Editing N'Djamena

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Chad}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name      = N'Djamena
| native_name        = {{native name|fr|N'Djaména}}<br />{{native name|ar|انجمينا}}
| other_name         = Fort-Lamy
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]]
<!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a                 =National Museum and National Library of Chad in N'Djamena - 2014-10-01 a.jpg
| photo2a                 = Building_of_National_Assembly_DJAMENA.jpg
| photo2b                 = Place de la nation4 (Tchad).jpg
| photo3b                 =  Storm clouds over N'Djamena (15386229016).jpg
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: N'Djamena skyline; Middle: [[National Assembly of Chad]], Nation Square (Place de la Nation); Bottom: Downtown N'Djamena}}
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_shield       = N'Djamena coa.svg
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Chad#Africa
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Chad]] and [[Africa]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|12|06|19|N|15|02|41|E|region:TD-ND_type:city(807000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Chad}}
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = 
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2  = 
| established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3  = 
| government_type    = <!-- Politics ----------------->
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_title       = 
| leader_name        = <!-- Area --------------------->
| area_footnotes     = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
| area_total_km2     = 104
| area_metro_km2     = 166
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref>  tags-->
| elevation_m        = 298
<!-- Population ---Brahim koreya----------ecliché London---------->
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-205&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |title=World Gazetteer |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111115800/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-205&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |archive-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total   = 807000
| population_as_of   = 2009 census
| population_density_km2 = 9148
| population_metro   = 1605696
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_note    = 
<!-- General information --------------->
| timezone           = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset         = +01:00
| timezone_DST       = 
| postal_code_type   = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 235
| iso_code           = TD-ND
| website            = 
| flag_size          = 123px
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.531<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=2018-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=2018-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>{{color|#900|low}} · [[List of regions of Chad by Human Development Index|1st]]
}}

'''N'Djamena'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|fr|N'Djaména}}, {{IPA|fr|n(ə)dʒamena|pron}}|{{langx|ar|انجمينا|Injamīnā}}}}}} ({{IPAc-en|lang|audio=N'Djamena English pronunciation.mp3|ən|dʒ|ɑː|ˈ|m|eɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|ən|jah|MAY|nə}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Definition of N'Djamena |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/N%27Djamena |dictionary=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=17 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/N%27Djamena |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110547/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/N%27Djamena |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-01-26 |title=N'Djamena |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>) is the [[capital city|capital]] and [[List of cities in Chad|largest city]] of [[Chad]]. It is also a [[Provinces of Chad|special statute region]], divided into 10 districts or ''[[arrondissement]]s'', similar to the city of [[Paris]].

The city serves as the centre of [[economic]] activity in Chad. [[Meat]], [[fish]] and [[cotton]] processing are the chief industries, and it is a regional [[Market (place)|market]] for [[livestock]], [[salt]], [[date (fruit)|date]]s, and [[cereal|grain]]s.

It is a port city located at the confluence of the [[Logone River]] with the [[Chari River]], forming a [[transborder agglomeration]] with the city of [[Kousséri]] (in [[Cameroon]]), capital of the Department of [[Logone-et-Chari]], which is on the west bank of both rivers.<ref>[https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/cahiers-de-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_20743556 Cahiers de l'Afrique de l'Ouest Dynamiques de l'Urbanisation Africaine 2020: Africapolis, Une Nouvelle Géographie Urbaine]. OECD. 20 February 2020</ref>

== History ==

=== Early 20th century ===
[[File:Ndjamena 1952.jpg|thumb|A street in N'Djamena, 1952]]

N'Djamena was founded as '''Fort-Lamy''' by French commander [[Émile Gentil]] on 29 May 1900, and named after [[Amédée-François Lamy]], an army officer who had been killed in the [[Battle of Kousséri]] about a month earlier.<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 208</ref><ref name="inpictures">{{cite book |title=Chad in Pictures |first=Christine |last=Zurocha-Walske |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkB1GaR2SXEC&pg=PT19 |page=17 |isbn=978-1-57505-956-3 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |access-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430061439/https://books.google.com/books?id=kkB1GaR2SXEC&pg=PT19 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was a major trading city and became the capital of the region and nation.

During the [[Second World War]], the French relied upon the city's airport to move troops and supplies.<ref name="encyclo">{{cite book |first=Tiyambe |last=Zeleza |author2=Dickson Eyoh |title=Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjUHZrPBPPYC&pg=PA379 |page=379 |isbn=978-0-415-23479-5 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |access-date=2015-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519115813/https://books.google.com/books?id=kjUHZrPBPPYC&pg=PA379 |archive-date=2016-05-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 January 1942, a lone [[Germany|German]] [[Heinkel He 111]] of the [[Sonderkommando Blaich]] successfully bombed the airfield at Fort-Lamy, destroying oil supplies and ten aircraft.<ref>[http://www.wefly.ifield-park.co.uk/photogal/me1082.htm MESSERSCHMITT Bf 108 – 'TAIFUN'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323101717/http://www.wefly.ifield-park.co.uk/photogal/me1082.htm |date=2012-03-23}} accessed: 29 April 2011</ref>

Fort-Lamy received its first bank branch in 1950, when the Paris-based [[Banque de l'Afrique Occidentale]] opened a branch there.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

=== Late 20th century ===
On 6 April 1973, [[Heads of state of Chad|President]] [[François Tombalbaye]]<ref name="inpictures"/> changed the city's name to N'Djamena (taken from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name of a nearby village, ''Niǧāmīnā'', meaning "place of rest") as part of his ''[[Authenticité (Chad)|authenticité]]'' program of [[Africanization]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rice |first=Eleanor |date=3 Feb 1974 |title=Nationalism, Drought Make the News in Chad |language=en |pages=91 |work=[[Arizona Daily Star]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/166479676 |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref> The city was occupied by [[Libya]] during the 1980–81 Libyan intervention as part of the [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|title=N'Djamena (Chad)|year=2009|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/407350/NDjamena|access-date=29 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325015200/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/407350/NDjamena|archive-date=25 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and the associated [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|Transitional Government of National Unity]].<ref>{{Country study |country=Chad |abbr=td |section=Civil War and Multilateral Mediation, 1979–82 |author=Collelo, Thomas |editor= |date=December 1988 |pd=no}}</ref>

The city was partly destroyed during the [[Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)|Chadian Civil War]], in 1979 and again in 1980. In these years, almost all of the population fled the town, seeking refuge on the opposite bank of the [[Chari River]] in Cameroon, next to the city of [[Kousséri]]. The residents did not return until 1981–82, after the end of the clashes. Until 1984, facilities and services were subject to strict rationing, and schools remained closed.<ref>Samuel Decalo, ''Historical Dictionary of Chad'', Scarecrow, 1987, pp. 229–230</ref>

The period of turmoil in the city was started by the abortive coup attempted by the northerner Prime Minister [[Hissène Habré]] against the southerner President [[Félix Malloum]]: while Malloum and the national army loyal to him were defeated, the intervention in the battle of other northern factions rival to that of Habré complicated the situation. A temporary truce was reached in 1979 through international mediation, establishing the warlord [[Goukouni Oueddei]] as head of a government of national unity with his rival Habré as Defense Minister. The intense rivalry between Goukouni and Habré caused the eruption of new clashes in the city in 1980; N'Djamena found itself divided into sectors controlled by the various warlords. The tug-of-war reached a conclusion after many months only when Goukouni asked for the intervention of the Libyans, whose tanks overwhelmed Habré's defenses in the capital.<ref>Robert Buijtenhuijs, ''Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad'', Karthala, 1987, pp. 67–175</ref>
{{Historical populations
|1937|9,976
|1940|12,552
|1947|18,375
|1960|60,000
|1970|130,000
|1993|530,965
|2000|728,000
|2009|951,418
|2012|1,092,066
|2019|1,360,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps |publisher=Citypopulation.de |access-date=2019-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913144137/http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |archive-date=2018-09-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Following differences between Goukouni and [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and international disapproval of Libyan intervention, the Libyan troops left the capital and Chad in 1981. This opened the door to Habré, who marched on N'Djamena, occupying the city with little resistance in 1982 and installing himself as the new president.<ref>R. Buijtenhuijs, ''Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad'', pp. 177–225</ref> He was eventually dislodged in a similar fashion in 1990 by a former general of his, [[Idriss Déby]].{{citation needed|date = May 2013}}

The city had only 9,976 inhabitants in 1937, but a decade later, in 1947, the population had almost doubled to 18,435. In 1968, after independence, the population reached 126,483. In 1993, it surpassed half a million with 529,555. A good deal of this growth has been due to refugees fleeing into N'Djamena for security, although many people fled N'Djamena, also depending on the political situation.<ref name="encyclo"/> The city surpassed the million mark in population by the early 2010s.

=== 21st century ===
On 13 April 2006, a rebel [[United Front for Democratic Change]] attack on the city was defeated<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-14 |title=UN condemns rebel attack in Chad |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4908836.stm |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209213918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4908836.stm |archive-date=2008-02-09}}</ref> in the [[Battle of N'Djamena (2006)|Battle of N'Djamena]]. The city was once again attacked on 2 February 2008, by [[UFDD]] and [[Rally of Democratic Forces (rebel group)|RFC]] rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22962528|title=Rebels clash with Chadian forces inside capital|publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 2, 2008|access-date=February 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204023054/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22962528/|archive-date=February 4, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> (''See [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)]]'')

== Geography ==
N'Djamena is located at {{Coord|12|06|36|N|15|03|00|E|type:city|display=inline}}, on the [[confluence]] of the [[Chari River|Chari]] and [[Logone River|Logone]] rivers.<ref name="encyclo"/>

While primarily an administrative centre, the city includes the [[Nassara Strip]] [[central business district|commercial centre]] and residential areas, such as [[Mbololo]], [[Chagoua]], [[Paris Congo]] and [[Moursal]]. The main commercial avenue of the city is the [[Avenue Charles de Gaulle]].

==Climate==
N'Djamena has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') with a short [[wet season]] and a lengthy [[dry season]]. Despite the fact that the city receives on average approximately {{convert|510|mm|0|abbr=on}} of rainfall annually, due to the area's very high [[evapotranspiration]], N'Djamena still falls into the semi-arid climate category. The wet season lasts from June to September, with the heaviest rain occurring in August. The dry season essentially covers the remaining eight months. Based on annual temperatures, N'Djamena is one of the hottest major cities on the planet. In only one month of the year (August) do average monthly high temperatures fail to cross the {{convert|32|°C|0|abbr=on}} mark. The city's highest temperatures are usually seen between March and May, just before the onset of the heavier rains.
{{Weather box
|location = N'Djamena (1991–2020, extremes 1985–present)
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|collapsed = yes
|width = auto
|Jan record high C = 41.5
|Feb record high C = 43.9
|Mar record high C = 46.0
|Apr record high C = 46.6
|May record high C = 46.4
|Jun record high C = 44.5
|Jul record high C = 42.0
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 40.8
|Oct record high C = 41.8
|Nov record high C = 42.0
|Dec record high C = 40.5
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 32.7
|Feb high C = 36.1
|Mar high C = 39.9
|Apr high C = 42.0
|May high C = 41.2
|Jun high C = 38.2
|Jul high C = 34.1
|Aug high C = 31.8
|Sep high C = 34.0
|Oct high C = 37.6
|Nov high C = 37.1
|Dec high C = 33.8
|Jan mean C = 23.6
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 31.1
|Apr mean C = 34.1
|May mean C = 34.2
|Jun mean C = 31.9
|Jul mean C = 28.8
|Aug mean C = 27.3
|Sep mean C = 28.6
|Oct mean C = 30.1
|Nov mean C = 28.1
|Dec mean C = 24.4
|year mean C = 29.2
|Jan low C = 14.8
|Feb low C = 17.7
|Mar low C = 22.7
|Apr low C = 26.1
|May low C = 27.0
|Jun low C = 25.7
|Jul low C = 23.7
|Aug low C = 22.9
|Sep low C = 23.4
|Oct low C = 22.9
|Nov low C = 19.3
|Dec low C = 15.6
|year high C= 36.5 |year low C= 21.9
|year high F = |year low F =<!--rounds down-->
|Jan record low C = 6.5
|Feb record low C = 10.0
|Mar record low C = 14.6
|Apr record low C = 18.4
|May record low C = 20.6
|Jun record low C = 20.3
|Jul record low C = 19.4
|Aug record low C = 18.5
|Sep record low C = 18.5
|Oct record low C = 16.2
|Nov record low C = 13.4
|Dec record low C = 10.0
|year record low C = 
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 0.0
|Feb rain mm = 0.0
|Mar rain mm = 0.3
|Apr rain mm = 10.3
|May rain mm = 25.8
|Jun rain mm = 51.0
|Jul rain mm = 143.8
|Aug rain mm = 174.4
|Sep rain mm = 84.3
|Oct rain mm = 20.3
|Nov rain mm = 0.1
|Dec rain mm = 0.0
|year rain mm = 
|Jan humidity = 29
|Feb humidity = 23
|Mar humidity = 21
|Apr humidity = 28
|May humidity = 39
|Jun humidity = 52
|Jul humidity = 68
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 72
|Oct humidity = 49
|Nov humidity = 33
|Dec humidity = 31
|year humidity = 43
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 0
|Feb rain days = 0
|Mar rain days = 1
|Apr rain days = 3
|May rain days = 6
|Jun rain days = 9
|Jul rain days = 13
|Aug rain days = 15
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 3
|Nov rain days = 1
|Dec rain days = 0
|Jan sun = 297.6
|Feb sun = 277.2
|Mar sun = 282.1
|Apr sun = 273.0
|May sun = 285.2
|Jun sun = 258.0
|Jul sun = 213.9
|Aug sun = 201.5
|Sep sun = 228.0
|Oct sun = 285.2
|Nov sun = 300.0
|Dec sun = 303.8
|year sun = 3205.5
|Jand sun = 9.6
|Febd sun = 9.9
|Mard sun = 9.1
|Aprd sun = 9.1
|Mayd sun = 9.2
|Jund sun = 8.6
|Juld sun = 6.9
|Augd sun = 6.5
|Sepd sun = 7.6
|Octd sun = 9.2
|Novd sun = 10.0
|Decd sun = 9.8
|yeard sun = 8.8
|source 1 = Météo Climat,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p215.php
| title = Météo Climat stats for N'Djamena 1991–2020
| publisher = Météo Climat
| access-date = 15 October 2017}}</ref> [[World Meteorological Organization]] (rainfall/rain days)<ref name= WMO>{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=256
| title = World Weather Information Service–Ndjamena
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = October 19, 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073518/http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=256
| archive-date = March 4, 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> 
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, humidity 1961–1990 and extremes),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/TE/64700.TXT
| title = ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = October 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=global-summary-of-the-day&stations=48955099999&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2023-12-31&dataTypes=MAX,MIN,PRCP
| title = Global Surface Summary of the Day – GSOD
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = January 26, 2023
}}</ref> Extreme Temperature Around The World<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm
| title = January record low
| language = en
| access-date = 3 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

According to the World Air Quality Report 2024, N'Djamena is one of the world's 20 most polluted cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-12 |title=With 13 of 20 most polluted cities, India ranks 5th globally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-13-of-20-most-polluted-cities-india-ranks-5th-globally/articleshow/118909491.cms |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:NDjamena, Chad.jpg|thumb|N'Djamena seen from the [[International Space Station]] in 2010]]
N'Djamena's primary economic source is agricultural work. About 80% of the population within N'Djamena works within farming-based industries, including cultivation of crops and growing [[livestock]]. The economy in N'Djamena is therefore almost totally reliant on good weather, making the economy struggle in years with low rainfall. N'Djamena receives financial aid from the [[World Bank]], as well as the [[African Development Bank]]. There is a high demand for skilled laborers within N'Djamena to work for oil and gas sectors, as well as laborers for foreign [[non-governmental organization]]s, [[Health care|medical services]], and English teaching. Residents of N'Djamena are liable to pay tax up to a maximum amount of 60% of all net income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.internations.org/ndjamena-expats/guide/working-in-n-djamena-18496|title=Working in N'Djamena|website=InterNations|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-date=2016-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170043/https://www.internations.org/ndjamena-expats/guide/working-in-n-djamena-18496|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[file:National Museum and National Library of Chad in N'Djamena - 2014-10-01 a.jpg|thumb|left|The Chad National Museum and the National Library of Chad]]
[[File:Danseur du Kanem.jpg|thumb|The Dary festival in N'Djamena]]
Attractions in the city include the [[Chad National Museum]], the Al-Mouna Cultural Center, [[Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, N'Djamena|Our Lady of Peace Cathedral]], and several [[mosque]]s. Within the Chad National Museum, one can view the partial skull of a ''[[Sahelanthropus]]'', called by locals as "Toumaï".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afrotourism.com/attraction/chad-national-museum/|title=Chad National Museum|website=Afrotourism|access-date=2016-11-13|archive-date=2016-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232734/http://afrotourism.com/attraction/chad-national-museum/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This skull was discovered in the northern part of Chad and is considered to be from one of the earliest human ancestors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brunet|first1=Michel|last2=Guy|first2=Franck|last3=Pilbeam|first3=David|last4=Mackaye|first4=Hassane Taisso|last5=Likius|first5=Andossa|last6=Ahounta|first6=Djimdoumalbaye|last7=Beauvilain|first7=Alain|last8=Blondel|first8=Cécile|last9=Bocherens|first9=Hervé|date=2002-07-11|title=A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa|journal=Nature (journal)|volume=418|issue=6894|pages=145–151|doi=10.1038/nature00879|issn=0028-0836|pmid=12110880|s2cid=1316969|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13388/files/PAL_E190.pdf }}</ref> Views of [[sunset]] across the Chari River can also be spectacular. N'Djamena was named [[Capital of Islamic Culture]] in 2009.<ref name="CIC">{{cite web|url=http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/capitalsIslamic/N%20Djamena2009/index.php |title=N'Djamena, Capital of Islamic Culture for 2009 |access-date=1 December 2009 |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826145556/http://www.isesco.org.ma/english/capitalsIslamic/N%20Djamena2009/index.php |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref>

== Education ==
In N'Djamena, education can be thought of as a luxury even though it is compulsory and free and has been since Chad's independence in 1960.<ref name="Education & Jobs">{{Cite news|url=http://www.our-africa.org/chad/education-jobs|title=Education & Jobs|newspaper=Our Africa|access-date=2016-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043655/http://www.our-africa.org/chad/education-jobs|archive-date=2016-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not more than forty percent of elementary age children in Chad have an opportunity to attend classes and with N'Djamena's poor state stability it is even harder for children to get an education. After progressing through elementary school, some students go on to a university.<ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/africa/chad-political-geography/chad|title=Chad facts, information, pictures {{!}} Encyclopedia.com articles about Chad|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref> N'Djamena has two universities: the [[University of N'Djamena]] with French as the language of instruction, built in 1971;<ref>{{Official website|http://www.univ-ndjamena.org}}</ref> and [[King Faisal University - Chad]] with Arabic as the language of instruction,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas_adsec/chad.htm |title=Chad's education system follows the model of its former colonizer, France |publisher=Bibl.u-szeged.hu |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524084402/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas_adsec/chad.htm |archive-date=2012-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> built in 1991. Secondary schools include the long established Lycée [[Félix Éboué]] and Lycée technique commercial, the [[Lycée Montaigne de N'Djamena]] (French international school). Secondary school within Chad is mandatory, however only 68% of students over the age of 12 attend school. Of that 68%, 70% of these students attend school in N'Djamena. Many of the students in international schools are children of executives, diplomats, and non-governmental organization employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.internations.org/ndjamena-expats/guide/living-in-n-djamena-18488|title=Living in N'Djamena|website=InterNations|access-date=2016-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170003/https://www.internations.org/ndjamena-expats/guide/living-in-n-djamena-18488|archive-date=2016-11-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2021}}

== Places of worship ==
[[file:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de N'Djaména.jpg|thumb|left|[[Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, N'Djamena|Our Lady of Peace Cathedral]]]]
The [[places of worship]] are predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]] [[mosque]]s. There are also [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of N'Djaména]], Evangelical Church of Chad, Christian Assemblies in Chad ([[Plymouth Brethren]]).<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 534</ref>

== Government ==
[[file:Building of National Assembly DJAMENA.jpg|thumb|[[National Assembly of Chad]]]]
N'Djamena is the home of the [[National Assembly of Chad]], along with many political organisations and parties, and every national ministry. The Supreme Court and Court of Appeal are also in N'Djamena, along with every major embassy in Chad, including the French and US embassies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa South of the Sahara|author=Europa Publications|year=2004|pages=235–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA235|isbn=978-1-85743-183-4|publisher=Routledge|access-date=2015-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513233619/https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA235|archive-date=2016-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> It is sometimes considered within the [[Regions of Chad|region]] of [[Chari-Baguirmi Region|Chari-Baguirmi]], although separate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbendi.com/a_sndmsg/place_view.asp?pid=1116|title=N'Djamena, Chari-Baguirmi, Chad|work=Mbendi Information Services|access-date=1 December 2009}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Transport ==

===Road===
[[File:N&#039;Djamena International Airport, Chad.jpg|thumb|N'Djamena International Airport]]
The city is the eastern terminus of the [[Trans-Sahelian Highway]], and is linked to [[East Africa]] by the (largely unpaved) [[N'Djamena–Djibouti Highway]]. The [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] also passes through N'Djamena, making it a key [[Central Africa]]n location in the [[Trans-African Highway network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.int/web/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf|title=TRANS-AFRICAN HIGHWAY NETWORK ROUTES|access-date=Apr 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429031326/https://au.int/web/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf|archive-date=April 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> N'Djamena is linked by [[road bridge]] to [[Kousséri]] in [[Cameroon]].

===Airport===
[[N'Djamena International Airport|N'Djamena International Airport Hassan Djamous]] ([[IATA code]] NDJ) is located on the outskirts of the city.

===River travel===
Historically, N'Djamena's main link to the exterior was by river boat up the [[Chari River|Chari]] and [[Logone River|Logone]] rivers, but these now carry little trade.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/NDjamena N'Djamena | Location & History]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2020-05-29.</ref>

===Railway===
The city has no [[railway]] links. However, railways have been proposed.<ref>{{cite web |author=DVV Media UK |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/work-to-begin-on-chad-rail-network.html |title=Work to begin on Chad rail network |work=Railway Gazette International |access-date=2017-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117091407/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/work-to-begin-on-chad-rail-network.html |archive-date=2017-11-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Twin cities==
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], France; since 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adequations.org/spip.php?article165|title=Toulouse-N'Djamena: une solidarité durable|language=fr|work=Adequations|year=2008|access-date=30 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903074936/http://www.adequations.org/spip.php?article165|archive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Stupino, Stupinsky District, Moscow Oblast|Stupino]], Russia; since 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/89414576079db559432569d8002421fc/d6d8fcf1a1c7ad25c32571210044bea9?OpenDocument|script-title=ru:Российско-чадские отношения|date=16 February 2009|publisher=[[Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=2009-07-23|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306082902/http://www.mid.ru/ns-rafr.nsf/89414576079db559432569d8002421fc/d6d8fcf1a1c7ad25c32571210044bea9?OpenDocument|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/chad-population/|title=Chad Population (2016) – World Population Review|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=2016-10-28}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|N'Djamena}}
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreville/Ndjamena.htm Map of N'Djamena] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060627132246/http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreville/Ndjamena.htm Archive])
* [http://chadnow.com/chad_travel/travel_to_chad_and_ndjamena.html Best travel guide] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20080908052444/http://chadnow.com/chad_travel/travel_to_chad_and_ndjamena.html Archive])
* [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html earth-info.nga.mil] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html Archive])
{{N'Djamena}}
{{Regions of Chad}}
{{List of African capitals}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:N'djamena}}
[[Category:N'Djamena| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places in Chad]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1900]]
[[Category:Logone River]]
[[Category:French Equatorial Africa]]
[[Category:Cameroon–Chad border crossings]]
[[Category:Regions of Chad]]