Editing Nantosuelta

[[File:Nantosuelta HistMusPfalz 3482a.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Nantosuelta from [[Speyer]], showing her distinctive sceptre and birds. The head of [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]] can be seen in the [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]].]]
In [[Celtic mythology]], '''Nantosuelta''' is the goddess of nature, the earth, fire, and fertility.

A 1948 article suggests that there is an uncanny resemblance between Nantosuelta and what we know of the Irish goddess [[The Morrígan]], who was associated with death and war. The two are compared and the authors suggest that Nantosuelta was cognate to the Irish Morrígan.<ref>Heichelheim & Housman, 314.</ref> This theory is not widely held or found in more recent scholarship on the subject.

The [[Mediomatrici]] ([[Alsace]], [[Lorrain (province)|Lorraine]]) depicted her in [[art]] as holding a round house on a pole and with a crow. Other likely depictions show her with a pot or bee hive. Nantosuelta's round house may have symbolized abundance. It was believed that Nantosuelta transformed into a crow on the battlefield, which was an appropriate transformation for the goddess or may have been a metaphor for her ability to powerfully navigate a battlefield.<ref>Heichelheim & Housman. Sucellus and Nantosuelta in Mediaeval Celtic Mythology.</ref>

Nantosuelta is often associated with water and depicted as being surrounded by water. The goddess's name literally translates as 'of winding stream' or 'sun-drenched valley'.<ref>Journeying to the Goddess: [https://journeyingtothegoddess.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/goddess-nantosuelta The Goddess Nantusuelda], Weblog Februari 11, 2012.</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2022}} 
  
Nantosuelta is attested by statues and by inscriptions.

== Depictions ==
[[File:Nantosuelta-Sucellus.jpg|180px|left|thumb|Relief of Nantosuelta and Sucellus from Sarrebourg]]
In this relief from [[Sarrebourg]], near [[Metz]], Nantosuelta, wearing a long gown is standing to the left. In her left hand she holds a small house-shaped object with two circular holes and a peaked roof. Her right hand holds a [[patera]] that she is tipping onto a cylindrical altar. 
To the right [[Sucellus]] stands, bearded, in a tunic with a cloak on his right shoulder. He holds his mallet in his right hand and an [[olla]] in his left. 
Above the figures is a dedicatory inscription and below them in very low relief is a [[raven]]. This sculpture was dated by Reinach,<ref>Salomon Reinach (1922), ''Cultes, mythes et religions'', pp.&nbsp;217–232.</ref> from the form of the letters, to the end of the first century or start of the second century.

An altar from [[Metz]] has a carving of a woman with similar dress to the Sarrebourg example, also holding a small house on a pole, thus presumed to be Nantosuelta. Sucellus is not shown on that example.

A stone representing Sucellus and Nantosuelta from a cemetery near ancient Margidunum near Nottinghamshire in addition to a votive relief of Sucellus from Margidunum, combined with an abbreviated "M." at the end of the Sarrebourg inscription led scholars to conjecture that the abbreviated "M." may suggest Margi as an epithet of Nantosuelta.<ref>Heichelheim & Housman. Sucellus and Nantosuelta in Mediaeval Celtic Mythology.</ref> The abbreviation has been suggested as an attempt by the artisan to avoid invoking the name of death directly.

Since she appears paired with deity Sucellos in epigraphy, they are interpreted as consorts.<ref>Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane. ''The gods of Roman Britain''. Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: Shire, Publications, 1983. p. 58.</ref>

== Inscriptions ==
The inscription on the Sarrebourg altar<ref>Jufer & Luginbühl p.&nbsp;129. {{CIL|13|4542}}</ref> reads:
:''Deo Svcello /''
:''Nantosvelte /''
:''Bellavsvs Mas /''
:''se filivs v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)''
:"To the god Sucellus and to Nantosuelta, Bellausus, son of Massa, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow."

The inscription on the Metz altar<ref>Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slab{{AE|1896|0049}}</ref> says:
:''In h(onorem) {r} d(omus) d(ivinae) / ''
:''M(arcus) Tignuarius / ''
:''v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito)''
:"In honour of the divine house, Marcus Tignuarius willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow."

Here the dedication is to the Imperial house, and Nantosuelta is not explicitly mentioned. The visual depiction makes the identification secure.

== Etymology ==
According to [[Ranko Matasovic]], the particle ''*nanto-'' means 'stream, valley'.<ref>Matasovic, Ranko. ''Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. p. 283. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17336-1}}.</ref>

A section of scholars translate the second part, ''-suelta'', as related to the Sun. Roux in 1952,<ref>Le Roux (1952) "Le soleil dans les langues Celtiques." Ogham 4, p. 93</ref> Olmstead in 1994,<ref>Olmstead, G. (1994) ''The Gods of the Celts and the Indoeuropeans''. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft-Archaeolingua, Sonderheft 92.</ref> and Polomé in 1997<ref>Polomé, E. C. (1997) ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie'', 49-50.</ref> maintained that the [[proto-Indo-European root]], ''*swel-'' 'swelter', found in [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] words denoting 'sun', was inherited into [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]]. Thus, [[Xavier Delamarre]] asserts that the name means 'sun-warmed valley'.<ref>Delamarre, X. (2003). ''Dictionnaire de la Langue Gauloise''. 2nd edition. Paris, Editions Errance. {{ISBN|2-87772-237-6}}</ref>

Academic [[Miranda Aldhouse-Green]] interprets her name as 'winding river'.<ref>Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane. ''The gods of Roman Britain''. Aylesbury, Bucks, UK: Shire, Publications, 1983. p. 58.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''Année Epigraphique'', volume 1896.
* Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. [http://www.wales.ac.uk/documents/external/cawcs/PCl-MoE.pdf Proto-Celtic—English lexicon]. [[University of Wales]]. (See also [http://www.wales.ac.uk/newpages/EXTERNAL/E4504.asp this page] for background and disclaimers.)
* ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]'' (CIL), volume 13, ''Tres Galliae''.
* Delamarre, X. (2003). ''Dictionnaire de la Langue Gauloise''. 2nd edition. Paris, Editions Errance. {{ISBN|2-87772-237-6}}
* Deyts, S., Ed. (1998) ''A la rencontre des Dieux gaulois, un défi à César''. Paris, Réunion des Musées Nationaux. {{ISBN|2-7118-3851-X}}
* Heichelheim, F.M. and J.E. Housman, [http://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1948_num_17_1_2845 Sucellus and Nantosuelta in Mediaeval Celtic Mythology], in: ''L'antiquité classique'' 17 (1948) (nr. 1: Miscellanea Philologica Historica et archaelogia in honorem Hvberti Van De Weerd), pp. 305-316
* Jufer, N. and T. Luginbühl (2001) ''Répertoire des dieux gaulois''. Paris, Editions Errance. {{ISBN|2-87772-200-7}}
* Le Roux (1952) "Le soleil dans les langues Celtiques." ''Ogham'' '''4''', p.&nbsp;93.
* Olmstead, G. (1994) ''The Gods of the Celts and the Indoeuropeans''. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft-Archaeolingua, Sonderheft 92.
* Polomé, E. C. (1997) ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie'', '''49-50'''.
* Porkorny, Julius (1959) ''Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' Berlin: Franke Verlag
* Reinach, S. (1922) ''Cultes, mythes et religions''.

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|Nantosuelta}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050317165831/http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/pres-etab/Liffol/fxlif4.htm Le musée de Liffol-le-Grand] has a reconstructed shrine to Nantosuelta
 
{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}

[[Category:Gaulish goddesses]]
[[Category:Earth goddesses]]
[[Category:Fire goddesses]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Nature goddesses]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[Category:Raven deities]]