Editing Myliobatiformes

{{Short description|Order of cartilaginous fishes}}{{Short description|Order of cartilaginous fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Hauterivian|recent|[[Early Cretaceous]] to recent<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marmi |first=Josep |last2=Vila # |first2=Bernat |last3=Oms |first3=Oriol |last4=Galobart |first4=Àngel |last5=Cappetta |first5=Henri |date=2010-05-18 |title=Oldest records of stingray spines (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724631003758011 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=970–974 |doi=10.1080/02724631003758011 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>}}
| image = Dasyatis brevicaudata 4x3.jpg
| image_caption = [[Short-tail stingray]], ''Dasyatis brevicaudata''
| taxon = Myliobatiformes
| authority = [[Leonard Joseph Victor Compagno|Compagno]], 1973
| type_species = ''[[Myliobatis aquila]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''Myliobatiformes''' ({{IPAc-en|m|I|l|i|'|Q|b|@|t|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}), commonly known as '''stingrays''', are one of the four [[order (biology)|orders]] of [[Batoidea|batoids]], [[cartilaginous fish]]es related to sharks.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Froese|first1=R.|last2=Pauly|first2=D.|title=Myliobatiformes|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196069|website=WoRMS|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Order Summary for Myliobatiformes|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Myliobatiformes|website=FishBase|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> They are members of the subclass [[Elasmobranchii|elasmobranchs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITIS - Report: Myliobatiformes |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=649685#null |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.itis.gov}}</ref> They were formerly included in the order [[Rajiformes]], but more recent [[phylogenetic]] studies have shown the myliobatiformes to be a [[monophyletic group]], and its more [[Synapomorphy|derived]] members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the [[Skate (fish)|skate]]s.<ref name="nelson">{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |author=Nelson, J.S. |edition=fourth |publisher=John Wiley |year=2006 |isbn=0-471-25031-7 |pages=69–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=R. Aidan|title=Myliobatiformes: Stingrays|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/myliobatiformes.htm|website=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Myliobatiformes share physical characteristics of a long, thin tail with serrated spines<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stepanek |first=Rica |title=A review of the evolution of potamotrygonid freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes) |publisher=Unknown Publisher |year=2011}}</ref> and a pancake-like body.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Stingrays: Species |url=https://www.subdiversion.es/en/species/vertebrates/elasmobranchs/stingrays/#:~:text=Among%20the%20differences%20we%20find,usually%20relatively%20thin%20and%20elongated. |access-date=2025-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> They share many characteristics with the batoid order [[Rajiformes]], in which they were previously included.<ref name=":0" /> The key difference of the orders is the Myliobatiformes' single-lobed pelvic fin, lack of a mid-tail spine, and general lack of a dorsal fin.<ref name=":0" /> Myliobatiformes also possess stinging spines along the tail's base, and generally possess large pectoral fins that are completely fused (except [[Eagle ray|Myliobatidae]]) to the head.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ebert |first1=David A. |title=Chapter Two - Biodiversity, Life History, and Conservation of Northeastern Pacific Chondrichthyans |date=2017-01-01 |work=Advances in Marine Biology |volume=77 |pages=9–78 |editor-last=Larson |editor-first=Shawn E. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065288117300068 |access-date=2025-03-28 |series=Northeast Pacific Shark Biology, Research and Conservation Part A |publisher=Academic Press |last2=Bigman |first2=Jennifer S. |last3=Lawson |first3=Julia M. |doi=10.1016/bs.amb.2017.07.001 |editor2-last=Lowry |editor2-first=Dayv}}</ref> They can camouflage from predators by using their flat, disk-shaped bodies to lie against the seafloor. <ref name=":0" />

==Classification==
[[File:Porcupine ray from Lakshadweep JJH edit.jpg|thumb|Camouflaged [[porcupine ray]] ]]Myliobatiformes is classified as follows in ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'':<ref name="ECoF">{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/ |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref>

* Family [[Zanobatidae]] <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]]. 1934</small> (panrays)
* Family [[Hexatrygonidae]] <small>[[Phil Heemstra|Heemstra]] & [[Margaret Mary Smith|M. M. Smith]], 1980</small> (sixgill stingrays)
* Family [[Dasyatidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]], 1879</small> (whiptail stingrays)
** Subfamily [[Whiptail stingray|Dasyatinae]] <small>D. S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1879</small> (stingrays)
** Subfamily [[Maskray|Neotrygoninae]] <small>[[François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1873</small> (shortsnout stingrays)
** Subfamily [[Urogymninae]] <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1851</small> (whiprays)
** Subfamily [[Hypolophinae]] <small>[[Ernst Stromer|Stromer]], 1910</small> (cowtail stingrays)
* Family [[Potamotrygonidae]] <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1877</small> (neotropical stingrays)
** Subfamily [[Styracurinae]] <small>[[Marcelo R. de Carvalho|Carvalho]], [[Thiago S. Loboda|Loboda]] & [[João Paulo C.B. da Silva|da Silva]] 2016</small> (whiptail stingrays)
** Subfamily [[Potamotrygoninae]] <small>Garman 1877</small> (river stingrays)
* Family [[Urotrygonidae]] <small>[[John D. McEachran|McEachran]], [[Katherine A. Dunn|Dunn]] & [[Tsutomu Miyaki|Miyake]], 1996</small> (American round stingrays)
* Family [[Gymnuridae]] <small>Fowler, 1934</small> (butterfly rays)
* Family [[Plesiobatidae]] <small>[[Kiyonori Nishida|K. Nishida]], 1990</small> (deepwater stingrays or giant stingarees)
* Family [[Urolophidae]] <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|J. P. Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]] 1841</small> (round stingrays or stingarees)
* Family [[Aetobatidae]] <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1858</small> (pelagic eagle rays)
* Family [[Myliobatidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 1835</small> (eagle rays)
* Family [[Rhinopteridae]] <small>D. S, Jordan & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1896</small> (cownose rays)
* Family [[Mobulidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1893</small> (mantas or devil rays)

{{notelist}}The family [[Aetobatus|Aetobatidae]] is recognised  by some authorities. It contains the genus ''Aetobatus'', which is otherwise part of Myliobatinae. <ref name="WhiteNaylor2016">{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=William T.|last2=Naylor|first2=Gavin J.P.|title=Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4139|issue=3|year=2016|pages=435–438|issn=1175-5334|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10|pmid=27470816}}</ref>

The families Myliobatidae and Rhombodontidae are sometimes grouped in their own superfamily, [[Myliobatoidea]].<ref name="Hoganson2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoganson |first1=John |last2=Erickson |first2=J. Mark |last3=Holland |first3=F. D. |title=Chondrichthyan and osteichthyan paleofaunas of the Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation of North Dakota, USA: paleoecology, paleogeography, and extinction. Bulletins of American Paleontology, No. 398: 1–94. |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |date=2019 |volume=398 |doi=10.32857/bap.2019.398|doi-broken-date=28 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Cladogram ==

{{clade
 |{{clade
  |1=[[Zanobatidae]]
  |2={{clade
   |1=[[Hexatrygonidae]]
   |2={{clade
    |1=[[Gymnuridae]]
    |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |1=[[Plesiobatidae]]
     |2=[[Urolophidae]] }}
     |3={{clade
     |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
    |1=[[Myliobatidae]]
    |2=[[Aetobatidae]] }}
    |3={{clade
   |1=[[Mobulidae]]
   |2=[[Rhinopteridae]] }} }}
   |3={{clade
 |1=[[Dasyatidae]] 1
 |2={{clade
  |1=[[Dasyatidae]] 2
  |2={{clade
   |1=[[Potamotrygonidae]]
   |2=[[Urotrygonidae]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}|label1=[[Myliobatiformes]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chondrichthyes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q796580}}

[[Category:Myliobatiformes| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Leonard Compagno]]