazi-attack/| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112022252/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tense-germany-turkey-mark-deadly-1993-neo-nazi-attack/| url-status = live}}</ref> In response to the fire Turkish youth in Solingen rioted chanting "Nazis out!" and "We want Nazi blood". In other parts of Germany police had to intervene to protect [[skinhead]]s from assault.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0190-8286| title = Turks Riot, Set Fires in Germany| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| access-date = 2018-11-11| date = 1993-06-01| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/01/turks-riot-set-fires-in-germany/f3f4f33e-9276-4886-a007-41237050115c/| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/01/turks-riot-set-fires-in-germany/f3f4f33e-9276-4886-a007-41237050115c/| url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Hoyerswerda riots]] and [[Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots]] targeting migrants and ethnic minorities living in Germany also took place during the 1990s.<ref name=virchow />

Between 2000 and 2007, eight Turkish immigrants, one [[Greeks in Germany|Greek German]] and a German policewoman were murdered by the neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Underground]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Turkey awaits justice for neo-Nazi group victims: Envoy – Turkey News| work = Hürriyet Daily News| date = 8 July 2018| access-date = 2018-11-11| url = https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-awaits-justice-for-neo-nazi-group-victims-envoy-134304| archive-date = 12 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101246/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-awaits-justice-for-neo-nazi-group-victims-envoy-134304| url-status = live}}</ref> The NSU has its roots in the former East German area of [[Thuringia]], which ''[[The Guardian]]'' identified as "one of the heartlands of Germany's radical right". The German intelligence services have been criticized for extravagant distributions of cash to informants within the far-right movement. Tino Brandt publicly boasted on television that he had received around €100,000 in funding from the German state. Though Brandt did not give the state "useful information", the funding supported recruitment efforts in Thuringia during the early 1990s. (Brandt was eventually sentenced to five and a half years in prison on for 66 counts of [[child prostitution]] and [[child sexual abuse]]).<ref name=meaney />

Police were only able to locate the killers when they were tipped off following a botched bank robbery in [[Eisenach]]. As the police closed in on them, the two men committed suicide. They had evaded capture for 13 years. [[Beate Zschäpe]], who had been living with the two men in [[Zwickau]], turned herself in to the German authorities a few days later. Zschäpe's trial began in May 2013; she was charged with nine counts of murder. She pleaded "not guilty". According to ''The Guardian'', the NSU may have enjoyed protection and support from certain "elements of the state". [[Anders Behring Breivik]], a fan of Zschäpe's, reportedly sent her a letter from prison in 2012.<ref name=meaney>{{Cite news| issn = 0261-3077| last1 = Meaney| first1 = Thomas| last2 = Schäfer| first2 = Saskia| title = The neo-Nazi murder trial revealing Germany's darkest secrets| work = The Guardian| access-date = 2018-11-12| date = 2016-12-15| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/15/neo-nazi-murders-revealing-germanys-darkest-secrets| archive-date = 2 September 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180902214956/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/15/neo-nazi-murders-revealing-germanys-darkest-secrets| url-status = live}}</ref>

According to the annual report of Germany's interior intelligence service (Verfassungsschutz) for 2012, at the time there were 26,000 right-wing extremists living in Germany, including 6,000 neo-Nazis.<ref>[https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012 Verfassungsschutzbericht 2012.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321183652/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2012 |date=21 March 2015}} Federal Ministry of the Interior.</ref> In January 2020, Combat 18 was banned in Germany, and raids directed against the organization were made across the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51219274 |title=Germany bans Combat 18 as police raid neo-Nazi group |publisher=BBC News |date=2020-01-23 |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127003202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51219274 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, United German Peoples and Tribes, which is part of [[Reichsbürger movement|Reichsbürger]], a neo-Nazi movement that rejects the German state as a legal entity, was raided by the German police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51961069 |title=German police raid neo-Nazi Reichsbürger movement nationwide |publisher=BBC News |date=2020-03-19 |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319152421/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51961069 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Holocaust denial]] is a crime, according to the German Criminal Code ([[Strafgesetzbuch § 86a]]) and [[Laws against Holocaust denial#Germany|§ 130 (public incitement)]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==== Greece ====
[[File:Meandros flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]]]]
The far-right political party [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] (Χρυσή Αυγή – Chrysi Avyi) is generally labelled neo-Nazi, although the group rejects this label.<ref>{{Citation |first=Helena |last=Smith |title=Rise of the Greek far right raises fears of further turmoil |newspaper=The Guardian |date=16 December 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil |location=London |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140918212646/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/16/rise-greek-far-right-turmoil |url-status=live }}</ref> A few Golden Dawn members participated in the [[Bosnian War]] in the [[Greek Volunteer Guard]] (GVG) and were present in [[Srebrenica]] during the [[Srebrenica massacre#Greek Volunteers controversy|Srebrenica massacre]].<ref name="Michas">{{cite web |first=Michas |last=Takis |title=Unholy Alliance |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] Press: Eastern European Studies (College Station, Tex.) |page=22 |url=https://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/formeryugoslavia/resources/ |access-date=12 April 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140924140927/https://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/formeryugoslavia/resources/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="srebr">[https://www.enet.gr/online/online_fpage_text?id=13996864,21821632,8195520%22 16/07/2005 article] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130217151821/https://archive.enet.gr/online/online_fpage_text?id=13996864,21821632,8195520%2522 |date=17 February 2013 }} in Eleftherotypia. (Greek)</ref> The party has its roots in Papadopoulos' regime.

There is often collaboration between the state and neo-Nazi elements in Greece.<ref name=dalakoglou /> In 2018, during the trial of sixty-nine members of the Golden Dawn party, evidence was presented of the close ties between the party and the [[Hellenic Police]].<ref name=aj>{{Cite web| title = Tapped phone calls further reveal Golden Dawn's police ties| access-date = 2018-11-12| url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/tapped-phone-calls-reveal-golden-dawns-police-ties-180419212215599.html| archive-date = 11 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181111194309/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/tapped-phone-calls-reveal-golden-dawns-police-ties-180419212215599.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

Golden Dawn has spoken out in favour of the [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad regime]] in Syria,<ref>{{cite news | url= https://forward.com/articles/171423/greek-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-party-blasts-holocaust | title= Greek Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party Blasts Holocaust Remembrance as 'Unacceptable' | newspaper= [[The Jewish Daily Forward]] | date= 18 February 2014 | access-date= 15 December 2014 | archive-date= 3 April 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023628/https://forward.com/articles/171423/greek-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-party-blasts-holocaust/ | url-status= live }}</ref> and the Strasserist group Black Lily have claimed to have sent mercenaries to Syria to fight alongside the Syrian regime, specifically mentioning their participation in the [[Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)|Battle of al-Qusayr]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1/ | title=Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria? | publisher=Vice News | first1=Brian | last1=Whelan | date=1 October 2013 | access-date=6 December 2014 | archive-date=5 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205214919/https://www.vice.com/read/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Greek legislative election, May 2012|6 May 2012 legislative election]], Golden Dawn received 6.97% of the votes, entering the Greek parliament for the first time with 21 representatives, but when the elected parties were unable to form a [[coalition government]] a [[Greek legislative election, June 2012|second election]] was held in June 2012. Golden Dawn received 6.92% of the votes in the June election and entered the [[Greek parliament]] with 18 representatives.

Since 2008, neo-Nazi violence in Greece has targeted [[Immigration to Greece|immigrants]], [[leftist]]s and [[Anarchism in Greece|anarchist]] activists. In 2009, certain far-right groups announced that [[Agios Panteleimonas, Athens|Agios Panteleimonas]] in Athens was off limits to immigrants. Neo-Nazi patrols affiliated with the Golden Dawn party began attacking migrants in this neighborhood. The violence continued escalating through 2010.<ref name=dalakoglou>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/wusa.12044| issn = 1089-7011| volume = 16| issue = 2| pages = 283–92| last = Dalakoglou| first = Dimitris| title = Neo-Nazism and Neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens at the Time of Crisis Neo-Nazism and Neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens at the Time of Crisis| journal = WorkingUSA| date = June 2013| url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d| access-date = 11 March 2020| archive-date = 20 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162403/https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/neo-nazism-and-neoliberalism-a-few-comments-on-violence-in-athens| url-status = live| hdl = 1871.1/89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d| hdl-access = free}}</ref> In 2013, after the murder of [[anti-fascist]] rapper [[Pavlos Fyssas]], the number of [[hate crimes]] in Greece declined for several years until 2017. Many of the crimes in 2017 have been attributed to other groups like the Crypteia Organisation and Combat 18 Hellas.<ref name=aj />

Golden Dawn was banned in 2020 for multiple violent crimes and murders. However, multiple successor parties emerged and secured representation in the Hellenic parliament. Given that many of [[Spartans (Greek political party)|Spartans]]' members of parliament have previously been associated with either [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] or Kasidiaris' party [[Greeks for the Fatherland]], which was banned from participating in the 2023 elections, Spartans has been seen as a continuation of Golden Dawn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fallon |first=Katy |title='Very worrying': Three far-right parties enter Greek parliament |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/30/very-worrying-three-far-right-parties-enter-greek-parliament |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hungary ====
[[File:Becsület napja 1997-02-15.jpg|thumb|"Hungaria Skins" with a flag evoking the Arrow Cross in 1997|left]]
In Hungary, the historical political party which allied itself ideologically with German National Socialism and drew inspiration from it, was the [[Arrow Cross Party]] of [[Ferenc Szálasi]]. They referred to themselves explicitly as National Socialists and within Hungarian politics this tendency is known as [[Hungarism]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} After the Second World War, exiles such as [[Árpád Henney]] kept the Hungarist tradition alive. Following the fall of the [[Hungarian People's Republic]] in 1989, which was a [[Marxist–Leninist]] state and a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]], many new parties emerged. Amongst these was the [[Hungarian National Front]] of [[István Győrkös]], which was a Hungarist party and considered itself the heirs of Arrow Cross-style National Socialism (a self-description they explicitly embraced).{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} In the 2000s, Győrkös' movement moved closer to a [[National bolshevism|national bolshevist]] and [[neo-Eurasian]] position, aligned with [[Aleksandr Dugin]], cooperating with the [[Hungarian Workers' Party]]. Some Hungarists opposed this and founded the [[Pax Hungarica Movement]].

In modern Hungary, [[Jobbik]] was regarded by some scholars as a neo-Nazi party; for example, it had been termed as such by [[Randolph L. Braham]].<ref>Randolph L. Braham, "Hungary: The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust" in ''The Holocaust in Hungary: Seventy Years Later'' (eds. Randolph L. Braham & András Kovács: Central European University Press, 2016).</ref> The party denied being neo-Nazi, although "there is extensive proof that the leading members of the party made no effort to hide their racism and anti-Semitism."<ref name="Spectrum">{{cite news|url=https://hungarianspectrum.org/2013/04/08/jobbik-is-not-a-neo-nazi-party-at-least-not-according-to-a-hungarian-judge/|title=Jobbik is not a neo-Nazi party. At least not according to a Hungarian judge|work=Hungarian Spectrum|date=8 April 2013|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419210827/https://hungarianspectrum.org/2013/04/08/jobbik-is-not-a-neo-nazi-party-at-least-not-according-to-a-hungarian-judge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rudolf Paksa, a scholar of the Hungarian far-right, described Jobbik as "anti-Semitic, racist, homophobic and chauvinistic" but not as neo-Nazi because it does not pursue the establishment of a totalitarian regime.<ref name="Spectrum"/> Historian [[Krisztián Ungváry]] writes that "It is safe to say that certain messages of Jobbik can be called open neo-Nazi propaganda. However, it is quite certain that the popularity of the party is not due to these statements."<ref>Krisztián Ungváry, "'One Camp, One Banner': How Fidesz Views History" in ''Twenty-Five Sides of a Post-Communist Mafia State'' (ed. Balint Magyar & Julia Vasarhelyi: Central European University Press, 2017).</ref>

However, since 2014 Jobbik has moderated into center-right pro-European conservative party according to multiple sources.<ref>multiple sources:
*[https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/10/03/a-by-election-shows-why-hungarys-opposition-struggles The Economist: "the formerly far-right, though now centre-right, Jobbik party"]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-58949864 BBC: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"] 
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/17/political-outsider-to-stand-against-orban-in-hungarys-2022-vote Al Jazeera: "the formerly far right, now centre right, Jobbik"]
* [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/orbans-fidesz-extends-lead-over-hungary-opposition-two-percentage-points-poll-2022-03-23/ Reuters: "the formerly far-right, now centre-right, Jobbik"]
* [https://www.ft.com/content/e7f078d6-99c3-4962-9762-9c901c45431a Financial Times: "the centre-right Jobbik party"]
* [https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/20/hungary-opposition-election-marki-zay-fidesz-orban/ Foreign Policy: "the center-right Jobbik"]</ref> The radical right-wing members of Jobbik disappointed with the more moderate direction defected and formed the [[Our Homeland Movement]] (MHM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hirado.hu/belfold/belpolitika/cikk/2018/05/22/partszakadashoz-vezethet-az-ellentet-a-jobbikban |title=Pártszakadáshoz vezethet az ellentét a Jobbikban |access-date=2018-07-04 |date=2018-05-22 |publisher=Híradó.hu}}</ref> MHM has been described as neo-fascist and they have celebrated the Arrow Cross nazis of the Second World War.<ref name=ERRC/><ref name="neo-fascist">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2QWEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mi+Hazank%22%22fascist%22&pg=PT7 |title=The Political Economy of Hungarian Authoritarian Populism: Capitalists without the Right Kind of Capital |date=2024-08-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05104-7 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2024 European Parliament election]] MHM successfully secured representation, while the moderate Jobbik party failed to gain a seat.<ref name=ERRC>{{cite web|url=https://www.errc.org/news/the-spectre-of-neo-fascism-virulent-anti-roma-racist-wins-a-seat-in-brussels-assembly|title=The Spectre of Neo-Fascism: Virulent Anti-Roma Racist Wins A Seat in Brussels Assembly|date=9 May 2025|work=[[European Roma Rights Centre]]}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
[[File:Flag of Ordine Nuovo.svg|thumb|right|The Italian group [[Ordine Nuovo]], banned in 1974, drew influence from the [[Waffen-SS]] and [[Traditionalist School|Guénonian Traditionalism]] via [[Julius Evola]].]]
During the 1950s, the neo-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]] moved closer to bourgeois conservative politics on the domestic front, which led to radical youths founding hardline splinter groups, such as [[Pino Rauti]]'s [[Ordine Nuovo]] (later succeeded by [[Ordine Nero]]) and [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]'s [[National Vanguard (Italy)|Avanguardia Nazionale]]. These organisations were influenced by the esotericism of [[Julius Evola]] and considered the Waffen-SS and Romanian leader [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] a reference, moving beyond Italian fascism. They were implicated in [[Years of Lead (Italy)|paramiliary attacks]] during the late 1960s to the early 1980s, such as the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]]. Delle Chiaie had even assisted [[Junio Valerio Borghese]] in a failed 1970 coup attempt known as the [[Golpe Borghese]], which attempted to reinstate a fascist state in Italy.

====Ireland====
The [[National Socialist Irish Workers Party]], a small party, was active between 1968 and the late 1980s, producing neo-Nazi propaganda pamphlets and sending threatening messages to Jews and Black people living in Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadsheet.ie/2013/02/06/d4s-dumb-nazis/|title=The Dumb Nazis of Dublin 4|website=Broadsheet.ie|date=6 February 2013|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221225302/https://www.broadsheet.ie/2013/02/06/d4s-dumb-nazis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Netherlands ====
Noteworthy neo-Nazi movements and parties in the Netherlands include the [[National European Social Movement]] (NESB), the [[Dutch People's Union]] (NVU),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnpp.nl/pp/nvu|title=Nederlandse Volks Unie (NVU)|website=Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (DNPP)|date=9 July 2021 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022622/https://dnpp.nl/pp/nvu|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[National Alliance (Netherlands)|National Alliance]] (NA),<ref name=cp>{{cite web|url=https://dnpp.nl/pp/cp/geschied|title=CP (CP'86) partijgeschiedenis|website=Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (DNPP)|date=9 July 2021 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181340/https://dnpp.nl/pp/cp/geschied|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Nationalist People's Movement]] (NVB). Individuals of note have included ''Waffen-SS'' volunteer and NESB founder [[Paul van Tienen]], war-time collaborator and NESB co-founder [[Jan Wolthuis]], former NVU member [[w:nl:Bernhard Postma|Bernhard Postma]], the "Black Widow" [[Florentine Rost van Tonningen]], former NVU leader [[Joop Glimmerveen]],<ref name=nvu1>{{cite web|url=https://dnpp.nl/node/2167|title=NVU partijgeschiedenis|website=Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen (DNPP)|date=9 July 2021 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022628/https://dnpp.nl/node/2167|url-status=live}}</ref> CP/CP'86 member and NVB leader [[w:nl:Wim Beaux|Wim Beaux]], former CP/CP'86 member and NA leader [[w:nl:Jan Teijn|Jan Teijn]], former NVU member and "Hitler-lookalike"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/nederlandse-hitler-lookalike-vrijgesproken~b1fd4ac8/|title=Nederlandse Hitler-lookalike vrijgesproken|date=1 February 2012|publisher=[[Trouw]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022615/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/nederlandse-hitler-lookalike-vrijgesproken~b1fd4ac8/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[w:nl:Stefan Wijkamp|Stefan Wijkamp]], former CP'86 member and current NVU leader [[Constant Kusters]],<ref name=nvu1/> and former NVU member and NA leader [[w:nl:Virginia Kapić|Virginia Kapić]].

Both the [[General Intelligence and Security Service]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aivd.nl/onderwerpen/extremisme/documenten/publicaties/2018/10/02/rechts-extremisme-in-nederland-een-fenomeen-in-beweging|title=AIVD-publicatie 'Rechts-extremisme in Nederland, een fenomeen in beweging'|date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[General Intelligence and Security Service]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032546/https://www.aivd.nl/onderwerpen/extremisme/documenten/publicaties/2018/10/02/rechts-extremisme-in-nederland-een-fenomeen-in-beweging|url-status=live}}</ref> and non-governmental initiatives such as the far-left [[anti-fascist research group Kafka]] research neo-Nazism and other forms of political extremism and have attested to the local presence of international movements such as Blood & Honour,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kafka.nl/organisatie/blood-honour/|title=Blood & Honour Archieven – Kafka|publisher=[[Anti-fascist research group Kafka]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022617/https://kafka.nl/organisatie/blood-honour/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kafka.nl/organisatie/blood-honour-nederland/|title=Blood & Honour Nederland Archieven – Kafka|publisher=[[Anti-fascist research group Kafka]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022619/https://kafka.nl/organisatie/blood-honour-nederland/|url-status=live}}</ref> Combat 18,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kafka.nl/organisatie/combat-18-c18/|title=Combat 18 Archieven – Kafka|publisher=[[Anti-fascist research group Kafka]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531024125/https://kafka.nl/organisatie/combat-18-c18/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Racial Volunteer Force]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kafka.nl/organisatie/racial-volunteer-force-rvf/|title=Racial Volunteer Force Archieven – Kafka|publisher=[[Anti-fascist research group Kafka]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603054112/https://kafka.nl/organisatie/racial-volunteer-force-rvf/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[The Base (hate group)|The Base]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/experts-maken-zich-zorgen-om-nieuwe-generatie-nederlandse-neonazis~a22b106f/|title=Experts maken zich zorgen om nieuwe generatie Nederlandse neonazi's|last=Rosman|first=Cyril|date=21 January 2021|publisher=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022615/https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/experts-maken-zich-zorgen-om-nieuwe-generatie-nederlandse-neonazis~a22b106f/|url-status=live}}</ref> and expressed concern at the online dissemination of alt-right and [[Accelerationism#Far-right accelerationist terrorism|far-right accelerationist]] thought in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aivd.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/04/28/aivd-jaarverslag-2021-zorgen-over-verdeeldheid-en-verharding-in-de-samenleving|title=AIVD-jaarverslag 2021: zorgen over verdeeldheid en verharding in de samenleving|publisher=[[General Intelligence and Security Service]]|language=nl|date=28 April 2022|access-date=31 May 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531022617/https://www.aivd.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/04/28/aivd-jaarverslag-2021-zorgen-over-verdeeldheid-en-verharding-in-de-samenleving|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
[[File:ONR poznan.jpg|thumb|ONR march in [[Poznań]] in November 2015]]

Under the [[Polish Constitution]] promoting any totalitarian system such as [[Nazism]], [[fascism]], or [[communism]], as well as inciting violence and/or racial hatred is illegal.<ref>[[Polish Constitution]] (Dz.U. z 1997 r. Nr 78, poz. 483)</ref> This was further re-enforced in the [[Polish Penal Code]] where discrediting any group or persons on national, religious, or racial grounds carries a sentence of 3 years.<ref>[[Polish Penal Code]] (Dz.U. z 2017 r. poz. 2204, z późn. zm.; Art 256 & Art 257)</ref>

Several far-right and anti-semitic organisations exist, most notably [[National Revival of Poland|NOP]] and [[National Radical Camp (1993)|ONR]] (both of which exist legally) and while they are classified as fascist, they officially say they are adherents of "[[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]]" rather than Nazism. These groups attempt to frame their activities as "patriotic" rather than neo-Nazi, even while employing Nazi symbolism or rhetoric, such as the [[Roman salute]], which they distinguish from the [[Nazi salute]].<ref name="dziennik.pl(2008-06-21)">PAP (2008-06-21), [https://archive.today/20130416073551/https://www.dziennik.pl/wydarzenia/article195823 Faszystowskie gesty w Myślenicach.] ''Dziennik.pl'' Kraj. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</ref> However, Daniel Pładek, a sociologist at the Jagiellonian University and a researcher of the extreme right and [[Anti-Defamation League]] describe NOP and ONR as "Nazi-like" or outright neo-Nazi, despite their claims to the contrary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.adl.org/resources/hate-symbol/national-rebirth-poland | title=National Rebirth of Poland }}</ref><ref name="Dryjanska2">{{cite web |last1=Dryjańska |first1=Anna |date=7 May 2017 |title=Between fascism and Nazism. We are analyzing the ONR point-to-point statement with the extreme right-wing researcher |url=http://natemat.pl/207439,miedzy-faszyzmem-i-nazizmem-a-onr-em-analizujemy-deklaracje-nacjonalistow-punkt-po-punkcie-z-badaczem-skrajnej-prawicy |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=[[NaTemat.pl]] |language=pl}}</ref> NOP was described as "overtly nazi" by anti-hate advocacy group [[Hope not Hate]] and NOP is connected to the banned neo-Nazi terrorist group [[National Action (UK)|National Action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hopenothate.org.uk/research-old/state-of-hate-2018/violence/polish-extremists/|work=[[Hope not Hate]]|date=13 May 2025|title=Polish extremists active in the UK}}</ref>

According to the ADL [[Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland]]-party that had at most 10% of the vote tolerates neo-Nazis among its ranks and its founder [[Andrzej Lepper]] has praised Adolf Hitler. For example, Self-Defense MP Mateusz Piskorski has translated the texts of the [[Order of Nine Angles]] leader [[David Myatt]] into Polish.<ref>[http://www.adl.org/international/PolandDemocracyandExtremism.pdf Poland: Democracy and the Challenge of Extremism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001193732/http://www.adl.org/international/PolandDemocracyandExtremism.pdf |date=2008-10-01 }}, by [[Anti-Defamation League]], 2006</ref>

In addition to the fascist groups that tactically officially reject Nazism, there are several openly self-identified Nazi groups in Poland. For example, the Pride and Modernity-group organizes big events to celebrate the birthday of Adolf Hitler where they burn wooden swastikas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english/superwizjer-tvns-footage-of-the-polish-neo-nazi-community-ra809780-ls2578050|work=tvn24|title="To Hitler and our homeland, beloved Poland". Reporters infiltrated the neo-Nazi community|date=12 November 2024}}</ref> The neo-Nazi gang Bad Company threw a welcoming party for [[Janusz Waluś]], a right-wing extremist who assassinated the anti-apartheid black activist [[Chris Hani]].<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Notes from Poland]]|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/07/janusz-walus-killer-of-anti-apartheid-leader-chris-hani-deported-to-poland-from-south-africa/|title=Janusz Waluś, killer of anti-apartheid leader Chris Hani, deported to Poland from South Africa|date=21 February 2025 }}</ref> Polish neo-Nazis from Association of Independence Rota held an event at the German border, opposing refugees coming from the West.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Bild]]|url=https://www.bild.de/regional/sachsen/grenze-in-goerlitz-dicht-polen-protestieren-gegen-fluechtlinge-aus-deutschland-67dec66619ceb0496e357117|title=Polen-Neonazis protestieren gegen Flüchtlinge aus Deutschland|date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>Tamara Olszewska, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021756/http://koduj24.pl/wlos-sie-jezy-od-pomyslow-narodowca-roberta-bakiewicza/ Włos się jeży od pomysłów narodowca, Roberta Bąkiewicza] [online], KODUJ24.PL, 20 April 2025</ref> [[Szturmowcy]] (Stormtroopers) Nazi group held demonstrations, holding banners calling for a "White Europe".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Notes from Poland]]|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/11/15/security-services-detain-leader-of-radical-nationalist-group/|title=Security services detain leader of radical nationalist group
|date=21 February 2025 }}</ref> Polish Nazis from Zadrużny Krąg have also fought as part of the pagan neo-nazi [[Rusich Group]].<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Planeta.pl]]|url=https://www.planeta.pl/Wiadomosci/Polska/POLSCY-NEONAZISCI-WALCZA-W-ARMII-PUTINA.-Kilkadziesiat-osob-13-06-2022|title=POLSCY NEONAZIŚCI WALCZĄ W ARMII PUTINA! KILKADZIESIĄT OSÓB|date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614145200/https://www.planeta.pl/Wiadomosci/Polska/POLSCY-NEONAZISCI-WALCZA-W-ARMII-PUTINA.-Kilkadziesiat-osob-13-06-2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |last1=Eurozet Sp |first1=Z O O. }}</ref> In addition to these examples, many other neo-Nazi groups exist, like the National Socialist Front, Front for National Cleansing and National-Socialist Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-minister-releases-convicted-neo-nazi-from-prison/|work=[[Euractiv]]|date=17 May 2025|title=Undercover report on Polish neo-Nazis sparks investigation}}</ref><ref name="Cas">{{cite book | author = Cas Mudde | author-link=Cas Mudde | title = Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe | year =2005 | publisher = [[Routledge]]| location =London | isbn=0-415-35593-1 | oclc =55228719 | url =https://archive.org/details/racistextremismc00mudd| url-access = limited | page = [https://archive.org/details/racistextremismc00mudd/page/n177 162] }}</ref>

Poland is also home to neo-Nazi bands such as [[Graveland]] and [[Honor (band)|Honor]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalhammar|first=Kai Mathias|date=|title=Honor|url=http://www.rusmetal.ru/vae_solis/honor.html|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Russian Metal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Bell Média |title=Protest of metal band with alleged Neo-Nazi ties prompts Plaza St. Hubert concert cancellation |url=https://www.iheartradio.ca/cjad/news/protest-of-metal-band-with-alleged-neo-nazi-ties-prompts-plaza-st-hubert-concert-cancellation-1.2235684 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.iheartradio.ca |language=en-CA}}
</ref> Reportedly an album by a neo-Nazi band named Legion sold over 30,000 copies even before the fall of the Iron Curtain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyck |first=Kirsten |title=Reichrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780813574738 |pages=95}}</ref>

[[Robert Winnicki]]'s [[National Movement (Poland)|National Movement]] sponsored the November 2017 anti-Israel demonstration that was attended by 60,000 people. [[Algemeiner]] characterized the demonstration as "Ultranationalist and neo-Nazi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/02/09/iran-embraces-polish-far-right-advocate-of-widely-condemned-holocaust-law|work=[[Algemeiner]]|date=17 May 2025|title=Iran Embraces Polish Far Right Advocate of Widely-Condemned ‘Holocaust Law’}}</ref>

According to several reporter investigations, the Polish government turns a blind eye to these groups, and they are free to spread their ideology, frequently dismissing their existence as [[conspiracy theories]], dismissing acts political provocations, deeming them too insignificant to pose a threat, or attempting to justify or diminish the seriousness of their actions.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/polscy-neonazisci-zdemaskowani-sympatycy-pis-widza-w-tym-spisek-6212049554433665a| title=Polscy neonaziści zdemaskowani. Sympatycy PiS widzą w tym spisek| date=2018-01-22| access-date=30 August 2022| archive-date=5 August 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805195343/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/polscy-neonazisci-zdemaskowani-sympatycy-pis-widza-w-tym-spisek-6212049554433665a| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tvn24.pl/superwizjer-w-tvn24,149,m/superwizjer-tvn-z-kamera-w-srodowisku-polskich-neonazistow,807953.html | title="Za Hitlera i naszą ojczyznę, ukochaną Polskę". Reporterzy przeniknęli do środowiska neonazistów | date=20 January 2018 | access-date=30 August 2022 | archive-date=2 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902091100/https://www.tvn24.pl/superwizjer-w-tvn24,149,m/superwizjer-tvn-z-kamera-w-srodowisku-polskich-neonazistow,807953.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Sieg heil! Neonazizm w Polsce ma się dobrze. Harłukowicz tropi faszystowskie kapele |author= Gazeta Wyborcza |access-date= 2018-07-18 |url= https://wyborcza.pl/duzyformat/7,127290,21574114,sieg-heil-neonazizm-w-polsce-ma-sie-dobrze-harlukowicz.html |language= pl |author-link= Gazeta Wyborcza |archive-date= 19 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180719000128/https://wyborcza.pl/duzyformat/7,127290,21574114,sieg-heil-neonazizm-w-polsce-ma-sie-dobrze-harlukowicz.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wroclaw.wyborcza.pl/wroclaw/7,35771,23190155,niemieccy-i-polscy-neonazisci-uczcza-na-granicy-rocznice-urodzin.html |title=Niemieccy i polscy neonaziści uczczą na granicy rocznicę urodzin Hitlera |language=pl |author=Jacek Harłukowicz |author2=Michał Kokot |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001101959/https://wroclaw.wyborcza.pl/wroclaw/7,35771,23190155,niemieccy-i-polscy-neonazisci-uczcza-na-granicy-rocznice-urodzin.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Russia ====
{{Main|Neo-Nazism in Russia}}
{{Further|Racism in Russia|Radical nationalism in Russia|Rashism|Antisemitism in the Soviet Union#Right-wing movements}}

[[File:Neo-Nazism in Russia (2010).jpg|thumb|upright|left|A neo-Nazi in Russia at an anti-gay demonstration in Moscow, October 2010]]

Some observers have noted a subjective irony of Russians embracing Nazism, because one of Hitler's ambitions at the start of [[World War II]] was the [[Generalplan Ost]] (Master Plan East) which envisaged to exterminate, expel, or enslave most or all Slavs from central and eastern Europe (e.g., Russians, Ukrainians, Poles etc.).<ref name=William1>[[William W. Hagen]] (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002232035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C&pg=&dq&hl=en |date=2 October 2020 }}''. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. {{ISBN|0-521-19190-4}}</ref> At the end of the [[Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]], over 25 million Soviet citizens had died.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml The Soviet-German War 1941–1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105171542/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml |date=5 January 2021 }}". BBC – History.</ref>

The first reports of [[Neo-Nazism in Russia|neo-Nazi]] organizations in the USSR appeared in the second half of the 1950s. In some cases, the participants were attracted primarily by the aesthetics of Nazism (rituals, parades, uniforms, the cult of physical fitness, architecture). Other organizations were more interested in the ideology of the Nazis, their program, and the image of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name=Charn>''Чарный, Семен Александрович'' [https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2004/5/naczistskie-gruppy-v-sssr-v-1950-1980-e-gody.html Нацистские группы в СССР в 1950—1980-е годы] // Неприкосновенный запас. 2004. №&nbsp;5 (37).</ref> The formation of neo-Nazism in the USSR dates back to the turn of the 1960s and 1970s; during this period, these organizations still preferred to operate underground.

Modern [[Slavic Native Faith|Russian neo-paganism]] took shape in the second half of the 1970s<ref>{{cite web|last=Shizhensky |first=Roman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ndN7PUGBnw |title=Современное "родноверие": реперные точки |language=ru |website=|publisher=Доклад на круглом столе: «Славянское язычество XXI века: проблемы генезиса и развития», held on February 15, 2020 at the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin |date=2020|accessdate=}}</ref> and is associated with the activities of supporters of antisemitism, especially the Moscow Arabist [[Valery Yemelyanov]] (also known as "Velemir") and the former dissident and neo-Nazi activist [[Alexey Dobrovolsky]] (also known as "Dobroslav").

In Soviet times, the founder of the movement of [[Peterburgian Vedism]] (a branch of Slavic neopaganism) Viktor Bezverkhy (Ostromysl) revered Hitler and [[Heinrich Himmler]] and propagated [[scientific racism|racial]] and [[racial antisemitism|antisemitic theories]] in a narrow circle of his students, calling for the deliverance of mankind from "inferior offspring", allegedly arising from [[interracial marriage]]s. He called such "inferior people" "bastards", referred to them as "[[Zhyd]]s, Indians or gypsies and [[mulatto]]es" and believed that they prevent society from achieving social justice.

The first public manifestations of neo-Nazis in Russia took place in 1981 in [[Kurgan]], and then in [[Yuzhnouralsk]], [[Nizhny Tagil]], [[Yekaterinburg|Sverdlovsk]], and Leningrad.<ref name=obezyana>''[[Alexander Tarasov]]'' [https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/21/72239-sovetskie-fashisty-obezyana-vybiraet-cherep Советские фашисты: обезьяна выбирает череп] // [[Novaya Gazeta]]. 2017. №&nbsp;42 (2619). 21.04.2017. P. 15—18.</ref><ref>''Alexander Tarasov''
[https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/28/72322-sovetskie-fashisty-shkola-killerov Советские фашисты: «школа» киллеров] // [[Novaya Gazeta]]. 2017. №&nbsp;45 (2622). 28.04.2017. С. 11—14.</ref>

In 1982, on Hitler's birthday, a group of Moscow high school students held a Nazi demonstration on [[Pushkinskaya Square]].<ref name=obezyana/>

[[Russian National Unity]] (RNE) was a neo-Nazi group founded in 1990 and was led by [[Alexander Barkashov]], who claimed to have members in 250 cities. RNE adopted the swastika as its symbol, and sees itself as the avant-garde of a coming national revolution. It is critical of other major far-right organizations, such as the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] (LDPR). As of 1997, the members RNE were called Soratnik (comrades in arms), receive combat training at locations near Moscow, and many of them work as security officers or armed guards.<ref>Laqueur, Walter, ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future'', 1997, p. 189</ref> RNE was banned in 1999 by Moscow's court in 1999,<ref name="Saunders">{{cite book | last1=Saunders | first1=R.A. | last2=Strukov | first2=V. | title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation | publisher=Scarecrow Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8108-7460-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA69 | access-date=2022-03-09 | page=69 | archive-date=9 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309054839/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_uAoNJiOMwC&pg=PA69 | url-status=live }}</ref> after which the group faded away.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d90d/870620f804f298bf834d50ca3f2477a15af6.pdf|title=The European and Russian Far Right as Political Actors: Comparative Approach|year=2019|doi=10.5539/JPL.V12N2P86|s2cid=189962172|quote=Soon afterwards the Moscow headquarter of the party was closed and the organization practically liquidated|last1=Ekaterina|first1=Ivanova|last2=Andrey|first2=Kinyakin|last3=Sergey|first3=Stepanov|journal=Journal of Politics and Law|volume=12|issue=2|page=86|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317182114/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d90d/870620f804f298bf834d50ca3f2477a15af6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/10a4f5b5397a4ca795afac58f900ab61|title=Neo-Nazis Banned in Russian Area|date=1999-11-26|access-date=10 March 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309065123/https://apnews.com/article/10a4f5b5397a4ca795afac58f900ab61|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, it was claimed that Russian neo-Nazis accounted for "half of the world's total".<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3718255&page=1#.UCDbiaA4SuI Violence 'in the Name of the Nation'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215626/https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=3718255&page=1#.UCDbiaA4SuI |date=17 July 2022 }}." ''[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]''. October 11, 2007.</ref><ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-medvedev-nationalism/russias-medvedev-calls-for-crackdown-on-neo-nazis-idUSTRE70G4DP20110117 Russia's Medvedev calls for crackdown on neo-Nazis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215622/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-medvedev-nationalism/russias-medvedev-calls-for-crackdown-on-neo-nazis-idUSTRE70G4DP20110117 |date=17 July 2022 }}". Reuters. January 17, 2011.</ref>

On 15 August 2007, Russian authorities arrested a student for allegedly posting a video on the Internet which appears to show two migrant workers being beheaded in front of a red and black swastika flag.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6946810.stm |title=Russian held over 'deaths' video |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-15 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930142613/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6946810.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Alexander Verkhovsky, the head of a Moscow-based center that monitors [[hate crime]] in Russia, said, "It looks like this is the real thing. The killing is genuine ... There are similar videos from the Chechen war. But this is the first time the killing appears to have been done intentionally."<ref name="execution">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2149611,00.html|title=Student arrested over Russian neo-Nazi 'execution' video|author=Luke Harding|work=The Guardian|date=2007-08-16|access-date=2007-08-16|location=London|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220160403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/16/russia.lukeharding|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Atomwaffen Division Russland]] is a neo-Nazi terrorist group in Russia found by Russian officials to have been tied to multiple mass murder plots. AWDR was founded by former members of defunct [[National Socialist Society]] responsible for 27 murders and AWDR is connected to local chapter of the Order of Nine Angles responsible for rapes, ritual murders and drug trafficking. The Russian authorities raided an Atomwaffen compound in [[Ulan-Ude]] and uncovered illegal weapons and explosives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.itatiaia.com.br/noticia/casal-de-adoradores-de-sata-sao-acusados-de-homicidios-na-russia | title=Casal de adoradores do diabo é acusado de sacrificar duas pessoas em rituais na Rússia | language=pt | trans-title=Devil-worshipping couple accused of sacrificing two people in rituals in Russia | work=[[Itatiaia]] | date=August 21, 2021 | access-date=26 September 2022 | archive-date=26 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135810/https://www.itatiaia.com.br/noticia/casal-de-adoradores-de-sata-sao-acusados-de-homicidios-na-russia | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Fontaka>{{cite news|date=August 21, 2021|title=Меру пресечения сатанистам по делу об убийстве петербуржца изберут в Приозерске|work=[[Fontaka.ru]]|url=https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/08/20/70089818/}}</ref><ref name=Fontaka2>{{cite news|date=August 21, 2021|title=СК задержал еще двоих по делу сатанистов, совершавших ритуальные убийства в Ленобласти. И показал следственный эксперимент|work=[[Fontaka.ru]]|url=https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/08/20/70089473/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=October 20, 2021|title="Атомная дивизия": в Бурятии задержаны неонацисты, подражавшие банде из США|work=[[Gazeta.ru]]|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2021/10/29/14149513.shtml}}</ref>

Neo-Nazi groups such as "88th Brigade" [[Espanola (battalion)|Espanola]] and [[Rusich Group]] are taking part in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.memri.org/dttm/neo-nazi-espanola-brigade-raise-funds-drones-and-other-equipment-through-charitable-foundation|work=[[MEMRI]]|date=15 May 2025|title=Neo-Nazi Espanola Brigade Raise Funds For Drones And Other Equipment Through Charitable Foundation Linked To Russian 'Green Alternative' Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-terrifying-neo-nazi-mercenaries-being-deployed-in-ukraine/|title=The terrifying neo-Nazi mercenaries being deployed in Ukraine|work=[[Spectator.co.uk]]|date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Rusich Group is connected to the Order of Nine Angles and they have are responsible for multiple crimes, including ritual murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/2024/09/the-russian-ultra-nationalists-defying-putin|title=The Russian ultra-nationalists defying Putin|work=[[New Statesman]]|date=3 September 2024|quote=photos emerged of the Rusich battalion, a Russian neo-Nazi group fighting against Ukraine, mutilating and “sacrificing” a Chechen Akhmat fighter.}}</ref><ref name=odessa>{{cite web|url=https://odessa-journal.com/public/the-russian-federation-sends-a-neo-nazi-sabotage-group-to-spy-on-the-finnish-border|title=The Russian Federation sends a neo-Nazi sabotage group to spy on the Finnish border|work=[[The Odessa Journal]]|date=10 September 2024|quote=This group, made up of mercenaries with neo-Nazi and neo-pagan beliefs, is involved in serious war crimes that have sparked controversy even within Russia. Some members of the group are connected to satanic and neo-Nazi organizations such as the Order of Nine Angles.}}</ref>

==== Serbia ====
An example of neo-Nazism in Serbia is the group [[Nacionalni stroj]]. In 2006 charges were brought against 18 leading members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes.php?yyyy=2009&mm=03&dd=27&nav_id=58116 |title=Embassy: Neo-Nazi leader received Italian visa |date=27 March 2009 |website=b92 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202013214/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/crimes.php?yyyy=2009&mm=03&dd=27&nav_id=58116 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7033156.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Serbian police arrest neo-Nazis |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125144418/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7033156.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/serbian/news/2006/01/060109_stroj_ns.shtml |title="Nacionalni stroj" pred sudom |last=Mihailovic |first=Gordana |website=[[BBC]] Serbian.com |date=9 January 2006 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109011804/https://www.bbc.co.uk/serbian/news/2006/01/060109_stroj_ns.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides political parties, there are a few militant neo-Nazi organizations in Serbia, such as [[Blood & Honour|Blood & Honour Serbia]] and [[Combat 18]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/neonacisti-formiraju-borbene-odrede/kkf2s26 |title=Neonacisti formiraju borbene odrede |date=11 April 2013 |website=blic |last=Cvijic |first=Vuk Z |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104531/https://www.blic.rs/vesti/hronika/neonacisti-formiraju-borbene-odrede/kkf2s26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Slovakia ====
{{main|Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia#Ties to fascism and far-right extremism}}
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The Slovak political party [[Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia]], which is represented in the [[National Council (Slovakia)|National Council]] and [[European Parliament]], is widely characterized as neo-Nazi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Benakis |first1=Theodoros |title=The darkest side of Dark Europe: Neo-Nazis in the European Parliament |url=https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/darkest-side-dark-europe-neo-nazis-european-parliament/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=European Interest |date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804145419/https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/darkest-side-dark-europe-neo-nazis-european-parliament/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |title=How a Slovakian neo-Nazi got elected |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/how-a-slovakian-neo-nazi-got-elected |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/how-a-slovakian-neo-nazi-got-elected |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Jon |title=Neo-Nazis on course to win second place in Slovakia election next month |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/neo-nazi-slovakia-election-results-kotlebovci-lsns-poll-a9281301.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/neo-nazi-slovakia-election-results-kotlebovci-lsns-poll-a9281301.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=13 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Kotleba has softened its image over time and now disputes that is fascist or neo-Nazi, even suing a media outlet that described it as neo-Nazi. As of 2020, the party spokesperson was Ondrej Durica, a former member of the neo-Nazi band {{lang|sl|Biely Odpor}} (White Resistance). 2020 candidate Andrej Medvecky was convicted of attacking a black man while shouting racial slurs; another candidate, Anton Grňo, was fined for making a [[Na stráž|fascist salute]]. The party still celebrates 14 March, the anniversary of the founding of the fascist first [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]].<ref name=fp>{{cite news |last1=Colborne |first1=Michael |title=Marian Kotleba Wants to Make Slovakia Fascist Again |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/28/marian-kotleba-slovakia-election-right-wing-fascism/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=Foreign Policy |date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306184306/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/28/marian-kotleba-slovakia-election-right-wing-fascism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, party leader [[Marian Kotleba]] was facing trial for writing checks for 1,488 euros, alleged to be a reference to [[Fourteen Words]] and [[Heil Hitler]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kotleba may be jailed for up to 8 years for controversial cheques |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22351376/kotleba-may-be-jailed-for-up-to-8-years-for-controversial-cheques.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=[[The Slovak Spectator]] |date=5 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306143724/https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22351376/kotleba-may-be-jailed-for-up-to-8-years-for-controversial-cheques.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Spain ====
[[File:Batallon de Castigo.jpg|thumb|Neo-Nazi skinheads in Spain|right]]
Spanish neo-Nazism is often connected to the country's [[Francoist]] and [[Falangism|Falangist]] past, and nurtured by the ideology of the [[National Catholicism]].<ref>[[Xavier Casals i Meseguer|Casals Meseguer, Xavier]], ''Ultrapatriotas'', Crítica, Barcelona 2003. {{ISBN|84-8432-430-3}}</ref><ref>[[Ferran Gallego Margalef|Gallego, Ferran]], ''Ramiro Ledesma Ramos y el fascismo español'', Editorial Síntesis, Madrid 2005. {{ISBN|84-9756-313-1}}</ref>

According to a study by the [[ABC (Spain)|newspaper ''ABC'']], [[Black Spanish people|black people]] are the ones who have suffered the most attacks by neo-Nazi groups, followed by [[Maghrebis]] and [[Latin Americans]]. They have also caused deaths in the anti-fascist group, such as the murder of the Madrid-born sixteen-year-old [[Murder of Carlos Palomino|Carlos Palomino]] on 11 November 2007, stabbed with a knife by a soldier in the [[Legazpi (Madrid Metro)|Legazpi metro station]] ([[Madrid]]).<ref>[[Stanley Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]], ''El fascismo'', Madrid, Planeta, 1995. {{ISBN|84-08-01470-6}}</ref>

There have been other neo-Nazi cultural organizations such as the [[Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe]] (CEDADE) and the Circle of Indo-European Studies (CEI).<ref>[[Mariano Sánchez Soler|Sánchez Soler, Mariano]], ''Los hijos del 20-N. Historia violenta del fascismo español'', Ediciones Temas de hoy, Madrid 1996. {{ISBN|84-7880-700-4}} Primera edición: septiembre de 1993 {{ISBN|84-7880-305-X}}</ref>

The extreme right has little electoral support, with the presence of these groups of 0.36% (if the [[Plataforma per Catalunya]] (PxC) party is excluded with 66007 votes (0.39%), according to the voting data of the European elections of 2014. The first extreme right party [[FE de las JONS]] obtains 0.13% of the votes (21 577 votes), after doubling its results after the crisis; this is followed by the far-right party La España en Marcha (LEM) with 0.1% of the votes, [[National Democracy (Spain)|National Democracy]] (DN) of the far-right with 0.08%, [[Republican Social Movement]] (MSR) (far-right) with 0.05% of the votes.<ref>[[Paul Preston|Preston, Paul]], ''Las derechas españolas en el siglo XX: authoritarismo, fascismo y golpismo'', Editorial Sistema, Madrid 1986. {{ISBN|84-86497-01-9}}</ref>

==== Sweden ====
Neo-Nazi activities in Sweden have previously been limited to [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] groups, few of which have a membership over a few hundred members.<ref>Laqueur, Walter, ''Fascism: Past, Present, Future'', p. 120</ref> The main neo-Nazi organization is the [[Nordic Resistance Movement]], a political movement which engages in martial arts training and paramilitary exercises<ref>Potter, Nicholas (6 January 2021) [https://www.belltower.news/nordic-resistance-the-pan-european-ikea-fascism-of-nordiska-motstandsroerelsen-109787/ "The Pan-European "Ikea Fascism" of Nordiska Motståndsrörelsen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613215416/https://www.belltower.news/nordic-resistance-the-pan-european-ikea-fascism-of-nordiska-motstandsroerelsen-109787/ |date=13 June 2021 }} ''Belltower.News''</ref> and which has been called a terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.etc.se/inrikes/terrorforskare-nmr-definitivt-en-terrorgrupp|title=Terrorforskare: "NMR definitivt en terrorgrupp"|last=Ankersen|first=Dag|date=2017-05-04|work=ETC|access-date=2018-07-23|language=sv|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110025/https://www.etc.se/inrikes/terrorforskare-nmr-definitivt-en-terrorgrupp|url-status=live}}</ref> They are also active in [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]]; the branch in [[Finland]]&nbsp;was banned in 2019.

==== Switzerland ====
{{See also|Far-right politics in Switzerland}}
The neo-Nazi and [[white power skinhead]] scene in Switzerland has seen significant growth in the 1990s and 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fedpol.admin.ch/etc/medialib/data/sicherheit/bericht_innere_sicherheit.Par.0042.File.tmp/d_s01_s92.pdf |title=Bericht Innere Sicherheit der Schweiz 2006 |language=de |date=May 2007 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030110036/https://www.fedpol.admin.ch/etc/medialib/data/sicherheit/bericht_innere_sicherheit.Par.0042.File.tmp/d_s01_s92.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> It is reflected in the foundation of the [[Partei National Orientierter Schweizer]] in 2000, which resulted in an improved organizational structure of the neo-Nazi and white supremacist scene.

==== Ukraine ====
{{Main|Far-right politics in Ukraine}}
{{See also|Racism and discrimination in Ukraine|Ukrainian nationalism}}
In 1991, the [[Social-National Party of Ukraine]] (SNPU) was founded.<ref>"[https://www.algemeiner.com/2013/05/24/svoboda-fuels-ukraines-growing-anti-semitism/ Svoboda Fuels Ukraine's Growing Anti-Semitism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125223653/https://www.algemeiner.com/2013/05/24/svoboda-fuels-ukraines-growing-anti-semitism/ |date=25 January 2021 }}". ''[[Algemeiner Journal]]''. 24 May 2013.</ref> The party combined [[radical nationalism]] and neo-Nazi features.<ref name="konotop">"[https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Ukrainian-Jews-shocked-after-city-elects-neo-Nazi-mayor-437975 Local Jews in shock after Ukrainian city of Konotop elects neo-Nazi mayor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220740/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Ukrainian-Jews-shocked-after-city-elects-neo-Nazi-mayor-437975 |date=11 February 2021 }}". ''The Jerusalem Post''. 21 December 2015.</ref> The SNPU was characterized as a [[Right-wing populism|radical right-wing populist]] party that combined elements of [[Ultranationalism|ethnic ultranationalism]] and [[anti-communism]]. During the 1990s, it was accused of neo-Nazism due to the party's recruitment of [[White power skinhead|skinheads]] and usage of neo-Nazi symbols.<ref name="umlandp412">{{cite journal|last=Umland|first=Andreas|author2=Anton Shekhovtsov|date=September–October 2013|title=Ultraright Party Politics in Post-Soviet Ukraine and the Puzzle of the Electoral Marginalism of Ukrainian Ultranationalists in 1994–2009|journal=Russian Politics and Law|volume=51|issue=5|page=41|doi=10.2753/rup1061-1940510502|s2cid=144502924}}</ref><ref name="rudling13wr2">{{cite book|last=Rudling|first=Per Anders|title=The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda|url=https://www.academia.edu/2481420|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|editor=Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson|location=New York|pages=229–247}}</ref> When [[Oleh Tyahnybok]] was elected party leader in 2004, he made efforts to moderate the party's image by changing the party's name to [[Svoboda (political party)|All-Ukrainian Association "Svoboda"]], changing its symbols and expelling neo-Nazi and [[Neo-fascism|neofascist]] groups.<ref name="osw-tadeusz2">{{cite journal|last=Olszański|first=Tadeusz A.|date=4 July 2011|title=Svoboda Party – The New Phenomenon on the Ukrainian Right-Wing Scene|url=https://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=137051|journal=Centre for Eastern Studies|series=OSW Commentary|issue=56|page=6|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="umlandp412" /> According to radicalism researchers [[Anton Shekhovtsov]] and [[Andreas Umland]], extreme far-right in Ukraine are extremely weak and marginal force. Right-wing movements researcher [[:uk:Ліхачов_В'ячеслав_Андрійович|Vyacheslav Likhachev]] notes that the number of Nazi skinheads in 2008 was less than two thousand, which, compared to 20 to 35 thousands skinheads in Russia, makes a substantially lower proportion.<ref name="umlandp412" />  According to ''[[The Nation]]'' journalist James Carden, in 2016 "neo-Nazis (or neo-fascists, if you prefer) are a distinctly minority taste in Western Ukraine".<ref name="nation">"[https://www.thenation.com/article/congress-has-removed-a-ban-on-funding-neo-nazis-from-its-year-end-spending-bill/ Congress Has Removed a Ban on Funding Neo-Nazis From Its Year-End Spending Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114161138/https://www.thenation.com/article/congress-has-removed-a-ban-on-funding-neo-nazis-from-its-year-end-spending-bill/ |date=14 January 2020 }}". ''[[The Nation]]''. 14 January 2016.</ref> In 2015, Konotop residents elected Artem Semenikhin, a Svoboda party member accused of neo-Nazi sympathies, as a mayor, because, according to Likhachev, he "created himself an image of a defender of Ukrainian independence";<ref>{{cite news |title=Local Jews worried about behavior of neo-Nazi mayor of Ukrainian town |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/local-jews-worried-about-behavior-of-neo-nazi-mayor-of-ukrainian-town-12-2-2015 |date=2 December 2015 |language=EN}}</ref> however, Eduard Dolinsky of the [[Ukrainian Jewish Committee]] stated that Konotop was a "clear case" of anti-Semites being elected in local governing bodies.<ref name="konotop" />

The [[Azov Battalion]], founded in 2014, has been described as a far-right militia,<ref name="bbc-20140905">{{cite news |last=Keane |first=Fergal |date=5 September 2014 |title=Ukraine crisis: Heavy shelling in hours before ceasefire |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29086403 |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129082900/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29086403 |archive-date=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="telegraph-20220318">{{cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=Inside Azov, the far-Right brigade killing Russian generals and playing a PR game in the Ukraine war |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/18/inside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing/ |url-access=limited |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318224111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/18/inside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with connections to neo-Nazism<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Seth G. |date=7 November 2018 |title=The Rise of Far-Right Extremism in the United States |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-far-right-extremism-united-states |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212041104/https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-far-right-extremism-united-states |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |quote=Azov Battalion, a paramilitary unit of the Ukrainian National Guard, which the FBI says is associated with neo-Nazi ideology.}}</ref> and members wearing neo-Nazi and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] symbols and regalia, as well as expressing neo-Nazi views.<ref name="parfitt">{{cite news |last1=Parfitt |first1=Tom |date=11 August 2014 |title=Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/Europe/ukraine/11025137/Ukraine-crisis-the-neo-Nazi-brigade-fighting-pro-Russian-separatists.html |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705220331/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11025137/Ukraine-crisis-the-neo-Nazi-brigade-fighting-pro-Russian-separatists.html |archive-date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |title=Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/azov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910130437/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/azov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

According to Vyacheslav Likhachev of the {{lang|fr|[[Institut français des relations internationales]]}}, members of far-right (including neo-Nazi) groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side, especially during early 2014.<ref name="Likhachev" /><ref name="Averre">{{cite book |editor1-last=Averre |editor1-first=Derek |editor2-last=Wolczuk |editor2-first=Kataryna |title=The Ukraine Conflict: Security, Identity and Politics in the Wider Europe |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |pages=90–91}}</ref> Members and former members of the [[National Bolshevik Party]], [[Russian National Unity]] (RNU), [[Eurasian Youth Union]], and [[Combatants of the war in Donbas#Cossacks|Cossack groups]] participated in recruitment of the separatists.<ref name="Likhachev" /><ref name="Yudina">Yudina, Natalia (2015). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313258866_Russian_Nationalists_Fight_Ukrainian_War "Russian nationalists fight Ukrainian war"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313202440/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313258866_Russian_Nationalists_Fight_Ukrainian_War |date=13 March 2022 }}, in: ''Journal on Baltic Security'', Volume 1, Issue 1 ([[de Gruyter]]). pp.47–69. [[doi:10.1515/jobs-2016-0012]].</ref><ref name="washingtonp">{{cite news |date=26 June 2014 |title=Is anyone in charge of Russian nationalists fighting in Ukraine? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/06/26/is-anyone-in-charge-of-russian-nationalists-fighting-in-ukraine/ |last=Laruelle |first=Marlene |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301032420/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/06/26/is-anyone-in-charge-of-russian-nationalists-fighting-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saunders |first1=Robert |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing |pages=581–582}}</ref> A former RNU member, [[Pavel Gubarev]], was founder of the Donbas People's Militia and first "governor" of the Donetsk People's Republic.<ref name="Likhachev" /><ref>[[Timothy Snyder|Snyder, Timothy]]. [https://www.newrepublic.com/article/117048/crimean-referendum-was-electoral-farce ''Far-Right Forces are Influencing Russia's Actions in Crimea''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317211808/https://www.newrepublic.com/article/117048/crimean-referendum-was-electoral-farce |date=17 March 2014 }}. ''[[The New Republic]]''. 17 March 2014.</ref> RNU is particularly linked to the [[Russian Orthodox Army]],<ref name="Likhachev" /> one of a number of separatist units described as "pro-Tsarist" and "extremist" Orthodox nationalists.<ref name="Kuzio110">{{cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |title=Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=110–111|quote=the Russian Orthodox Army, one of a number of separatist units fighting for the "Orthodox faith," revival of the Tsarist Empire, and the Russkii Mir. Igor Girkin (Strelkov [Shooter]), who led the Russian capture of Slovyansk in April 2014, was an example of the Russian nationalists who have sympathies to pro-Tsarist and extremist Orthodox groups in Russia. ... the Russian Imperial Movement ... has recruited thousands of volunteers to fight with the separatists. ... such as the Russian Party of National Unity who use a modified swastika as their party symbol and Dugin's Eurasianist movement. The paramilitaries of both of these ... are fighting alongside separatists.}}</ref><ref name="Likhachev" /> 'Rusich' is part of the [[Wagner Group]], a Russian mercenary group in Ukraine which has been linked to far-right extremism.<ref name="Guardian Wagner">{{cite news |title=Russian mercenaries in Ukraine linked to far-right extremists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/20/russian-mercenaries-in-ukraine-linked-to-far-right-extremists |work=[[The Guardian]] |last=Townsend |first=Mark |date=20 March 2022 |quote=Russian mercenaries fighting in Ukraine, including the Kremlin-backed Wagner Group, have been linked to far-right extremism ... Much of the extremist content, posted on Telegram and the Russian social media platform VKontakte (VK), relates to a far-right unit within the Wagner Group called Rusich ... One post on the messaging app Telegram, dated 15 March, shows the flag of the Russian Imperial Movement (RIM), a white-supremacist paramilitary ... Another recent VK posting lists Rusich as part of a coalition of separatist groups and militias including the extreme far-right group, Russian National Unity. |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327141257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/20/russian-mercenaries-in-ukraine-linked-to-far-right-extremists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smid">Šmíd, Tomáš & Šmídová, Alexandra. (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352051011_Anti-government_Non-state_Armed_Actors_in_the_Conflict_in_Eastern_Ukraine Anti-government Non-state Armed Actors in the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine]. ''Czech Journal of International Relations'', Volume 56, Issue 2. pp.48–49. Quote: "Another group of Russian citizens who became involved in the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine were members of the so-called right-wing units of the Russian Spring."</ref> Afterward, the pro-Russian far-right groups became less important in Donbas and the need for Russian radical nationalists started to disappear.<ref name="Likhachev">{{cite web |first=Vyacheslav |last=Likhachev |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |title=The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine |date=July 2016 |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales]] |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002745/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The radical nationalist group [[C14 (Ukrainian group)|С14]], whose members openly expressed neo-Nazi views, gained notoriety in 2018 for being involved in violent attacks on [[Romani people|Romany]] camps.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-militia-behind-brutal-romany-attacks-getting-state-funds/29290844.html Ukrainian Militia Behind Brutal Romany Attacks Getting State Funds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203110137/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-militia-behind-brutal-romany-attacks-getting-state-funds/29290844.html |date=3 February 2021 }}, [[Radio Free Europe]] (14 June 2018)</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44593995 Ukraine Roma camp attack leaves one dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129101946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44593995 |date=29 January 2021 }}, [[BBC News]] (24 June 2018)</ref><ref>[https://www.unian.info/m/society/10156238-sbu-opens-case-against-c14-nationalists-for-detention-of-brazilian-mercenary-lawyer.html SBU opens case against C14 nationalists for detention of Brazilian mercenary – lawyer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162432/https://www.unian.info/society/10156238-sbu-opens-case-against-c14-nationalists-for-detention-of-brazilian-mercenary-lawyer.html |date=20 February 2021 }}, [[UNIAN]] (18 June 2018)</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{See also|Far-right politics in the United Kingdom|List of British fascist parties}}
[[File:Yorkshire NF.jpg|thumb|British [[National Front (UK)]] marchers in the 1970s. It is a far-right, [[Fascism|fascist]] [[list of political parties in the United Kingdom|political party in the United Kingdom]].]]
In 1962, the British neo-Nazi activist [[Colin Jordan]] formed the [[National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM) which later became the [[British Movement]] (BM) in 1968.<ref name="Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2085009.ece | title=Colin Jordan: leader of the far Right | newspaper=[[The Times]] | date=16 April 2009 | access-date=22 February 2015 | archive-date=3 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603113022/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article2085009.ece | url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>R. Hill & A. Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror – Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network'', London: Collins, 1988, p. 116</ref>

[[John Tyndall (politician)|John Tyndall]], a long-term neo-Nazi activist in the UK, led a break-away from the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] to form an openly neo-Nazi party named the [[British National Party]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and its Quest for Legitimacy|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit00cops_664|url-access=limited|last=Copsey|first=Nigel|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-0214-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit00cops_664/page/n34 24]–25}}</ref> In the 1990s, the party formed a group for protecting its meetings named [[Combat 18]],<ref name="Ryan 1998">{{cite news |last1=Ryan |first1=Nick |title=Combat 18: Memoirs of a street-fighting man |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/combat-18-memoirs-of-a-street-fighting-man-1142204.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/combat-18-memoirs-of-a-street-fighting-man-1142204.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2018 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=1 February 1998}}</ref> which later grew too violent for the party to control and began to attack members of the BNP who were not perceived as supportive of neo-Nazism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and its Quest for Legitimacy|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit00cops_664|url-access=limited|last=Copsey|first=Nigel|year=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-0214-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit00cops_664/page/n77 67]}}</ref> Under the subsequent leadership of [[Nick Griffin]], the BNP distanced itself from neo-Nazism, although many members (including Griffin himself) have been accused of links to other neo-Nazi groups.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Matthew J.|title=New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-46500-7|pages=55–56}}</ref>

[[Sonnenkrieg Division]] is a neo-Nazi terrorist organization in the United Kingdom, linked to international [[Atomwaffen Division]] network. Multiple members have been jailed for plotting terror attacks against minorities. Sonnenkrieg Division has been proscribed as a terrorist organization in United Kingdom and Australia. Sonnenkrieg Division is also closely tied with the [[Order of Nine Angles]] linked to the [[Murders of Bibaa Henry and Nicole Smallman]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48672929 | title=Teenage neo-Nazis jailed over terror offences | work=[[BBC]] | date=June 18, 2019 | access-date=June 18, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310211745/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48672929 | archive-date=March 10, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Australia">{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/australia-bans-far-right-extremist-sonnenkrieg-division/a-56947377 | title=Australia bans far-right extremist Sonnenkrieg Division | work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=March 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53141759 | title=Order of Nine Angles: What is this obscure Nazi Satanist group? | work=[[BBC News]] | quote=The Sonnenkrieg Division, with its glorification of sexual violence, highlights another disturbing theme relating to the ONA – sexual offending as a way of undermining social norms....The authorities are concerned by the number of paedophiles associated with the ONA, taking the group into a different area of law enforcement activity. | date=June 29, 2020}}</ref>

The UK has also been a source of neo-Nazi music, such as the band [[Skrewdriver]].<ref>{{Cite book|page=57|title=Oy Oy Oy Gevalt! Jews and Punk: Jews and Punk|last=Croland|first=Michael|date=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
==== Iran ====
{{See also|SUMKA|Aria Party|Azure Party}}
[[File:Flag of SUMKA.svg|right|thumb|Flag of the [[SUMKA]]]]
Several neo-Nazi groups were active in Iran, although they are now defunct. Advocates of Nazism continue to exist in Iran and are mainly based on the Internet.<ref>{{citation|author=Maryam Sinaiee|title=Iranian ministry denies authorising neo-Nazi website|date=24 November 2010|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iranian-ministry-denies-authorising-neo-nazi-website-1.512238|work=The National|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009092333/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iranian-ministry-denies-authorising-neo-nazi-website-1.512238|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Lorena Galliot|title=Who's behind the 'Association of Iranian Nazis'|date=18 November 2010|url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20101118-association-iranian-nazis-aryan-race-persian-nationalism|work=France 24|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124522/https://observers.france24.com/en/20101118-association-iranian-nazis-aryan-race-persian-nationalism|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Iraq ====
[[File:Hawpa Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|Flag of Hawpa]]
Hawpa, also known as the Kurdish National Socialist Organization (PSNK), is a Kurdish neo-Nazi organization based in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] that opposes ethnic and sexual minority rights and Arabization and strives for an ethnically pure, united Kurdistan. Hawpa is based on the ideas of [[Ramzi Nafi]], a Kurdish nationalist and a Nazi collaborator.<ref>{{cite web|work=Demokrat Haber|url=https://www.demokrathaber.org/karanlik-bir-fikrin-temelleri-aciga-cikti-kurden-nasyonalistin-kokeni-kime-dayaniyor|title=Karanlık bir fikrin temelleri açığa çıktı: 'Kurden Nasyonalist’in kökeni kime dayanıyor?|date=13 May 2025|author=Kemal Ural}}</ref>

==== Israel ====
{{see also|Jewish fascism|l1=Fascism in Israel}}
Neo-Nazi activity is not common or widespread in Israel, and the few reported activities have all been the work of extremists, who were punished severely. One notable case is that of [[Patrol 36]], a cell in [[Petah Tikva]] made up of eight teenage immigrants from the former Soviet Union who had been attacking foreign workers and gay people, and vandalizing synagogues with Nazi images.<ref name="BBC Israeli">{{cite news|title=Israeli 'neo-Nazi gang' arrested|date=9 September 2007|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6985808.stm|publisher=BBC News|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=8 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108061244/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6985808.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Asser">{{cite news|title=Israeli anger over 'Nazi' group|author=Martin Asser|publisher=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6987848.stm|date=10 September 2007|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-date=4 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204162956/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6987848.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> These neo-Nazis were reported to have operated in cities across Israel, and have been described as being influenced by the rise of neo-Nazism in Europe;<ref name="BBC Israeli" /><ref name="Asser" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6989776.stm |title=Middle East &#124; Israeli neo-Nazi suspects charged |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-09-11 |access-date=2009-11-03 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107075148/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6989776.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> mostly influenced by similar movements in Russia and Ukraine, as the rise of the phenomenon is widely credited to immigrants from those two states, the largest sources of emigration to Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel's Unbelievable Neo-Nazis|date=8 December 2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezXm9jkukBo|publisher=Journeyman Pictures|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111135339/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezXm9jkukBo|url-status=live}}</ref> Widely publicized arrests have led to a call to reform the [[Law of Return]] to permit the revocation of Israeli citizenship for—and the subsequent deportation of—neo-Nazis.<ref name="Asser" />

==== Japan ====
Since 1982, the neo-Nazi [[National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party]] has operated in Japan, currently under the leadership of Kazunari Yamada, who has praised Hitler and denied the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCurry|first=Justin|date=9 September 2014|title=Neo-Nazi photos pose headache for Shinzo Abe|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/neo-nazi-photos-pose-headache-for-shinzo-abe|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==== Mongolia ====
[[File:Tsagaan Khas flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the Tsagaan Khas, a neo-Nazi party in Mongolia]]
From 2008, Mongolian neo-Nazi groups have defaced buildings in [[Ulaanbaatar]], smashed Chinese shopkeepers' windows, and killed Chinese immigrants. The neo-Nazi Mongols' targets for violence are Chinese, [[Koreans]],<ref name="naive">{{Cite news|url=https://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2446&Itemid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512064316/https://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2446&Itemid=42|archive-date=2011-05-12|title=The Naivety of Mongolia's Nazis|first=Kirril|last=Sheilds|date=2008-10-04|access-date=2010-08-08|work=[[UB Post]]}}</ref> Mongol women who have sex with Chinese men, and [[LGBT]] people.<ref name="mnn">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/02/mongolia-far-right|title=Mongolian neo-Nazis: Anti-Chinese sentiment fuels rise of ultra-nationalism|first=Tania|last=Branigan|location=Ulan Bator|date=2010-08-02|access-date=2010-08-08|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=15 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915190700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/02/mongolia-far-right|url-status=live}}</ref> They wear Nazi uniforms and revere the [[Mongol Empire]] and [[Genghis Khan]]. Though [[Tsagaan Khas]] leaders say they do not support violence, they are self-proclaimed Nazis. "Adolf Hitler was someone we respect. He taught us how to preserve national identity," said the 41-year-old co-founder, who calls himself Big Brother. "We don't agree with his extremism and starting the Second World War. We are against all those killings, but we support his ideology. We support nationalism rather than fascism." Some have ascribed it to poor [[Education in Mongolia|historical education]].<ref name="naive" />

==== Taiwan ====
{{Main|Nazi symbolism in Taiwan|National Socialism Association}}
The [[National Socialism Association]] (NSA) is a neo-Nazi political organisation founded in [[Taiwan]] in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi ({{zh|t=許娜琦|link=no}}), at that time a 22-year-old female [[political science]] graduate of [[Soochow University (Taiwan)|Soochow University]]. The NSA has an explicit stated goal of obtaining the power to govern the state. The [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]] condemned the National Socialism Association on 13 March 2007 for championing the former [[Nazi]] dictator and blaming democracy for [[social unrest]] in Taiwan.<ref name=Haaretz837967>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/837697.html "Taiwan political activists admiring Hitler draw Jewish protests"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304123401/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/837697.html |date=4 March 2010 }} ''[[Haaretz]]'' ([[Reuters]], the [[Associated Press]]). 14 March 2007. Accessed 23 October 2015.</ref>

Even though there is no other significant movement than the officially founded NSA in 2005, the organized neo-Nazi activities have been continuing for years, often causing controversy to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan's Nazi Movement: Far-Right Group Blasted by Jewish Organizations |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/taiwan-s-nazi-movement-far-right-group-blasted-by-jewish-organizations-a-471686.html |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=14 March 2007 |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en |location=[[Hamburg]], Germany}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=台灣的新納粹組織是怎麼回事？ |trans-title=What is behind Neo-Nazi organizations in Taiwan? |url=https://www.dw.com/zh-hant/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%8B/a-2387314 |author=Ping Hsin |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=16 March 2007 |language=Traditional Chinese |location=Taipei, Taiwan |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> These occasions include a Nazi parades on city streets, in or around the schools,<ref>{{Cite news |title=School Parade in Taiwan Featuring Swastikas and Nazis Unleashed Uproar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/27/world/asia/taiwan-nazi-hitler-parade.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |first=Chris |last=Horton |date=27 December 2016 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |location=New York City, United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=臺北歐洲學校前出現納粹旗 以色列.歐盟關切 |trans-title=Nazi flag appearing in front of [[Taipei European School]], Israel and [[European Union]] are concerned |url=https://news.pts.org.tw/article/636031 |last1=Ou |first1=Yun-rong |last2=Peng |first2=Yaozu |agency=[[Public Television Service]] |date=9 May 2023 |language=zh-TW |access-date=15 December 2023 |location=Taipei, Taiwan}}</ref> restaurants serving dishes honoring Nazis,<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |title=Taiwanese dine in 'death camp' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/610485.stm |agency=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=21 January 2000 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Taiwan Restaurant Apologizes for Pasta Dish Called 'Long Live the Nazis' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-23683 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2014-08-19 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2023 |location=New York City, United States}}</ref> or displaying ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' with Nazi dresses while shouting "[[Nazi salute#Nazi chants|Sieg Heil]]!" with Nazi salutes.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Wen-hsin |last=Chiu |title=發燒新聞／宋建樑應訊戴納粹臂章　網怒：國民黨丟光台灣的臉 |trans-title=Top News/Song Jianliang wore the Nazi armband to answer questions. Netizens were angered: Taiwan is ashamed by Kuomintang |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgPu2qIymcU |agency=[[FTV News]] |via=Youtube |location=[[New Taipei City]], Taiwan |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> The organized activities were usually condemned by [[German Institute Taipei]],<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shi-yi |last=Yang |title=快訊／宋建樑行納粹禮挨轟！德國在台協會最強烈譴責：無恥的行為 |trans-title=Breaking news/Song Jianliang was criticized for performing the Nazi salutes! German Institute Taipei strongly condemns it as a shameless conduct |url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1641085 |newspaper=[[SET News]] |via=Youtube |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=15 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> {{ill|Israel Economic and Cultural Office|zh|游瑪雅}},<ref>{{Cite news |first=Yaoru |last=Yang |title=罷綠委領銜人戴納粹臂章 以色列代表斥：背離台灣價值[影] |trans-title=Leader of electral recall campaigns against Green legislators wore the Nazi armband; Israeli representative condemned it as deviating from Taiwan's values |url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202504160133.aspx |agency=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)]] |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> and local Jewish communities,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shi-jie |last=Ding |title=台北街頭出現納粹旗幟 方恩格：民進黨政府不該視而不見 |trans-title=Nazi flags appear on the streets of Taipei. Ross Feingold: "The DPP government should not turn a blind eye" |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240624004379-260407?chdtv |newspaper=[[China Times]] |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=zh-tw |location=Taipei, Taiwan}}</ref> and further led to public outcries.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Rong-hsiang |last=Wang |title=藍營青年軍行納粹禮？黃捷雙語發圖文：防國民黨影響台灣形象 |trans-title=Blue camp youth corps performed Nazi salutes? [[Huang Jie (politician)|Huang Jie]] publishes bilingual text and picture to prevent Kuomintang affecting Taiwan's image |url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/5013533 |newspaper=Liberty Times |location=[[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Hong-dian |last=Li |title=宋建樑扮納粹 時代力量中英文聲明轟國民黨、訴諸國際 |trans-title=Sung Chien-liang plays a Nazi; New Power Party issues statement in Chinese and English to denounce KMT and appeals to the international community |url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1641035 |agency=[[SET News]] |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=16 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>

==== Turkey ====
{{See also|Turkish nationalism}}
A neo-Nazi group existed in 1969 in [[İzmir]], when a group of former [[Republican Villagers Nation Party]] members (precursor party of the [[Nationalist Movement Party]]) founded the association "[[Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf]]" (''National Activity and Vigorous Development''). The club maintained two combat units. The members wore [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] uniforms and used the [[Nazi salute|Hitler salute]]. One of the leaders (Gündüz Kapancıoğlu) was re-admitted to the Nationalist Movement Party in 1975.<ref>Jürgen Roth and Kamil Taylan: ''Die Türkei – Republik unter Wölfen''. Bornheim-Merten, p. 119.</ref>

Apart from [[neo-fascist]]<ref name="Political Terrorism p. 674">Political Terrorism, by Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 674</ref><ref>''Annual of Power and Conflict'', by Institute for the Study of Conflict, National Strategy Information Center, 1982, p. 148</ref><ref name="Fascism 1993, p. 171">''The Nature of Fascism'', by Roger Griffin, Routledge, 1993, p. 171</ref><ref name="Terrorist Groups 2003, p. 45">''Political Parties and Terrorist Groups'', by Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger, Routledge, 2003, p. 45</ref><ref>''The Inner Sea: The Mediterranean and Its People'', by Robert Fox, 1991, p. 260</ref> [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]] and the Turkish [[ultranationalist]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Avcı | first = Gamze | title = The Nationalist Movement Party's euroscepticism: party ideology meets strategy | journal = South European Society and Politics | volume = 16 | issue = 3, pt II | pages = 435–47 | doi = 10.1080/13608746.2011.598359 | date = September 2011 | s2cid = 154513216 }} [https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/ff77d/attachments/f46f9/W7-Avci%202.PDF Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521115140/https://wiki.zirve.edu.tr/sandbox/groups/economicsandadministrativesciences/wiki/ff77d/attachments/f46f9/W7-Avci%202.PDF |date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkish-far-right-on-the-rise-1088461.html|title=Turkish far right on the rise|last=Huggler|first=Justin|date=20 April 1999|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220012836/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkish-far-right-on-the-rise-1088461.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arıkan|first=E. Burak|date=July 2002|title=Turkish ultra-nationalists under review: a study of the Nationalist Action Party|journal=Nations and Nationalism|volume=8|issue=3|pages=357–75|doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00055}}</ref> [[Nationalist Movement Party]], there are some neo-Nazi organizations in Turkey such as the Turkish Nazi Party<ref name=turknazipartisi>{{cite web|title=Turkish Nazi Party|url=https://ww2.turknazipartisi.com/|website=turknazipartisi.com|access-date=7 July 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218113142/https://ww2.turknazipartisi.com/|archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> or the National Socialist Party of Turkey, some of which are mainly based on the Internet.<ref name=sabah>{{cite web|title=Nazi Party Established in Turkey|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/Gunaydin/Yazarlar/sb-mevlut_tezel/2009/12/22/turkiyede_nazi_partisi_kuruldu|website=sabah.com.tr|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222708/https://www.sabah.com.tr/Gunaydin/Yazarlar/sb-mevlut_tezel/2009/12/22/turkiyede_nazi_partisi_kuruldu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hurriyet>{{cite news|title=They Might Be Joking But They Grow in Numbers.|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/planet/24908479.asp|website=hurriyet.com.tr|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=17 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117190803/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/planet/24908479.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=caucasusforum.org>{{cite web|title=Neo-Nazi Circassians on Turkey|url=https://www.caucasusforum.org/tr/neo-nazi-cerkesler-2-/|website=caucasusforum.org|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132003/https://www.caucasusforum.org/tr/neo-nazi-cerkesler-2-/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

National Front Party (Ulusal Cephe Partisi) adheres to neo-Nazism, spreads Nazi material translated into Turkish and targets Jews, Arabs and Africans. National Front Party has about 1000 members and is affiliated with the racist [[Victory Party (Turkey)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2024/10/unmasking-the-intelligence-linked-neo-nazi-group-national-front-in-turkey/|title=Unmasking the intelligence-linked neo-Nazi group National Front in Turkey|work=[[Nordic Monitor]]|date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

The neo-Nazi Ataman Brotherhood (Ataman Kardeşliği) patrols streets in Turkey and attacks Syrian and Afghan refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turkishminute.com/2021/12/30/rkish-far-right-group-beat-afghan-man-and-shared-video-on-social-media/|title=Turkish far-right group beat Afghan man and shared video on social media|work=[[Turkish Minute]]|date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

The [[Newroz clashes]] were initiated by a Kurdish Neo-Nazi group known as "Kurdên Nasyonalist", who published a statement before Newroz calling for all Kurdish nationalists to attack Kurdish leftists and the LGBT community and its supporters, who are known to rally at Newroz celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Diyarbakır Newrozu'nda homofobik saldırı: LGBTİ+'lar Newroz tertip komitesini göreve çağırıyor |url=https://yesilgazete.org/diyarbakir-newrozunda-homofobik-saldiri-lgbtilar-newroz-tertip-komitesini-goreve-cagiriyor/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Önal |first=Barış |date=2023-03-23 |title=Diyarbakır Nevruz'unda Kürt Nazi saldırısı |url=https://tele1.com.tr/diyarbakir-nevruzunda-kurt-nazi-saldirisi-811026/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Tele1 |language=tr}}</ref> Many of the leftists and LGBT supporters were brutally beaten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mob attack on LGBTI+s during Diyarbakır Newroz celebrations |url=https://bianet.org/haber/mob-attack-on-lgbti-s-during-diyarbakir-newroz-celebrations-276158 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=bianet.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Americas ===
==== Brazil ====
{{Main|Nazism in Brazil}}
Several Brazilian neo-Nazi gangs appeared in the 1990s in [[South Region, Brazil|Southern]] and [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeastern Brazil]], regions with mostly white people, with their acts gaining more media coverage and public notoriety in the 2010s.<ref name="istoe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/28930_A+SOMBRA+DA+SUASTICA+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225120/https://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/28930_A+SOMBRA+DA+SUASTICA+ |title=To the shadow of the swastika: intolerance still ignites groups of young radicals who despise history, deny their own miscegenated race and threaten minorities|date=8 December 1999 |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instablogs.com/entry/the-growth-of-neo-nazi-movement-in-brazil/|title=The Growth of Neo Nazi Movement in Brazil|publisher=InstaBlogs – Global Community Viewpoint and Opinion|date=2008-06-21|access-date=29 April 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511194028/https://www.instablogs.com/entry/the-growth-of-neo-nazi-movement-in-brazil|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/organized-hate/400-brazil-lethal-infighting-among-neo-nazis-leads-to-police-raids-exposing-megalomaniacal-plans-for-qneulandq |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729221903/https://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/organized-hate/400-brazil-lethal-infighting-among-neo-nazis-leads-to-police-raids-exposing-megalomaniacal-plans-for-qneulandq |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-29 |title=Brazil: Lethal infighting among neo-Nazis leads to Police raids, exposing megalomaniacal plans for "Neuland" |publisher=Fighthatred.com |date=2010-03-22 |access-date=2013-06-18}}</ref><ref name="spgaypride">{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-12-05/neo-nazis-arrested-over-gay-parade-bombing/1170302 |title=neo-Nazis arrested over gay pride bombing in São Paulo |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=2013-06-18 |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229100911/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-12-05/neo-nazis-arrested-over-gay-parade-bombing/1170302 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some members of Brazilian neo-Nazi groups have been associated with [[football hooliganism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bigsoccer.com/forum/showthread.php?t=607386 |title=Grêmio neo-Nazi fans arrested for attempted murder after football match |publisher=Bigsoccer.com |access-date=2013-06-18 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181339/https://www.bigsoccer.com/threads/gremio-neo-nazi-fans-arrested-for-murder-attempt-on-grenal.607386/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their targets have included African, South American and Asian immigrants; Jews, [[Muslims]], [[Catholics]] and [[atheists]]; [[Afro-Brazilians]] and internal migrants with origins in the northern regions of Brazil (who are mostly [[Pardo|brown-skinned]] or Afro-Brazilian);<ref name="nizkor">{{cite web |title=The Skinhead International: Brazil |url=https://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/adl/skinhead-international/skins-brazil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717090457/https://nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/adl/skinhead-international/skins-brazil.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=29 April 2012 |publisher=nizkor.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paulopes.com.br/2011/07/neonazistas-atacam-em-sp-negros-e.html|title=Neo-Nazis in São Paulo: Blacks and Northeasterners, we will kill you!|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054056/https://www.paulopes.com.br/2011/07/neonazistas-atacam-em-sp-negros-e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Homelessness|homeless people]], [[Prostitution in Brazil|prostitutes]]; [[recreational drug use]]rs; [[Feminism|feminists]] and—more frequently reported in the media—gay people, [[bisexuals]], and [[transgender]] and [[Third gender|third-gender]] people.<ref name="spgaypride" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://americasouthandnorth.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/homophobia-is-not-just-a-neo-nazi-problem/ |title=Homophobia is not just a neo-Nazi problem in Latin America |publisher=Americasouthandnorth.wordpress.com |date=2012-04-03 |access-date=2013-06-18 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508031023/https://americasouthandnorth.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/homophobia-is-not-just-a-neo-nazi-problem/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kristian Jebsen |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/08/brazil-s-surge-in-violence-against-gays-is-just-getting-worse.html |title=Brazil's surge in violence against gays is just getting worse |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=2012-04-08 |access-date=2013-06-18 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609174849/https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/08/brazil-s-surge-in-violence-against-gays-is-just-getting-worse.html |url-status=live }}</ref> News of their attacks has played a role in debates about [[anti-discrimination laws in Brazil]] (including to some extent [[hate speech]] laws) and the issues of [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pt.globalvoices.org/2011/04/28/brasil-homofobia-religiao-e-politica/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613001903/https://pt.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/04/28/brasil-homofobia-religiao-e-politica/ |title=Brasil: Homofobia, Religião e Política|date=28 April 2011|archive-date=13 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogdacidadania.com.br/2011/04/sao-paulo-me-mata-de-vergonha/|title=São Paulo me mata de vergonha|date=9 April 2011|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221114304/https://blogdacidadania.com.br/2011/04/sao-paulo-me-mata-de-vergonha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plc122.com.br/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504053655/https://www.plc122.com.br/entenda-plc122/ |title=PLC122 – Informação Diaria|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{{Main|Neo-Nazism in Canada}}
Neo-Nazism in Canada began with the formation of the [[Canadian Nazi Party]] in 1965. In the 1970s and 1980s, neo-Nazism continued to spread in the country as organizations including the [[Western Guard Party]] and [[Creativity (religion)|Church of the Creator]] (later renamed ''Creativity'') promoted white supremacist ideals.<ref name= source2>{{cite web|url=https://www.nizkor.org/|title=Holocaust Educational Resource|publisher=nizkor.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629220918/https://www.nizkor.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Founded in the United States in 1973, Creativity calls for [[white people]] to wage [[Ben Klassen#Racial holy war|racial holy war]] (Rahowa) against Jews and other perceived enemies.<ref name= source14>{{cite journal | last1 = Berlet | first1 = Chip | last2 = Vysotsky | first2 = Stanislav | year = 2006 | title = Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups | journal = Journal of Political and Military Sociology | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 11–48}}</ref>

[[Don Andrews]] founded the [[Nationalist Party of Canada]] in 1977. The purported goals of the unregistered party are "the promotion and maintenance of European Heritage and Culture in Canada," but the party is known for anti-Semitism and racism. Many influential neo-Nazi Leaders, such as [[Wolfgang Droege]], were affiliated with the party, but many of its members left to join the [[Heritage Front]], which was founded in 1989.<ref name= source3/>

Droege founded the Heritage Front in [[Toronto]] at a time when leaders of the white supremacist movement were "disgruntled about the state of the radical right" and wanted to unite unorganized groups of white supremacists into an influential and efficient group with common objectives.<ref name= source3/> Plans for the organization began in September 1989, and the formation of the Heritage Front was formally announced a couple of months later in November. In the 1990s, [[George Burdi]] of [[Resistance Records]] and the band [[Rahowa (band)|Rahowa]] popularized the Creativity movement and the [[white power music]] scene.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hilliard | first1=R.L. | last2=Keith | first2=M.C. | title=Waves of Rancor: Tuning into the Radical Right | publisher=Taylor & Francis | date=2016 | isbn=978-1-315-50316-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oOTDAAAQBAJ | pages=220–221 | access-date=21 April 2022 | archive-date=21 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421044357/https://books.google.com/books?id=9oOTDAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 18, 2020, Toronto Police arrested 34-year-old Guilherme "William" Von Neutegem and charged him with the murder of Mohamed-Aslim Zafis. Zafis was the caretaker of a local mosque who was found dead with his throat cut. The Toronto Police Service said the killing is possibly connected to the stabbing murder of Rampreet Singh a few days prior a short distance from the spot where Zafis' murder took place. Von Neutegem is a member of the [[Order of Nine Angles]] and social media accounts established as belonging to him promote the group and included recordings of Von Neutegem performing satanic chants. In his home there was also an altar with the symbol of the O9A adorning a monolith.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.antihate.ca/suspect_stabbing_toronto_mosque_follow_hitler_worshiping_satanist_movement | title=Suspect In Fatal Stabbing Outside Toronto Mosque Appears To Follow Hitler-Worshipping Satanist Movement | work=Canadian Anti-Hate Network | date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> According to Evan Balgord of the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, they are aware of more O9A members in Canada and their affiliated organization Northern Order.<ref>{{cite news | date=October 5, 2020 | quote=Today, [O9A] adherents are infiltrating and influencing a new generation of neo-Nazi terrorist groups like Atomwaffen Division Canada [Northern Order] | url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2020/09/29/police-should-seek-expert-help-with-hate-crime-inspired-murder.html | title=Police should seek expert help with hate-crime inspired murder at Toronto mosque | newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/random-murder-of-muslim-man-linked-to-neo-nazi-death-cult-report/ | title='Random' Murder of Muslim Man Linked to 'Neo-Nazi Death Cult': Report | date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> [[Northern Order]] is a proscribed<ref>{{cite web|date=3 February 2021|title=Government of Canada lists 13 new groups as terrorist entities and completes review of seven others|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203182322/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2021/02/government-of-canada-lists-13-new-groups-as-terrorist-entities-and-completes-review-of-seven-others.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Government of Canada}}</ref> neo-Nazi terrorist organization in Canada. NO members have been arrested for trafficking explosives and firearms, and NO has active members of the Canadian Armed Forces as its members and even a member of the [[CJIRU]] was identified as a member.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2020/10/22/canadian-forces-investigates-after-mystery-man-in-secret-recording-claims-to-be-a-soldier-and-a-neo-nazi.html | title=Canadian Forces investigates after mystery man in secret recording claims to be a soldier – and a neo-Nazi | date=October 22, 2020 | work=[[The Toronto Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hilltimes.com/2020/11/09/integrated-national-security-efforts-that-include-more-stringent-security-screening-should-weed-out-violent-white-supremacists-in-the-canadian-military/270485 | title=Integrated national security efforts that include more stringent security screening should weed out violent white supremacists in Canadian military | date=November 9, 2020 | work=[[Hill Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.portalnovosti.com/fasisticka-braca | title=Fašistička braća (Fascist Brothers) | work=[[Novosti (Croatia)|Novosti]] | date=November 15, 2019 | access-date=November 15, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115161900/https://www.portalnovosti.com/fasisticka-braca | archive-date=November 15, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Controversy and dissention has left many Canadian neo-Nazi organizations dissolved or weakened.<ref name= source3>{{cite journal | last1 = Burstow | first1 = Bonnie | year = 2003 | title = Surviving and thriving by becoming more 'groupuscular': the case of the Heritage Front | journal = Patterns of Prejudice | volume = 37 | issue = 4| pages = 415–28 | doi=10.1080/0031322032000144492| s2cid = 143856285 }}</ref>

==== Chile ====
{{Main|Nazism in Chile}}
[[File:Flag of National Socialist Movement of Chile.png|thumb|Flag of the [[National Socialist Movement of Chile]]]]
After the dissolution of the [[National Socialist Movement of Chile]] (MNSCH) in 1938, notable former members of MNSCH migrated into [[Partido Agrario Laborista]] (PAL), obtaining high positions.<ref name=etche>Etchepare, Jaime Antonio; Stewart; Hamish I., "Nazism in Chile: A Particular Type of Fascism in South America". ''[[Journal of Contemporary History]]'' (1995).</ref> Not all former MNSCH members joined the PAL; some continued to form parties that followed the MNSCH model until 1952.<ref name=etche/> A new old-school Nazi party was formed in 1964 by school teacher Franz Pfeiffer.<ref name=etche/> Among the activities of this group were the organization of a ''Miss Nazi'' beauty contest and the formation of a Chilean branch of the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref name=etche/> The party disbanded in 1970. Pfeiffer attempted to restart it in 1983 in the wake of a wave of protests against the [[Chile under Pinochet|Augusto Pinochet regime]].<ref name=etche/>

[[Nicolás Palacios]] considered the "Chilean race" to be a mix of two bellicose master races: the [[Visigoth]]s of Spain and the [[Mapuche]] (Araucanians) of Chile.<ref name=palaciosmestizo>[[Nicolás Palacios|Palacios, Nicolás]], ''Raza Chilena'' (Editorial Chilena, 1918), pp. 35–36.</ref> Palacios traces the origins of the Spanish component of the "Chilean race" to the coast of the [[Baltic Sea]], specifically to [[Götaland]] in Sweden,<ref name=palaciosmestizo/> one of the supposed [[homeland]]s of the [[Goths]]. Palacios claimed that both the blonde-haired and the bronze-coloured Chilean [[Mestizo]] share a "moral physonomy" and a masculine psychology.<ref name=palaciospsico>[[Nicolás Palacios|Palacios, Nicolás]], ''Raza Chilena'' (Editorial Chilena, 1918), p. 37.</ref> He opposed immigration from Southern Europe, and argued that Mestizos who are derived from south Europeans lack "cerebral control" and are a social burden.<ref name=palacioslatino>[[Nicolás Palacios|Palacios, Nicolás]], ''Raza Chilena'' (Editorial Chilena, 1918), p. 41.</ref>

==== Costa Rica ====
Several fringe neo-Nazi groups have existed in [[Costa Rica]], some with online presence since around 2003.<ref name=nacion>{{cite news|title=Aparece grupo neonazi en Costa Rica|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/aparece-grupo-neonazi-en-costa-rica/2AZ6OMHZLVHZPAXJI5ZL6K3REY/story/|access-date=19 December 2018|work=La Nación|date=9 November 2003|language=es|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134526/https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/aparece-grupo-neonazi-en-costa-rica/2AZ6OMHZLVHZPAXJI5ZL6K3REY/story/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Brotes clandestinos |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/77741.html |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=El Universal |date=8 May 2012 |language=spanish |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716102053/https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/77741.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The groups normally target Jewish Costa Ricans, [[Afro-Costa Rican]]s, [[communism|Communists]], gay people and especially Nicaraguan and Colombian immigrants. In 2012 the media discovered the existence of a neo-Nazi police officer inside the [[Public Force of Costa Rica]], for which he was fired and would later commit suicide in April 2016 due to lack of job opportunities and threats from [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascists]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nacion.com/2012-04-16/Sucesos/null.aspx |title=Fuerza Pública investiga fotos de policía en Facebook – SUCESOS |newspaper=La Nación |date=2012-04-16 |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120702214252/https://www.nacion.com/2012-04-16/Sucesos/null.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Miranda|first1=Hulda|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Óscar|title=Policía cesado por usar símbolos nazis recoge chatarra para vivir|url=https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/seguridad/policia-cesado-por-usar-simbolos-nazis-recoge-chatarra-para-vivir/3V5LGA3SDVE6FJWK5IKCDZ5AIE/story/|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134426/https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/seguridad/policia-cesado-por-usar-simbolos-nazis-recoge-chatarra-para-vivir/3V5LGA3SDVE6FJWK5IKCDZ5AIE/story/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Expolicía nazi se quita la vida y deja un extenso mensaje|url=https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/288371/expolicia-nazi-se-quita-la-vida-y-deja-un-extenso-mensaje|access-date=19 December 2018|agency=Diario Extra|date=2 April 2016|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219135529/https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/288371/expolicia-nazi-se-quita-la-vida-y-deja-un-extenso-mensaje|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Miranda|first1=Hulda|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Óscar|last3=Solano|first3=Hugo|title=Expolicía despedido por ideología nazi se suicidó en su casa|url=https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/crimenes/expolicia-despedido-por-ideologia-nazi-se-suicido-en-su-casa/BC3SKOSNX5BEPA3V5FNLPUCIOU/story/|access-date=19 December 2018|agency=Nación.com|date=2 April 2016|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134603/https://www.nacion.com/sucesos/crimenes/expolicia-despedido-por-ideologia-nazi-se-suicido-en-su-casa/BC3SKOSNX5BEPA3V5FNLPUCIOU/story/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] asked the Costa Rican government to shut down a store in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] that sells Nazi paraphernalia, [[Holocaust denial]] books and other products associated with [[Nazism]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Centro Wiesenthal insta a Costa Rica a investigar tienda "nazi" en la capital|url=https://www.elpais.cr/2015/09/11/centro-wiesenthal-insta-a-costa-rica-a-investigar-tienda-nazi-en-la-capital/|access-date=25 May 2019|agency=EFE – El País|date=11 September 2015|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133502/https://www.elpais.cr/2015/09/11/centro-wiesenthal-insta-a-costa-rica-a-investigar-tienda-nazi-en-la-capital/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, a series of pages on the [[social network]] Facebook of neo-Nazi inclination openly or discreetly carried out a vast campaign instigating [[Xenophobia|xenophobic hatred]] by recycling old news or posting [[fake news]] to take advantage of an anti-immigrant sentiment after three homicides of tourists allegedly committed by migrants (although from one of the homicides the suspect is Costa Rican).<ref name="q">{{cite news |last1=Rico |title=44 arrested for xenophobic attacks against Nicaraguans in San José |url=https://qcostarica.com/44-arrested-for-xenophobic-attacks-against-nicaraguans-in-san-jose/ |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=QCosta Rica |date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825144617/https://qcostarica.com/44-arrested-for-xenophobic-attacks-against-nicaraguans-in-san-jose/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A rally against the country's migration policy was held on 19 August 2018, in which neo-Nazi and [[hooligans]] took part. Although not all participants were linked these groups and the majority of participants were peaceful, the protest turned violent and the [[Public Force of Costa Rica|Public Force]] intervened with 44 arrested (36 Costa Ricans and the rest Nicaraguans).<ref name="montreal">{{cite news |title=Costa Rica: symboles nazis lors d'une manifestation anti-migrants nicaraguayens |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/08/19/costa-rica-symboles-nazis-lors-dune-manifestation-anti-migrants-nicaraguayens |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=Journal de Montreal |date=19 August 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180903/https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/08/19/costa-rica-symboles-nazis-lors-dune-manifestation-anti-migrants-nicaraguayens |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Bryan|title='Neonazis' e integrantes de barras de fútbol participaron en agresiones a nicaragüenses|url=https://www.lateja.cr/nacional/neonazis-e-integrantes-de-barras-de-futbol/FBAUAQIYMJCIXPQVJSMY2R3WIM/story/|access-date=25 May 2019|agency=La Teja|date=18 August 2018|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525203201/https://www.lateja.cr/nacional/neonazis-e-integrantes-de-barras-de-futbol/FBAUAQIYMJCIXPQVJSMY2R3WIM/story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Authorities confiscated sharp weapons, [[Molotov cocktails]] and other items from the neo-Nazis, who also carried swastika flags.<ref name="dw">{{cite news |title=Costa Rica: violenta protesta contra inmigración nicaragüense |url=https://www.dw.com/es/costa-rica-violenta-protesta-contra-inmigraci%C3%B3n-nicarag%C3%BCense/a-45134202 |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=DW |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181039/https://www.dw.com/es/costa-rica-violenta-protesta-contra-inmigraci%C3%B3n-nicarag%C3%BCense/a-45134202 |url-status=live }}</ref> A subsequent anti-xenophobic march and solidarity with the Nicaraguan refugees was organized a week later with more assistance. A second anti-migration demonstration, with the explicit exclusion of neo-Nazis and hooligans, was carried out in September with similar assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Redaccion |title=Costa Rica marcha contra la xenofobia hacia los migrantes de Nicaragua que llegan al país huyendo de la crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45312167 |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=BBC Mundo |date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209130459/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45312167 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 Facebook pages of extreme right-wing tendencies and anti-immigration position as ''Deputy 58'', ''Costa Rican Resistance'' and ''Salvation Costa Rica'' called an anti-government demonstration on 1 May with small attendance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chinchilla|first1=Aarón|title=Ultranacionalistas costarricenses convocan marcha contra Gobierno en 1 de Mayo|url=https://elperiodicocr.com/ultranacionalistas-costarricenses-convocan-marcha-contra-gobierno-en-1-de-mayo/|access-date=24 June 2019|agency=El Periódico|date=30 April 2019|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624053752/https://elperiodicocr.com/ultranacionalistas-costarricenses-convocan-marcha-contra-gobierno-en-1-de-mayo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cartín|first1=Cristian|title=Llaman a concentrarse contra Carlos Alvarado|url=https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/388095/llaman-a-concentrarse--contra-carlos-alvarado|access-date=24 June 2019|agency=Diario Extra|date=30 April 2019|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624053752/https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/388095/llaman-a-concentrarse--contra-carlos-alvarado|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Peru====
Peru has been home to a handful of neo-Nazi groups, most notably the National Socialist Movement "Peru Awake", the National Socialist Tercios of New Castile, and the Peruvian National Socialist Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/unas-ocho-agrupaciones-afines-al-nazismo-captan-jovenes-pais_1-noticia-328657 |title=Unas Ocho Agrupaciones Afines Al Nazismo Captan a Jovenes en el Pais |date=16 August 2009 |website=El Comercio Sociedad |language=es |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lamula.pe/2014/10/08/peruanos-neonazis-y-paramilitares/manu.abelardo.gutti/ |title=Peruanos Neonazis y paramilitares |last=Gutti |first=Manuel Abelardo |date=8 October 2014 |language=es |website=Lamula |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182600/https://lamula.pe/2014/10/08/peruanos-neonazis-y-paramilitares/manu.abelardo.gutti/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/16/peru-nazi-party-leader-believes-conquistadors-jews |title=Peru's Nazi Party Leader Believes Even the Conquistadors were Jews |last=Collyns |first=Dan |date=16 August 2012 |website=The Guardian |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182836/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/16/peru-nazi-party-leader-believes-conquistadors-jews |url-status=live }}</ref>

====United States====
{{Further|Fascism in the United States|Radical right (United States)}}
[[File:National Socialist Movement Rally US Capitol.jpg|thumb|[[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] rally on the west lawn of the [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]], Washington, DC, 2008]]'''Statistics'''

In 2017, following the [[Charlottesville car attack]], an [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]/[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] poll found that 9% of Americans considered having neo-Nazi beliefs was acceptable, which back then amounted to some 22 million Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=1 in 10 say it's acceptable to hold neo-Nazi views (POLL) |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/28-approve-trumps-response-charlottesville-poll/story?id=49334079 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927140420/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/28-approve-trumps-response-charlottesville-poll/story?id=49334079 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |website=ABC News/Washington Post |quote=9 percent in a new ABC News/Washington Post poll call it acceptable to hold neo-Nazi or white supremacist views, equivalent to about 22 million Americans.}}</ref>

'''Ideology'''

The ideology of [[James H. Madole]], leader of the [[National Renaissance Party (United States)|National Renaissance Party]], was influenced by [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Blavatskian Theosophy]]. [[Helena Blavatsky]] developed a racial theory of [[evolution]], holding that the [[white race]] was the "fifth rootrace" called the [[Aryan Race]]. According to Blavatsky, Aryans had been preceded by Atlanteans who had perished in the flood that sunk the continent [[Atlantis]]. The three races that preceded the Atlanteans, in Blavatsky's view, were proto-humans; these were the [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemurians]], [[Hyperborea]]ns and the first Astral rootrace. It was on this foundation that Madole based his claims that the Aryan Race has been worshiped as "White Gods" since time immemorial and proposed a governance structure based on the Hindu [[Laws of Manu]] and its hierarchical [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C |title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity |date=2003 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0 |pages=79–81 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605020914/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C |archive-date=5 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Organizations and individuals'''

There are several neo-Nazi groups in the United States. The [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (NSM)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/us/11nazi.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all "Neo-Nazi Father Is Killed; Son, 10, Steeped in Beliefs, Is Accused"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706110149/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/us/11nazi.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |date=6 July 2018 }}. ''The New York Times''. 10 May 2011.</ref> was one of largest neo-Nazi organization in the US. NSM had 400 members at its peak but is now a fraction of it.<ref name="backgroundernsm">{{Cite web |title=The National Socialist Movement|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-movement |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.adl.org}}</ref> After World War II, new organizations formed with varying degrees of support for Nazi principles. The [[National States' Rights Party]], founded in 1958 by Edward Reed Fields and [[J. B. Stoner]], countered [[racial integration]] in the Southern United States with Nazi-inspired publications and iconography. The [[American Nazi Party]], founded by [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] in 1959, achieved high-profile coverage in the press through its public demonstrations.<ref>Kaplan, Jeffrey, ''[[Encyclopedia of White Power]]: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right'' (Rowman Altamira, 2000), pp. 1–3.</ref>

The [[Institute for Historical Review]], formed in 1978, is a [[Holocaust denial]] body associated with neo-Nazism.<ref name="ADL">[https://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/historical_review.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=ihr "Extremism in America: Institute for Historical Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115233810/https://www.adl.org/Learn/ext_us/historical_review.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=3&item=ihr|date=15 January 2013}}, [[Anti-Defamation League]]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref>

Groups like the terrorist group [[Atomwaffen Division]] grew after the [[Unite the Right rally]], recruiting those radicalized by its failure.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Centre]]|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/23/there-no-political-solution-accelerationism-white-power-movement|title='THERE IS NO POLITICAL SOLUTION': ACCELERATIONISM IN THE WHITE POWER MOVEMENT|date=30 October 2023|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208223018/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/06/23/there-no-political-solution-accelerationism-white-power-movement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 October 2023|quote=Overall, AWD’s popularity swelled following the ‘Unite the Right’ rally in Charlottesville, VA, in August 2017|url=https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Division-The-Evolution-of-the-White-Supremacy-Threat-August-2020-.pdf|work=[[Soufan Center]]|title=THE ATOMWAFFEN DIVISION: The Evolution of the White Supremacy Threat|access-date=October 31, 2023|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011211814/https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Atomwaffen-Division-The-Evolution-of-the-White-Supremacy-Threat-August-2020-.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 2022, famous rapper [[Kanye West]] stated that he identifies as a Nazi, denying the Holocaust and praising the policies of Adolf Hitler.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levin |first=Bess |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Kanye West, Donald Trump's Dining Companion, Tells Alex Jones, "I'm a Nazi," Lists Things He Loves About Hitler |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/kanye-west-alex-jones-donald-trump-hitler |access-date=December 5, 2022 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>

{{See also|Elon Musk#Accusations of antisemitism}}

In 2025, [[Elon Musk]] was widely criticized by governments, media outlets, and watchdog groups after making a gesture during a public speech that many interpreted as a Nazi salute, intensifying concerns about his association with extremist views and antisemitic conspiracy theories.<ref name="Condon 2025">{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Bernard |date=2025-01-21 |title=Musk's straight-arm gesture embraced by right-wing extremists regardless of what he meant |url=https://apnews.com/article/musk-gesture-salute-antisemitism-0070dae53c7a73397b104ae645877535 |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

'''Between freedom of speech and national security threats'''

The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]], which the courts have interpreted very broadly to include [[hate speech]], severely limiting the government's authority to suppress it.<ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist, and antisemitic views. A landmark First Amendment case was ''[[National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie]]'', in which neo-Nazis threatened to march in a predominantly Jewish suburb of Chicago. The march never took place in Skokie, but the court ruling allowed the neo-Nazis to stage a series of demonstrations in Chicago.

Organizations which report upon neo-Nazi activities in the U.S., which may involve attacking and harassing minorities, include the American organizations [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>''American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate'' By Pete Simi, Robert Futrell, p. 137</ref>

In 2020, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] reclassified neo-Nazis to the same threat level as ISIS. [[Christopher A. Wray|Chris Wray]], the [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]], stated "Not only is the terror threat diverse, it's unrelenting."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-fbi-just-put-white-nationalists-and-neo-nazis-on-the-same-threat-level-as-isis/|title=The FBI Just Put White Nationalists and Neo-Nazis on the Same Threat Level as ISIS|last=Owen|first=Tess|date=2020-02-06|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000119/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/3a8awn/the-fbi-just-put-white-nationalists-and-neo-nazis-on-the-same-threat-level-as-isis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-neo-nazi-isis-us-terror-threat-level-trump-a9323786.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/fbi-neo-nazi-isis-us-terror-threat-level-trump-a9323786.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=FBI raises neo-Nazi threat level to same as Isis
|author=Alex Woodward|date=2020-02-07|work=The Independent}}</ref>

==== Uruguay ====
In 1998, a group of people belonging to the "Joseph Goebbels Movement" tried to burn down a synagogue, which also served as a Hebrew school, in the Pocitos neighborhood of [[Montevideo]] in Uruguay; an [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] pamphlet signed by the group was found in the building after the quick action of firefighters saved it. Another group, the racist and antisemitic neo-Nazi {{lang|de|Euroamerikaners}} group, founded in 1996, said when they were interviewed by the newspaper ''La República de Montevideo'' that they had no involvement with the attack on the synagogue, but revealed that they maintain contacts with a group called {{lang|es|Poder Blanco}} ("White Power"), also Uruguayan, as well as with neo-Nazi groups from [[Argentina]] and several European countries. Through the Internet they have received the solidarity of the ''Patria'' pro-fascist group, based in Spain. They also said that in the city of [[Canelones, Uruguay]], fifty kilometers from Montevideo, there is a clandestine "[[Aryan Christianity|Aryan church]]" which uses rituals taken from the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. The {{lang|de|Euroamerikaners}} declared that they did not tolerate interracial or gay couples. One of the militants said in the interview that "... if we see a black man with a white woman, we break them up ...". Other neo-Nazi incidents in Uruguay in 1998 included the bombing of a Jewish-owned small business in February, which injured two people, and the appearance of posters celebrating the anniversary of Hitler's birthday in April.<ref name=clarin>{{cite news|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=Preocupa un avance neonazi en Uruguay|url=https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/preocupa-avance-neonazi-uruguay_0_SJXbmp1J8hx.html|date=23 June 1998|newspaper=Clarín|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028004717/https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/preocupa-avance-neonazi-uruguay_0_SJXbmp1J8hx.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
==== South Africa ====
Several groups in South Africa, such as {{Lang|af|[[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]]|italic=no}} and [[Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging]], have often been described as neo-Nazi.<ref name="afrikaner">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/|title=South Africa's neo-Nazis drop revenge vow|publisher=CNN|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206053338/https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Eugène Terre'Blanche]] was a prominent South African neo-Nazi leader who was murdered in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/eugegravene-terreblanche-leader-of-the-far-right-awb-party-who-led-the-resistance-to-majority-rule-1936550.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/eugegravene-terreblanche-leader-of-the-far-right-awb-party-who-led-the-resistance-to-majority-rule-1936550.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Eugène Terre'Blanche: Leader of the far-right AWB party who led|website=[[The Independent]]|date=6 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
[[File:National Socialist Network protest, March 2023.png|thumb|250px|Members of the [[National Socialist Network]] doing [[Nazi salutes]] on 18 March 2023]]
There were a number of now-defunct Australian neo-Nazi groups, such as the [[Australian National Socialist Party]] (ANSP), which was formed in 1962 and merged into the [[National Socialist Party of Australia]] (1968–1970s), originally a splinter group, in 1968,<ref name="Henderson 76">{{cite journal|jstor=27516076|title=Frank Browne and the Neo-Nazis|last=Henderson|first=Peter|journal=Labour History|date=November 2005|number=89|page=76|doi=10.2307/27516076}}</ref> and [[Jack van Tongeren]]'s Australian Nationalist Movement.<ref name="Henderson 76"/>

The [[National Socialist Network]] (NSN) is an Australian neo-Nazi political organisation formed from two far-right organisations, the [[Lads Society]] and the [[Antipodean Resistance]], in 2020.

White supremacist organisations active in Australia as of 2016 included local chapters of the Aryan Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.com.au/national/crime/murder-shines-spotlight-on-australias-white-supremacist-subculture/news-story/0243f471b2174953d839946f85bab29b|title=Subculture of hate turns deadly|date=16 May 2016|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221114302/https://www.news.com.au/national/crime/murder-shines-spotlight-on-australias-white-supremacist-subculture/news-story/0243f471b2174953d839946f85bab29b|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Blair Cottrell]], former leader of the [[United Patriots Front]], has tried to distance himself from neo-Nazism, but he has nevertheless been accused of expressing "pro-Nazi views".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/blair-cottrell-leader-of-aussie-patriots-upf-wanted-hitler-in-the-classroom-20151016-gkbbvz.html|title=Blair Cottrell, rising anti-Islam movement leader, wanted Hitler in the classroom|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161935/https://www.smh.com.au/national/blair-cottrell-leader-of-aussie-patriots-upf-wanted-hitler-in-the-classroom-20151016-gkbbvz.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] director [[Mike Burgess (intelligence chief)|Mike Burgess]] said in February 2020 that neo-Nazis pose a "real threat" to Australia's security. Burgess maintained that there is a growing threat from the extreme right, and that its supporters "regularly meet to salute Nazi flags, inspect weapons, train in combat and share their hateful ideology".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51621679|title=Australia intelligence chief warns of neo-Nazi threat|publisher=BBC News|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228042047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51621679|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, the Australian state [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] banned display of the swastika symbol. Under the new law, individuals who intentionally exhibit the symbol may face up to a year in jail or a A$22,000 (£12,300; $15,000) fine. The state of Victoria already has laws against hate speech, but they have been criticized for having weaknesses. The call for reform of these laws grew stronger in 2020 when a couple flew a swastika flag over their home, causing outrage in the community."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=Swastika: Victoria bans display of Nazi symbol in Australian first |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-61890577 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref>

In New Zealand, historical neo-Nazi organisations include [[Unit 88]]<ref>Mager, Darrel (29 June 2000) [https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/klan-claims-to-have-room-for-maori/4HBLLMVOFSLZKZJSMG7P2L5WEQ/ "Klan claims to have room for Maori"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122032930/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/klan-claims-to-have-room-for-maori/4HBLLMVOFSLZKZJSMG7P2L5WEQ/ |date=22 January 2021 }} ''[[New Zealand Herald]]''</ref> and the [[National Socialist Party of New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/28190/national-socialist-party-poster|title=National Socialist Party poster|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129053518/https://teara.govt.nz/en/ephemera/28190/national-socialist-party-poster|url-status=live}}</ref> White nationalist organisations such as the [[New Zealand National Front]] and [[Action Zealandia]] have faced accusations of neo-Nazism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0504/S00213.htm|title=National Front Cannot Deny Nazi Links Anymore (press release)|date=18 April 2005|author=Fight Dem Back|publisher=[[Scoop Media]]|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522050151/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0504/S00213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* {{Annotated link |Alt-right}}
* ''[[The Believer (2001 film)|The Believer]]''{{snd}}2001 film by Henry Bean
* ''[[The Daily Stormer]]''{{snd}}US neo-Nazi commentary & message board
* {{Annotated link |Far-right subcultures}}
* {{Annotated link |Nipster}}
* {{Annotated link |Skinhead}}
* {{Annotated link |White nationalism}}
* {{Annotated link |White supremacy}}
* [[White separatism]]{{snd}}Apartheid-type ideology
* [[List of neo-Nazi bands]]
* [[List of neo-Nazi organizations]]
* [[List of white nationalist organizations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
'''Informational notes'''
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
::'''Primary sources'''
* ''[[Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics|Imperium]]'' by [[Francis Parker Yockey]] (using the pen name Ulick Varange, 1947, {{ISBN|0-911038-10-8}})
* ''[[The Lightning and the Sun]]'' by [[Savitri Devi]], (1958 (written 1948–56); {{ISBN|0-937944-14-9}})
* ''White Power'' by [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] (1967; John McLaughlin, 1996, {{ISBN|0-9656492-8-8}})
* ''This Time The World'' by [[George Lincoln Rockwell]] (1961; Liberty Bell Publications, 2004, {{ISBN|1-59364-014-5}})
* ''[[National Socialism: Vanguard of the Future]], Selected Writings of [[Colin Jordan]]'' ({{ISBN|87-87063-40-9}})
* ''Merrie England – 2000'' by [[Colin Jordan]]
* ''[[The Turner Diaries]]'' by [[William Luther Pierce|William Pierce]] (under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald), novel (1978, {{ISBN|1-56980-086-3}}) .
* ''[[Siege (Mason book)|Siege]]: The Collected Writings of [[James Mason (National Socialist)|James Mason]]'' edited and introduced by [[Michael M. Jenkins]] (Storm Books, 1992) or introduced by Ryan Schuster (Black Sun Publications, {{ISBN|0-9724408-0-1}})
* ''[[Hunter (Pierce novel)|Hunter]]'' by [[William Luther Pierce|William Pierce]] (under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald), novel (National Vanguard Books, 1984, {{ISBN|0-937944-09-2}})
* ''Faith of the Future'' by [[Matt Koehl]] ([[New Order (publisher)|New Order]]; Rev edition, 1995, {{ISBN|0-9648533-0-2}})
* ''[[Serpent's Walk]]'' by Randolph D. Calverhall (pseudonym), novel (National Vanguard Books, 1991, {{ISBN|0-937944-05-X}})
* ''[[The Nexus (journal)|The Nexus]]'' periodical edited by [[Kerry Bolton]]
* ''Deceived, Damned & Defiant – The Revolutionary Writings of David Lane'' by [[David Lane (white nationalist)|David Lane]], foreword by Ron McVan, preface by [[Katja Lane]] (Fourteen Word Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-9678123-2-1}})
* ''Resistance Magazine'' published by National Vanguard Books
{{refend}}

{{refbegin|35em}}
::'''Academic surveys'''
* ''[[The Beast Reawakens]]'' by Martin A. Lee, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997, {{ISBN|0-316-51959-6}})
* ''[[Fascism (book)|Fascism]]'' (Oxford Readers) by [[Roger Griffin]] (1995, {{ISBN|0-19-289249-5}})
* ''[[Beyond Eagle and Swastika]]: German nationalism since 1945'' by Kurt P. Tauber ([[Wesleyan University]] Press; [1st ed.] edition, 1967)
* ''[[Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890]]'' edited by [[Philip Rees]], (1991, {{ISBN|0-13-089301-3}})
* ''[[Hitler's Priestess]]: [[Savitri Devi]], the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism'' by [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]] (1998, {{ISBN|0-8147-3111-2}} and {{ISBN|0-8147-3110-4}})
* ''Dreamer of the Day: [[Francis Parker Yockey]] and the Postwar Fascist International'' by Kevin Coogan, (Autonomedia, Brooklyn, NY 1998, {{ISBN|1-57027-039-2}})
* ''Hate: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party'' by William H. Schmaltz (Potomac Books, 2000, {{ISBN|1-57488-262-7}})
* ''American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party'' by Frederick J. Simonelli ([[University of Illinois Press]], 1999, {{ISBN|0-252-02285-8}})
* ''Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985'' by Richard C. Thurlow (Olympic Marketing Corp, 1987, {{ISBN|0-631-13618-5}})
* ''[[Fascism Today]]: A World Survey'' by Angelo Del Boca and Mario Giovana (Pantheon Books, 1st American edition, 1969)
* ''Germany's New Nazis'' by the [[Anglo-Jewish Association]] (Jewish Chronicle Publications, 1951)
* ''The New Germany and the Old Nazis'' by [[Tete Harens Tetens]] (Random House, 1961)
* ''Swastika and the Eagle: Neo-Nazism in America Today'' by Clifford L Linedecker (A & W Pub, 1982, {{ISBN|0-89479-100-1}})
* ''The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground'' by [[Kevin Flynn (author)|Kevin Flynn]] and Gary Gerhardt (Signet Book; Reprint edition, 1995, {{ISBN|0-451-16786-4}})
* ''"White Power, White Pride!": The White Separatist Movement in the United States'' by Betty A. Dobratz with Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile (hardcover, Twayne Publishers, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8057-3865-7}}); a.k.a. ''The White Separatist Movement in the United States: White Power White Pride'' (paperback, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-8018-6537-9}})
* ''[[Encyclopedia of White Power]]: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right'' by [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] (Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, 2000, {{ISBN|0-7425-0340-2}})
* ''[[Blood in the Face]]: The [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[Aryan Nations]], [[White power skinhead|Nazi Skinheads]], and the Rise of a New White Culture'' by [[James Ridgeway]] (Thunder's Mouth Press; 2nd edition, 1995, {{ISBN|1-56025-100-X}})
* ''A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo-Nazi Movement in America'' by Elinor Langer (Metropolitan Books, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8050-5098-1}})
* ''[[The Racist Mind]]: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen'' by Raphael S. Ezekiel (Penguin (Non-Classics); Reprint edition, 1996, {{ISBN|0-14-023449-7}})
* ''[[Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)|Black Sun]]: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity'' by [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]] (2001, {{ISBN|0-8147-3155-4}})
* ''Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe'' by Paul Hockenos (Routledge; Reprint edition, 1994, {{ISBN|0-415-91058-7}})
* ''The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today'' by Geoff Harris, ([[Edinburgh University]] Press; New edition, 1994, {{ISBN|0-7486-0466-9}})
* ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' by Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (Longman Publishing Group; 2nd edition, 1995, {{ISBN|0-582-23881-1}})
* ''[[The Radical Right in Western Europe]]: A Comparative Analysis'' by Herbert Kitschelt (University of Michigan Press; Reprint edition, 1997, {{ISBN|0-472-08441-0}})
* ''Shadows Over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe'' edited by Martin Schain, Aristide Zolberg, and Patrick Hossay (Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2002, {{ISBN|0-312-29593-6}})
* ''[[The Fame of a Dead Man's Deeds]]: An Up-Close Portrait of White Nationalist William Pierce'' by [[Robert S. Griffin]] (Authorhouse, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7596-0933-0}})
* ''[[Nation and Race]]: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture'' by Jeffrey Kaplan, Tore Bjorgo (Northeastern University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|1-55553-331-0}})
* ''Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism'' by Mattias Gardell (Duke University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8223-3071-7}})
* ''The Nazi conception of law (Oxford pamphlets on world affairs)'' by J. Walter Jones, Clarendon (1939)
* {{cite EJ |author=Hearst, Ernest |author2=Chip Berlet |author3=Jack Porter|title=Neo-Nazism|volume=15|pages=74–82}}
* {{cite book |author=Goodrick-Clark, Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity|year=2002 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0 |oclc = 47665567 |title-link=Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)}}
* {{cite book |author=Blee, Kathleen |author-link=Kathleen M. Blee |title=Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/insideorganizedr00kath |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, California; London |isbn=978-0-520-24055-1 |oclc=52566455 }}
{{refend|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/neo-nazism Neo-Nazism] at [[Jewish Virtual Library]]

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