Editing Nabis (art)

{{Short description|French artists}}
[[File:Serusier - the talisman.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The first Nabis painting, by [[Paul Sérusier]], ''Le Bois d'Amour à Pont-Aven'' or ''[[The Talisman (painting)|Le Talisman]]'', 1888, oil on wood, 27 x 21.5 cm, [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris]]

The '''Nabis''' ({{langx|fr|les nabis}}, {{IPA|fr|le nabi}}) were a group of young French artists active in Paris from 1888 until 1900, who played a large part in the transition from [[Impressionism]] and academic art to [[abstract art]], [[symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and the other early movements of [[modernism]]. The members included [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Maurice Denis]], [[Paul Ranson]], [[Édouard Vuillard]], [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]], [[Félix Vallotton]], [[Paul Sérusier]] and Auguste Cazalis.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn_M6j7KejAC&q=Symbolist+Art+Theories:+A+Critical+Anthology+Henri+Dorra Symbolist Art Theories: A Critical Anthology] edited by [[Henri Dorra]], p.352</ref> Most were students at the [[Académie Julian]] in [[Paris]] in the late 1880s. The artists shared a common admiration for [[Paul Gauguin]] and [[Paul Cézanne]] and a determination to renew the art of painting, but varied greatly in their individual styles. They believed that a work of art was not a depiction of nature, but a synthesis of metaphors and symbols created by the artist.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/Nabis-French-artists Nabis, French artists] in Encyclopædia Britannica online edition</ref> In 1900, the artists held their final exhibition and went their separate ways.<ref name="Daphne">Bétard, Daphne, ''La révolution Nabie'', in ''Les Nabis et le décor'', Beaux-Arts Éditions, pp. 8-21</ref>

==Etymology==
The Nabis took their name from a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] term which comes from the word ''nebiim'' or "prophets"<ref>Enclopaedia Britannica on-line edition, "The Nabis", retrieved 19 April 2020</ref><ref>[https://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/92098 Pierre Bonnard, the graphic art], p. 7</ref><ref>Burhan 1979, p. 231:  "There is, in fact, every reason to believe that the title was chosen by these young painters as a reference to Islamic traditions, since when-ever Serusier signed a canvas 'Nabi,' ... he wrote the word out in Arabic script." as quoted in [https://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/92285 Pierre Bonnard, the graphic art], notes</ref>{{efn|The French term ''nabi'' (also used in English), referring to a person inspired to speak the word of God, is clearly related to the Hebrew term for ''prophet''{{snd}}{{lang|he|נביא}} (''navi'') mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible{{snd}}and the similar Arabic word {{lang|ar|نَبِيّ}} (''nabiyy''). The word appears in many languages, including Indonesian.}} The term was coined in 1888 by the linguist Auguste Cazalis,<ref>Brooker, Peter (2013). ''The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines, Volume 3, Part 1''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 91. {{ISBN|0199659583}}.</ref> who drew a parallel between the way these painters aimed to revitalize painting (as 'prophets of modern art') and the way the ancient prophets had rejuvenated Israel.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, headword ''nabi''</ref>

==Beginning==
[[File:'Motif Romanesque' by Maurice Denis, 1890, LACMA.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''Motif Romanesque'' by [[Maurice Denis]] (1890), one of the earliest Nabi paintings]]

The Nabis were a group of young artists of the [[Académie Julian]] in Paris, who wanted to transform the foundations of art. One of the artists, [[Paul Sérusier]], had traveled to [[Pont-Aven]] in October 1888, where under the guidance of [[Paul Gauguin]] he made a small painting of the port on wood, composed of patches of vivid color assembled to give the feeling of the port. The students called this first Nabis painting ''[[The Talisman (painting)|The Talisman]]'', and it eventually became an icon of 20th-century art.<ref name="Daphne" />

In 1889, the same year of the Paris International Exposition and the opening of the [[Eiffel Tower]], the group held its first modest exposition at the Café des Arts, which was located without the grounds of the Exposition. It was titled ''The Impressionist and Synthesist Group'', and included works by two well-known artists, Paul Gauguin and [[Émile Bernard]].

In August 1890, [[Maurice Denis]], then nineteen years old, gave the group a more concrete philosophy. Writing under the name Pierre Louis, he wrote an article in the journal ''Art et Critique'' entitled ''The Definition of Neo-traditionalism'', which became the manifesto of the movement. The celebrated opening line of the essay was: "Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a female nude or some sort of anecdote, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order." This idea was not original to Denis; the idea had been put forward not long before by [[Hippolyte Taine]] in ''The Philosophy of Art'', where Taine wrote: "A painting is a colored surface, in which the various tones and various degrees of light are placed with a certain choice; that is its intimate being." However, it was the expression of Denis which seized the attention of artists. As Denis explained, he did not mean that the form of the painting was more important than the subject. He wrote, "The profoundness of our emotions comes from the sufficiency of these lines and these colors to explain themselves...everything is contained in the beauty of the work." In his essay, he termed this new movement "neo-traditionalism", in opposition to the "progressivism" of the Neo-impressionists, led by [[Seurat]].{{sfn|Bouillon|2006|pages=20–21}}

The following year, in 1891, three of the Nabis, [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Édouard Vuillard]] and Maurice Denis, took a studio at 28 rue Pigalle in Paris. It was frequented by other early Nabis, including [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]] and Paul Sérusier, as well as journalists and figures from the theatrical and literary world.

In 1892, the Nabis branched out into the theatrical world and the decorative arts. Paul Ranson, assisted by Sérusier, Bonnard, and Vuillard, designed sets for a theatrical presentation of the ''Bateau ivre'' of the poet [[Arthur Rimbaud]]. Maurice Denis made costumes and sets for another theatrical production, the ''Trilogy d'Antoina'' at the Théatre Moderne, and also painted a ceiling for the residence of the art collector and painter [[Henry Lerolle]].

The Nabis held a group exhibition in Toulouse in June 1894, and the following year presented their work in [[Siegfried Bing]]'s Maison de l'Art Nouveau, the famous gallery which had given its name to the [[Art Nouveau]] movement.<ref name="Daphne" />

Throughout their existence the Nabis were a sort of half-serious semi-secret society, who used humorous nicknames and a private vocabulary.<ref name=chr>{{cite web | url = https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-Edouard-Vuillard-8635-1.aspx | title= The life and art of Édouard Vuillard| publisher= Christie's | date= 7 February 2019 |   access-date= 24 March 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210321173733/https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-Edouard-Vuillard-8635-1.aspx |  archive-date= 21 March 2021}}</ref> Even the name of the group was secret until 1897. They called a studio an 'ergasterium'<ref name=chr/> and ended their letters with the initials ''E.T.P.M.V. et M.P.'', signifying ''En ta paume, mon verbe et ma pensée'' ("In your palm, my word and my thoughts").<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.kemperart.org/exhibitions/palm-your-hand-my-words-and-my-thoughts | title= In The Palm of Your Hand, My Words and My Thoughts| publisher= Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art | date= 2017 |  access-date= 24 March 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210111063959/https://www.kemperart.org/exhibitions/palm-your-hand-my-words-and-my-thoughts | archive-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref>

==Japanese influence==
The graphic art of Japan, known as [[Japonism]], particularly woodblock prints, was an important influence on the Nabis. The style was popularized in France by the art dealer Siegfried Bing, who traveled to Japan to collect prints by [[Hokusai]] and other Japanese artists, and published a monthly art journal, ''[[Le Japon Artistique]]'', between May 1888 and April 1891, which offered color illustrations. In 1900 he organized an exhibit of seven hundred prints at the [[École des Beaux-Arts]].<ref name="Lacambre">Lacambre, Geneviève, ''La déferlante japonaise'', published in ''Les Nabis et le décor'', Beaux Arts Editions (March 2019), pp. 38-40</ref>

Pierre Bonnard was particularly influenced by the Japanese style; his nickname among the Nabis was "Le plus japonard". For one series of four paintings created in 1890–91, ''The Women in the Garden'', now in the [[Musée d'Orsay]], Bonnard adapted a Japanese format called ''kakemono'' with a narrow vertical canvas. The models are his sister Andrée and his cousin Berthe Schaedin. The four figures are presented in curving, serpentine postures, like those in Japanese prints. The faces of the women look away from the artist; the bold patterns of their costumes and the foliage behind them dominate the paintings. He originally conceived the work as a Japanese screen, but he finally decided to separate it into four paintings, and to emphasize the decorative aspect, he added a painted border around the canvases.<ref name="Lacambre" />

The theme of women in a garden, stylistically adapted from Japanese prints, appeared in the work of other Nabis, including Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier. Denis used the theme of women in gardens in paintings and decorative murals. Sérusier adapted the same format in his ''Women at the Spring'' (1898), stylistically depicting women descending a hill to take water from a spring.<ref name="Lacambre" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Soir de septembre-Maurice Denis-IMG 8192.JPG|Maurice Denis, ''Evening in September'' (1891)
File:Édouard Vuillard, 1891, The Flowered Dress (O vestido estampado), oil on canvas, 38 x 46 cm, Museu de Arte de São Paulo.jpg|''The printed dress'' by [[Édouard Vuillard]] (1891), [[Museu de Arte de São Paulo]]
</gallery>

== Religion, symbolism, myths and legends ==
The Nabis were influenced by the literature, music and theater of the [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] movement, and, among some of the Nabis, there was a strong current of [[mysticism]] and [[Western esotericism|esotericism]]. Their approach to their order was partly humorous and whimsical; the studio of Ranson at 25 [[Boulevard du Montparnasse]] was called their "temple", Madame Ranson was termed "The light of the Temple", and the original Nabi painting by Sérusier was displayed in the studio like a shrine, and titled ''The Talisman''. Sérusier whimsically painted Paul Ranson in a sort of Nabic robe, with a staff and a text before him. However, they also had a more serious side. They rejected the materialism of the new industrial age, and admired the poetry of [[Baudelaire]], [[Mallarmé]] and [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. They placed themselves in opposition to the current of [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]] expressed in the paintings of [[Courbet]] and [[Manet]] and the literature of [[Émile Zola]].<ref name="Raffali">Raffali, Ludovic, ''Les Nabis - Un movement Symbolist?'' in ''Les Nabis et le Decor'', ''L'Objet d'Art'', March 2019, pp. 63, 64</ref>

Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier were the Nabis who most often painted religious subjects. The work of Denis was influenced by the paintings of [[Fra Angelico]]. He often painted scenes and themes taken from the Bible, but with the figures in modern costume, in simplified landscapes and surrounded by light, a symbol of faith. In 1895, he received a commission for a series of seven large paintings called ''The Legend of Saint Hubert'' for the Paris home of Baron Cochin. They illustrated the story of Saint Hubert hunting in the forest of [[Aquitaine]], seeing a vision of Christ, and being converted to Christianity.<ref name="Raffali" />

Paul Sérusier painted less Christian and more mystical scenes, particularly ''La Vision pros du torrent'' or ''The rendezvous of fairies'' (1897), showing a group of women in Breton costumes passing through the forest, carrying bouquets of flowers to a ceremony, and ''Femmes à la Source'', depicting a series of women solemnly descending through a mystical forest to a spring. This illustrates the legend of the [[Danaides]], who in mythology were condemned to fill and refill leaking jugs of water from a spring. He painted several works of women in Breton costumes conducting pagan ceremonies in the forests of Brittany.<ref name="Raffali" />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Maurice Denis, 1889, Le Calvaire (Climbing to Calvary), oil on canvas, 41 x 32.5 cm, Musée d'Orsay.jpg|[[Maurice Denis]], ''Le Calvaire (Climbing to Calvary)'' (1889), Musée d'Orsay
File:MauriceDenis-LaLegendeDeStHubert-7LArriveeALErmitage.JPG|Maurice Denis, Final scene of the Legend of Saint Hubert (1897), Departmental Museum of Maurice Denis, Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1897)
File:LES DANAÏDES OR FEMMES À LA SOURCE.PNG|[[Paul Sérusier]], ''Women at the Spring'', Musée d'Orsay (1898)
File:Serusier-BoisSacre.jpg|Paul Sérusier, ''The Sacred Woods''
</gallery>

==Interiors==
The Nabis [[Pierre Bonnard]], [[Félix Vallotton]] and [[Édouard Vuillard]] created particularly remarkable paintings depicting the interiors of homes, where the inhabitants of the rooms were almost entirely absorbed into the intense floral decoration and furnishings. In some of the paintings, such as Vuillard's ''The Seamstress'' and ''La Table de toilet'' (1895), or ''People in an Interior - Music'', it is difficult to even find and count the individuals in the painting.<ref>Jolin, Camille, ''Les Intéieurs de Vuillars- Entre Poésie Mystère'', ''L'Objet d'Art'', ''Les Nabis et Le Decor'', March 2019, pp. 52-55</ref><ref name="Luxembourg">[https://en.museeduluxembourg.fr/sites/museeduluxembourg.fr/files/Guide_Visite_NABIS_GB.pdf ''Les Nabis et le décor'' - Musée du Luxembourg, Paris]</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Seamstress by Edouard Vuillard.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, ''[[The Seamstress (painting)|The Seamstress]]'', (1893), [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
File:Edouard Vuillard - Woman in a Striped Dress - Google Art Project.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, ''Woman in a Striped Dress'' (1895), National Gallery of Art
File:Vuilllard Interior 1896.jpg|Édouard Vuillard, ''People in Interior- Music'' (1896), Petit Palais Museum, Paris
File:Misia at the Piano MET DT3150.jpg|''Misia at the Piano'' (c. 1898), Édouard Vuillard, Metropolitan Museum of Art
</gallery>

==Women in the garden==
One of the most common subjects of the Nabis was women in an idyllic garden setting, usually picking flowers or fruit. It appeared in four panels representing the seasons of a young woman's life by [[Maurice Denis]] (1890–91), painted for the bedroom of a young girl, and in the panels of women in the public parks of Paris by Édouard Vuillard (1894) painted for the residence of his patron Alexandre Nathanson; two paintings of women and children picking apples in an orchard by Pierre Bonnard (1894–96); and in a tapestry by Paul Ranson, ''Spring'', depicting three women picking fruit. All the images are highly stylized, often using the same serpentine forms to represent the women, the trees and the foliage. The young women in the series by Denis are shown traveling along a road, dressed in vestal white in the first painting, then in different colors as they reach maturity in the final painting.<ref name="Daphne" />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:La barrière fleurie, Le Pouldu 1889 Paul Serusier.jpg|[[Paul Sérusier]], The flower barrier (1889)
File:Denis-Road-of-Life.jpg|''April'' or ''The road of life'' by [[Maurice Denis]], painted for the bedroom of a young girl. (1892)
File:PaulElieRanson+Spring-WomenBeneathBlossomingTrees+neddlepoint-on-canvas+1895+MuseeD'Orsay-Paris.jpg|Women picking flowers in the garden, tapestry by [[Paul Ranson]] (1895)
File:1896 Bonnard Familie des Komponisten Claude Terrasse anagoria.JPG|The Bonnard Family in the garden, screen by [[Pierre Bonnard]] (1896)
</gallery>

==Decorative art==
One of the stated objectives of the Nabis was to break down the barriers between art and ordinary life, and in particular the distinction between art and decoration. Much of the art they created was designed specifically to be decorative, for display in salons and dining rooms. They designed screens, murals, wallpaper, tapestries, dishware, lampshades, and ornament for furniture, as well as theater decor and costume design, and graphic design for advertising posters. [[Paul Ranson]], working with Art Nouveau architect [[Henry Van de Velde]] made murals to decorate the dining room of art gallery owner [[Siegfried Bing]]. After a visit to the United States, where he saw the stained glass designs of [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] and his firm, Bing invited the Nabis to submit their own designs for Tiffany glass. Roussel, Vuillard, Vallotton, Ranson, Denis, Bonnard, and Ibels all made designs, which Bing displayed in his gallery in Paris in April 1895, along with designs of non-Nabis, including [[Toulouse-Lautrec]]. In the end the windows were not made, but Maurice Denis continued to create window designs on symbolist themes, with bold designs and vivid colors. In 1895, Vuillard was commissioned to design a series of plates, which featured women in highly stylized costumes.<ref>Jolin, Camille, ''Le Beau dans le quotidian'', in ''Les Nabis et le Decor'', pp. 29-41, in ''L'Objet D'Art'', March 2019</ref><ref name="Luxembourg" />
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Edouard Vuillard - Public Gardens - Google Art Project.jpg|Decorative screen, ''The Public Gardens'' by [[Édouard Vuillard]] (1895)
File:MauriceDenis-LeCheminDeLaVie.JPG|Stained glass window, ''The Path of Life'', by [[Maurice Denis]] (1895)
File:MauriceDenis-LEchelleDansLeFeuillage.JPG|''The Ladder in the Foliage'' by Maurice Denis (1892), canvas on a wood panel, made for the ceiling of the home of art patron [[Henry Lerolle]]. The same woman on the ladder is seen from four points of view.
File:Edouard vuillard, piatto con donna con camicia rigata e gonna a balze, 1895.jpg|Plate depicting a woman in a striped blouse, by Édouard Vuillard (1895)
</gallery>

==Graphic arts==
Members of the Nabis worked in a variety of media, using oils on both canvas and cardboard, and [[distemper (paint)|distemper]] on canvas and wall decoration, and they also produced posters, prints, book illustrations, textiles and furniture. Considered to be on the cutting edge of modern art during their early period, their subject matter was representational (though often [[Symbolism (movement)|Symbolist]] in inspiration), but was design-oriented along the lines of the Japanese prints they so admired, and [[Art Nouveau]]. However, the artists of the Nabis circle were highly influenced by the paintings of the [[Impressionists]], and thus while sharing the flatness, page layout, and negative space of art nouveau and other decorative modes, much of Les{{nbsp}}Nabis' art has a painterly, non-realistic look, with color palettes reminiscent of Cézanne and Gauguin. Bonnard's posters and lithographs are more firmly in the Art Nouveau, or [[Toulouse-Lautrec]] manner. After the turn of the century, as modern art moved towards [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], and [[Abstract art|Abstraction]], Les{{nbsp}}Nabis were viewed as conservatives and, indeed, were among the last group of artists to stick to the roots and artistic ambitions of the Impressionists, pursuing these ends almost into the middle of the 20th{{nbsp}} century. In their later years, these painters also largely abandoned their earlier interests in decorative and applied arts.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Les Parisiennes cph.3g10009.jpg|[[Pierre Bonnard]], ''Les Parisiennes'' 1893, [[lithograph]]
File:Vallotton pour Bing.jpg|[[Félix Vallotton]] poster for Siegfried Bing's Gallery (1893)
File:Vallotton-Raison.gif|Félix Vallotton, ''La raison probante (The Cogent Reason)'', a [[woodcut]] from the series ''Intimités'' (1898)
File:Frontispiece, from the album Amours MET MM77360.jpg|Maurice Denis, Frontispiece lithograph from the series ''Amour'' (1899)
</gallery>

==Breakup==
In 1897, the Nabis were not present at the well-known [[Salon des Indépendants]], but instead held their own exposition at the Galerie Vollard, more avant-garde than the Salon. Their final exhibition as a group took place in 1900 at the Galerie Bernheim, with works of Bonnard, Denis, Ibels, Maillol, Roussel, Sérusier, Vallotton and Vuillard. After that show, each of the artists went his separate way.<ref name="Daphne" />

Looking back in 1909, Denis described the accomplishment of the Nabis. "Art is no longer a visual sensation that we gather, like a photograph, as it were, of nature. No, it is a creation of our spirit, for which nature is only the occasion."{{sfn|Bouillon|2006|pages=17–18}}

In 1937, Vuillard described the breakup of the Nabis. "...The march of progress was so rapid. Society was ready to welcome [[cubism]] and [[surrealism]] before we had reached what we had imagined as our goal. We found ourselves in a way suspended in the air."<ref>Pierre Bonnard and Ingid Rybeck, ''Chez Bonnard a Deauville'', ''Konstrevy'' no. 4, Stockholm (1937), cited in ''L'objet de l'Art, Les Nabis et le Decor'' (March 2019), page 65</ref>

==Members and associates==
* [[Pierre Bonnard]] (1867–1947), ''le nabi très japonard''
* [[Maurice Denis]] (1870–1943), ''le nabi aux belles icônes''
* [[Maxime Dethomas]] (1869–1929)
* [[Meyer de Haan]] (1852–1895), ''le nabi hollandais''
* [[Hermann-Paul|Rene Georges Hermann-Paul]] (1864–1940)
* [[Henri-Gabriel Ibels]] (1867–1936), ''le nabi journaliste''
* [[Georges Lacombe (painter)|Georges Lacombe]] (1868–1916), ''le nabi sculpteur''
* [[Lugné-Poe]] (1869–1940)
* [[Aristide Maillol]] (1861–1944)
* [[Paul Ranson]] (1864–1909), ''le nabi plus japonard que le nabi japonard''
* [[József Rippl-Rónai]] (1861–1927), ''le nabi hongrois''
* [[Ker-Xavier Roussel]] (1867–1944)
* [[Paul Sérusier]] (1864–1927), ''le nabi à la barbe rutilante''
* [[Marguérite Sérusier]], wife of Paul Sérusier; a notable decorative painter
* [[Félix Vallotton]] (1865–1925), ''le nabi étranger''
* [[Jan Verkade]] (1868–1946), ''le nabi obéliscal''
* [[Édouard Vuillard]] (1868–1940), ''le nabi zouave''

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:115 Maurice Denis Portrait de l'artiste à l'âge de 18 ans.jpg|[[Maurice Denis]], aged eighteen, in 1889
File:Édouard Vuillard 001.jpg|[[Édouard Vuillard]], ''[[Self-portrait]]'', 1889
File:Self-portrait-1889.jpg|[[Pierre Bonnard]], ''[[Self-portrait]]'', c. 1889
File:Ranson serusier.jpg|[[Paul Ranson]], [[Paul Sérusier]], and Marie-France Ranson in Paul Ranson's studio, c. 1900
File:Ker-Xavier Roussel, Édouard Vuillard, Romain Coolus, Felix Vallotton 1899.jpg|[[Ker-Xavier Roussel]], [[Édouard Vuillard]], [[Romain Coolus]], [[Félix Vallotton]], 1899
File:Porträt Paul Ranson.jpg|Portrait of [[Paul Ranson]] in Nabi costume, by [[Paul Sérusier]]
</gallery>
Other members of the group included the playwright Pierre Veber, the musician Pierre Hermant, and the linguist Auguste Cazalis,<ref>G. L. Groom, ''Édouard Vuillard: Painter-decorator: Patrons and Projects, 1892-1912'' ([[Yale University Press]], 1993), p.{{nbsp}}10</ref> called (by Ranson) ''le nabi Ben Kallyre''.<ref>Many of the attributed nicknames are cited in Willibrord (Jan) Verkade, ''Die Unruhe zu Gott: Erinnerungen eines Malermönchs'', 5th Edition (Herder & Co., Freiburg im Breisgau 1930), pp.{{nbsp}}67–70.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
File:Félix Vallotton, 1893 - La Valse.jpg|''The Waltz'', [[Félix Vallotton]], Museum of Modern Art Le Havre (1893)
File:Vallotton Frau mit Dienstmagd beim Baden.jpg|[[Félix Vallotton]], ''The Mistress and the Servant,'' 1896
File:Paesaggio nabi paul ranson.jpg|[[Paul Ranson]], ''Nabis Landscape'', 1890
File:Georges Lacombe-1868-1946-Marine bleue, Effet de vague,circa 1893,peinture à l'oeuf sur toile,43x64,2 cm,Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes.jpg|[[Georges Lacombe (painter)|Georges Lacombe]], ''Marine bleue, Effet de vagues'', 1893
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Pont-Aven School]]
*[[Henry Lerolle]], patron
*[[Odilon Redon]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Bouillon |first=Jean-Paul |title=Maurice Denis - Le spirituel dans l'art |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |date=2006 |language=French |isbn=978-2-07-031929-9}}
* Cogeval, Guy (2015). ''Bonnard''. Paris: Hazan, Malakoff. (in French) {{ISBN|978-2-7541-08-36-2}}*

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=Patricia Eckert |last=Boyer |title=The Nabis and the Parisian Avant-Garde |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |date=1989 |isbn=978-0-8135-1380-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Chasse |title=The Nabis and Their Period |publisher=Lund Humphries |location=London |date=1969 |asin=B001387EYI}}
*{{cite book |first=Russell T. |last=Clement |title=Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29752-6}}
*{{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Dorival |title=Les peintres du vingtième siècle; Nabis, Fauves, Cubistes |url=https://archive.org/details/lespeintresduvin0000dori |url-access=registration |language=French |publisher=Editions Pierre Tisne |location=Paris |date=1957 |asin=B000PT18NY}}
*{{cite book |first1=Claire |last1=Freches-Thory |first2=Antoine |last2=Terrasse |title=Nabis: Bonnard, Vuillard and Their Circle |publisher=Flammarion |location=London |date=2003 |isbn=978-2-08-011076-3}}
*{{cite book |first=Albert |last=Kostenevitch |year=2005 |title=Bonnard: and the Nabis |publisher=Parkstone Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85995-015-9}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://alamantra.net/articles/the-prophets-of-montmartre/ The Prophets of Montmartre], an article on the Nabis by Alamantra
*[http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/92353 ''Pierre Bonnard, the Graphic Art''], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Bonnard and others in the Nabis collective

{{Les Nabis}}
{{Post-Impressionism|state=expanded}}
{{Western art movements}}
{{ACArt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabis, The}}
[[Category:Nabis (art)| ]]
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