Editing Murphy's law

{{Short description|Adage typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong"}}
{{other uses|Murphy's law (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Muphry's law}}
'''Murphy's law'''{{Efn|Also less commonly known as '''Stapp's law''' and the '''fourth law of thermodynamics''', and historically as '''Reilly's law'''.|group=lower-alpha}} is an [[adage]] or [[epigram]] that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong."

Though similar statements and concepts have been made over the course of history, the law itself was coined by, and  named after, American [[aerospace engineer]] [[Edward A. Murphy Jr.]]; its exact origins are debated, but it is generally agreed it originated from Murphy and his team following a mishap during [[rocket sled]] tests some time between 1948 and 1949, and was finalized and first popularized by testing project head [[John Stapp]] during a later [[press conference]]. Murphy's original quote was the precautionary design advice that "If there are two or more ways to do something and one of those results in a catastrophe, then someone will do it that way."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward A. Murphy, Jr. Quotes - 2 Science Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes |url=https://todayinsci.com/M/Murphy_Edward/MurphyEdward-Quotations.htm#:~:text=If%20there%20is%20a%20wrong,Murphy,%20Jr |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=todayinsci.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Karl - Murphy's Law |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/gmis9906.htm#:~:text=thunder,%20Edward%20A.-,Murphy%20Jnr.,original%20form%20of%20Murphy's%20Law |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>

The law entered wider public knowledge in the late 1970s with the publication of [[Arthur Bloch]]'s 1977 book ''Murphy's Law, and Other Reasons Why Things Go WRONG'', which included other variations and [[Corollary|corollaries]] of the law. Since then, Murphy's law has remained a popular (and occasionally misused) adage, though its accuracy has been disputed by academics. 

Similar "laws" include [[Sod's law]], [[Finagle's law]], and [[Yhprum's law]], among others.

== History ==
[[File:Augustus De Morgan.jpg|thumb|British mathematician [[Augustus De Morgan]] (pictured circa 1860) wrote in 1866 that "whatever can happen will happen".]]
[[File:Neville Story-Maskelyne by William Henry Fox Talbot.jpg|thumb|British stage magician [[Nevil Maskelyne (magician)|Nevil Maskelyne]] wrote in 1908 that, during special occasions, "everything that can go wrong will go wrong".]]
The perceived perversity of the [[universe]] has long been a subject of comment, and precursors to the modern version of Murphy's law are abundant. According to [[Robert Matthews (scientist)|Robert A. J. Matthews]] in a 1997 article in ''[[Scientific American]]'',<ref name="Matthews-1997">{{cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=Robert A.J. |date=April 1997 |title=The Science of Murphy's Law |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-of-murphys-law/ |journal=Scientific American |language=en |volume=276 |issue=4 |pages=88–91 |bibcode=1997SciAm.276d..88M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0497-88}}</ref> the ''name'' "Murphy's law" originated in 1949, but the ''concept'' itself had already long since been known. As quoted by Richard Rhodes,<ref name="Rhodes-1999">{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Richard |title=Visions of technology: a century of vital debate about machines, systems, and the human world |date=1999 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9780684839035 |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{rp|187}} Matthews said, "The familiar version of Murphy's law is not quite 50 years old, but the essential idea behind it has been around for centuries. […] The modern version of Murphy's Law has its roots in [[U.S. Air Force]] studies performed in 1949 on the effects of rapid deceleration on pilots." Matthews goes on to explain how [[Edward A. Murphy Jr.]] was the [[eponym]], but only because his original thought was modified subsequently into the now established form that is not exactly what he himself had said. Research into the origin of Murphy's law has been conducted by members of the [[American Dialect Society]] (ADS). 

Mathematician [[Augustus De Morgan]] wrote on June 23, 1866:<ref>"Supplement to the Budget of Paradoxes", ''The Athenaeum'' no. 2017 p. 836 col. 2 [and later reprints: e.g. 1872, 1915, 1956, 2000]</ref> "The first experiment already illustrates a truth of the theory, well confirmed by practice, what-ever can happen will happen if we make trials enough." In later publications "whatever can happen will happen" occasionally is termed "Murphy's law", which raises the possibility that "Murphy" is simply "De Morgan" misremembered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1102C&L=ADS-L&F=&S=&P=73687 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710223134/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1102C&L=ADS-L&F=&S=&P=73687 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-10 |title=LISTSERV 16.0 |publisher=Linguist List |access-date=2012-04-19 }}</ref>

ADS member Stephen Goranson found a version of the law, not yet generalized or bearing that name, in a report by [[Alfred Holt]] at an 1877 meeting of an engineering society.

<blockquote>
It is found that anything that can go wrong at sea generally does go wrong sooner or later, so it is not to be wondered that owners prefer the safe to the scientific&nbsp;… Sufficient stress can hardly be laid on the advantages of simplicity. The human factor cannot be safely neglected in planning machinery. If attention is to be obtained, the engine must be such that the engineer will be disposed to attend to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0710B&L=ADS-L&P=R432&I=-3 |title=Holt, Alfred. 'Review of the Progress of Steam Shipping during the last Quarter of a Century', Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. LI, Session 1877–78 – Part I, at 2, 8 (November 13, 1877 session, published 1878) |publisher=Listserv.linguistlist.org |date=2007-10-10 |access-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312052959/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0710B&L=ADS-L&P=R432&I=-3 |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</blockquote>

ADS member Bill Mullins found a slightly broader version of the [[aphorism]] in reference to [[stage magic]]. The British stage magician [[Nevil Maskelyne (magician)|Nevil Maskelyne]] wrote in 1908:

<blockquote>
It is an experience common to all men to find that, on any special occasion, such as the production of a magical effect for the first time in public, everything that ''can'' go wrong ''will'' go wrong. Whether we must attribute this to the malignity of matter or to the total depravity of inanimate things, whether the exciting cause is hurry, worry, or what not, the fact remains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0712B&L=ADS-L&P=R8234&I=-3 |title=Maskelyne, Nevil. 'The Art In Magic', ''The Magic Circular'', June 1908, p. 25 |publisher=Linguist List |access-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122023828/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0712B&L=ADS-L&P=R8234&I=-3 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</blockquote>

In astronomy, "Spode's Law" refers to the phenomenon that the skies are always cloudy at the wrong moment; the law was popularized by amateur astronomer [[Patrick Moore]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Moore|title=The Amateur Astronomer|year=1957|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=35,74}}</ref> but dates from the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|author=Eric Partridge|editor=Paul Beale|year=1984|page=1129}}</ref>

In 1948, humorist [[Paul Jennings (British author)|Paul Jennings]] coined the term ''[[resistentialism]]'', a jocular play on ''resistance'' and ''existentialism'', to describe "seemingly spiteful behavior manifested by inanimate objects",<ref>Paul Hellwig, Insomniac's Dictionary (Ivy Books, 1989)</ref> where objects that cause problems (like lost keys or a runaway bouncy ball) are said to exhibit a high degree of malice toward humans.<ref>[http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-april-1948/11/report-on-resistentialism-h-atred-of-ones-father-a "Report on Resistentialism"], ''[[The Spectator]]'', 23 April 1948</ref><ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/13/archives/thingness-of-things-resistentialism-it-says-here-is-the-very-latest.html Thingness of Things]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 June 1948</ref>

In 1952, as an epigraph to the [[mountaineering]] book ''The Butcher: The Ascent of Yerupaja'', [[John Sack]] described the same principle, "Anything that can possibly go wrong, does", as an "ancient mountaineering adage".<ref>Sack, John. ''The Butcher: The Ascent of Yerupaja'' epigraph (1952), reprinted in Shapiro, Fred R., ed., ''The Yale Book of Quotations'' 529 (2006).</ref>

=== Association with Murphy===
[[File:Rocket sled track.jpg|thumb|[[John Stapp]] riding a [[rocket sled]] at [[Muroc Army Air Field]] (pictured circa the late 1940s or early 1950s). Murphy's law most likely originated during similar tests in 1948 and 1949.]]
Differing recollections years later by various participants make it impossible to pinpoint who first coined the saying ''Murphy's law''. The law's name supposedly stems from an attempt to use new measurement devices developed by [[Edward A. Murphy Jr.|Edward A. Murphy]], a [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) [[captain]] and aeronautical engineer.<ref name="spark">{{cite book |last1=Spark |first1=Nick T. |authorlink=Nick T. Spark |title=A History of Murphy's Law |year=2013 |publisher=Lulu Press, Inc |isbn=978-1-935700-79-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bahzT3ZP36cC |language=en}}</ref> The phrase was coined in an adverse reaction to something Murphy said when his devices failed to perform and was eventually cast into its present form prior to a press conference some months later – the first ever (of many) given by [[John Stapp]], a USAF [[colonel]] and [[flight surgeon]] in the 1950s.<ref name="spark" /><ref>[http://www.improb.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i5/murphy/murphy0.html The Fastest Man on Earth ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014113936/http://www.improb.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i5/murphy/murphy0.html |date=2009-10-14 }} – ''Improbable Research''</ref>

From 1948 to 1949, Stapp headed research project MX981 at Muroc Army Air Field (later renamed [[Edwards Air Force Base]])<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/butowsky4/space24.htm Rogers Dry Lake – National Historic Landmark] at National Park Service</ref> for the purpose of testing the [[human]] tolerance for [[g-force]]s during rapid deceleration. The tests used a rocket sled mounted on a [[railroad track]] with a series of hydraulic [[brake]]s at the end. Initial tests used a humanoid [[crash test dummy]] strapped to a seat on the sled, but subsequent tests were performed by Stapp, at that time a USAF captain. During the tests, questions were raised about the accuracy of the instrumentation used to measure the g-forces Captain Stapp was experiencing. Edward Murphy proposed using electronic [[strain gauge]]s attached to the restraining clamps of Stapp's harness to measure the force exerted on them by his rapid deceleration. Murphy was engaged in supporting similar research using high speed centrifuges to generate g-forces.

During a trial run of this method using a [[chimpanzee]], supposedly around June 1949, Murphy's assistant wired the harness and the rocket sled was launched. The sensors provided a zero reading; however, it became apparent that they had been installed incorrectly, with some sensors wired backwards. It was at this point a frustrated Murphy made his pronouncement, despite being offered the time and chance to calibrate and test the sensor installation prior to the test proper, which he declined somewhat irritably, getting off on the wrong foot with the MX981 team. George E. Nichols, an engineer and quality assurance manager with the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] who was present at the time, recalled in an interview that Murphy blamed the failure on his assistant after the failed test, saying, "If that guy has any way of making a mistake, he will."<ref name="spark" />{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2023}} Nichols' account is that "Murphy's law" came about through conversation among the other members of the team; it was condensed to "If it can happen, it will happen", and named for Murphy in mockery of what Nichols perceived as arrogance on Murphy's part. Others, including Edward Murphy's surviving son Robert Murphy, deny Nichols' account,<ref name="spark" />{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2023}} and claim that the phrase did originate with Edward Murphy. According to Robert Murphy's account, his father's statement was along the lines of "If there's more than one way to do a job, and one of those ways will result in disaster, then he will do it that way."

The phrase first received public attention during a press conference in which Stapp was asked how it was that nobody had been severely injured during the rocket sled tests. Stapp replied that it was because they always took ''Murphy's law'' under consideration; he then summarized the law and said that in general, it meant that it was important to consider all the possibilities (possible things that could go wrong) before doing a test and act to counter them. Thus Stapp's usage and Murphy's alleged usage are very different in outlook and attitude. One is sour, the other an affirmation of the predictable being surmountable, usually by sufficient planning and redundancy. Nichols believes Murphy was unwilling to take the responsibility for the device's initial failure (by itself a blip of no large significance) and is to be doubly damned for not allowing the MX981 team time to validate the sensor's operability and for trying to blame an underling in the embarrassing aftermath.

The name "Murphy's law" was not immediately secure. A story by [[Lee Correy]] in the February 1955 issue of ''[[Analog Science Fiction and Fact|Astounding Science Fiction]]'' referred to "Reilly's law", which states that "in any scientific or engineering endeavor, anything that can go wrong ''will'' go wrong".<ref>{{cite web |title=''Astounding Science-Fiction'', February 1955, p. 54 |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0511B&L=ADS-L&P=R4728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621034655/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0511B&L=ADS-L&P=R4728 |archive-date=2008-06-21 |access-date=2012-04-19 |publisher=Linguist List}}</ref> [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] Chairman [[Lewis Strauss]] was quoted in the ''[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]'' on February 12, 1955, saying "I hope it will be known as Strauss' law. It could be stated about like this: If anything bad can happen, it probably will."<ref>{{cite web |title=''Chicago Daily Tribune'', February 12, 1955, p. 5 |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0507B&L=ADS-L&P=R3975 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621034650/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0507B&L=ADS-L&P=R3975 |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |access-date=2012-04-19 |publisher=Linguist List}}</ref>

[[Martin Caidin]] a pilot of the Federal Aviation Agency, in his book Operation Nuke (1973) chapter 13: lists the Murphy's Three Laws of Physics as (1.) Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong. (2.) Whatever's wrong is bound to get worse. (3.) When the first two laws have passed, and you're still around panic. 

[[Arthur Bloch]], in the first volume (1977) of his ''Murphy's Law, and Other Reasons Why Things Go WRONG'' series, prints a letter that he received from Nichols, who recalled an event that occurred in 1949 at Edwards Air Force Base that, according to him, is the origination of Murphy's law, and first publicly recounted by Stapp. An excerpt from the letter reads:

<blockquote>The law's namesake was Capt. Ed Murphy, a development engineer from [[Air Force Research Laboratory|Wright Field Aircraft Lab]]. Frustration with a strap [[transducer]] which was malfunctioning due to an error in wiring the [[strain gage]] [[Bridge circuit|bridges]] caused him to remark&nbsp;– "If there is any way to do it wrong, he will"&nbsp;– referring to the technician who had wired the bridges at the Lab. I assigned Murphy's law to the statement and the associated variations.<ref name=":0">Bloch, Arthur (1980 edition). ''Murphy's Law, and Other Reasons Why Things Go WRONG'', Los Angeles: Price/Stern/Sloan Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|0-8431-0428-7}}, pp. 4–5</ref></blockquote>

==== Disputed origins ====
The association with the Muroc incident is by no means secure. Despite extensive research, no trace of documentation of the saying as "Murphy's law" has been found before 1951. The next citations are not found until 1955, when the May–June issue of ''Aviation Mechanics Bulletin'' included the line "Murphy's law: If an aircraft part can be installed incorrectly, someone will install it that way",<ref name="Shapiro529">Shapiro, Fred R., ed., ''[[The Yale Book of Quotations]]'' 529 (2006).</ref> and Lloyd Mallan's book ''Men, Rockets and Space Rats'', referred to: "Colonel Stapp's favorite takeoff on sober scientific laws—Murphy's law, Stapp calls it—'Everything that can possibly go wrong will go wrong'." In 1962, the [[Mercury Seven]] attributed Murphy's law to [[United States Navy]] [[training film]]s.<ref name="Shapiro529" />

[[Fred R. Shapiro]], the editor of the ''[[Yale Book of Quotations]]'', has shown that in 1952 the adage was called "Murphy's law" in a book by [[Anne Roe]], quoting an unnamed physicist:

<blockquote>he described [it] as "Murphy's law or the fourth law of thermodynamics" <!-- This is part of the quotation – do not modify -->(actually there were only three last I heard)<!-- This is part of the quotation – do not modify --> which states: "If anything can go wrong, it will."<ref name=Roe>{{cite web |url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0712C&L=ADS-L&P=R3767&I=-3 |title=Roe, Anne, ''The Making of a Scientist'' 46–47 (1952, 1953) |publisher=Linguist List |access-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312051506/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0712C&L=ADS-L&P=R3767&I=-3 |archive-date=2008-03-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</blockquote>

In May 1951, Anne Roe gave a transcript of an interview (part of a [[thematic apperception test]], asking impressions on a drawing) with said physicist: "As for himself he realized that this was the inexorable working of the second law of the thermodynamics which stated Murphy's law 'If anything can go wrong it will'. I always liked 'Murphy's law'. I was told that by an architect."<ref>''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' volume 43, p. 204</ref> ADS member Stephen Goranson, investigating this in 2008 and 2009, found that Anne Roe's papers, held in the [[American Philosophical Society]]'s archives in [[Philadelphia]], identified the interviewed physicist as Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson (1903–1961). Robertson's papers at the [[Caltech]] archives include a letter in which Robertson offers Roe an interview within the first three months of 1949, making this apparently predate the Muroc incident said to have occurred in or after June 1949.<ref name="spark"/>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2023}}

John Paul Stapp, Edward A. Murphy, Jr., and George Nichols were jointly awarded an [[Ig Nobel Prize]] in 2003 in engineering " for (probably) giving birth to the name".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-01 |title=Past Ig Winners |url=https://improbable.com/ig/winners/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=improbable.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Murphy's Law was also the theme of 2024 Ig Nobel Prize ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=The 34th First Annual Ig Nobel Ceremony |url=https://improbable.com/ig/archive/2024-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=improbable.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Academic and scientific views ==
According to [[Richard Dawkins]], so-called laws like Murphy's law and Sod's law are nonsense because they require inanimate objects to have desires of their own, or else to react according to one's own desires. Dawkins points out that a certain class of events may occur all the time, but are only noticed when they become a nuisance. He gives an example of [[aircraft noise pollution]] interfering with filming: there are always aircraft in the sky at any given time, but they are only taken note of when they cause a problem. This is a form of [[confirmation bias]], whereby the investigator seeks out evidence to confirm their already-formed ideas, but does not look for evidence that contradicts them.<ref>Dawkins, pp. 220-222</ref>

Similarly, [[David Hand (statistician)|David Hand]], emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at [[Imperial College London]], points out that the [[law of truly large numbers]] should lead one to expect the kind of events predicted by Murphy's law to occur occasionally. [[Selection bias]] will ensure that those ones are remembered and the many times Murphy's law was not true are forgotten.<ref>Hand, pp. 197-198</ref>

There have been persistent references to Murphy's law associating it with the [[laws of thermodynamics]] from early on (see the quotation from Anne Roe's book above).<ref name="Roe" /> In particular, Murphy's law is often cited as a form of the [[second law of thermodynamics]] (the law of entropy) because both are predicting a tendency to a more disorganized state.<ref>Robert D. Handscombe, Eann A. Patterson, ''The Entropy Vector: Connecting Science and Business'', p134, World Scientific, 2004, {{ISBN|981-238-571-1}}.</ref> Atanu Chatterjee investigated this idea by formally stating Murphy's law in mathematical terms and found that Murphy's law so stated could be disproved using the [[principle of least action]].<ref>Chatterjee, p. 1</ref>

== Variations (corollaries) of the law ==
From its initial public announcement, Murphy's law quickly spread to various technical cultures connected to [[aerospace engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/M/Murphys-Law.html |title=Murphy's Law |work=[[Jargon File]] |access-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214092035/http://catb.org/jargon/html/M/Murphys-Law.html |archive-date=2012-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Before long, variations of the law applied to different topics and subjects had passed into the public imagination, changing over time. Arthur Bloch compiled a number of books of corollaries to Murphy's law and variations thereof, the first being ''Murphy's Law, and Other Reasons Why Things Go WRONG'', which received several follow-ups and reprints.<ref name=":0" />

[[Yhprum's law]] is an optimistic reversal of Murphy's law, stating that "anything that can go right will go right". Its name directly references this, being "Murphy" in reverse.

Management consultant [[Peter Drucker]] formulated "Drucker's law" in dealing with complexity of management: "If one thing goes wrong, everything else will, and at the same time."<ref>Drucker, Peter F. ''Management, Tasks, Responsibilities, and Practices'', p. 681</ref>

"Mrs. Murphy's law" is a corollary of Murphy's law, which states that "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong while Mr. Murphy is out of town."<ref>{{citation |title=Murphy's Law 2000 |page=4 |author=Arthur Bloch |year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Mysteries of life and the universe |page=171 |author=William H. Shore |year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Book of laws |page=110 |author=Harold Faber |year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Mrs. Murphy's Law |author=Ann Landers |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 9, 1978}}</ref>

The term is sometimes used to describe concise, ironic, humorous [[rules of thumb]] that often do not share a relation to the original law or Edward Murphy himself, but still posit him as a relevant expert in the law's subject. Examples of these "Murphy's laws" include those for [[military tactics]], [[technology]], [[Romance (love)|romance]], [[social relation]]s, [[research]], and [[business]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheap Thoughts |url=https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/cheap/cheap3_murphy.htm |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.angelo.edu |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803191705/https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/cheap/cheap3_murphy.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murphy's laws |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fgandon/miscellaneous/murphy/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.cs.cmu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murphy's Laws of Combat Operations |url=https://meyerweb.com/other/humor/mcom.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=meyerweb.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Buttered toast phenomenon]] – Idiom representing pessimistic outlooks
* [[Defensive design]] – Practice of planning for contingencies in the design stage of a project
* {{annotated link|Finagle's law}}
* {{annotated link|Hanlon's razor}}
* {{annotated link|Hindsight bias}}
* {{annotated link|Hofstadter's law}}
* {{annotated link|Totalitarian principle}}
* {{annotated link|Infinite monkey theorem}}
* {{annotated link|Jinx}}
* {{annotated link|Laws of infernal dynamics}}
* {{annotated link|List of eponymous laws}}
* {{annotated link|Milo Murphy's Law|''Milo Murphy's Law''}}
* {{annotated link|Muphry's law}}
* {{annotated link|Parkinson's law}}
* {{annotated link|Pessimism}}
* {{annotated link|Precautionary principle}}
* {{annotated link|Segal's law}}
* {{annotated link|Shit happens}}
* {{annotated link|List of military slang terms|SNAFU}}
* {{annotated link|Sod's law}}
* {{annotated link|Unintended consequences}}
* {{annotated link|Worst-case scenario}} 
* [[Yhprum's Law]] – The opposite of Murphy's law, stating anything that can go right will go right
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|title=A History of Murphy's Law |author=Nick T. Spark|isbn=978-0-9786388-9-4|publisher=Periscope Film|date=2006}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Murphy's law|title=The Official Rules|author=Paul Dickson|authorlink=Paul Dickson (writer)|isbn=978-0-09-926490-3|publisher=Arrow Books|date=1981|pages=128–137}}
* {{cite journal
 |title=The Contributions of Edsel Murphy to the Understanding of the Behaviour of Inanimate Objects
 |journal=EEE Magazine
 |volume=15|date=August 1967
 |author=Klipstein, D. L.
 }}
* {{cite journal
 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/45280177/1-Tumbling-Toast-Murphy-s-law-and-the-Fundamental-Constants
 |title=Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the Fundamental Constants
 |journal=European Journal of Physics
 |volume=16|pages=172–176|year=1995
 |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/16/4/005
 |author=Matthews, R A J
 |bibcode = 1995EJPh...16..172M
 |issue=4 |s2cid=250909096
 |quote="Why toasted bread lands buttered-side-down."}}
** Matthews received the [[Ig Nobel Prize]] for physics in 1996 for this work ([[List of Ig Nobel Prize winners#1996|see list]]).
* {{cite journal
  |title=Is the statement of Murphy's Law valid?
  |journal=Complexity
  |volume = 21|issue=6
  |pages=374–380
  |doi=10.1002/cplx.21697
  |author=Chatterjee, Atanu|arxiv=1508.07291
  |bibcode=2016Cmplx..21f.374C
  |year=2016
  |s2cid=27224613
 |quote= Is the statement of Murphy's Law valid?}}
* David J. Hand ( 2014). ''The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day'', Macmillan,  {{ISBN|0374711399}}.
* [[Richard Dawkins]] (2012). ''The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True'', Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN|1451690134}}.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Murphy's law}}
{{Commonscat|Murphy's Law}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080331233208/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0312D&L=ads-l&P=R1143&m=34014 1952 proverb citation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090124175837/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0401D&L=ads-l&P=R3581&m=34014 1955 term citation of phrase "Murphy's law"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120214092035/http://catb.org/jargon/html/M/Murphys-Law.html Murphy's law entry] in the [[Jargon File]]
*[http://www.military-quotes.com/murphy.htm Murphy's Law of Combat]
*[http://www.murphys-laws.com/murphy/murphy-true.html Murphy's Law's Origin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310224906/http://www.murphys-laws.com/murphy/murphy-true.html |date=2012-03-10 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070126174938/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0309C&L=ads-l&P=R998 Reference to 1941 citation of the proverb]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091014113936/http://www.improb.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i5/murphy/murphy0.html The ''Annals of Improbable Research'' tracks down the origins of Murphy's law]

{{unintended consequences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy's law}}
[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Risk]]
[[Category:Eponyms]]