Editing Necronomicon

{{Short description|Fictional textbook of magic in stories by H. P. Lovecraft}}
{{About|a fictional book|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{italic title}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:H.P. Lovecraft statue in Providence, RI sculpted by artist Gage Prentiss. Photo by David Lepage.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[H. P. Lovecraft]], the author who created the ''Necronomicon'' as a fictional grimoire and featured it in many of his stories]]

The '''''Necronomicon''''', also referred to as the '''''Book of the Dead''''', or under a purported original [[Arabic]] title of ''{{transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Azif}}'', is a [[Fictional book|fictional]] [[grimoire]] (textbook of magic) appearing in stories by the [[horror fiction|horror]] writer [[H. P. Lovecraft]] and his followers. It was first mentioned in Lovecraft's [[1924 in literature|1924]]<!--ORIG. PUB. WEIRD TALES FEB. 1924--> short story "[[The Hound]]",<ref>[http://www.yankeeclassic.com/miskatonic/library/stacks/literature/lovecraft/stories/hound.htm "The Hound", by H. P. Lovecraft] Published February 1924 in "Weird Tales". YankeeClassic.com. Retrieved on January 31, 2009</ref> written in 1922, though its purported author, the "Mad [[Arabs|Arab]]" Abdul Alhazred, had been quoted a year earlier in Lovecraft's "[[The Nameless City]]".<ref>Though it has been argued that an unnamed copy of the ''Necronomicon'' appears in the 1919 story "[[The Statement of Randolph Carter]]", [[S. T. Joshi]] points out that the text in question was "written in characters whose like (narrator [[Randolph Carter]]) never saw elsewhere"&mdash;which would not describe any known edition of the ''Necronomicon'', including the one in Arabic, a language Carter was familiar with. S. T. Joshi, "Afterword", ''History of the Necronomicon'', Necronomicon Press.</ref> Among other things, the work contains an account of the [[Cthulhu Mythos deities|Old Ones]], their history, and the means for summoning them.

Other authors such as [[August Derleth]] and [[Clark Ashton Smith]] also cited the ''Necronomicon'' in their works. Lovecraft approved of other writers building on his work, believing such common allusions built up "a background of evil [[verisimilitude]]". Many readers have believed it to be a real work, with booksellers and librarians receiving many requests for it; pranksters have listed it in rare book catalogues, and a student smuggled a card for it into the [[card catalog]] of the [[Yale University Library]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers |last=Sprague de Camp, L. |author-link=L. Sprague de Camp |publisher=[[Arkham House]] |isbn=0-87054-076-9 |location=[[Sauk City, Wisconsin]] |pages=100–01|title-link=Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers |year=1976 }}</ref>

Capitalizing on the notoriety of the fictional volume, real-life publishers have printed many books entitled ''{{transliteration|grc|Necronomicon}}'' since Lovecraft's death.

==Origin and etymology==
How Lovecraft conceived the name ''{{transliteration|grc|Necronomicon}}'' is not clear—Lovecraft said that the title came to him in a dream.<ref name="HPLA-letters">{{cite web |url=http://www.hplovecraft.com/creation/necron/letters.aspx |title=Quotes Regarding the Necronomicon from Lovecraft's Letters |date=April 13, 2004 |website=www.hplovecraft.com |publisher=Donovan K. Loucks}}</ref> Although some have suggested that Lovecraft was influenced primarily by [[Robert W. Chambers]]' collection of short stories ''[[The King in Yellow]]'', which centers on a mysterious and disturbing play in book form, Lovecraft is not believed to have read that work until 1927.<ref>Joshi & Schultz, "Chambers, Robert William", ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'', p. 38</ref>

Donald R. Burleson has argued that the idea for the book was derived from [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], though Lovecraft himself noted that "mouldy hidden manuscripts" were one of the stock features of [[Gothic literature]].<ref>Joshi, "Afterword".</ref>

Lovecraft wrote<ref>H. P. Lovecraft: ''Selected Letters V'', 418</ref> that the title, as translated from the [[Greek language]], meant "an image of the law of the dead", compounded respectively from {{lang|grc|νεκρός}} ''{{transliteration|grc|nekros}}'' "dead", {{lang|grc|νόμος}} ''{{transliteration|grc|nomos}}'' "law", and {{lang|grc|εἰκών}} ''{{transliteration|grc|eikon}}'' "image".<ref>{{LSJ|nekro/s|νεκρός}}, {{LSJ|no/mos2|νόμος}}, {{LSJ|ei)kw/n|εἰκών|ref}}.</ref> [[Robert M. Price]] notes that the title has been variously translated by others as "Book of the names of the dead", "Book of the laws of the dead", "Book of dead names" and "Knower of the laws of the dead".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} S. T. Joshi states that Lovecraft's own etymology is "almost entirely unsound. The last portion of it is particularly erroneous, since ''{{transliteration|grc|-ikon}}'' is nothing more than a neuter adjectival suffix and has nothing to do with ''{{transliteration|grc|eikõn}}'' (image)." Joshi translates the title as "Book considering (or classifying) the dead".<ref>Joshi, S.T. ''The Rise and Fall of the Cthulhu Mythos'' (Mythos Books, 2008) pp. 34-35.</ref>

Lovecraft was often asked about the veracity of the ''{{transliteration|grc|Necronomicon}}'', and always answered that it was completely his invention. In a letter to [[Willis Conover]], Lovecraft elaborated upon his typical answer:

<blockquote>Now about the "terrible and forbidden books"—I am forced to say that most of them are purely imaginary. There never was any Abdul Alhazred or ''{{transliteration|grc|Necronomicon}}'', for I invented these names myself. [[Robert Bloch]] devised the idea of Ludvig Prinn and his ''[[De Vermis Mysteriis]]'', while the ''[[Book of Eibon]]'' is an invention of Clark Ashton Smith's. [[Robert E. Howard]] is responsible for Friedrich von Junzt and his ''[[Unaussprechlichen Kulten]]''.... As for seriously-written books on dark, occult, and supernatural themes—in all truth they don't amount to much. That is why it's more fun to invent mythical works like the ''{{transliteration|grc|Necronomicon}}'' and ''Book of Eibon''.<ref name="HPLA-letters" /></blockquote>

Reinforcing the book's fictionalization, the name of the book's supposed author, Abdul Alhazred, is not even a grammatically correct [[Arabic name]]. What is transliterated as "Abdul" in English is actually a noun in the nominative form ''ʿabdu'' ({{lang|ar|عَبْدُ}}, "servant") and the definite article ''al-'' ({{lang|ar|الـ}}) and amounts to "servant of the" with the article actually being part of the second noun in the construct, which in this case is supposed to be "Alhazred" (traditional Arabic names do not follow the modern first name-surname format). But "Alhazred", even if considered as a corruption of ''al-ḥaḍrāt'' ({{lang|ar|حَضْرَات}}, "the presences") though it seems unlikely, itself is a definite noun (i.e., a noun prefixed by the definite article) and thus "Abdul Alhazred" could not possibly be a real Arabic name.<ref>Petersen, Sandy & Lynn Willis. ''Call of Cthulhu'', p. 189.</ref> Lovecraft first used the name "Abdul Alhazred" as a pseudonym he gave himself as a five-year-old,<ref>Graham Harman, ''Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy'', pp. 107–108, John Hunt Publishing, 2012 {{ISBN|1780999070}}</ref> and very likely mistook "Abdul" to be a first name while inventing "Alhazred" as an Arabic-sounding surname.

==Fictional history==
[[File:History of the Necronomicon.jpg|thumb|First page of the manuscript of ''History of the Necronomicon'' by Lovecraft]]
In 1927, Lovecraft wrote a brief fictitious history of the ''Necronomicon''. This fictitious history was published in 1938, after his death, as "[[History of the Necronomicon|History of the ''Necronomicon'']]". According to this account, the book was originally called ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Azif}}'', an Arabic word that Lovecraft defined as "that nocturnal sound (made by insects) supposed to be the howling of demons", drawing on a footnote by Rev. [[Samuel Henley]] in Henley's translation of ''[[Vathek]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories |last=H.P. Lovecraft |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1999 |isbn=0141182342 |editor-last=S.T. Joshi |page=380}}</ref> Henley, commenting upon a passage which he translated as "those nocturnal insects which presage evil", alluded to the diabolic legend of [[Beelzebub]], "Lord of the Flies" and to [[Psalm 91]]:5, which in some 16th century English Bibles (such as [[Myles Coverdale]]'s 1535 translation) describes "bugges by night" where later translations render "terror by night".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vathek; An Arabian Tale |last=William Beckford |publisher=William Tegg |year=1868 |editor-last=Samuel Henley |page=144}}</ref> One Arabic/English dictionary translates ''{{transliteration|ar|`Azīf}}'' ({{lang|ar|عزيف}}) as "whistling (of the wind); weird sound or noise".<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |last=Hans Wehr |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1979 |isbn=3447020024 |editor-last=J.M. Cowan |edition=4th |page=714}}</ref> Gabriel Oussani defined it as "the eerie sound of the [[jinn]] in the wilderness".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oussani |first=Gabriel |date=1906–1907 |title=The XIVth Chapter of Genesis |journal=The New York Review |volume=II |page=217}}</ref> The tradition of ''{{transliteration|ar|`azif al jinn}}'' ({{lang|ar|عزيف الجن}}) is linked to the phenomenon of "[[singing sand]]".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Desert Travel as a Form of Boasting: A Study of D̲ū R-Rumma's Poetry |last=Papoutsakis |first=Nefeli |date=2009 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447061124 |page=60}}</ref>

In the "History", Alhazred is said to have been a "half-crazed Arab" who worshipped the Lovecraftian entities [[Yog-Sothoth]] and [[Cthulhu]] in the early 700s CE. He is described as being from [[Sanaa|Sanaá]] in [[Yemen]]. He visited the ruins of [[Babylon]], the "subterranean secrets" of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] and the [[Empty Quarter]] of [[Arabia]]. In his last years, he lived in [[Damascus]], where he wrote ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Azif}}'' before his sudden and mysterious death in 738, which, according to [[Ibn Khallikan]], happened when he was "seized by an invisible monster in broad daylight and devoured horribly before a large number of fright-frozen witnesses". In subsequent years, Lovecraft wrote, the ''{{transliteration|ar|Azif}}'' "gained considerable, though surreptitious circulation amongst the philosophers of the age." In 950, it was translated into [[Greek language|Greek]] and given the title ''Necronomicon'' by Theodorus Philetas, a fictional scholar from [[Constantinople]]. This version "impelled certain experimenters to terrible attempts" before being "[[Book censorship|suppressed]] and [[Book burning|burnt]]" in 1050 by [[Michael I Cerularius|Patriarch Michael]] (a historical figure who died in 1059).<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/hn.aspx |title=The History of the Necronomicon |last=Lovecraft |first=H. P. |date=August 20, 2009 |website=www.hplovecraft.com |publisher=Donovan K. Loucks |access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref>

After this attempted suppression, the work was "only heard of furtively" until it was translated from Greek into [[Latin]] by [[Ole Worm|Olaus Wormius]]. (Lovecraft gives the date of this edition as 1228, though the real-life Danish scholar [[Ole Worm|Olaus Wormius]] lived from 1588 to 1654.) Both the Latin and Greek text, the "History" relates, were banned by [[Pope Gregory IX]] in 1232, though Latin editions were apparently published in 15th century [[Germany]] and 17th century [[Spain]]. A Greek edition was printed in [[Italy]] in the first half of the 16th century. The [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] magician [[John Dee (mathematician)|John Dee]] (1527 &ndash; {{Circa|1609}}) allegedly translated the book&mdash;presumably into English&mdash;but Lovecraft wrote that this version was never printed and only fragments survive.<ref name="auto"/>

According to Lovecraft, the Arabic version of ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Azif}}'' had already disappeared by the time the Greek version was banned in 1050, though he cites "a vague account of a secret copy appearing in San Francisco during the current [20th] century" that "later perished in fire". The Greek version, he writes, has not been reported "since the burning of a certain [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] man's library in 1692", an apparent reference to the [[Salem witch trials]]. (In the story "The Diary of Alonzo Typer", the character Alonzo Typer finds a Greek copy.) According to "History of the ''Necronomicon''" the very act of studying the text is inherently dangerous, as those who attempt to master its arcane knowledge generally meet terrible ends.<ref name="auto"/>

==Appearance and contents==
{{Redirect|That is not dead which can eternal lie|the book by Darrell Schweitzer|That Is Not Dead}}
The ''Necronomicon'' is mentioned in a number of Lovecraft's short stories and in his novellas ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' and ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]''. However, despite frequent references to the book, Lovecraft was very sparing of details about its appearance and contents. He once wrote that "if anyone were to try to write the ''Necronomicon'', it would disappoint all those who have shuddered at cryptic references to it."<ref>Letter to Jim Blish and William Miller, Jr., quoted in Joshi, "Afterword".</ref>

In [[The Nameless City|"The Nameless City" (1921)]], a rhyming [[couplet]] that appears at two points in the story is ascribed to Abdul Alhazred:

<blockquote><poem>That is not dead which can eternal lie.
And with strange aeons even death may die.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/nc.aspx |title="The Nameless City" by H. P. Lovecraft |date=20 August 2009 |website=www.hplovecraft.com |publisher=Donovan K. Loucks |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

The same couplet appears in "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" ([[1928 in literature|1928]]), where it is identified as a quotation from the ''Necronomicon''. This "much-discussed" couplet, as Lovecraft calls it in the latter story, has also been quoted in works by other authors, including [[Brian Lumley]]'s ''The Burrowers Beneath'', which adds a long paragraph preceding the couplet.

In his story "[[History of the Necronomicon|History of the ''Necronomicon'']]", Lovecraft states that it is rumored that artist R. U. Pickman (from his story "[[Pickman's Model]]") owned a Greek translation of the text, but it vanished along with the artist in early 1926.

The ''Necronomicon'' is undoubtedly a substantial text, as indicated by its description in "[[The Dunwich Horror]]" ([[1929 in literature|1929]]). In the story, [[Wilbur Whateley]] visits [[Miskatonic University]]'s library to consult the "unabridged" version of the ''Necronomicon'' for a spell that would have appeared on the 751st page of his own inherited, but defective, Dee edition. The ''Necronomicon'' introduces the incantation with this passage:

<blockquote>Nor is it to be thought...that man is either the oldest or the last of earth's masters, or that the common bulk of life and substance walks alone. The [[Great Old Ones|Old Ones]] were, the Old Ones are, and the Old Ones shall be. Not in the spaces we know, but between them, they walk serene and primal, undimensioned and to us unseen. [[Yog-Sothoth]] knows the gate. Yog-Sothoth is the gate. Yog-Sothoth is the key and guardian of the gate. Past, present, future, all are one in Yog-Sothoth. He knows where the Old Ones broke through of old, and where They shall break through again. He knows where They had trod earth's fields, and where They still tread them, and why no one can behold Them as They tread. By Their smell can men sometimes know Them near, but of Their semblance can no man know, saving only in the features of those They have begotten on mankind; and of those are there many sorts, differing in likeness from man's truest eidolon to that shape without sight or substance which is Them. They walk unseen and foul in lonely places where the Words have been spoken and the Rites howled through at their Seasons. The wind gibbers with Their voices, and the earth mutters with Their consciousness. They bend the forest and crush the city, yet may not forest or city behold the hand that smites. [[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath|Kadath]] in the cold waste hath known Them, and what man knows Kadath? The ice desert of the South and the sunken isles of Ocean hold stones whereon Their seal is engraven, but who hath seen the deep frozen city or the sealed tower long garlanded with seaweed and barnacles? Great [[Cthulhu]] is Their cousin, yet can he spy Them only dimly. Iä! [[Shub-Niggurath]]! As a foulness shall ye know Them. Their hand is at your throats, yet ye see Them not; and Their habitation is even one with your guarded threshold. [[Yog-Sothoth]] is the key to the gate, whereby the spheres meet. Man rules now where They ruled once; They shall soon rule where man rules now. After summer is winter, after winter summer. They wait patient and potent, for here shall They reign again.</blockquote>

The ''Necronomicon''{{'}}s appearance and physical dimensions are not clearly stated in Lovecraft's work. Other than the obvious [[black letter]] editions, it is commonly portrayed as bound in leather of various types and having metal clasps. Moreover, editions are sometimes disguised. In ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'', for example, John Merrit pulls down a book labelled ''[[Qanoon-e-Islam]]'' from [[Cthulhu Mythos biographies#Curwen, Joseph|Joseph Curwen]]'s bookshelf and discovers to his disquiet that it is actually the ''Necronomicon''.

Many commercially available versions of the book fail to include any of the contents that Lovecraft describes. The [[Simon Necronomicon|Simon ''Necronomicon'']] in particular has been criticized for this.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080603151048/http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/16/69/ The Simon ''Necronomicon''], a review.</ref>

==Locations==
According to Lovecraft's "History of the ''Necronomicon''", copies of the original ''Necronomicon'' were held by only five institutions worldwide:

* The [[British Museum]]
* The [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]
* [[Widener Library]] of [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
* The [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|University of Buenos Aires]]
* The library of the fictional [[Miskatonic University]] in the also fictitious [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]

The Miskatonic University also holds the Latin translation by Olaus Wormius, printed in [[Spain]] in the 17th century.

Other copies, Lovecraft wrote, were kept by private individuals. Joseph Curwen, as noted, had a copy in ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' (1941). A version is held in [[Kingsport (Lovecraft)|Kingsport]] in "[[The Festival (short story)|The Festival]]" ([[1925 in literature|1925]]). The [[provenance]] of the copy read by the narrator of "[[Nameless City|The Nameless City]]" is unknown; a version is read by the protagonist in "[[The Hound]]" ([[1924 in literature|1924]]).

==Hoaxes==
[[File:Necronomicon prop.jpg|thumb|right|A [[fan art|fan-created]] prop representing the ''Necronomicon'' (2004)]]

Lovecraft felt that a well-written weird story should be believable and constructed like a convincing hoax.  To this end, many of his stories were written as if they were firsthand testimonials or news stories, leading some readers to believe there could be truth to them.  Lovecraft said he felt guilty when he heard of fans searching libraries for real-life copies of the Necronomicon.  Pranksters occasionally listed the ''Necronomicon'' for sale in book stores or in [[Library catalog|library card catalogues]].<ref name=verge>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/4849860/the-cult-of-cthulhu-real-prayer-for-a-fake-tentacle|title=JThe cult of Cthulhu: real prayer for a fake tentacle|last=Flatley|first=Joseph L.|work=[[The Verge]]|date=2013-11-12|accessdate=2025-03-20}}</ref> The Vatican receives requests for this book from those who believe the [[Vatican Library]] holds a copy.<ref name="Voicu2007">{{Cite news |last=Voicu |first=Sever Juan |title=Bodmer Papyrus: History Becomes Reality |work=[[Eternal Word Television Network]] |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/bodmer-papyrus-history-becomes-reality-9767 |access-date=January 24, 2020 |quote=Taken from: [[L'Osservatore Romano]] Weekly Edition in English, 7 February 2007, page 8}}</ref>

Starting in the 1950s, various hoaxes were published that purported to be the real Necronomicon.<ref name=postmodern>{{cite book|title=The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape|chapter=How the Necronomicon became real: the ecology of a legend|last=Laycock|first=Joseph P.|editor1-last=Caterine|editor1-first=Darryl|editor2-last=Morehead|editor2-first=John W.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-315-18466-1|at=The hoaxers<!-- ebook; no page numbers -->}}</ref>  However, none of these early hoaxes made a serious claim to authenticity and were understood to be homages.<ref name=verge/>  The early hoaxes typically combined excerpts of previously published occult books with references to Lovecraft's fiction.  In 1973, [[George H. Scithers]] commercially published a hoax Necronomicon under his publishing company Owlswick.  It featured an introduction by [[L. Sprague de Camp]] that purported it to be untranslatable and detailed a fictional history of various attempted translators who died mysteriously.  In reality, it consisted of repeated, nonsensical glyphs in a [[fictional language]] known as Duriac.  When some credulous customers believed it to be authentic, Scithers attempted to convince them otherwise.<ref name=postmodern/>  Around the same time, [[LaVeyan Satanism|LaVeyan Satanists]] and some occultists became interested in incorporating Lovecraft's mythology into their rituals.<ref name=postermodern-occultists>{{cite book|title=The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape|chapter=How the Necronomicon became real: the ecology of a legend|last=Laycock|first=Joseph P.|editor1-last=Caterine|editor1-first=Darryl|editor2-last=Morehead|editor2-first=John W.|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-315-18466-1|at=The occultists<!-- ebook; no page numbers -->}}</ref>

Drawn by the success of Scithers' Necronomicon, more followed.  The most famous of these is the [[Simon Necronomicon]], published in 1977.<ref name=postmodern/>  This book, by the pseudonymous "Simon", has little connection to the fictional [[Lovecraft Mythos]] but instead is based on [[Sumerian mythology]].  The author uses this as evidence of its authenticity, arguing that a hoax spellbook would not use the title of an in-universe spellbook from series of horror stories.  It purports to come from an ancient manuscript that predates Lovecraft's stories, though there is no record of such a thing.  Simon's story incorporates two real-life thieves who were arrested for selling stolen manuscripts, but they have no connection to the Simon Necronomicon, and nobody has ever produced the alleged manuscript.  Instead, it is likely that [[Peter Levenda]], the registered copyright holder of several of Simon's books, is the author.  Levenda has denied this.<ref name=verge/>  The other major work was a hoax edited by [[George Hay (writer)|George Hay]], which was published in 1978 and included an introduction by the paranormal researcher and writer [[Colin Wilson]]. [[David Langford]] described how the book was prepared from a computer analysis of a discovered "cipher text" by [[John Dee (mathematician)|Dr. John Dee]]. The resulting "translation" was in fact written by [[occult]]ist Robert Turner,<ref>{{cite book|title=Arguing with Angels: Enochian Magic and Modern Occulture|last=Asprem|first=Egil|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4384-4191-7}}</ref> but it was far truer to the Lovecraftian version than the Simon text and incorporated quotations from Lovecraft's stories in its passages.

In 2004, ''Necronomicon: The Wanderings of Alhazred'', by Canadian occultist Donald Tyson, was published by [[Llewellyn Worldwide]]. Donald Tyson has clearly stated that the ''Necronomicon'' is fictional, but that has not prevented his book from being the center of some controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2009 |title=Keys to Power beyond Reckoning: Mysteries of the Tyson Necronomicon |url=http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/97/72/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205164728/http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/97/72/ |archive-date=February 5, 2009}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=March 2025}} Tyson has since published ''[[Alhazred (novel)|Alhazred]]'', a novelization of the life of the ''Necronomicon''{{'}}s author.

[[Kenneth Grant (occultist)|Kenneth Grant]], the British occultist, disciple of [[Aleister Crowley]], and head of the [[Typhonian Ordo Templi Orientis]], suggested in his 1972 book ''The Magical Revival'' that there was an unconscious connection between Crowley and Lovecraft. He thought they both drew on the same occult forces; Crowley via his magic and Lovecraft through the dreams which inspired his stories and the ''Necronomicon''. Grant claimed that the ''Necronomicon'' existed as an [[astral projection|astral]] book as part of the [[Akashic records]] and could be accessed through [[ritual magic]] or in dreams. Grant's ideas on Lovecraft were featured heavily in the introduction to the [[Simon Necronomicon|Simon ''Necronomicon'']] and also have been backed by Tyson.<ref>Harms, Dan and John Wisdom Gonce III. 2003. ''The Necronomicon Files''. Boston: Red Wheel Weiser. p. 103 {{ISBN|9781578632695}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=March 2025}}<ref name=verge/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction/Horror|Speculative fiction}}
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|List of Cthulhu Mythos books}}
* {{annotated link|Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture}}
* {{annotated link|Found manuscript}}
* {{annotated link|Grimoire}}
* {{annotated link|Necronomicon Press}}
* {{annotated link|Simon Necronomicon|Simon ''Necronomicon''}}
* {{annotated link|Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam}}
* {{annotated link|Astrology in medieval Islam}}
* {{annotated link|Necronomicon: The Best Weird Tales of H. P. Lovecraft: Commemorative Edition}}
* {{annotated link|Abdul Alhazred (comics)}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
:'''Primary sources'''
*{{Cite book |title=At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels |last=Lovecraft |first=H. P. |publisher=Arkham House |year=1985 |isbn=0-87054-038-6 |editor-last=S. T. Joshi |edition=7th corrected printing |location=Sauk City, WI |author-link=H. P. Lovecraft}} Definitive version.
**''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward''<!--NOT A TYPO - A NOVELLA, HENCE ITALICS-->
**"The Statement of Randolph Carter"
*{{Cite book |title=Dagon and Other Macabre Tales |last=Lovecraft |first=H. P. |publisher=Arkham House |year=1986 |isbn=0-87054-039-4 |editor-last=S. T. Joshi |edition=9th corrected printing |location=Sauk City, WI |author-link=H. P. Lovecraft}} Definitive version.
**"The Festival"
**"The Hound"
**"The Nameless City"
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dunwichhorroroth0000love |title=The Dunwich Horror and Others |last=Lovecraft |first=H. P. |publisher=Arkham House |year=1984 |isbn=0-87054-037-8 |editor-last=S. T. Joshi |edition=9th corrected printing |location=Sauk City, WI |author-link=H. P. Lovecraft |url-access=registration}} Definitive version.
**"The Dunwich Horror"
*{{Cite book |url=http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/12/72/ |title=A History of The Necronomicon |last=Lovecraft |first=H. P. |publisher=Necronomicon Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-318-04715-2 |location=West Warwick, RI |author-link=H. P. Lovecraft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603151040/http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/12/72/ |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |url-status=dead}}

:'''Secondary sources'''
*{{Citation|last = Guimont|first = Edward|title = Lovecraftian Proceedings No. 4|place = New York|publisher = [[Hippocampus Press]]|date = February 2022|chapter=The ''Necronomicon Yalensis'' and Lovecraft in Connecticut | pages = 52–69}}.
*Harms, Daniel and Gonce, John Wisdom III. ''Necronomicon Files: The Truth Behind Lovecraft's Legend'', Red Wheel/Weiser (July 1, 2003), pp.&nbsp;64–65. 
*{{Cite book |title=The Strange Sound of Cthulhu: Music Inspired by the Writings of H. P. Lovecraft |last=Hill |first=Gary |publisher=Music Street Journal |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84728-776-2}}
*{{Cite book |title=An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia |last1=Joshi |first1=S. T. |last2=David E. Schultz |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-313-31578-7 |location=Westport, CT |author-link=S. T. Joshi}}
* {{cite book| last =Petersen | first =Sandy | author-link =Sandy Petersen
| author2 =Lynn Willis| author3-link =Keith Herber | author3= Keith Herber| author4= William Workman| author5= William Hamblin| author6= Mark Morrison| author7= Lee Gibbons| title =Call of Cthulhu| publisher =[[Chaosium|Chaosium Inc.]]| year=1994| isbn = 0-933635-86-9| author2-link =Lynn Willis | title-link =Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game) }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/14/69/ |title=Wildside/Owlswick ''Necronomicon'' |date=December 19, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603131414/http://www.mythostomes.com/content/view/14/69/ |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2007}}

== Further reading ==
*Laycock, Joseph P. “How the Necronomicon Became Real: The Ecology of a Legend.” ''The Paranormal and Popular Culture''. 1st ed. Routledge, 2019. 184–197.

==External links==
{{wikisource|History of the Necronomicon|History of the ''Necronomicon''}}{{H.P. Lovecraft|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Fictional books within the Cthulhu Mythos]]
[[Category:Demonological literature]]
[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1922]]