Editing Music of Latin America

{{Short description|Collective term for the dances, rhythms and styles of music from Latin America}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Dance and music of Latin America|Latin dance}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Broaden|date=October 2016}}
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{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Music of Latin America
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Music of Spain]]|[[Music of Portugal]]|[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Music and art|Indigenous American music]]|[[Music of Africa]]|[[Classical music]]|[[Canzone napoletana]]|}}
| cultural_origins  = 16th century, Latin America
| subgenres         = {{flatlist|
*[[Axé (music)|Axé]]
*[[Bachata (music)|Bachata]]
*[[Baião (music)|Baião]]
*[[Bambuco]]
*[[Banda (music)|Banda]]
*[[Batucada]]
*[[Bolero]]
*[[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|Bomba]]
*[[Boogaloo]]
*[[Bossa nova]]
*[[Brazilian rock]]
*[[Cha-cha-cha (music)|Cha-cha-cha]]
*[[Champeta]]
*[[Changüí]]
*[[Charanga (Cuba)|Charanga]]
*[[Choro]]
*[[Conga (music)|Conga]]
*[[Conjunto]]
*[[Contradanza]]
*[[Corrido]]
*[[Cuarteto]]
*[[Cueca]]
*[[Cumbia]]
*[[Danza]]
*[[Danzón]]
*[[Dembow]]
*[[Duranguense]]
*[[Filin (music)|Filin]]
*[[Forró]]
*[[Frevo]]
*[[Funk carioca]]
*[[Grupera]]
*[[Guaguancó]]
*[[Guajira (music)|Guajira]]
*[[Guaracha]]
*[[Huapango]]
*[[Huayno]]
*[[Jarabe]]
*[[Joropo]]
*[[Lambada]]
*[[Lundu (dance)|Lundu]]
*[[Mambo (music)|Mambo]]
*[[Mariachi]]
*[[Merengue music|Merengue]]
*[[Milonga (music)|Milonga]]
*[[Música popular brasileira]]
*[[New Mexico music]]
*[[Norteño (music)|Norteño]]
*[[Nueva canción]]
*[[Nueva trova]]
*[[Orquesta típica]]
*[[Pachanga]]
*[[Pagode]]
*[[Pambiche]]
*[[Pasillo]]
*[[Punta]]
*[[Payada]]
*[[Plena]] 
*[[Porro]]
*[[Punto guajiro]]
*[[Ranchera]]
*[[Reggaeton]]
*[[Rondalla]]
*[[Cuban rumba|Rumba]]
*[[Salsa music|Salsa]]
*[[Samba]]
*[[Seis]]
*[[Música sertaneja|Sertanejo]]
*[[Son (music)|Son]]
*[[Son jalisciense]]
*[[Son Jarocho]]
*[[Son montuno]]
*[[Songo music|Songo]]
*[[Tango music]]
*[[Tejano music|Tejano]]
*[[Tierra Caliente music]]
*[[Timba]]
*[[Tonada]]
*[[Trío romántico]]
*[[Tropicália]]
*[[Vallenato]]
*[[Vals criollo]]
*[[Xuc]]
}}
| fusiongenres      = {{hlist||[[Latin Alternative|Alternative]]|[[Latin ballad|Ballad]]|[[Latin hip hop|Hip hop]]|[[Latin jazz|Jazz]]|[[Latin pop|Pop]]|[[Reggae en Español|Reggae]]|[[Latin rock|Rock]]}}
| regional_scenes   = {{flatlist|
*[[Music of Argentina|Argentina]]
*[[Music of Bolivia|Bolivia]]
*[[Music of Brazil|Brazil]]
*[[Music of Chile|Chile]]
*[[Music of Colombia|Colombia]]
*[[Music of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]] 
*[[Music of Cuba|Cuba]]
*[[Music of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
*[[Music of Ecuador|Ecuador]]
*[[Music of El Salvador|El Salvador]]
*[[Music of Guatemala|Guatemala]]
*[[Music of Honduras|Honduras]]
*[[Music of Mexico|Mexico]]
*[[Music of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]
*[[Music of Panama|Panama]]
*[[Music of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
*[[Music of Peru|Peru]]
*[[Music of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]
*[[Latin American music in the United States|United States]]
*[[Music of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
*[[Music of Venezuela|Venezuela]]
}}
}}
The '''music of Latin America''' refers to music originating from [[Latin America]], namely the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-speaking regions of the [[Americas]] south of the United States.<ref name=Torres>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX5BXxjwV9cC&pg=PR17|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music|last=Torres|first=George|page=xvii|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=9780313087943}}</ref> Latin American music highly incorporates its [[Africa|African]] influences into the music of Latin America, as well as [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Music and art|indigenous music of Latin America]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olsen|first1=Dale|last2=Sheehy|first2=Daniel|title=Handbook of Latin American Music, Second Edition|date=December 17, 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135900083|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> Due to its highly [[Syncretism|syncretic]] nature, Latin American music encompasses a wide variety of styles, including influential genres such as [[cumbia]], [[Bachata (music)|bachata]], [[bossa nova]], [[Merengue music|merengue]], [[Cuban rumba|rumba]], [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[samba]], [[son (music)|son]], [[candombe]] and [[Tango music|tango]]. During the 20th century, many styles were influenced by the [[music of the United States]] giving rise to genres such as [[Latin pop]], [[Latin rock|rock]], [[Latin jazz|jazz]], [[Latin hip hop|hip hop]], and [[reggaeton]].

Geographically, it usually refers to the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of Latin America,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Henderson|first1=Lol|last2=Stacey|first2=Lee|title=Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century|date=Jan 27, 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135929466|page=358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA358|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> but sometimes includes Francophone countries and territories of the Caribbean and South America as well. It also encompasses Latin American styles that have originated in the United States such as, [[New Mexico music]], [[Tejano music|Tejano]], various forms of [[country music|country]]-[[Western music (North America)|Western]], as well as [[Chicano rock]], [[Nuyorican rap]], and [[Chicano rap]].<ref name=Torres/> The origins of Latin American music can be traced back to [[West Africa]], [[Central Africa]], Indigenous, and the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the Americas in the 16th century, when the European settlers brought their music from overseas.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Latin Beat: The Rhythms And Roots Of Latin Music From Bossa Nova To Salsa And Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0|url-access=registration|last=Morales|first=Ed|page=xiv|year=2003|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=9780786730209}}</ref> Latin American music is performed in Spanish and Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ&q=latin%20music%20spanish%20portuguese&pg=PA639|title=Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture|last=Edmondson|first=Jacqueline|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=639|isbn=9780313393488}}</ref>

== Popular music styles by country and territory ==

===Argentina===
{{Main|Music of Argentina|Tango music|Argentine rock|Milonga (music)|Chacarera|Chamamé|Southern cone music}}
[[File:Soledad Pastorutti.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Soledad Pastorutti]] in the White Room of the [[Casa Rosada|Pink House]].]]

While the exact origins of [[tango]] remain uncertain, Argentine writer [[Jorge Luis Borges]] believed the genre to have originated in the [[brothel]]s of 19th century [[Buenos Aires]] or [[Montevideo]]. Editors of ''World Music: The Rough Guide'' (2000) called Borges' statement "a little presumptive" and pinpoint the early developments of tango to the bars frequented by ''[[Buenos Aires|porteños]].'' Emerging from a [[melting pot]] of European immigrants, [[Criollo people|''criollos'']], blacks, and indigenous peoples, the genre is believed to have been influenced by [[Music of Andalusia|Andalusian flamenco]], Spanish [[contradanse]], [[Italian folk music]], Cuban [[Contradanza|habanera]], African [[candombe]] and [[percussion]], German [[Polka music|polkas]], Polish [[mazurka]]s, and Argentine [[Milonga (music)|milonga]]. In its early history, tango music was associated with brawls at brothels and knife-wielding womanizing men,{{sfn|Ellingham|Duane|McConnachine|2000|pp=304-305}} known locally as ''malevos'' or ''compadritos''. By 1914, men outnumbered women in [[Argentina]] by 100,000, leading to an increased rate of prostitution and the brothel lifestyle that came with it. Men would often dance at cafes and bars and try to outdo one another with improvised dance steps in an attempt to attract a woman.

Their dances were characterized by "showy yet threatening, predatory quality, often revolving around a possessive relationship between two men and one woman". In its original form, tango music included the violin, guitar, and flute. By the late 19th century, the [[bandoneon]] had been introduced into the genre. The instrument, first developed in Germany for playing folk and [[religious music]] in churches that lacked organs, is believed to have been brought to the region by immigrants and sailors. One of its early pioneers, [[Eduardo Arolas]], was nicknamed the "Tiger of the ''Bandoneón''". Arolas believed the instrument was made to play in tango. [[Vicente Greco]] is credited with standardizing tango with his group, Orquesta Típica Criolla, by using two violins and two bandoneons. The instrumentation of tango remained largely unchanged until the 1940s. Tango music began playing in populated areas such as fairgrounds and streets in Buenos Aires. It contained lyrics that were "sometimes obscene and deeply fatalistic". Similar to families in the United States during the rise of [[rock and roll]], families in the area tried to shield their children from tango.{{sfn|Ellingham|Duane|McConnachine|2000|pp=304-305}} Upper-classmen began taking an interest in tango: writer [[Ricardo Guiraldes|Ricardo Güiraldes]] performed tango during a tour of Europe in 1910 and has been credited with introducing tango in Europe. Güiraldes' introduction made tango the first [[Latin dance]] to gain popularity in Europe. Actor [[Rudolph Valentino]] performed the tango in his film ''[[The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse]]'' (1926), with [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] taking advantage of "[Valentino's] charisma, the magnetism of tango, and the attraction they both had on a huge public".{{sfn|Ellingham|Duane|McConnachine|2000|pp=304-305}}

Other styles of music in Argentina include the [[chacarera]], [[Milonga (music)|milonga]], [[Zamba (artform)|zamba]] and [[chamamé]]. Modern rhythms include [[cuarteto]] (music from the Cordoba Province) and [[Nuevo tango|electrotango]]. [[Argentine rock]] (known locally as ''rock nacional'') was most popular during the 1980s, and remains one of Argentina's most popular music genres. ''Rock en español'' was first popular in Argentina, then swept through other Hispanic American countries and Spain. The movement was known as the "Argentine Wave".

===Bolivia===
{{Main|Music of Bolivia|Andean music}}
[[File:Arce_Lemaitre.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[Claudia Arce]]]]
[[Bolivia]]n music is perhaps the most strongly linked to its native population among the national styles of South America. After the nationalistic period of the 1950s [[Aymara ethnic group|Aymara]] and [[Quechua people|Quechuan]] culture became more widely accepted, and their folk music evolved into a more pop-like sound. [[Los Kjarkas]] played a pivotal role in this fusion. Other forms of native music (such as [[huayño]]s and [[caporales]]) are also widely played. [[Cumbia]] is another popular genre. There are also lesser-known regional forms, such as the music from Santa Cruz and Tarija (where styles such as [[Cueca]] and [[Chacarera]] are popular).

===Brazil===
{{Main|Music of Brazil|Axé Music|Bossa Nova|Tropicalismo|Samba|Música popular brasileira|Música sertaneja|Funk carioca|Pagode|Pagofunk}}
[[File:Brazilian singer, Daniela Mercury.jpg|thumb|left|[[Daniela Mercury]] in 2010.]]
{{Listen|filename=Atraente chiquinha pixinguinha.ogg|title=Atraente|description=[[Choro]] "Atraente", composed by [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]], recorded by [[Pixinguinha]] (saxophone) and [[Benedito Lacerda]] (flute). Choro is a genre of Brazilian instrumental music}}
Brazil is a large, diverse country with a long history of popular-musical development, ranging from the early-20th-century innovation of [[samba]] to the modern ''[[Música popular brasileira]]''. [[Bossa nova]] is internationally well-known, and [[Forró]] (pronounced {{IPA|pt|foˈʁɔ|}}) is also widely known and popular in Brazil. Lambada is influenced by rhythms like cumbia and merengue. [[Funk carioca]] (also known as Brazilian funk) is also a highly popular style, including tamborzão rhythms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naomi |date=2018-05-30 |title=Straight Out of the Favela: Brazilian Funk |url=https://www.newsroom.spotify.com/2018-05-30/straight-out-of-the-favela-brazilian-funk/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Spotify |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Chile===
{{Main|Music of Chile|Andean music|Cueca|Nueva Canción Chilena|Chilean rock}}
[[File:Los_Prisioneros_-_Revista_Pelo_Argentina_1987.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Los Prisioneros]]]]
Many musical genres are native to Chile; one of the most popular was the Chilean Romantic [[Cumbia]], exemplified by artists such as [[Americo]] and [[Leo Rey]]. The [[Nueva Canción]] originated in the 1960s and 1970s and spread in popularity until the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]], when most musicians were arrested, killed or exiled.

In [[Central Chile]], several styles can be found: the [[Cueca]] (the national dance), the ''Tonada'', the ''Refalosa'', the ''Sajuriana'', the [[Zapateado (Mexico)|Zapateado]], the ''Cuando'' and the [[Vals Peruano (Waltz)|Vals]]. In the [[Norte Grande, Chile|Norte Grande]] region traditional music resembles the music of southern Perú and western Bolivia, and is known as [[Andean music]]. This music, which reflects the spirit of the indigenous people of the [[Altiplano]], was an inspiration for the [[Nueva canción]]. 
The [[Chiloé Archipelago]] has unique folk-music styles, due to its isolation from the culture centres of Santiago.

Music from [[Easter Island|Chilean Polynesia]], Rapa Nui music, is derived from Polynesian culture rather than colonial society or European influences.

=== Costa Rica ===
The [[music of Costa Rica]] is represented by musical expressions as parrandera, the Tambito, waltz, bolero, gang, calypso, chiquichiqui, mento the run and callera. They emerged from the migration processes and historical exchanges between indigenous, European and African. Typical instruments are the quijongo, marimba, ocarinas, low drawer, the Sabak, reed flutes, accordion, mandolin and guitar.

===Cuba===
[[File:GloriaEstefanGrammyAwards.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|150px|[[Gloria Estefan]] in 1990.]]
{{Main|Music of Cuba|Bolero|Cha-cha-cha (music)|Danzón|Early Cuban bands|Habanera (music)|Mambo (music)|Rumba|Salsa music|Trova|Guajira (music)}}
{{See also|Son (music)}}
Cuba has produced many musical genres, and a number of musicians in a variety of styles. Blended styles range from the [[danzón]] to the [[Cuban rumba|rumba]].

===Colombia===
{{Main|Music of Colombia|Cumbia|Vallenato|Colombian rock}}
[[File:Aterciopelados_-_Bumbershoot_2010_-_02.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Aterciopelados]] play at Bumbershoot, Seattle Center, Seattle, Washington.]]
Colombian music can be divided into four musical zones: the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast, the Andean region and Los Llanos.
The Atlantic music features rhythms such as the cumbia, porros and mapalé. Music from the Pacific coast such features rhythms such as the ''currulao'' —which is tinged with Spanish influence— and the Jota chocoana (along with many more afro-drum predominating music forms)—tinged with African and Aboriginal influence. Colombian Andean has been strongly influenced by Spanish rhythms and instruments, and differs noticeably from the indigenous music of Peru or Bolivia. Typical forms include the ''bambuco'', ''pasillo guabina'' and ''torbellino'', played with pianos and string instruments such as the ''tiple guitarra''. The music of Los Llanos, ''música llanera'', is usually accompanied by a harp, a ''cuatro'' (a type of four-string guitar) and maracas. It has much in common with the music of the Venezuelan Llanos.

Apart from these traditional forms, two newer musical styles have conquered large parts of the country: ''la salsa'', which has spread throughout the Pacific coast and the ''vallenato'', which originated in La Guajira and César (on the northern Caribbean coast). The latter is based on European accordion music. [[Merengue music]] is heard as well. More recently, musical styles such as reggaeton and bachata have also become popular.

===Dominican Republic===
{{Main|Music of the Dominican Republic|Merengue music|Perico Ripiao|Bachata (music)|Dominican rock}}
[[Merengue típico]] and [[Merengue music|Orchestra merengue]] have been popular in the Dominican Republic for many decades, and is widely regarded as the national music. [[Bachata (music)|Bachata]] is more recent arrival, arriving in the first half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-19 |title=What is Bachata? {{!}} Incognito Dance |url=https://www.incognitodance.com/what-is-bachata-2/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.incognitodance.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> taking influences from the ''bolero'' and derived from the country's rural guitar music. Bachata has evolved and risen in popularity over the last 40 years in the Dominican Republic and other areas (such as [[Puerto Rico]]) with the help of artists such as [[Antony Santos]], [[Luis Segura]], [[Luis Vargas (musician)|Luis Vargas]], Teodoro Reyes, [[Yoskar Sarante]], [[Alex Bueno]], and [[Aventura (band)|Aventura]]. Bachata, merengue and salsa are now equally popular among Spanish-speaking Caribbean people. When the Spanish ''conquistadors'' sailed across the Atlantic they brought with them a type of music known as ''hesparo'', which contributed to the development of Dominican music. A romantic style is also popular in the Dominican Republic from vocalists such as Angela Carrasco, Anthony Rios, Maridalia Hernandez and Olga Lara. Reggaeton is currently one of the most popular genres coming out of the Dominican Republic. It has been recently popularized in night clubs with these high beats. This was made by the help of Dominican artist El Alfa. El Alfa has made "dembow" one of the most popular types of reggaeton. He has been able to produce highly played songs that are played in multiple countries.

===Ecuador===
{{Main|Music of Ecuador|Andean music}}
[[File:Mirella_Cesa_en_2016.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Mirella Cesa]]]]
Traditional Ecuadorian music can be classified as mestizo, Indian and Afro-Ecuadorian music. Mestizo music evolved from the interrelation between Spanish and Indian music. It has rhythms such as ''pasacalles'', ''pasillos'', ''albazos'' and ''sanjuanitos'', and is usually played by stringed instruments. There are also regional variations: coastal styles, such as ''vals'' (similar to [[Vals Peruano (Waltz)]]) and ''montubio'' music (from the coastal hill country).

Indian music in Ecuador is determined in varying degrees by the influence of ''quichua'' culture. Within it are ''sanjuanitos'' (different from the ''mestizo sanjuanito''), ''capishkas'', ''danzantes'' and ''yaravis''. Non-''quichua'' indigenous music ranges from the [[Tsáchila]] music of [[Santo Domingo]] (influenced by the neighboring Afro-marimba) to the Amazonian music of groups such as the [[Shuar people|Shuar]].

Black Ecuadorian music can be classified into two main forms. The first type is black music from the coastal Esmeraldas province, and is characterized by the marimba. The second variety is black music from the Chota Valley in the northern Sierra (primarily known as [[Bomba (Ecuador)|Bomba del Chota]]), characterized by a more-pronounced mestizo and Indian influence than ''marimba esmeraldeña''. Most of these musical styles are also played by wind ensembles of varying sizes at popular festivals around the country. Like other Latin American countries, Ecuadorian music includes local exponents of international styles: from opera, salsa and rock to cumbia, thrash metal and jazz.

===El Salvador===
{{Main|Music of El Salvador}}
[[File:KarlaCubias.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Karla Cubias]]]]
Salvadoran music may be compared with the [[Colombian culture|Colombian]] style of music known as ''[[cumbia]]''.
Popular styles in modern El Salvador (in addition to ''cumbia'') are [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[Bachata (music)|Bachata]] and [[Reggaeton]]. "Political chaos tore the country apart in the early 20th century, and music was often suppressed, especially those with strong native influences. In the 1940s, for example, it was decreed that a dance called "Xuc" was to be the "national dance" which was created and led by Paquito Palaviccini's and his ''Orquestra Internacional Polio''".{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} In recent years reggaeton and [[hip hop]] have gained popularity, led by groups such as [[Pescozada]] and [[Mecate (band)|Mecate]]. Salvadorian music has a musical style influenced by [[Maya peoples|Mayan]] music (played on the El Salvador-Guatemala border, in [[Chalatenango Department|Chalatenango]]). Another popular style of music not native to El Salvador is known as [[Punta (music)|Punta]] a Honduran style.

Some of the leading classical composers from El Salvador include [[Alex Panamá]], Carlos Colón-Quintana, and [[German Cáceres]].

===Guatemala===
{{Main|Music of Guatemala}}
[[File:Concierto Ricardo Arjona Miami 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ricardo Arjona]]]]
Guatemala has a very extensive musical history, from Mayan music to modern-day acts such as [[Ricardo Arjona]]. They have a diverse range of music. Popular music in Guatemala usually consists of Marimba music. Which incorporates the [[Marimba]] keyboard percussion instrument of Central African origins, when it was first brought originally by enslaved Africans to [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]].

===Honduras===
{{Main|Music of Honduras}}
The music of Honduras varies from [[Punta]] and [[Paranda (music)|Paranda]] (Traditional music from Honduras) to Caribbean and Central American music such as [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[Merengue music|merengue]], [[reggae]], reggaeton, Dancehall. The country's old capital of [[Comayagua]] is an important center for modern Honduran music, and is home to the College for Fine Arts.

===Mexico===
{{Main|Mexican music|Mariachi|Ranchera|Bolero|Cumbia|Norteño (music)|Banda (music)|Huapango|Son Jarocho}}
[[File:Pedro_Infante_in_Venezuela_(cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Pedro Infante]]]]
[[File:Maná - Rock in Rio Madrid 2012 - 57.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Maná]] in concert in Rock in Rio in Madrid in 2012.]] 
[[Mexico]] is perhaps one of the most musically diverse countries in the world. Each of its 31 states, its capital city and each of [[Mexico City's boroughs]] claim unique styles of music. The most representative genre is [[mariachi]] music or traditional regional music [[corridos]]. Although commonly misportrayed as [[Street performance|buskers]], mariachis musicians play extremely technical, structured music or blends such as [[jarabe]]. Most mariachi music is sung in verses of prose poetry. [[Ranchera]], Mexico's country music, differs from mariachi in that it is less technical and its lyrics are not sung in prose. Other regional music includes: ''[[son jarocho]]'', ''[[son huasteco]]'', ''cumbia sonidera'', [[Mexican pop music|Mexican pop]], ''[[rock en español]]'', [[Mexican rock music|Mexican rock]] and ''[[canto nuevo]]''. There is also music based on sounds made by dancing (such as the ''[[Zapateado (Mexico)|zapateada]]'').

Northeastern Mexico is home to another popular style called ''[[Norteño (music)|norteña]]'', which assimilates Mexican ''ranchera'' with [[cumbia|Colombian ''cumbia'']] and is typically played with Bavarian [[accordions]] and [[Bohemia]]n [[polka]] influence. One of the most popular music styles in all Mexico are "corridos". This is regional mexican music and recently been popularized by famous artist such as Peso Pluma and Grupo Frontera. These folk tales consist of money and love. Poetry backed up instrumentals of the guitar and trumpet. It has grown to be very popular in the United States. Variations of ''norteña'' include ''[[duranguense]]'', ''[[Banda (music)|tambora sinaloense]]'', ''[[corridos]]'' and [[nortec]] (norteño-techno). The eastern part of the country makes heavy use of the [[Arpa jarocha|harp]], typical of the ''son arocho'' style. The music in southern Mexico is particularly represented by its use of the [[marimba]], which has its origins in the [[Soconusco]] region between Mexico and [[Guatemala]].
[[File:Vals_Chiapa_de_Corzo.ogg|right|thumb|Vals Chiapa de Corzo performed on a marimba in Chiapas.]]
The north-central states have recently spawned a [[Tecktonik]]-style music, combining [[Electro music|electro]] and other dance genres with more traditional music. [[Salsa (music)]] has also played an important role in Mexican music shown by [[Sonora Santanera]]. Currently, [[Reggaeton]] is very popular in modern Mexico.

===Nicaragua===
{{Main|Music of Nicaragua|Palo de Mayo}}
The most popular style of music in [[Nicaragua]] is ''[[palo de Mayo]]'', which is both a type of dance music and a festival where the dance (and music) originated. Other popular music includes [[marimba]], folklore, ''son nica'', folk music, ''merengue'', ''bachata'' and salsa.

===Panama===
{{Main|Music of Panama}}
[[File:Erika_Ender_pic_by_Raymond_Collazo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Erika Ender]]]]
The music of Panama is the result of the mestizaje, It has occurred during the last five hundred years between the Iberian traditions, especially those of Andalusia, American Indians and those of West Africa. Mestizaje that has been enriched by cultural exchange caused by several waves of migrations originating in Europe, in various parts of the Caribbean (mostly Barbados, Trinidad, Jamaica and Saint Lucia) in Asia and several points in South and North America. These migrations were due to the Spanish colonization of America, which was forced to use the Royal Route of Panama as an inter-oceanic trade route, which included the slave trade (an institution abolished in Panama in 1851); To the traffic, product of the exploitation of the silver mines in the Viceroyalty of Peru during centuries XVI and XVII; To the legendary riches of the Fair of Portobelo, between centuries XVII and XVIII; To the construction of the Transísmico Railroad, begun in 1850, and the Interoceanic Canal, initiated by France in 1879, concluded by the United States in 1914 and expanded by Panama from 2007.

With this rich cultural heritage, Panama has contributed significantly to the development of Cumbia, Decima, Panamanian saloma, Pasillo, Panamanian bunde, bullerengue, [[Punto music|Punto Music]], [[Tamborito]], [[Mejoranera|Mejorana]], Panamanian Murga, Tamborera (Examples: Guarare and Tambor de la Alegria), bolero, jazz, Salsa, reggae and calypso, through composers like Nicolas Aceves Núñez (hall, cumbia, tamborito, Pasillo), Luis Russell (jazz), Ricardo Fábrega (bolero and Tamborera), José Luis Rodríguez Vélez (cumbia and bolero), Arturo "Chino" Hassan (bolero), Nando Boom (reggae), Lord Cobra (calypso), Rubén Blades (salsa), Danilo Pérez (jazz), Vicente Gómez Gudiño (Pasillo), César Alcedo, among many others.

===Paraguay===
{{Main|Music of Paraguay|Guarania (music)|Danza Paraguaya}}
Paraguayan music depends largely upon two instruments: the guitar and the harp, which were brought by the conquistadors and found their own voices in the country. Polka Paraguaya, which adopted its name from the European dance, is the most popular type of music and has different versions (including the ''galopa'', the ''krye’ÿ'' and the ''canción Paraguaya'', or "Paraguayan song").  The first two are faster and more upbeat than a standard polka; the third is a bit slower and slightly melancholy. Other popular styles include the ''purahéi jahe’o'' and the ''compuesto'' (which tell sad, epic or love stories). The polka is usually based on poetic lyrics, but there are some emblematic pieces of Paraguayan music (such as ''"Pájaro Campana"'', or "Songbird", by Félix Pérez Cardozo).

Guarania is the second-best-known Paraguayan musical style, and was created by musician José Asunción Flores in 1925.

===Peru===
{{Main|Music of Peru|Música criolla|Andean music}}
[[File:Waylarsh_Wanka_-_sembranza_huanca.ogg|right|thumb| Example of a Huayno from the Huanca of the Junin Region of central Peru.]]
[[Peru]]vian music is made up of indigenous, Spanish and West African influences. Coastal [[Afro-Peruvian]] music is characterized by the use of the ''[[Cajón|cajón peruano]]''. [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] music varies according to region and ethnicity. The best-known [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] style is the ''[[huayno]]'' (also popular in [[Bolivia]]), played on instruments such as the [[charango]] and [[guitar]]. Mestizo music is varied and includes popular ''valses'' and ''[[marinera]]'' from the northern coast.

===Puerto Rico===
{{Main|Music of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Ricky Martin cropped1.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Ricky Martin cropped1.jpg|thumb|alt=Martin in 2011|upright=0.8|[[Ricky Martin]]]]
The history of music on the island of Puerto Rico begins with its original inhabitants, the Taínos. The Taíno Indians have influenced the Puerto Rican culture greatly, leaving behind important contributions such as their musical instruments, language, food, plant medicine and art. The heart of much Puerto Rican music is the idea of improvisation in both the music and the lyrics. A performance takes on an added dimension when the audience can anticipate the response of one performer to a difficult passage of music or clever lyrics created by another. When two singers, either both men or a man and a woman, engage in vocal competition in música jíbara this is a special type of seis called a ''controversia''. Of all [[Puerto Rico]]'s musical exports, the best-known is [[reggaeton]]. ''[[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|Bomba]]'' and ''[[plena]]'' have long been popular, while reggaetón is a relatively recent invention. 
[[File:Rita Moreno in The Ritz (1975).jpg|thumb|left|[[Rita Moreno]] in ''[[The Ritz (film)|The Ritz]]'' in 1975]]

It is a form of urban contemporary music, often combining other Latin musical styles, Caribbean and West Indies music, (such as reggae, ''soca'', Spanish reggae, salsa, merengue and ''[[bachata (music)|bachata]]''.<ref name="dukeupress.edu">[https://www.dukeupress.edu/Reggaeton/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509042418/http://www.dukeupress.edu/Reggaeton|date=2014-05-09}}. Raquel Z. Rivera. 2009. ''Reggaeton''. "Part I. Mapping Reggaeton". From Música Negra to Reggaeton Latino: Wayne Marshall. "Part II. The Panamanian Connection". Placing Panama in the Reggaeton Narrative: Editor's Notes / Wayne Marshall. Duke University Press, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-4383-7}}</ref> It originates from Panamanian [[Reggae en Español]] and Jamaican dancehall, however received its rise to popularity through Puerto Rico.<ref>Franco, Edgardo A. "Muévelo (move it!): from Panama to New York and back again, the story of El General". Interview by Christoph Twickel. Reggaeton. Eds. Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall, and Deborah Pacini Hernandez. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. 99–108.</ref><ref>Buckley "Bush", Francisco. La música salsa en Panamá. Panama: EUPAN, 2004.</ref><ref>Aulder, Leonardo Renato. "The Panamanian Origins of Reggae en Español: Seeing History through 'los ojos café' of Renato". Interview by Ifeoma C. K. Nwankwo. Reggaeton. Eds. Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall, and Deborah Pacini Hernandez. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. 89–98.</ref><ref>Andrews, George Reid. Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.</ref>''Tropikeo'' is the fusion of R&B, Rap, Hip Hop, Funk and Techno Music within a Tropical musical frame of salsa, in which the conga drums and/or timbales drums are the main source of rhythm of the tune, in conjunction with a heavy salsa "montuno" of the piano. The lyrics of the song can be rapped or sung, or used combining both styles, as well as danced in both styles. ''Aguinaldo'' from Puerto Rico is similar to Christmas carols, except that they are usually sung in a parranda, which is rather like a lively parade that moves from house to house in a neighborhood, looking for holiday food and drink. The melodies were subsequently used for the improvisational décima and seis. There are aguinaldos that are usually sung in churches or religious services, while there are aguinaldos that are more popular and are sung in the parrandas. [[Danza]] is a very sophisticated form of music that can be extremely varied in its expression; they can be either romantic or festive. Romantic danzas have four sections, beginning with an eight measure paseo followed by three themes of sixteen measures each. The third theme typically includes a solo by the [[bombardino]] and, often, a return to the first theme or a coda at the end. Festive danzas are free-form, with the only rules being an introduction and a swift rhythm. [[Plena]] is a narrative song from the coastal regions of Puerto Rico, especially around [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]].<ref>[http://travelandsports.com/cp733.htm ''Semana de la Danza.'' Travel & Sports: Puerto Rico.] Retrieved May 7, 2010.</ref> Its origins have been various claimed as far back as 1875 and as late as 1920. As rural farmers moved to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] and other cities, they brought plena with them and eventually added horns and improvised call and response vocals. Lyrics generally deal with stories or current events, though some are light-hearted or humorous.

===Uruguay===
[[File:Natyoreirocom.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Natalia Oreiro]] in 2005]]
{{Main|Music of Uruguay}}
[[Uruguay]]an music has similar roots to that of Argentina. [[Uruguayan tango]] and ''[[milonga (music)|milonga]]'' are both popular styles, and folk music from along the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] is indistinguishable from its Argentine counterpart. Uruguay rock and ''cancion popular'' (Uruguayan versions of rock and pop music) are popular local forms. ''[[Candombe]]'', a style of drumming descended from African slaves in the area, is quintessentially Uruguayan (although it is played to a lesser extent in Argentina).<ref>In a Nutshell: Candombe, R. Slater [http://soundsandcolours.com/articles/uruguay/in-a-nutshell-candombe-101/ Sounds and Colours]</ref> It is most popular in [[Montevideo]], but may also be heard in a number of other cities. 21st. Century Uruguayan music is also heard internationally as part of the language of Uruguayan composers such as three-time [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] nominated [[Miguel del Águila|Miguel del Aguila]]

=== Venezuela ===
{{Main|Music of Venezuela}}
[[File:Soledad_bravo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Soledad Bravo]]]]
''The Joropo'' is Venezuelan popular music originating in the ''llanos'' plains, although a more upbeat and festive ''[[Gaita Zuliana|gaita]]'' version is heard western Venezuela (particularly in [[Zulia State]]). There are also African-influenced styles which emphasize drumming including multiple rhythms, such as sangueo, fulia, parranda, tamborera and calypso from the Guayana region (influenced by neighboring English-speaking countries). The Aguinaldo, conforms the national representation of the Venezuelan Christmas. In the east, the malagueña, punto and galerón accompanies the velorios de cruz de mayo, (religious tradition, that is celebrated on 3 May in honor to the Christian cross). In the Venezuelan Andes, the Venezuelan bambuco is a local variation of the bambuco. Other forms include the polo and the Venezuelan waltz. El merengue venezolano es una música bailable del siglo XX de Venezuela, con un característico ritmo atractivo. Es un género completamente diferente del merengue de la República Dominicana en cuanto a su ritmo, instrumentos, cultura e historia.

Venezuelan Merengue is also known by two other names: merengue caraqueño, relating its origin to the capital Caracas, and merengue rucaneao, in which reference to Rúcano, a mixture for a popular jelly dessert, is used as a simile for the sensual pelvic movements of its dance. Merengue came into vogue in Venezuela during the period from the 1920s to the 1940s. At first, merengue music was associated with the mabiles, popular drinking and dancing spots in Caracas, and with the capital's carnival celebrations in street parades and plazas. Later in the 1940s, it was absorbed into the dance halls of the upper classes, and also formed part of the repertoire of smaller groups such as the Cantores del Trópico, led by guitarist Antonio Lauro (who composed 'Merengue para guitarra') and composers such as Eduardo Serrano. The hybrid traditional ensembles of then and now that dedicate their program to folkloric program to arrangements of Venezuelan folk music - ensembles such as estudiantinas, Venezuelan Merengue. Nowadays it is always discussed whether merengue is written in 2/4, 6/8 or 5/8.

==Popular styles==
[[Image:chileanPanpipes-cutout.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Zampoña]], a type of [[Siku (instrument)|Siku]].]]

===Nueva canción===
{{Main|Nueva canción}}

===Salsa===
{{Main|Salsa music}}
Based on Cuban music in rhythm, tempo, bass line, riffs and instrumentation, Salsa represents an amalgamation of musical styles including rock, jazz, and other Latin American musical traditions.  Modern salsa (as it became known worldwide) was forged in the pan-Latin [[melting pot]] of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

===Latin trap===
{{Main|Latin trap}}
[[Latin trap]] has become famous around 2015. It has influences of American trap and reggaeton music.

===Reggaetón===
{{Main|Reggaetón}}
[[Reggaeton]] (also known as reggaetón and reguetón[1]) is a musical genre which originated in [[Puerto Rico]] during the 1990s as a result of the mixing Spanish Reggae and [[Latin hip hop|Spanish Hip-hop]], which both stemmed from different countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Reggaeton {{!}} Music, Artists, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/reggaeton |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Spanish Reggae was a product of musical movements in Jamaica and Panama, while Spanish Hip-Hop was created by the influence of Hip-Hop in the U.S. at the time.<ref name=":0" /> Reggaeton was developed in areas of [[Public housing in Puerto Rico]], known as "''caserios,"'' which were filled with urban poverty and criminal activity such as drug violence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivera-Rideau |first=Petra R. |title=Remixing reggaetón: the cultural politics of race in Puerto Rico |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5945-6 |location=Durham |pages=10–11}}</ref> Popular Reggaeton artists, such as [[Daddy Yankee]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivera-Rideau |first=Petra R. |title=Remixing reggaetón: the cultural politics of race in Puerto Rico |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5945-6 |location=Durham |pages=130–131}}</ref> grew up in these "''caserios,"'' where their lyrics reflected life in the public housing developments and, in addition, experiences of racial exclusion in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivera-Rideau |first=Petra R. |title=Remixing reggaetón: the cultural politics of race in Puerto Rico |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5945-6 |location=Durham |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dinzey-Flores |first=Zaire Zenit |date=Fall 2008 |title=DE LA DISCO AL CASERÍO: URBAN SPATIAL AESTHETICS AND POLICY TO THE BEAT OF REGGAETÓN |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/377/37712148002.pdf |journal=Centro Journal |volume= XX |pages=35–69 |via=The City University of New York}}</ref> These lyrics included themes surrounding sex and life in the streets, influenced by the environment in which it was developed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The @Afro-LatinReader: History and Culture in the United States |date=2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |others=Chapter by Wayne Marshall |isbn=978-0-8223-9131-9 |editor-last=Flores |editor-first=Juan |series=A John Hope Franklin Center Book |location=Durham |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Reggaeton From Daddy Yankee to Tego Calderón and Beyond |editor-last2=Forbes |editor-first2=Jack D. |editor-last3=Jiménez Román |editor-first3=Miriam |editor-last4=Wood |editor-first4=Peter H. |editor-last5=Greenbaum |editor-first5=Susan D. |editor-last6=Gould |editor-first6=Virginia Meacham |chapter-url=https://dup.silverchair-cdn.com/dup/content_public/books/2157/parts/part08-reggaeton/1/9780822391319-057.pdf?Expires=2147483647&Signature=RdCw8hu9-C1m1ISJsoL580UduWsTcwYzi4x0Q6-KQTzTca6aa~335ZicpBZ-lzUXUr12WKupPBQQPIoQmCL0uBFuul04Nz1Hi8qc-fjaNSBeWSyGKkMShYLGRLfNbh-V4phRCoLAc~eCnbSj7qNB7wvYdslqtKOWcDUU2FkzJRH1aqQBGOaVlVxWyD2w8DkoJYxnVrI8b-B4Y-mbY3z9StyFC5vTnXHqf~3NiZBBTnPndmt-NkCNrkeFPH81GbmOWUY-imgg56aYAmcD9Zvu8U0c52aTNGo25ku8-iWfSehn4IQbs76VSHiWiiM8c3Dpo8DO8TNc1L7SckeGnYJxgA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA}}</ref>

Reggaeton is commonly created over a "boom-ch-boom-chick" beat known as "''dembow.''"<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Reggaeton |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4360-8 |editor-last=Rivera |editor-first=Raquel Z. |series=Refiguring American music |location=Durham |pages=20, 38 |editor-last2=Marshall |editor-first2=Wayne |editor-last3=Pacini Hernandez |editor-first3=Deborah}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Bethonie |last2=Velarde |first2=Luis |last3=Galocha |first3=Artur |last4=Shapiro |first4=Leslie |date=February 1, 2024 |title=How Reggaeton Became the Sound of Global Pop |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/interactive/2024/reggaeton-dembow-evolution-timeline/?itid=ap_bethoniebutler |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> This beat originates from Jamaican dancehall and reggae music and was first used for a song titled "Dembow" by Jamaican musician [[Shabba Ranks]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> This beat was produced by [[Bobby Digital (Jamaican producer)|Bobby "Digital" Dixon]] and has been used in the genre since the early 1990s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Since then, songs of the genre, in addition to Reggae and Hip-Hop, have incorporated beats from other latin genres such as [[Salsa music|Salsa]], [[Bachata (music)|Bachata]], [[Cumbia]], and [[Merengue music|Merengue]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Reggaeton |date=2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4360-8 |editor-last=Rivera |editor-first=Raquel Z. |series=Refiguring American music |location=Durham |pages=56–57 |editor-last2=Marshall |editor-first2=Wayne |editor-last3=Pacini Hernandez |editor-first3=Deborah}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

=== Latin ballad ===
{{Main|Latin ballad}}
The Latin (or romantic) ballad is a Latin musical genre which originated in the 1960s. This ballad is very popular in Hispanic America and Spain, and is characterized by a sensitive rhythm.  A descendant of the ''[[bolero]]'', it has several variants (such as [[salsa music|salsa]] and ''[[cumbia]]''). Since the mid-20th century a number of artists have popularized the genre, such as [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Luis Miguel]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Alejandra Ávalos]], [[Cristian Castro]], [[Franco de Vita]] and [[José José]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Latin music}}
*[[Criollo people#Criollo culture|Music and society in the Spanish Colonial Americas]]
*[[Opera in Latin America]]
*[[Los 600 de Latinoamérica]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis  {{ISBN|1138053562}}
*{{cite book|author=Torres, George|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08794-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Nettl, Bruno|title=Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents|publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc|year=1965|isbn=0-13-323247-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/folktraditionalm00nett}}
* Sévigny, Jean-Pierre. ''Sierra Norteña: the Influence of Latin Music on the French-Canadian Popular Song and Dance Scene, Especially as Reflected in the Career of Alys Robi and the Pedagogy of Maurice Lacasse-Morenoff''. Montréal: Productions Juke-Box, 1994. 13 p. ''N.B''. Published text of a paper prepared for, and presented on, on 12 March 1994, the conference, ''Popular Music Music & Identity'' (Montréal, Qué., 12–13 March 1994), under the auspices of the Canadian Branch of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music.
*{{cite book|isbn=1-199-75738-1|author=Stevenson, Robert|title=Music in Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/musicinmexicoahi007091mbp|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Company|year=1952}}, cited in Nettl, p.&nbsp;163.
*Boieras, Gabriel.; Cattani, Luciana. Maravilhas do Brasil: festas populares. Escrituras Editora, 2006. pp.&nbsp;108. {{ISBN|8575312367}}
* Mularski, Jedrek. ''Music, Politics, and Nationalism in Latin America: Chile During the Cold War Era''. Cambria Press, 2014. {{ISBN|9781604978889}}.
*{{cite book |last1=Ellingham |first1=Mark |last2=Duane |first2=Orla |last3=McConnachine |first3=James |title=World Music: The Rough Guide |date=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=1858286360 |pages=675 |edition=2nd}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.today/20121221023233/http://search.dmoz.org/cgi-bin/search?search=Latin+American+music Latin American Music] on the Open Directory Project
*[https://soundsandcolours.com/ Latin American Music and Culture Magazine]
*[http://latinpop.fiu.edu/ Diaz-Ayala Cuban and Latin American Music Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072554/http://latinpop.fiu.edu/ |date=2014-04-07 }}
*[http://frontera.library.ucla.edu/ The Strachwitz Frontera Collection of Mexican and Mexican American Recordings]

{{Music of Latin America}}
{{Latin America topics}}
{{Americas topic|Music of}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latin American Music}}
[[Category:Music of Latin America| ]]
[[Category:Latin American styles of music]]
[[Category:Spanish-language music]]
[[Category:Lusophone music]]