Editing Muscle Shoals, Alabama

{{short description|City in the United States}}
{{redirect|Muscle Shoals}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2011}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Muscle Shoals
|settlement_type          = City
|image_skyline            = 
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = 
|image_flag               = Flag of Muscle Shoals, Alabama.png
|image_seal               = Seal of Muscle Shoals, Alabama.png
|image_map                = File:Colbert County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Muscle Shoals Highlighted 0153016.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location of Muscle Shoals in Colbert County, Alabama
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Alabama|County]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_name1        = [[Alabama]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert]]
|government_type          = Mayor/Council
|leader_title             = Mayor
|leader_name              = Mike Lockhart ([[Alabama Republican Party|R]])
|established_title        = Established
|established_date         = April 23, 1923<ref name="Official">[http://www.cityofmuscleshoals.com/Default.asp?ID=11&pg=History Official web site of the City of Muscle Shoals]. Retrieved December 20, 2008</ref>
|established_title1       = Incorporated
|established_date1        = April 24, 1923<ref name="Official"/>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 43.57
|area_total_sq_mi         = 16.82
|area_land_km2            = 43.52
|area_land_sq_mi          = 16.80
|area_water_km2           = 0.05
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.02
|elevation_ft             = 525
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 16275
|population_metro         = 147317 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|281st]])
|population_density_km2   = 373.96
|population_density_sq_mi = 968.58
|timezone                 = Central Time Zone
|utc_offset               = &minus;6
|coordinates              = {{coord|34|45|3|N|87|39|1|W|region:US-AL|display=inline,title}}
|timezone_DST             = CDT
|utc_offset_DST           = &minus;5
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code              = 35660(obsolete), 35661, 35662
|area_codes                = [[Area code 256|256]], [[Area code 938|938]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 01-53016
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 2404345<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2404345}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|www.cityofmuscleshoals.com}}
|footnotes                = 
|pop_est_as_of = 
|pop_est_footnotes = 
|population_est = 
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_01.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Muscle Shoals''' is the largest city in [[Colbert County, Alabama|Colbert County]], Alabama, United States. It is located on the left bank of the [[Tennessee River]] in the northern part of the state and, as of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], its population was 13,146.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0153016| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212162844/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0153016| url-status=dead| archive-date=February 12, 2020| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Muscle Shoals city, Alabama| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| access-date=June 6, 2014}}</ref> The estimated population in 2019 was 14,575.<ref name="USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|date=May 24, 2020|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref>

Both the city and the [[Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area]] (including four cities in Colbert and [[Lauderdale County, Alabama|Lauderdale]] counties) are commonly called "The Shoals".<ref>{{cite web| title=Welcome to the Shoals!| url=http://shoalschamber.com/Live/welcome-to-the-shoals.html|publisher=Shoals Chamber of Commerce| access-date=March 7, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406051036/http://shoalschamber.com/Live/welcome-to-the-shoals.html| archive-date=April 6, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Northwest Alabama Regional Airport]] serves the Shoals region, located in the northwest section of the state in Muscle Shoals.

Due to its strategic location along the [[Tennessee River]], Muscle Shoals had long been territory of Native American tribes.{{Clarify|reason=all of North America was the territory of Indians; I think you want to say that it was a favored location for settlements or something|date=March 2023}} In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as Europeans entered the area in greater number, it became a center of historic land disputes. The new state of Georgia had ambitions to anchor its western claims (to the Mississippi River) by encouraging development here, but that project did not succeed.

Under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s administration during the [[Great Depression]], the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] was established to create infrastructure and jobs, resulting in electrification of a large rural area along the river. The Ford Motor Company did build and operate a plant for many years in the Listerhill community, three miles east of Muscle Shoals; it closed in 1982 as part of industrial restructuring when jobs moved out of the country.<ref name="eoa">{{cite encyclopedia| first=James P.| last=Kaetz| encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama| title=Muscle Shoals| url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3035| access-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| first=Debbie| last=Elliott| title=The legendary Muscle Shoals sound| work=Weekend Edition Saturday| publisher=[[NPR]]| date=September 20, 2003}}</ref>

Since the 1960s, the city has been known for music. Local studios and artists developed the "Muscle Shoals Sound", including [[FAME Studios]] in the late 1950s and [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studio]] in 1969.

==Etymology==
There are several explanations as to how the city got its name. One is that it was named after a former natural feature of the Tennessee River, a shallow zone where [[mussel]]s were gathered and settlers named, and spelled, "Muscle Shoals".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yyMxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xDoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5700%2C4457103 | title=The Names Stayed | work=Calhoun Times and Gordon County News | date=August 29, 1990 | access-date=April 29, 2015 | pages=64}}</ref> When the area was first settled, the proper spelling of "mussel" to refer to the shellfish had not been locally adopted.<ref>{{cite journal| first=Stuart W.| last=McGregor| title=The mussels of Muscle Shoals| journal=Alabama Heritage| issue=64| year=2002}}</ref>
Cherokee people knew this place as ᏓᎫᎾᏱ (Dagunahi), or "the place of clams or mussels," from ''daguna'' (mussel)'' and ''-hi'' (place).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Read |first1=William A. |title=Indian Places Names in Alabama |date=1984 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=9780817302313 |page=28 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.uapress.ua.edu/9780817302313/indian-place-names-in-alabama/ |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Like other areas along waterways, this was important to indigenous peoples for {{citation needed span|thousands of years.|date=February 2022}} The area of Muscle Shoals was a part of the historic [[Cherokee]] hunting grounds dating to at least the early eighteenth century, if not earlier. In the early 18th century, Muscle Shoals was the site of a French trading post.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Whitaker |first=A. P. |date=1926 |title=The Muscle Shoals Speculation, 1783-1789 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893112 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=365–386 |doi=10.2307/1893112 |jstor=1893112 |issn=0161-391X}}</ref> In 1783, six prominent North Carolinians ([[William Blount]], [[Richard Caswell]], [[Griffith Rutherford]], [[John Donelson]], [[Joseph Martin (general)|Joseph Martin]], [[John Sevier]]) formed a company for the purposes of establishing a colony at Muscle Shoals.<ref name=":0" />

Many Cherokee fought against the rebels during the late American Revolutionary War, hoping to expel them from their territories. After the Revolution, Cherokee attitudes toward the new U.S. republic were divided, as settlers increasingly encroached on their territory. An anti-American faction, dubbed the [[Chickamauga Cherokee|Chickamauga]], separated from more conciliatory Cherokees, and moved into present-day south-central and southeastern [[Tennessee]]. Most of this band settled along the [[Chickamauga Creek]], from which their name was derived. They claimed Muscle Shoals as part of their domain. When Anglo-Americans attempted to settle the region in the 1780s and 1790s, the Chickamaugas bitterly resisted them.<ref>M. Thomas Hatley, ''The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution'' (Oxford, UK: University Press, 1993), 215–228.</ref><ref>William C. McLoughlin, ''Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic'' (Princeton, NJ: University Press, 1992), 19–20.</ref>

The [[Muscogee|Upper Creek]], residing in what is now north and central Alabama, also resented any European or Euro-American presence in the region. A major incident occurred in 1790, when U.S. President [[George Washington]] sent an expedition under Major [[John Doughty]] in an attempt to establish a fort and trading post at Muscle Shoals. This expedition was nearly annihilated by a Chickamauga and Creek party sent to destroy it, and the administration abandoned the project.<ref>William S. Coker and Thomas D. Watson, ''Indian Traders of the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Panton, Leslie & Company and John Forbes & Company, 1783–1847'' (Pensacola: University of West Florida Press, 1986), 178.</ref> Meanwhile, [[Francisco Luis Hector de Carondelet]], governor of the [[Spanish Louisiana]], was in conversations with the Indian confederation to establish a fort in 1792.<ref>Luis de Las Casas (3 de diciembre de 1792). «Gobernador Habana sobre reedificación de dos fuertes». Portal de Archivos Españoles. Archivo General de Indias, ESTADO, 9, N.27: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. p. 1. Archived from the original August 24, 2021. Consulted August 24, 2021. «y otro en Muscle Shoals en el Río Tenesí ».</ref>

Anglo-American settlers in Tennessee continued to agitate for control of this region. The site was particularly desirable, as it controlled access to fine cotton-producing land immediately to its south.<ref>Michael Paul Rogin, ''Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), 170–174.</ref> In 1797, [[John Sevier]], the first governor of Tennessee, complained to [[Andrew Jackson]] that "The prevention of a settlement at or near the Muscle Shoals is a manifest injury done the whole western country." At Sevier's behest, Jackson attempted to persuade Congress and President [[John Adams]] to fund a new expedition to take control of the site, but to no avail.<ref>H. W. Brands, ''Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times'' (New York: Random House Digital, Inc., 2006), 93.</ref>

U.S. officials finally took control of the region in the wake of the U.S. invasion of Creek country during the [[War of 1812]]. Jackson and General [[John Coffee]] obtained cession of the land from both the Cherokee and Creek (who had continued to dispute possession) by treaty, without permission from the federal government. Secretary of War [[William H. Crawford]] refused to recognize the cession, and reconfirmed Cherokee ownership, leading to personal enmity between him and Jackson. The political struggle over the lands was eventually won by Jackson and his backers, who gained passage in Congress of the [[Indian Removal Act]] in 1830.<ref>Rogin, ''Fathers and Children'', 170.</ref> When Jackson, as president, implemented the policy of [[Indian Removal]], Muscle Shoals was used as a site from which to exile the Upper Creek to [[Indian Territory]] (now Oklahoma).<ref>Don C. East, ''A Historical Analysis of the Creek Indian Hillabee Towns and Personal Reflections on the Landscape and People of Clay County, Alabama.'' (New York: iUniverse, 2008), 106–107.</ref>

During [[World War I]] President [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]] authorized a dam on the Tennessee River just downstream of Muscle Shoals to help power [[nitrate ester|nitrate]] plants for munitions.<ref name=wwi-ms>{{cite web |url =http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2261.htm
 |title        = MUSCLE SHOALS
 |last         = Lienhard 
 |first        = John H. 
 |work         = [[The Engines of Our Ingenuity]]
 |publisher    = University of Houston 
 |location     = Houston, TX 
 |access-date   = June 9, 2013 }}</ref>
The first plant started producing nitrates two weeks after the [[First Armistice at Compiègne|armistice]], but the dam was not completed until 1924.

Meanwhile, in 1922 [[Henry Ford]] tried to buy the nitrate works and the unfinished [[Wilson Dam|dam]]. The Michigan car manufacturer and industrialist proposed leasing the uncompleted hydro-electric dam at Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in Alabama. The US War Department had begun the project during World War I, and engineers estimated a cost of $40&nbsp;million to complete. At this time, public projects were financed either through raising taxes—which, Congress was unwilling to do at the time- or by issuing bonds. For the Muscle Shoals project, the proposal was for 30-year bonds at 4% interest.

Ford and his friend and fellow inventor [[Thomas Edison]] balked at the idea that the US government should have to pay $48&nbsp;million in interest on top of the $40&nbsp;million they would have to pay back—all for a project that would benefit the public (the argument being that the hydro-electric dam and accompanying fertilizer plants would create jobs and revitalize the area). Responding to the bond issue, Edison remarked: "Any time we wish to add to the national wealth, we are compelled to add to the national debt."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.michaeljournal.org/articles/social-credit/item/words-of-thomas-edison | title=Words of Thomas Edison}}</ref> Edison and Ford hoped that a new monetary system could be created where dollar bills were issued directly to workers and manufacturer, with the money being backed by the goods they produced rather than the gold and silver held in bank vaults.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/6704/Thomas-Edison-Patents-and-Paper-Money/ | title=Thomas Edison: Patents and Paper Money &#124; PMG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.al.com/living/2013/01/post_89.html | author=Kazek, Kelly (2013) | periodical=Alabama Living | title=Could Muscle Shoals have been a hub rivaling Detroit? Henry Ford thought so.| date=January 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>“Ford Sees Wealth in Muscle Shoals,” ''The New York Times'', (December 5, 1921)</ref> Congress eventually rejected Ford's idea.

The project of area development based on hydroelectric power languished until the [[Great Depression]]. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s administration created the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] in 1933 to construct needed infrastructure and install an electrical system in the rural area, using newly generated electricity from the dam complex.<ref name=wwi-ms />

==Music==
Residents in Muscle Shoals created two studios that have recorded many hit songs since the 1960s. These are [[FAME Studios]], founded by [[Rick Hall]], where [[Arthur Alexander]], [[Percy Sledge]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Wilson Pickett]], [[Otis Redding]] and numerous others recorded; and [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studio]], founded by the musicians known as [[Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section|The Swampers]]. They worked with [[Bob Dylan]], [[Paul Simon]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[the Rolling Stones]], [[The Allman Brothers]], and others.

In addition to the city being home to country music band [[Shenandoah (band)|Shenandoah]], it has been a destination of numerous artists to write and record. Both FAME Studios and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio are still in operation in the city. They recorded such recent hit songs such as "[[Before He Cheats]]" by [[Carrie Underwood]] and "[[I Loved Her First (song)|I Loved Her First]]" by [[Heartland (band)|Heartland]], continuing the city's musical legacy. [[George Michael]] recorded an early, unreleased version of "[[Careless Whisper]]" with [[Jerry Wexler]] in Muscle Shoals in 1983. [[Bettye LaVette]] recorded her Grammy nominated album "Scene of the Crime" at FAME in 1972.<ref name="FAME :: Our History">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fame2.com/our-history/|title=FAME :: Our History|website=fame2.com|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062700/http://www.fame2.com/our-history/|archive-date=March 12, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The original Muscle Shoals Sound Studios were located at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield but that site was closed in 1979 when the studio relocated to 1000 Alabama Avenue in Sheffield. The studio in the Alabama Avenue building closed in 2005; {{As of|2018|lc=yes}} it houses a movie production company, which also hosts tours and concerts at the venue.<ref>[http://musictrail.una.edu/?page_id=616 Cypress Moon Studios]. ''Roots of American Music Trail''. Retrieved September 14, 2018</ref>

Muscle Shoals encouraged the [[cross-pollination]] of musical styles: black artists from the area, such as [[Arthur Alexander]] and [[James Carr (singer)|James Carr]], used white country music styles in their work, and white artists from the Shoals frequently borrowed from the blues/gospel influences of their black contemporaries, creating a distinct sound.

[[Sam Phillips]], founder of [[Sun Records]], was born in and lived in the area.  He stated that the Muscle Shoals radio station [[WLAY (AM)]], which played both "white" and "black" music, and where he worked as a disc jockey in the 1940s, influenced his merging of these sounds at Sun Records with [[Elvis Presley]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], and [[Johnny Cash]].<ref>[https://sunrecords.com/artists/sam-phillips/ Sam Phillips Biography]. ''Sun Records''. Retrieved October 10, 2024</ref>

''[[Rolling Stone]]'' editor [[David Fricke]] wrote that if one wanted to play a single recording that would "epitomize and encapsulate the famed Muscle Shoals Sound", that record would be "[[I'll Take You There]]" by [[The Staple Singers]] in 1972.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} After hearing that song, American songwriter [[Paul Simon]] phoned his manager and asked him to arrange a recording session with the musicians who had performed it. Simon was surprised to learn that he would have to travel to Muscle Shoals to work with the artists. After arriving in the small town, he was introduced to the [[Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section]] ("The Swampers") who had recorded this song with [[Mavis Staples]]. Expecting black musicians (the original Rhythm Section consisted only of white musicians), and assuming that he had been introduced to the office staff, Simon politely asked to "meet the band". Once things were sorted out, Simon recorded a number of tracks with the Muscle Shoals band, including "[[Kodachrome (song)|Kodachrome]]" and "[[Loves Me Like a Rock]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/we-love-you-like-a-rock-every-day-and-every-hour-mw0000617450 |title=We Love You Like a Rock/Every Day and Every Hour - The Dixie Hummingbirds |via=www.allmusic.com | access-date=October 9, 2021}}</ref>

When [[Bob Dylan]] began to plan the recording of an album that would feature his new-found faith in Christ, he recruited veteran R&B producer [[Jerry Wexler]] and they agreed to use the Muscle Shoals studio. Wexler remembered: "Dylan came to me because he wanted the sonority he'd heard in [[Aretha Franklin|Aretha]] and [[Otis Redding|Otis]] as opposed to those out-of-time, see-you-down-the-line, thirteen-and-a-half-measure, out-of-time phrases." With Wexler, Dylan recorded two albums of contemporary gospel music, ''[[Slow Train Coming]]'' (1979) and ''[[Saved (Bob Dylan album)|Saved]]'' (1980).<ref>Heylin, Clinton, 2011, ''Bob Dylan: Behind The Shades, 20th Anniversary Edition'', pp. 502–503.</ref>

In the early 21st century, Florence native [[Patterson Hood]], son of "Swamper" David Hood, found fame as a member of the alternative rock group [[Drive-By Truckers]]. Siblings and Muscle Shoals natives [[Angela Hacker]] (winner) and [[Zac Hacker]] (second place) were the top two finishing finalists on the 2007 season of ''[[Nashville Star]]'', a country-music singing competition. In 2008, [[State Line Mob]], a [[Southern rock]] duo group formed by singer and songwriters [[Phillip Crunk]] (Florence native) and [[Dana Crunk]] (Rogersville native), released their first CD, ''[[Ruckus (State Line Mob album)|Ruckus]]'', and won two Muscle Shoals Music Awards for 2008 for (Best New Artist) and Best New Country Album) of the year.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} [[Band of Horses]] recorded a portion of their album ''Infinite Arms'' at Muscle Shoals.<ref name="FAME :: Our History"/> Artists signed to the FAME label in 2017 include [[Holli Mosley]], [[Dylan LeBlanc]], [[Jason Isbell]], [[Angela Hacker]], [[Gary Nichols]], and James LeBlanc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fame2.com/current-artists/|title=FAME :: Current Artists|website=fame2.com|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062820/http://www.fame2.com/current-artists/|archive-date=March 12, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although Muscle Shoals is no longer the "Hit Recording Capital of the World" (as it was in the 1960s and 1970s), the music continues. Groups and artists include [[Drive-By Truckers]], [[The Civil Wars]], [[Dylan LeBlanc]], [[Gary Nichols]], [[Jason Isbell]], [[State Line Mob]], [[Eric "Red Mouth" Gebhardt]], [[Fiddleworms]], and [[BoomBox (American band)|BoomBox]].

A number of rock, R&B and country music celebrities have homes in the area surrounding Muscle Shoals (Tuscumbia), or riverside estates along the Tennessee River. They may be seen performing in area nightclubs, typically rehearsing new material.

[[File:FAME Recording Studios Muscle Shoals.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|FAME Recording Studios in Muscle Shoals (photograph by [[Carol M. Highsmith]])]]
Sister city [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]], Alabama, is frequently referred to as "the birthplace of the Blues". [[W. C. Handy]] was born in Florence and is generally regarded as the "Father of the Blues". Every year since 1982, the [[W. C. Handy Music Festival]] is held in the Florence/Sheffield/Muscle Shoals area, featuring [[blues]], [[jazz]], [[country music|country]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], rock music and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]. The roster of jazz musicians known as the "Festival All-Stars", or as the
W. C. Handy Jazz All-Stars, includes musicians from all over the United States, such as guitarist [[Mundell Lowe]], drummer [[Bill Goodwin (jazz drummer)|Bill Goodwin]], pianist/vocalist [[Johnny O'Neal]], vibraphone player [[Chuck Redd]], pianist/vocalist [[Ray Reach]], and flutist [[Holly Hofmann]].

On January 6, 2010, Muscle Shoals was added to the [[Mississippi Blues Trail]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.msbluestrail.org/CustomContentRetrieve.aspx?ID=2724890| title=Mississippi to Alabama – Muscle Shoals| date=January 6, 2010| publisher=msbluestrail.org| access-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref>

After FAME studio founder Rick Hall died in early 2018, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' concluded its retrospective with this comment: 
"Muscle Shoals remains remarkable not just for the music made there but for its unlikeliness as an epicenter of anything; that a tiny town in a quiet corner of Alabama became a hotbed of progressive, integrated rhythm and blues still feels inexplicable. Whatever Hall conjured there—whatever he dreamt, and made real—is essential to any recounting of American ingenuity. It is a testament to a certain kind of hope."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/remembering-rick-hall-and-the-musical-alchemy-of-fame-studios |title=Remembering Rick Hall and the Musical Alchemy of FAME Studios |magazine=The New Yorker |date=January 3, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Al.com]]'' commented that Hall is survived by his family "and a Muscle Shoals music legacy like no other".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/01/rick_hall_fame_muscle_shoals.html |title=The musical secrets of FAME Studios legend Rick Hall |publisher=AL.com |date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[Anniston Star]]''  concludes with this epitaph, "If the world wants to know about Alabama – a state seldom publicized for anything but college football and embarrassing politics – the late Rick Hall and his legacy are worthy models to uphold".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annistonstar.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-the-genius-of-a-music-legend/article_1b3a8f4a-f0e7-11e7-b18b-1fc79b509020.html |title=Editorial: The genius of a music legend |work=The Anniston Star |date=January 3, 2018 |access-date=January 4, 2018}}</ref>

=== 3614 Jackson Highway Studio===

The original location of [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studios]] in Sheffield has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since June 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://landmarkhunter.com/181805-muscle-shoals-sound-studio/ |title=Muscle Shoals Sound Studio – Also known as: 3614 Jackson Highway |author=James Baughn|display-authors=etal|year=2017 |website= Landmark Hunter |access-date=January 17, 2017 |quote=Reference number 06000437}}</ref> From the early 2000s to 2013, it had been partly restored and open for tours. In 2013, the documentary ''[[Muscle Shoals (film)|Muscle Shoals]]'' raised public interest in a major restoration of the original studio.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/the-rolling-stones-and-bono-celebrate-muscle-shoals-premiere-20130115 |title=The Rolling Stones and Bono Celebrate 'Muscle Shoals' – Premiere |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/12/alabamas_top_tourist_attractio.html |title=Alabama's top tourist attraction 2017: Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |author=The Associated Press<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 31, 2016 |website=AL.com  |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> In the same year, the Muscle Shoals Music Foundation was formed to raise funds to purchase the building and to complete major renovations. In June 2013, the owner of the property since 1999 sold it without the historic recording equipment to the Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Corey |first=Russ |date=June 21, 2013 |title=Beats to renovate iconic Muscle Shoals Sound Studios |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/news/local/foundation-purchases-jackson-highway/article_127ef32a-da1f-11e2-a98d-10604b9f1ff4.html |newspaper=Times Daily |location=Florence, Alabama |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>

A grant from [[Beats Electronics]], a manufacturer of headphones owned by [[Apple Inc.]], and founded by [[Dr. Dre]] and [[Jimmy Iovine]], provided an essential $1&nbsp;million. The state tourism director said in 2015 that the 2013 film ''[[Muscle Shoals (film)|Muscle Shoals]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muscleshoalsthemovie.com/ |title=Muscle Shoals |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2012 |website=Muscle Shoals the Movie |publisher=Ear Goggles Productions Ltd. |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> had been a significant influence. "The financial support from Beats is a direct result of their film." Additional donations were made by other groups and individuals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Robert |date=August 6, 2015 |title=Beats to renovate iconic Muscle Shoals Sound Studios |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/news/local/beats-to-renovate-iconic-muscle-shoals-sound-studios/article_67e4ea04-6291-56f4-aa5b-f9219531c811.html |newspaper=Times Daily |location=Florence, Alabama |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>

{{As of|August 2015}}, tours were visiting the partly-restored studio on Jackson Highway. It was closed when major restoration work started in September 2015. Muscle Shoals Sound Studio reopened as a finished tourist attraction on January 9, 2017. Owned and operated by the foundation, the interior is reminiscent of the 1970s, with relevant recording equipment and paraphernalia. There are plans for future recording projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/12/alabamas_top_tourist_attractio.html |title=Alabama's top tourist attraction 2017: Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |author=The Associated Press<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 31, 2016 |website=AL.com  |access-date=January 17, 2016 |quote=has been revamped with a 1970s feel that includes bright colors, retro chairs and a metal ashtray; the sign over the front door is once again bright blue. Vintage recording equipment fills the production booth.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fox10tv.com/story/34220277/recording-tours-resume-at-muscle-shoals-sound-studio |title=Recording, tours resume at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio |last=Scharf |first=Lauren |date=January 9, 2017 |website=Fox 10 TV |publisher=WALA, Mobile |access-date=January 16, 2017 |quote=When we were closed down during renovations, people would just show up from all over the world. }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Even before the Jackson Highway studio reopened, The Alabama Tourism Department named Muscle Shoals Sound Studio as the state's top attraction in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jay Reeves, The Associated Press |title=Fabled Muscle Shoals Sound Studio named top Alabama tourist attraction of 2017 |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/life/travel/fabled-muscle-shoals-sound-studio-named-top-alabama-tourist-attraction-of-2017 |newspaper=National Post |location=Toronto, Canada |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref>

===The Swampers===
The members of the [[Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section]] were [[Pete Carr]] (lead guitar), [[Jimmy Johnson (session guitarist)|Jimmy Johnson]] (rhythm guitar), [[Roger Hawkins (drummer)|Roger Hawkins]] (drums), [[David Hood]] (bass guitar) and [[Barry Beckett]] (keyboards).

Affectionately called The Swampers, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section was a local group of first-call studio musicians (initially working at FAME and then at Muscle Shoals Sound Studios) who were available for back-up. They were given the nickname The Swampers by music producer [[Denny Cordell]] during the [[Leon Russell]] sessions because of their "funky, soulful Southern 'swamp' sound".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/|title=Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section|website=[[Alabama Music Hall of Fame]]|access-date=August 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815211303/http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1995/muscle-shoals-rhythm-section/|archive-date=August 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A verse of the [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] song "[[Sweet Home Alabama]]" contains references to the Swampers and their native town, Muscle Shoals: "Now Muscle Shoals has got the Swampers / And they've been known to pick a song or two."

==Geography==
Muscle Shoals is located on the south bank of the [[Tennessee River]] at {{Coord|34.750788|-87.650278|type:city_region:US-AL|format=dms|display=i}}.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|40.3|km2|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|0.05|sqkm|order=flip|2}}, or 0.13%, is water.<ref name="Census 2010"/> The local [[hardiness zone]] is 7b. [https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx Interactive Map | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704214427/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/interactivemap.aspx |date=July 4, 2019 }}

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Muscle Shoals, Alabama ([[Northwest Alabama Regional Airport]], 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1893–present{{efn|Records kept in nearby [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]], Alabama from January 1893 to November 1940, and at Northwest Alabama Regional Airport near Muscle Shoals since December 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|title=Threaded Extremes|website=threadex.rcc-acis.org}}</ref>}})
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 80
|Feb record high F = 86
|Mar record high F = 99
|Apr record high F = 97
|May record high F = 99
|Jun record high F = 108
|Jul record high F = 108
|Aug record high F = 108
|Sep record high F = 108
|Oct record high F = 100
|Nov record high F = 89
|Dec record high F = 78
|year record high F = 108
|Jan avg record high F = 70.3
|Feb avg record high F = 74.2
|Mar avg record high F = 81.3
|Apr avg record high F = 86.4
|May avg record high F = 91.6
|Jun avg record high F = 95.4
|Jul avg record high F = 98.0
|Aug avg record high F = 98.0
|Sep avg record high F = 94.7
|Oct avg record high F = 88.4
|Nov avg record high F = 79.6
|Dec avg record high F = 71.7
|year avg record high F = 99.6
|Jan high F = 52.4
|Feb high F = 56.7
|Mar high F = 65.2
|Apr high F = 74.4
|May high F = 82.1
|Jun high F = 88.9
|Jul high F = 91.6
|Aug high F = 91.2
|Sep high F = 86.1
|Oct high F = 75.7
|Nov high F = 63.8
|Dec high F = 55.0
|year high F = 73.6
|Jan mean F = 42.9
|Feb mean F = 46.7
|Mar mean F = 54.4
|Apr mean F = 62.9
|May mean F = 71.3
|Jun mean F = 78.4
|Jul mean F = 81.5
|Aug mean F = 80.5
|Sep mean F = 74.7
|Oct mean F = 63.6
|Nov mean F = 52.5
|Dec mean F = 45.6
|year mean F = 62.9
|Jan low F = 33.5
|Feb low F = 36.7
|Mar low F = 43.5
|Apr low F = 51.5
|May low F = 60.6
|Jun low F = 67.9
|Jul low F = 71.4
|Aug low F = 69.9
|Sep low F = 63.3
|Oct low F = 51.5
|Nov low F = 41.2
|Dec low F = 36.1
|year low F = 52.3
|Jan avg record low F = 14.5
|Feb avg record low F = 19.1
|Mar avg record low F = 26.0
|Apr avg record low F = 35.1
|May avg record low F = 45.5
|Jun avg record low F = 56.5
|Jul avg record low F = 63.0
|Aug avg record low F = 60.6
|Sep avg record low F = 48.0
|Oct avg record low F = 33.6
|Nov avg record low F = 24.2
|Dec avg record low F = 20.5
|year avg record low F = 12.5
|Jan record low F = −11
|Feb record low F = −13
|Mar record low F = 7
|Apr record low F = 24
|May record low F = 32
|Jun record low F = 42
|Jul record low F = 49
|Aug record low F = 47
|Sep record low F = 36
|Oct record low F = 23
|Nov record low F = 2
|Dec record low F = −5
|year record low F = -13
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.71
|Feb precipitation inch = 4.79
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.14
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.80
|May precipitation inch = 4.55
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.05
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.78
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.77
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.55
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.47
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.15
|Dec precipitation inch = 5.48
|year precipitation inch = 54.24 
|Jan snow inch = 0.4
|Feb snow inch = 1.0
|Mar snow inch = 0.4
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 0.4
|year snow inch = 2.2
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.2
|Feb precipitation days = 10.3
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 10.0
|May precipitation days = 11.0
|Jun precipitation days = 10.7
|Jul precipitation days = 10.9
|Aug precipitation days = 9.3
|Sep precipitation days = 7.0
|Oct precipitation days = 8.1
|Nov precipitation days = 8.8
|Dec precipitation days = 11.0
|year precipitation days = 119.3
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 0.4
|Feb snow days = 0.6
|Mar snow days = 0.2
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.4
|year snow days = 1.7
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (snow 1981–2010)<ref name= "NOWData NWS Huntsville, AL (HUN)">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=hun
| title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NCDC txt KMSL">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013896&format=pdf
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
| title = Station: Muscle Shoals RGNL AP, AL
| work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020)
| access-date = June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013896&format=pdf
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
| title = Station: Muscle Shoals Regional Airport, AL
| work = U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1981-2010)
| access-date = June 6, 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1930= 719
|1940= 1113
|1950= 1937
|1960= 4084
|1970= 6907
|1980= 8911
|1990= 9611
|2000= 11924
|2010= 13156
|2020= 16275
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|access-date=June 7, 2014|author-link=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Muscle Shoals racial composition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0153016&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=December 13, 2021|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
|11,788
|72.43%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
|2,802
|17.22%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
|79
|0.49%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
|284
|1.75%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]]
|1
|0.01%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
|719
|4.42%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|602
|3.7%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 16,275 people, 5,371 households, and 3,738 families residing in the city.

===2010 census===

As of the census of 2010, there were 13,146 people, 5,321 households, and 3,769 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|845.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 5,653 housing units at an average density of {{convert|363.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 80.6% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 15.3% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.9% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 1.3% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.6% [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander]]. [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 5,321 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $48,134, and the median income for a family was $60,875. Males had a median income of $41,061 versus $37,576 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,237. About 8.3% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

===2000 census===
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,924 people, 4,710 households and 3,452 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|979.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 5,010 housing units at an average density of {{convert|411.6|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83.88% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 14.16% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.38% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.56% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.31% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.70% from two or more races. [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.16% of the population.

There were 4,710 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.

The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $40,210, and the median income for a family was $48,113. Males had a median income of $38,063 versus $21,933 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,113. About 5.4% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Schools==
The [[Muscle Shoals City School District]] is currently led by Superintendent Dr. Chad Holden. There are seven schools in the district:
*[[Muscle Shoals High School]]
*Muscle Shoals Career Academy
*Muscle Shoals Middle School
*McBride Elementary School
*Highland Park Elementary School
*Webster Elementary School
*Howell Graves Preschool

==Transportation==
The city is served by [[Northwest Alabama Regional Airport]], which is one mile east from the town and is served by one commercial airline.

The Northwest Alabama Council of Local Governments (NACOLG) provides [[demand-responsive transit|demand-response]] transit services through NACOLG Transit within the Shoals Area.

==Representation in other media==
*''Muscle Shoals'' (2013) is an American documentary film about [[FAME Studios]] and [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studio]] in this city. Directed by Greg 'Freddy' Camalier, the film was released by [[Magnolia Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Scherstuhl |title=Muscle Shoals Gives all the Mud, Spirit and Glory a Fresh Breath |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2013-09-25/film/muscle-shoals/ |work=[[The Village Voice]] |date=September 25, 2013 |access-date=May 30, 2019 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113538/http://www.villagevoice.com/2013-09-25/film/muscle-shoals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Jason Allen (American football)|Jason Allen]], former [[University of Tennessee]] and former NFL player
* [[Gary Baker (songwriter)|Gary Baker]], country music singer-songwriter
* [[Boyd Bennett]], [[rockabilly]] singer
* [[Levi Colbert]], [[Chickasaw]] Bench Chief<ref>{{cite web
| title = Levi Colbert b. 1759 Muscle Shoals, Colbert County. Alabama d. 2 JUN 1834 Buzzard Roost Spring, Colbert County. Alabama: Lest Our Past Be Forgotten
| work = Lawrence Stanley Family Genealogy
| access-date = February 5, 2013
| url = http://www.earnestlawrence.com/getperson.php?personID=I107347&tree=1&PHPSESSID=ac20d2bf324c1e687e50f26e8335a2c5
| archive-date = March 4, 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065108/http://www.earnestlawrence.com/getperson.php?personID=I107347&tree=1&PHPSESSID=ac20d2bf324c1e687e50f26e8335a2c5
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Levi Colbert
| work = Viki's Little Corner of the Web : A Resource for Chickasaw Native American History and Genealogy
| access-date = February 5, 2013
| url = http://www.roark-family.org/Colberts/LeviColbert.asp
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509133213/http://www.roark-family.org/Colberts/LeviColbert.asp
| archive-date = May 9, 2008
}}</ref>
* [[Rece Davis]], ESPN commentator (QB for the Trojans' football squad)
* [[Alecia Elliott]], country music singer
* [[Donna Godchaux]], singer for the Grateful Dead from 1972 to 1979
* [[Dennis Homan]], Alabama All-America wide receiver and Dallas Cowboys' player
* [[Patterson Hood]], singer-songwriter, co-founder of the [[Drive-By Truckers]]
* [[Ozzie Newsome]], American football player, former general manager & executive VP for the [[Baltimore Ravens]]
* [[Gary Nichols]], country music singer
* [[Michael Nichols (photographer)|Michael "Nick" Nichols]], photographer
* [[Leigh Tiffin]], American football placekicker
* [[Chris Tompkins]], songwriter
* [[Steve Trash (magician)|Steve Trash]], magician
* [[Kim Tribble]], country music songwriter
* [[Rachel Wammack]], country music singer-songwriter
* [[John Wyker]], musician

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ehto.thestar.com/marks/cheaper-nitrates-will-mean-cheaper-bread Article about Muscle Shoals written by Ernest Hemingway]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729013524/http://geocities.com/shoalsmusic/ ''Shoals Music Magazine''], publication dedicated to covering the Muscle Shoals Sound

{{Florence-Muscle Shoals Radio}}
{{Colbert County, Alabama}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Muscle Shoals, Alabama|*]]
[[Category:Cities in Alabama]]
[[Category:Cities in Colbert County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1918]]
[[Category:Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area]]
[[Category:Alabama populated places on the Tennessee River]]