Editing Munich

{{Short description|Capital, most populous city in Bavaria}}
{{about|the city in Germany}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox German place
| name = Munich
| German_name = {{native name|de|München}}<br/>{{native name|bar|Minga}}
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = 
| Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister
| Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 62 000
| pop_urban = 2606021
| pop_metro = 5,991,144<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München |trans-title=Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region |work=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620161149/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/daten-und-fakten-der-metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image_photo = {{multiple image
 |total_width = 250
 |border = infobox
 |perrow = 1/2/2/1
 |caption_align = center
 |image1 = Stadtbild München.jpg
 |alt1 = Marienplatz with Neues Rathaus and Frauenkirche in the background
 |caption1 = [[Marienplatz]] with [[New Town Hall (Munich)|Neues Rathaus]] and [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background
 |image2 = BMW Welt Night cropped.jpg
 |alt2 = BMW Welt
 |caption2 = [[BMW Welt]]
 |image3 = Münchner Residenz 2014-08-02 Pano.jpg|mini|hochkant=1.5|
 |alt3 = Munich Residenz
 |caption3 = [[Munich Residenz]]
 |image4 = Schloss Nymphenburg Münich.jpg
 |alt4 = Nymphenburg Palace
 |caption4 = [[Nymphenburg Palace]]
 |image5 = Ludwigstraße, München.jpg
 |alt5 = Ludwigstraße
 |caption5 = [[Ludwigstraße]]
 |image6 = Allianz arena golden hour Richard Bartz.jpg
 |alt6 = Allianz Arena
 |caption6 = [[Allianz Arena]]
 }}
| type = City
| image_coa = Muenchen Kleines Stadtwappen.svg
| image_flag = [[File:Flag of Munich (striped).svg|120px|border|Flag of Munich]]<br />[[File:Flag of Munich (lozengy).svg|120px|border|Flag of Munich]]
| coordinates = {{coord|48|08|15|N|11|34|30|E|display=it}}
| state = Bavaria
| region = Upper Bavaria
| district = urban
| elevation = 520
| area = 310.71
| population = 1 604 384 for categorization as city, real value fetched via Gemeindeschlüssel -->
| postal_code = 80331–81929
| area_code = 089
| licence = M, MUC
| divisions = {{Collapsible list
 |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
 |title = '''[[Boroughs of Munich|25 boroughs]]'''
|{{nowrap|[[Altstadt-Lehel]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Maxvorstadt]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-West]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Au-Haidhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Sendling-Westpark]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwanthalerhöhe]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Moosach (Munich)|Moosach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Schwabing-Freimann]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Bogenhausen]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Berg am Laim]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Trudering-Riem]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Ramersdorf-Perlach]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Obergiesing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Untergiesing-Harlaching]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Hadern]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Pasing-Obermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Allach-Untermenzing]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]]}}
|{{nowrap|[[Laim]]}}
 }}
| website = [https://www.muenchen.de/en/home muenchen.de]
| mayor = [[Dieter Reiter]]
| leader_term = 2020&ndash;26
| party = SPD
| ruling_party1 = Green
| ruling_party2 = SPD
| year_of_first_mention = 1158
}}
[[File:MariensaeuleMuenchen.jpg|thumb|[[Mariensäule]] at [[Marienplatz]]]]
[[File:Www.gerhard-blank.de münchen ansicht von oben.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the old town]]
[[File:Lions at the Feldherrnhalle in Munich.JPG|thumb|Lion sculptures by [[Wilhelm von Rümann]] at the [[Feldherrnhalle]]]]
[[File:Vista panorámica desde Olympiapark, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 03.JPG|thumb|[[Alps]] behind the skyline]]

'''Munich'''{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|juː|n|ɪ|k}} {{respell|MEW|nik}}; {{langx|de|München}} {{IPA|de|ˈmʏnçn̩||De-München2.ogg}}; {{langx|bar|Minga}} {{IPA|bar|ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ||Bar-München.ogg}}}} is the capital and [[List of cities in Bavaria by population|most populous city]] of [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]. With a population of 1,604,384 inhabitants as of 30 November 2024,<ref>{{cite web |last=Stadtverwaltung |first=Landeshauptstadt München |title=Bevölkerung |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=stadt.muenchen.de |url=https://stadt.muenchen.de/infos/statistik-bevoelkerung.html |language=de |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324000604/https://stadt.muenchen.de/infos/statistik-bevoelkerung.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it is the [[List of cities in Germany by population|third-largest city by population in Germany]], after [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]], and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the [[List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits|11th-largest city]] in the [[European Union]]. The Munich metropolitan area – including suburbs and satellite towns – has 3 million inhabitants; and the [[Munich Metropolitan Region|city's metropolitan region]] is home to about 6.2 million people and is the [[List of EU metropolitan regions by GDP#2021 ranking of top four German metropolitan regions|third largest metropolitan region by GDP]] in the European Union.<ref name="mmr_official_site">{{cite web |url=https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |title=The Munich Metropolitan Region |publisher=Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531145114/https://www.metropolregion-muenchen.eu/metropolregion-muenchen/ |archive-date=31 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Straddling the banks of the river [[Isar]] north of the [[Alps]], Munich is the seat of the Bavarian [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Upper Bavaria]], while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km<sup>2</sup>. Munich is the second-largest city in the [[Bavarian language|Bavarian dialect area]], after the Austrian capital of [[Vienna]].

The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the [[Reformation]] and was a political point of divergence during the resulting [[Thirty Years' War]], but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant [[Swedes]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ofredsår |last=Englund |first=Peter |publisher=Atlantis |year=1993 |location=Stockholm}}</ref> Once Bavaria was established as the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, [[architecture]], culture and science. In 1918, during the [[German revolution of 1918–1919]], the ruling [[House of Wittelsbach]], which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the [[Nazi Party]]. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during [[World War II]] but has restored most of its old town and boasts nearly 30,000 buildings from before the war all over the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329165923/https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the war, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of [[Wirtschaftswunder]]. The city hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]].

Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance, innovation, business, and tourism. Munich enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] survey,<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of Living City Rankings |website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-cities-in-the-world-mercer-2018-quality-of-living-index-2018-3#2-zurich-switzerland-switzerlands-biggest-commercial-centre-and-the-home-of-the-countrys-famous-financial-industry-zurich-has-everything-needed-for-a-great-quality-of-life-although-it-is-notoriously-expensive-20 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319113221/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-cities-in-the-world-mercer-2018-quality-of-living-index-2018-3#2-zurich-switzerland-switzerlands-biggest-commercial-centre-and-the-home-of-the-countrys-famous-financial-industry-zurich-has-everything-needed-for-a-great-quality-of-life-although-it-is-notoriously-expensive-20 |url-status=live}}</ref> and being rated the world's most liveable city by the [[Most livable cities in the world#Monocle's Quality of Life Survey|Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Munich Named The Most Livable City In The World |magazine=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 |date=25 June 2018 |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703022046/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bishopjordan/2018/06/25/monocle-most-livable-city-quality-life-survey-2018-munich/#5e1cb4886153 |url-status=live}}</ref> Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wille |first=Robin |date=15 July 2021 |title=Immobilien: Das sind die 10 teuersten Städte in Deutschland |url=https://www.businessinsider.de/wirtschaft/immobilien-das-sind-die-10-teuersten-staedte-in-deutschland/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=de-DE |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416201254/https://www.businessinsider.de/wirtschaft/immobilien-das-sind-die-10-teuersten-staedte-in-deutschland/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Die 10 teuersten Städte Deutschlands 2020 |url=https://www.haus.de/geld-recht/teuerste-stadt-deutschland-29992 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.haus.de |language=de |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418231306/https://www.haus.de/geld-recht/teuerste-stadt-deutschland-29992 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, 30.1 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 19.4 percent were German citizens with a [[migration background]] from a foreign country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bevölkerung am 31.12.2023 nach Migrationshintergrund in den Stadtbezirken |trans-title=Population on 31.12.2023 by migration background in the city districts |url=https://stadt.muenchen.de/dam/jcr:484ae6c0-f133-4cb2-a000-b1ef8c9071c3/jt220113.pdf |publisher=Statistisches Amt München |date=December 31, 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110225230if_/https://stadt.muenchen.de/dam/jcr:484ae6c0-f133-4cb2-a000-b1ef8c9071c3/jt220113.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Munich's economy]] is based on [[high tech]], [[Automotive industry|automobiles]], and the [[service sector]], as well as [[Information technology]], [[biotechnology]], engineering, and [[electronics]]. It has one of the strongest economies of any German city and the lowest unemployment rate of all cities in Germany with more than one million inhabitants. The city houses many multinational companies, such as [[BMW]], [[Siemens]], [[Allianz SE]] and [[Munich Re]]. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, and a multitude of scientific institutions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boytchev |first=Hristio |title=A European heavyweight |journal=Nature |volume=563 |issue=7729 |pages=S14–S15 |year=2018 |s2cid=256769767 |pmid=30382228 |bibcode=2018Natur.563S..14B |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07208-0 |doi-access= | issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual [[Oktoberfest]], the world's largest {{lang|de|[[Volksfest]]}}, attract considerable tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html |title=Munich Travel Tourism Munich |publisher=muenchen.de |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214135103/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/tourism.html |archive-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Munich}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of Munich}}
[[File:Großes Stadtwappen München.svg|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Munich]]]]
[[File:Solang der alte Peter - Volksweise - Tegernseer Ländler - Kapelle Moar Jr. (1929).ogg|thumb|The unofficial city anthem of Munich, recorded in 1929]]

===Etymology===
Munch was a tiny 12th-century [[friar]] settlement, which was named ''zu den Munchen'' ("to the monks"). The Old High German ''Munche'' served as the bass for the modern German city name ''München''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780192602541}}</ref>

===Prehistory===
The river [[Isar]] was a prehistoric [[trade route]] and in the [[Bronze Age]] Munich was among the largest [[raft|raft port]]s in Europe.<ref name="Bernan Associates UNESCO">{{cite book |title=River Culture: Life as a dance to the rhythm of the waters |publisher=Bernan Associates UNESCO |year=2023 |page=616 |isbn=9789231005404}}</ref> Bronze Age settlements up to four millennia old have been discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landkreismuenchen/feldkirchen-bauma-ausgabrung-1.5643281 |title=Feldkirchen: Bronzezeit-Funde auf dem Bauma-Parkplatz |date=23 August 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327202314/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/landkreismuenchen/feldkirchen-bauma-ausgabrung-1.5643281 |url-status=live}}</ref> Evidence of [[Celt]]ic settlements from the [[Iron Age]] have been discovered in areas around [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]].<ref>Klaus Schwarz: Atlas der spätkeltischen Viereckschanzen Bayerns – Pläne und Karten. München, 1959</ref>

===Roman period===
The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected [[Augsburg]] and [[Salzburg]], crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of [[Baierbrunn]] and [[Gauting]].<ref>Wolfgang Krämer: Geschichte der Gemeinde Gauting einschließlich der Hofmarken Fußberg und Königswiesen nebst Grubmühle, Reismühle und Gemeinde Stockdorf sowie der Schwaigen Kreuzing und Pentenried. Selbstverlag der Gemeinde Gauting, 1949.</ref> A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of [[Denning (Munich)|Denning]].<ref>Willibald Karl (Hrsg.): Dörfer auf dem Ziegelland. Daglfing-Denning-Englschalking-Johanneskirchen-Zamdorf. Buchendorfer, München 2002, {{ISBN|978-3-934036-90-1}}.</ref>

===Post-Roman settlements===
Starting in the 6th century, the [[Baiuvarii]] populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/stadtviertel/sensationsfund-die-ueberreste-der-ersten-pasinger-art-536059 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/stadtviertel/sensationsfund-die-ueberreste-der-ersten-pasinger-art-536059 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |title=Sensationsfund: Die Überreste der ersten Pasinger |date=17 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeologie-muenchen.de/de/archaeologie-in-muenchen/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/http://www.archaeologie-muenchen.de/de/archaeologie-in-muenchen/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |title=Archäologie in München – Archäologische Staatssammlung München}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Fröttmanning.<ref>Bernd Meier, Ludwig Maile: Heilig Kreuz Fröttmaning 815–1990. Kirchenverwaltung und Pfarrgemeinderat St. Albert, München 1990, S. 13–15.</ref>

===Origin of medieval town===

[[File:Stadtansicht 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Munich in the 16th century]]
[[File:Muenchen merian.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of Munich in 1642]]
The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and [[Landshut]].<ref name="Bernan Associates UNESCO"/> The Duke of Saxony and Bavaria [[Henry the Lion]] founded the town of Munich in his territory to control the [[salt trade]], after having burned down the town of Föhring and its bridges over the Isar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Don't Call It Sprawl: Metropolitan Structure in the 21st Century |author1= William T. Bogart  |publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2006| isbn= 9781139458719| page=161}}</ref> Historians date this event at about 1158.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=167}}</ref> The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of [[Höxter]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |author1=  John Freed  |publisher= Yale University Press | year=2016| isbn= 9780300221169| page=168}}</ref>

Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrücke is now located.<ref>Peter Klimesch: Münchner Isarinseln – Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft. (Zum nördlichen Teil der Museumsinsel mit dem Vater-Rhein-Brunnen.) In: Ralf Sartori (Hrsg.): Die neue Isar, Band 4. München 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-86520-447-9}}.</ref>

[[Otto of Freising]] protested to his nephew, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick Barbarosa]] (d. 1190). However, on 14 June 1158, in [[Augsburg]], the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The ''[[Augsburg Arbitration]]'' mentions the name of the location in dispute as ''forum apud Munichen''. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation.<ref>Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein (2006), "München", Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz (in German), München: C. H. Beck, p. 171, {{ISBN|978-3-406-55206-9}}
</ref><ref>Deutsches Ortsnamenbuch. Hrsg. von Manfred Niemeyer. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2012, S. 420.
</ref><ref>Fritz Lutz: Oberföhring. Zur 75-Jahrfeier der Eingemeindung Oberföhrings. Buchendorf: Buchendorfer Verlag 1988.</ref>

The 14th June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near [[Marienplatz]]) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158.<ref>Archaeological Showcase at the Münchner Stadtmuseum: Discoveries from the Marienhof excavations (2011/2012). 7 November 2021.</ref><ref>Ausgrabungen und Dokumentation – Vergangenheit aus dem Boden. Zweite Stammstrecke München. Deutsche Bahn Website, 5 May 2021</ref> The old [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|St. Peter's Church]] near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.<ref>Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdische München. Stadtkernarchäologie in der bayerischen Landeshauptstadt. Buchendorfer Verlag, München 2001, {{ISBN|3-934036-40-6}}, Kap. 4.2.1: St. Peter, S. 61–83.</ref>

In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, [[Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto I Wittelsbach]] became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Bishop of Freising]]. In 1240, Munich was transferred to [[Otto II Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II Wittelsbach]] and in 1255, when the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Upper Bavaria]].

Duke [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]], a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income.

On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town.<ref>Bayerischer Architekten- und Ingenieurverein (Hrsg.): München und seine Bauten. BoD – Books on Demand, 2012, S. 48/49</ref>

In 1349, the [[Black Death]] ravaged Munich and Bavaria.<ref>Wie die Pest die Münchner dahinraffte – Süddeutsche Zeitung (12. Dezember 2018), 13 December 2018</ref>

The growth of Munich was supplemented by its location on top of a gravel bed, where the Isar branched into [[Munich City Streams]], which in turn provided power for many mills and industries within Munich.

In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of [[Gothic art]]s: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] church – the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] – now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468.

===Capital of reunited Bavaria===
[[File:Antiquarium, Münchner Residenz.jpg|thumbnail|280px|right|The Renaissance ''Antiquarium'' of the Residenz]]
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief [[War of the Succession of Landshut|war]] against the Duchy of [[Bavaria-Landshut|Landshut]], Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The [[Renaissance]] movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the [[House of Wittelsbach]] under Duke [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria|Albrecht V]] who bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to [[classical antiquity]]. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities]] in the [[Residenz, Munich|Munich Residenz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref> Albrecht V appointed the composer [[Orlando di Lasso]] as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late [[Renaissance music]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=90}}</ref> During the rule of [[William V, Duke of Bavaria|Duke William V]] Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor [[Charlemagne]] as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref>

Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the [[Jesuit]] [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]]. He had the sermons of his Jesuit court preacher [[Jeremias Drexel]] translated from Latin into German and published them to a greater audience.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=92}}</ref> William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (''Landesvater''), encouraged pilgrimages and [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Marian devotions]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=101}}</ref> William V had the [[Hofbräuhaus]] built in 1589. It would become the prototype for [[beer hall]]s across Munich. After [[World War II]] the Residenze, the Hofbräuhaus, the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]], and the [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the [[Nazi Party]] seized power in 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning |author1=Charles E. Greer |author2=Daniel C. Knudsen |author3=Michelle M. Metro-Roland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781317108139 |page=69}}</ref>

[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|right|[[Marienplatz]], Munich, about 1650]]
[[File:Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg|thumb|upright|Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background]]
The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623, during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), Munich became an electoral residence when Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] was invested with the [[prince-elector|electoral dignity]], but in 1632 the city was occupied by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Manual of Dates |date = 1877 |edition=5th |chapter= Munich |author=George Henry Townsend |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co. |hdl = 2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref>

In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=104}}</ref> The [[bubonic plague]] nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=105}}</ref> During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| pages=108–109}}</ref>

Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of [[Baroque]] life, but also had to suffer under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] occupations in 1704 and 1742.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} When Elector [[Maximilian III Joseph]] died in 1745, the succession empowered the [[Count palatine|Palatinate]] branch within the [[House of Wittelsbach]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] |author1=Brian A. Pavlac | author2= Elizabeth S. Lott |publisher= ABC-CLIO| year=2019| isbn=9781440848568| page=85}}</ref>

In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited by [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Karl Theodor]]. The new duke was disliked by the citizens of Munich for his supposedly enlightened ideas. In 1785 Karl Theodor invited Count Rumford [[Benjamin Thompson]] to take up residency in Munich and implement stringent social reforms. The poor were forced to live in newly built [[workhouses]]. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref> Munich was the largest German city to lose [[fortification]] in the 1790s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=106}}</ref> In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=112}}</ref> After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref>

After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] in 1806 with Elector [[Maximillian IV Joseph]] becoming its first king. The state parliament (the ''[[Landtag]]'') and the new [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] were also located in the city.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the [[secularization]] of Bavaria. He had dissolved all [[monasteries]] in 1802 and once crowned, Maximilian Joseph generated state revenues by selling off church lands. While many monasteries were reestablished, Maximilian Joseph I succeeded in controlling the right to brew beer (''Braurecht''). The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxes on their beer production. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and [[journeymen]] a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=136–137}}</ref> In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown prince and princess [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]. The parades in regional dress (''Tracht'') represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the [[Theresienwiese]] and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual [[Oktoberfest]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Dress: Between Tradition and Modernity |author1=Sara Hume |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9781350147997 |pages=169–170}}</ref>

The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (''Wirtshäuser'') were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the [[Competition (economics)|competition]] among breweries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=140}}</ref> In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=149}}</ref> By the 1850s beer had become essential [[staple food]] for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious ''liquid bread'' (''fließendes Brot'') in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor [[Sanitation|water sanitation]] and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the ''fifth element''. Beer was essential in maintaining [[public health]] in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=143–144}}</ref>

[[File:Justizpalast Munich.jpg|thumb|The [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Palace of Justice]] in Baroque Revival style]]
In 1832 [[Peter von Hess]] painted the [[Greek War of Independence]] at the order of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]. Ludwig I had the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]] built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. [[Leo von Klenze]] supervised the construction of a [[Propylaea_(Munich) |Propylaea]] between 1854 and 1862.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Memory in Greece, 1821–1930: Performing the Past in the Present |author1=Christina Koulouri |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781000638653|pages=}}</ref>

During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.<ref>Brigitte Huber: Mauern, Tore Bastionen. München und seine Befestigungen. Hrsg.: Historischer Verein von Oberbayern. Volk Verlag, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-86222-182-0}}</ref> The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to [[Augsburg]] in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station ([[München Hauptbahnhof]]) was completed, with a line going to [[Landshut]] and [[Regensburg]] in the north.<ref>Bernhard Ücker: Die bayrische Eisenbahn 1835–1920. Süddeutscher Verlag, München, {{ISBN|3-7991-6255-0}}</ref><ref>Siegfried Bufe: Hauptbahn München–Regensburg. Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, {{ISBN|3-922138-61-6}}.</ref> In 1825 [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as [[Leo von Klenze]] to design a series of public museums in [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I gave Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |pages=6–7}}</ref> Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener [[Carl von Effner]] landscaped the banks of the river [[Isar]] and established the ''Maximilian Gardens''. From 1848 the ''[[Münchner Neueste Nachrichten]]'' was published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the [[Maximilianeum]] was begun.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thinking the Contemporary Landscape |author1= Christophe Girot | author2= Dora Imhof |publisher= Princeton Architectural Press |year=2016 |isbn= 9781616895594 |pages=56}}</ref>

By the time [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is known the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Ludwig II tried to lure [[Richard Wagner]] to Munich, but his plans for an opera house were declined by the city council. Ludwig II nevertheless generated a windfall for Munich's craft and construction industries. In 1876 Munich hosted the first German Art and Industry Exhibition, which showcased the northern [[Neo-Renaissance]] fashion that came to be the [[German Empire]]'s predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing [[Baroque Revival architecture]] and [[Rococo Revival]] designs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=8}}</ref>
[[File:München Jugendstil 1.jpg|thumb|right|Jugendstil style house at Leopoldstr. 77, [[Münchner Freiheit]]]]

In 1900 [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] moved to Munich, where he was appointed as a professor of physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology |author1= Gerd Rosenbusch | author2= Annemarie de Knecht-van Eekelen | publisher= Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9783319976617 |page=115}}</ref>

The Prince Regent [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]]'s reign from 1886 to 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=9}}</ref> At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the [[Jugendstil]] movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive [[industrial design]] and architecture. The German art movement took its name from the Munich magazine ''Die Jugend'' (''The Youth'').<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=11}}</ref> Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include [[Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas]], [[Otto Eckmann]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=12}}</ref> [[Margarethe von Brauchitsch]], [[August Endell]], [[Hermann Obrist]], [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=15}}</ref> and [[Richard Riemerschmid]]. In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the [[Hermann Tietz|Warenhaus Hermann Tietz]], both having been designed by the architect [[Max Littmann]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=25}}</ref> In 1911 the [[expressionist]] group [[Der Blaue Reiter]] was established in Munich. Its founding members include [[Gabriele Münter]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=German Cities and Bourgeois Modernism, 1890-1924 |author1=Maiken Umbach |publisher=BOUP Oxford |year=2009 |isbn=9780199557394 |page=120}}</ref>

===World War I to World War II===
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Allied blockade of Germany]] led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' ([[BMW]]) produced its first [[aircraft engine]] in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Vahlen |year=2014 |isbn=9783800648702 |pages=02}}</ref> The public limited company BMW AG was founded in 1918, with [[Camillo Castiglioni]] owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Business Strategy |author1= Alain Verbeke  |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107355279 |pages=237}}</ref>

After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[List of Ministers-President of Bavaria|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by [[Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley]], the [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Murder of Eisner to the "Räterepublik Baiern" (Soviet Republic of Bavaria) {{!}} bavarikon |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=www.bavarikon.de |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162236/https://www.bavarikon.de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism">{{Cite book |title=City Halls and Civic Materialism |author1=Jeremy White | author2= Swati Chattopadhyay |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=9781317802280 |pages=85}}</ref> In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews".<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author=Michael Brenner |publisher= Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=3}}</ref> In 1919 [[Bavaria Film]] was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio, [[Babelsberg Studio]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The A to Z of German Cinema |author1=Robert C. Reimer | author2= Carol J. Reimer |publisher= Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781461731863 |pages=51}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1486, Hitler-Putsch, München, Marienplatz.jpg|thumb|Unrest during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]]]]
In 1923 [[Gustav von Kahr]] was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews who did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police [[Ernst Pöhner]] and [[Wilhelm Frick]] openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences.<ref>{{Cite book |title=In Hitler's Munich: Jews, the Revolution, and the Rise of Nazism |author1= Michael Brenner |publisher=  Princeton University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780691191034 |pages=23}}</ref> In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Wexler |first2=Ellen |title=Before He Rose to Power, Adolf Hitler Staged a Coup and Went to Prison |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/adolf-hitler-coup-prison-beer-hall-putsch-180983207/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Munich was chosen as capital for the [[Free State of Bavaria]] and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s.<ref name="City Halls and Civic Materialism"/>

Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], {{cvt|16|km|0|abbr=off}} north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement").<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2007 |title=NS-Wiege: "Hauptstadt der Bewegung" |url=https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |publisher=Bayerischer Rundfunk |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123114838/https://www.br.de/themen/bayern/inhalt/geschichte/muenchen-stadtportraet-hauptstadt-der-bewegung100.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the [[National Socialist Women's League]] and the [[Gestapo]], had their offices along [[Brienner Straße (Munich)|Brienner Straße]] and around the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]]. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer'' buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=176}}</ref> Construction work for the [[Führerbau]] and the party headquarters (known as the [[Brown House, Munich|Brown House]]) started in September 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=178}}</ref> The ''[[Haus der Kunst]]'' (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect [[Paul Troost]] was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the [[Glaspalast (Munich)|Glass Palace]] was destroyed in an arson attack.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hitler's Munich: The Capital of the Nazi Movement |author=David Ian Hall |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9781526704955 |pages=177}}</ref> The ''Red Terror'' that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker ''Rotmord über München'' published in 1934, and ''Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland'' by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence |author= Christopher Dillon  |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2016 |isbn=9780192513342 |pages=}}</ref>

In 1930 ''Feinkost Käfer'' was founded in Munich, the ''Käfer'' catering business is now a world leading party service.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Case Studies on Food Experiences in Marketing, Retail, and Events | editor1= Adrienne Steffen | editor2= Susanne Doppler  |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2020 |isbn=9780128177938 |pages=137}}</ref>

The city was the site where the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] signed between the United Kingdom and the [[Third French Republic]] with [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the Franco-British policy of [[appeasement]]. The British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] assented to the German annexation of [[Czechoslovakia]]'s [[Sudetenland]] in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion.<ref>Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource," New England Journal of History (2010) 66#2 pp 1–30</ref>

The [[Munich-Riem Airport]] was completed in October 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2018 |title=Online archive of the old Munich-Riem Airport |url=https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Flughafen München |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005732/https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, [[Georg Elser]] planted a bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off.<ref>Moorhouse, Roger, Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the Führer. Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 36–58. {{ISBN|0-224-07121-1}}</ref> By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Germans and the Holocaust |author1=Alan E. Steinweis |author2= Susanna Schrafstetter |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2015 |isbn=9781782389538|pages=113}}</ref>

[[File:Muenchen-Allach Dachau sub-camp 1945-04-30 Nr 18145 ushmm.jpg|thumb|Liberated survivors of the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]] greet arriving U.S. troops, 30 April 1945]]
During the war, Munich was the location of multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps, including two ''Polenlager'' camps for [[Polish people|Polish]] youth,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Ost" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120523/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000361|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|title=Außenkommando "Polenlager Süd" des Jugendgefängnisses München-Stadelheim|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328231718/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000363|url-status=live}}</ref> and 40 subcamps of the [[Dachau concentration camp]], in which men and women of various nationalities were held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|title=Anlage zu § 1. Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos gemäß § 42 Abs. 2 BEG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004151/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/begdv_6/anlage_6.html|language=de|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the [[Munich-Allach concentration camp]].

Munich was the base of the [[White Rose]], a student [[resistance movement]]. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 [[Battle of Stalingrad]] members of the group [[stencil]]ed slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. The core members were arrested and executed after [[Sophie Scholl]] and her brother [[Hans Scholl]] were caught distributing leaflets on [[Munich University]] campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940–1945 |author=Frank McDonough |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |year=2021 |isbn=9781250275134 |pages=}}</ref>

The city was heavily damaged by the [[bombing of Munich in World War II]], with 71 air raids over five years. US troops captured Munich on 30 April 1945.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/liberation-of-munich-april-30-1945 Liberation of Munich April 30, 1945 (Video)]</ref>

===Postwar===
In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to [[US Military]] occupation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Japan and Germany Under the U.S. Occupation |author1= Masako Shibata  |publisher= Lexington Books| year=2005| isbn=9780739111499| page=1}}</ref> Due to Polish annexation of the [[Former eastern territories of Germany]] and [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe]], Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|series=historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de|access-date=25 November 2023|title=Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene|author=Walter Ziegler|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125122609/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_und_Vertriebene|url-status=live}}</ref> After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then-modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the [[West Germany|German]] economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname ''Heimliche Hauptstadt'' ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Gavriel D. |title=Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=0520219104 |location=Berkeley |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> In Munich, the [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] began its first television broadcast in 1954.<ref>Das Fernsehen kommt – 1953 bis 1969" (in German). BR. Retrieved 22 July 2017.</ref>

The [[Free State of Bavaria]] used the [[arms industry]] as kernel for its [[high tech]] development policy.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities">{{Cite book |title=Making Competitive Cities |editor1=Alan Murie | editor2= Sako Musterd |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=9781444390421 |page=}}</ref> Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the [[Munich Security Conference]], held annually in the [[Hotel Bayerischer Hof, Munich|Hotel Bayerischer Hof]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Use of Force for State Power: History and Future |author1=Michael Warner |author2=John Childress |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9783030454104 |page=223}}</ref> Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician [[Franz Josef Strauss]] from the 1960s to the 1980s. The [[Munich Airport]], which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor.<ref>Peter Siebenmorgen: Franz Josef Strauß, Ein Leben im Übermaß. Siedler, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-8275-0080-9}}.</ref>

In the early 1960s [[Dieter Kunzelmann]] was expelled from the [[Situationist International]] and founded an influential group called ''Subversive Aktion'' in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=After the Red Army Faction: Gender, Culture, and Militancy |author1=Charity Scribner  |publisher= Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231538299 |page=65}}</ref>

[[Image:Villa Olímpica, Múnich, Alemania 2012-04-28, DD 01.JPG|thumb|right|A view from the Olympic Tower ([[Olympiaturm]]) of the adjacent [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic Village]]]]
Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. After winning the bid in 1966 the [[Mayor of Munich]] [[Hans-Jochen Vogel]] accelerated the construction of the [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] subway and the [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] metropolitan commuter railway. In May 1967 the construction work began for a new U-Bahn line connecting the city with the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. The Olympic Park subway station was built near the [[BMW Headquarters]] and the line was completed in May 1972, three months before the opening of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the opening ceremony, Munich also inaugurated a sizable pedestrian priority zone between [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Karlsplatz]] and [[Marienplatz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |pages=90–91}}</ref> In 1970 the Munich city council released funds so that the iconic [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] facade and [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel|Glockenspiel]] of the [[Neues Rathaus (Munich)|''New City Hall'']] (Neues Rathaus) could be restored.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games |author1=David Clay Large |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=9780742567399 |page=92}}</ref>

During the 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] terrorists in the [[Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "[[Black September (group)|Black September]]" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levitt |first1=Michael |title='The darkest day in Olympic history': Half a century later, the Munich massacre still casts a long shadow |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=Toronto Star |date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027003950/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/09/05/the-darkest-day-in-olympic-history-half-a-century-later-the-munich-massacre-still-casts-a-long-shadow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The most deadly militant attack the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] has ever witnessed was the [[Oktoberfest bombing]]. The attack was eventually blamed on militant [[Neo-Nazism]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Routledge History of Terrorism |author1= Randall D. Law |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 9781317514862 |page=}}</ref>

[[File:Nockherberg München Paulaner Biergarten.jpg|thumb|The [[Nockherberg]] beer garden]]
Munich and its [[urban sprawl]] emerged as the leading German high tech region during the 1980s and 1990s. The urban economy of Munich became characterized by a dynamic [[labour market]], low unemployment, a growing [[service economy]] and high per capita income.<ref name="Making Competitive Cities"/> Munich is home of the famous [[Nockherberg]] Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors.<ref>Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG. 1634–1984. Jubiläums-Festschrift. Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbräu AG, München 1984</ref>

In 2007 the [[ecological restoration]] of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the [[river bed]] and is part of Munich's [[flood protection]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Green City |author1=Jürgen Breuste |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |year=2022 |isbn=9783662639764 |page=211}}</ref> About 20 percent of buildings in Munich now have a [[green roof]]. Munich city council has been encouraging better [[stormwater]] management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design |author1=Ashok Sharma |author2=Don Begbie |author3=Ted Gardner |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2018 |isbn=9780128128442 |page=573}}</ref>

On the fifth anniversary of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] an [[active shooter]] perpetrated a [[hate crime]]. The [[2016 Munich shooting]] targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Washington's Dark Secret: The Real Truth about Terrorism and Islamic Extremism |author1= John Maszka |publisher= Potomac Books |year=2018 |isbn=9781640120242|page=26}}</ref>

Munich was one of the host cities for [[UEFA Euro 2020]], which was delayed for a year due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany]], and was a host city for [[UEFA Euro 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=11 January 2024 |title=EURO 2024 host cities: Venue guide {{!}} UEFA EURO 2024 |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120005731/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/0273-14ac084902cc-9ef59ec61319-1000--euro-2024-host-cities-venue-guide/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Munich by Sentinel-2, 2020-06-12.jpg|thumb|Satellite photo by ESA Sentinel-2]]

===Topography===
Munich lies on the elevated plains of [[Upper Bavaria]], about {{cvt|50|km|0}} north of the northern edge of the [[Alps]], at an altitude of about {{cvt|520|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|ASL]]. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]]. Munich is situated in the Northern [[Foothills|Alpine Foreland]]. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile [[flint]] area which is no longer affected by the [[fold (geology)|folding]] processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with [[moraine|morainic]] hills. Between these are fields of [[fluvio-glacial]] out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the [[Groundwater|ground water]] can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to [[marsh]]es as in the north of Munich.

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], the climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] (''Cfb''), independent of the isotherm but with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] (''Dfb'') features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric |title=Munich, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020130/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66801&cityname=Munich,+Bavaria,+Germany&units=metric |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&q=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate&pg=PA50 |title=The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography |last1=Jordan-Bychkov |first1=Terry G. |last2=Jordan |first2=Bella Bychkova |last3=Murphy |first3=Alexander B. |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-0-7425-7906-4 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107040757/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUfAAAAQBAJ&q=-3+%C2%B0c+snow+cover+continental+climate&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city centre lies between both climates, while the [[Munich Airport|airport of Munich]] has a [[humid continental climate]]. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January.

The proximity to the [[Alps]] brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to [[Urban flooding|flood problems]]. Studies of [[climate change adaptation|adaptation to climate change]] and extreme events are carried out; one of them is the Isar Plan of the [[European Union|EU]] Adaptation Climate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071718/https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/eu-adaptation-policy/covenant-of-mayors/city-profile/munich |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2018 |title=Munich — Climate-ADAPT |date=19 March 2018 |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February.

The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps ([[föhn wind]]), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter.

Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps.

Munich is near the [[Alps]]. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, because there are no large bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, and some Munich winters have significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of Munich's latitude, [[inversion (meteorology)|inversion]] from the nearby Alps causes cold air to sink and result in temperatures below {{convert|-15|C|F}}. In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging {{convert|25|C|F}}.

Munich is subject to active [[convective]] seasons and sometimes damaging events. The Alpine [[Thunderstorm|thunderstorm system]] moves along the mountain range, or detaches, heading east-north-east over the foothills of the Alps.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atmospheric Physics: Background, Methods, Trends |author1= Ulrich Schumann |publisher= Springer Berlin Heidelberg | year=2012| isbn=9783642301834| page=102}}</ref>

At Munich's official [[weather station]]s, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are {{cvt|37.5|C|F|0}}, on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and {{cvt|-31.6|C|F|1}}, on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/Extremwertetafel2 |title=Extremwertetafel (München-Riem) |website=SKlima.de |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sklima.de/datenbank/monat_extrem.php|title=Extremwertetafel (München-Botanischer Garten)|website=SKlima.de|access-date=12 February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{Weather box
|width=
|location=Munich (Dreimühlenviertel) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1954–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 21.4
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 32.2
|May record high C = 31.8
|Jun record high C = 35.2
|Jul record high C = 37.5
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 31.8
|Oct record high C = 28.2
|Nov record high C = 24.2
|Dec record high C = 21.7
|year record high C = 37.5
|Jan avg record high C = 11.8
|Feb avg record high C = 13.7
|Mar avg record high C = 18.9
|Apr avg record high C = 23.6
|May avg record high C = 27.5
|Jun avg record high C = 30.5
|Jul avg record high C = 31.9
|Aug avg record high C = 31.5
|Sep avg record high C = 26.8
|Oct avg record high C = 22.6
|Nov avg record high C = 17.0
|Dec avg record high C = 12.6
|year avg record high C = 33.1
|Jan high C = 4.0
|Feb high C = 5.6
|Mar high C = 10.1
|Apr high C = 15.2
|May high C = 19.4
|Jun high C = 22.9
|Jul high C = 24.9
|Aug high C = 24.7
|Sep high C = 19.6
|Oct high C = 14.5
|Nov high C = 8.2
|Dec high C = 4.8
|year high C = 14.5
|Jan mean C = 0.9
|Feb mean C = 1.9
|Mar mean C = 5.7
|Apr mean C = 10.2
|May mean C = 14.3
|Jun mean C = 17.8
|Jul mean C = 19.6
|Aug mean C = 19.4
|Sep mean C = 14.7
|Oct mean C = 10.1
|Nov mean C = 4.9
|Dec mean C = 1.8
|year mean C = 10.1
|Jan low C = -1.8
|Feb low C = -1.4
|Mar low C = 1.7
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.3
|Jun low C = 12.9
|Jul low C = 14.7
|Aug low C = 14.5
|Sep low C = 10.4
|Oct low C = 6.5
|Nov low C = 2.1
|Dec low C = -0.8
|year low C = 6.1
|Jan avg record low C = -13.8
|Feb avg record low C = -12.4
|Mar avg record low C = -7.3
|Apr avg record low C = -3.3
|May avg record low C = 1.5
|Jun avg record low C = 5.3
|Jul avg record low C = 7.8
|Aug avg record low C = 6.6
|Sep avg record low C = 1.9
|Oct avg record low C = -2.1
|Nov avg record low C = -6.8
|Dec avg record low C = -12.3
|year avg record low C = -16.8
|Jan record low C = -22.2
|Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -6.0
|May record low C = -2.3
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 6.5
|Aug record low C = 4.8
|Sep record low C  =0.6
|Oct record low C = -4.5
|Nov record low C = -11.0
|Dec record low C = -20.7
|year record low C = -25.4
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 51.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 56.0
|May precipitation mm = 107.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 120.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 118.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 116.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 78.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 58.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 58.5
|year precipitation mm = 939.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 15.3
|Feb precipitation days = 14.0
|Mar precipitation days = 15.6
|Apr precipitation days = 13.5
|May precipitation days = 16.1
|Jun precipitation days = 16.7
|Jul precipitation days = 16.1
|Aug precipitation days = 15.0
|Sep precipitation days = 14.2
|Oct precipitation days = 14.2
|Nov precipitation days = 14.6
|Dec precipitation days = 16.8
|year precipitation days = 182.0
|Jan sun = 74.6
|Feb sun = 95.2
|Mar sun = 145.3
|Apr sun = 186.0
|May sun = 213.0
|Jun sun = 223.7
|Jul sun = 241.4
|Aug sun = 232.1
|Sep sun = 169.7
|Oct sun = 123.3
|Nov sun = 74.0
|Dec sun = 66.4
|year sun = 1841.4
|Jan humidity = 80.3
|Feb humidity = 75.9
|Mar humidity = 70.7
|Apr humidity = 64.6
|May humidity = 67.2
|Jun humidity = 67.2
|Jul humidity = 66.1
|Aug humidity = 68.1
|Sep humidity = 75.5
|Oct humidity = 79.9
|Nov humidity = 83.3
|Dec humidity = 82.3
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 11.7
|Feb snow days = 11.2
|Mar snow days = 4.5
|Apr snow days = 0.6
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 3.3
|Dec snow days = 8.0
|year snow days = 	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163319/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Muenchen-Stadt_10865.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Muenchen-Stadt_10865.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |title=CDC (Climate Data Center) |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst|DWD]] |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114025310/http://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html;jsessionid=AB2FD90DB16A31B55E20AD406ED1D066.live21063 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> SKlima.de<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |title=Monatsauswertung |website=sklima.de |publisher=SKlima |language=de |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607181253/http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}
|date=May 2016</ref> Infoclimat<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html
|title = Climatologie de l'année à Nuernberg
|publisher = Infoclimat
|language = fr
|access-date = 14 October 2023
|archive-date = 29 October 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231029202426/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/nuernberg/valeurs/10763.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

====Climate change====
In Munich, the general trend of [[global warming]] with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about {{convert|1|C-change}} in Germany between 1900 and 2020 can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20&nbsp;°C ([[tropical night]]s), a change in [[Precipitation|precipitation patterns]], as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat für Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the [[Deutscher Wetterdienst|German Meteorological Service]] that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding [[spatial planning]] and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] in a cityscape can be monitored and managed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anpassung an den Klimawandel |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München Redaktion |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511072529/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Stadtklima/Anpassung_an_Klimawandel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Munich}}

{{historical populations
|1500|13447
|1600|21943
|1750|32000
|1880|230023
|1890|349024
|1900|499932
|1910|596467
|1920|666000
|1930|728900
|1940|834500
|1950|823892
|1960|1055457
|1970|1311978
|1980|1298941
|1990|1229026
|2001|1227958
|2011|1348335
|2022|1478638|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}

From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1&nbsp;million. Munich has reached 1.5&nbsp;million in 2022.

===Immigration===
In December 2023, Munich had 1.58&nbsp;million inhabitants; 477,855 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2023 with 42.88% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 29.66% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Kosovo and Turkey).<ref>{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2023 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kroaten in München – Die zweite Hauptstadt |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/em-kroaten-in-muenchen-die-zweite-hauptstadt-1.201626 |website=sueddeutsche.de |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724081736/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/em-kroaten-in-muenchen-die-zweite-hauptstadt-1.201626 |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest groups of foreign nationals were [[Turkish people|Turks]] (38,947), [[Croats]] (37,541), [[Italians]] (28,142), [[Greeks]] (24,843), [[Bosnians]] (24,161) [[Ukrainians]] (21,899), and [[Austrians]] (21,944).
{|class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Foreign residents by citizenship, 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Die ausländische Bevölkerung nach der Staatsangehörigkeit 2024 |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214002/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:89a2dcdb-76bb-427d-8930-61a956092c08/jt180115_korr.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Country|| Population
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}||39,757
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}||36,934
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||28,723
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}||24,684
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||24,729
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||24,744
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}||19,185
|-
|{{flag|India}}||17,417
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||16,793
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||16,530
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||14,869
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||14,561
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}||13,274
|-
|{{flag|China}}||13,259
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||12,022
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}||10,135
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||10,128
|-
|{{flag|France}}||10,088
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}||9,165
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||7,014
|-
|{{flag|United States}}||6,789
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}||6,350
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}||4,633
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}||4,545
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}||4,106
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}||3,648
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||3,694
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}||3,472
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}||3,240
|}

===Religion===
About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were [[Catholic]], 11.4% [[Protestant]], 0.3% Jewish (see: [[History of the Jews in Munich]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |title=Landeshauptstadt München: Bevölkerungsbestand – Aktuelle Jahreszahlen: Die Bevölkerung in den Stadtbezirken nach ausgewählten Konfessionen am 31.12.2017 |publisher=muenchen.de |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101812/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/dam/jcr:0f95bf6f-3c4d-46e6-bad2-b435c8ccf7be/jt180120.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] or [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |title=Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) in % |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=2014 |access-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:091620000000,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small [[Old Catholic]] parish and an English-speaking parish of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 6.9% of Munich's population was [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |title=Extremisten sind eine kleine Minderheit |publisher=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=2014 |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828094728/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muslime-in-muenchen-extremisten-sind-eine-kleine-minderheit-1.2156016 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Munich has the largest [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] population with about 800 (whole Germany about 1,600) people with Uyghur diaspora. Many of them fled to Munich due to the Chinese government and are exiled in Munich. Munich is also home to [[World Uyghur Congress]], which is an [[international organisation]] of exiled Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weltkongress der Uiguren – München |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-uiguren-weltkongress-china-cables-1.4696618 |website=www.sueddeutsche.de |date=25 November 2019 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724081340/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-uiguren-weltkongress-china-cables-1.4696618 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Government and politics ==
[[File:Bayerische Staatskanzlei Munich 2014 02.jpg|thumb|[[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|Bavarian State Chancellery]]]]
As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the [[Landtag of Bavaria]], the [[Bayerische Staatskanzlei|State Chancellery]], and all state departments. Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the [[Federal Finance Court of Germany]], the [[German Patent Office]] and the [[European Patent Office]].

===Mayor===
The current mayor of Munich is [[Dieter Reiter]], he is from the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. Bavaria has been dominated by the [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria]] (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The Munich city council is called the Stadtrat.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|Candidate
! rowspan=2|Party
! colspan=2|First round
! colspan=2|Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
|align=left|[[Dieter Reiter]]
|align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
|259,928
|47.9
|401,856
|71.7
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}|
|align=left|Kristina Frank
|align=left|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]]
|115,795
|21.3
|158,773
|28.3
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
|align=left|Katrin Habenschaden
|align=left|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
|112,121
|20.7
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
|align=left|Wolfgang Wiehle
|align=left|[[Alternative for Germany]]
|14,988
|2.8
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}|
|align=left|Tobias Ruff
|align=left|[[Ecological Democratic Party]]
|8,464
|1.6
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
|align=left|Jörg Hoffmann
|align=left|[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]
|8,201
|1.5
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
|align=left|Thomas Lechner
|align=left|[[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
|7,232
|1.3
|-
|bgcolor=#007E82|
|align=left|Hans-Peter Mehling
|align=left|[[Free Voters of Bavaria]]
|5,003
|0.9
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}|
|align=left|Moritz Weixler
|align=left|[[Die PARTEI]]
|3,508
|0.6
|-
|
|align=left|Dirk Höpner
|align=left|Munich List
|1,966
|0.4
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Bavaria Party}}|
|align=left|Richard Progl
|align=left|[[Bavaria Party]]
|1,958
|0.4
|-
|
|align=left|Ender Beyhan-Bilgin
|align=left|FAIR
|1,483
|0.3
|-
|
|align=left|Stephanie Dilba
|align=left|mut
|1,267
|0.2
|-
|
|align=left|Cetin Oraner
|align=left|Together Bavaria
|819
|0.2
|-
! colspan=3|Valid votes
! 542,733
! 99.6
! 560,629
! 99.7
|-
! colspan=3|Invalid votes
! 1,997
! 0.4
! 1,616
! 0.3
|-
! colspan=3|Total
! 544,730
! 100.0
! 562,245
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3|Electorate/voter turnout
! 1,110,571
! 49.0
! 1,109,032
! 50.7
|-
|colspan=7|Source: Wahlen München (1st round, 2nd round)
|}

===City council===
[[File:Munich City Council groups 2020.svg|thumb|Groups in the council:<br>{{Color box|{{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|border=silver}} [[The Left (Germany)|Left]]/[[Die PARTEI|PARTEI]]: 4 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|border=silver}} [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]/[[Volt Europa#Germany|Volt]]: 19 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|border=silver}} [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]]/Pink List: 24 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}|border=silver}} [[Ecological Democratic Party|ÖDP]]/[[Free Voters of Bavaria|FW]]: 6 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|border=silver}} [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]/[[Bavaria Party|BP]]: 4 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}|border=silver}} [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]: 20 seats<br>{{Color box|{{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|border=silver}} [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]]: 3 seats]]
The Munich city council (''Stadtrat'') governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2|Party
! Lead candidate
! Votes
! %
! +/−
! Seats
! +/−
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
|align=left|[[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
|align=left|Katrin Habenschaden
|11,762,516
|29.1
|{{increase}} 12.5
|23
|{{increase}} 10
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}|
|align=left|[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|Christian Social Union]] (CSU)
|align=left|Kristina Frank
|9,986,014
|24.7
|{{decrease}} 7.8
|20
|{{decrease}} 6
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
|align=left|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
|align=left|[[Dieter Reiter]]
|8,884,562
|22.0
|{{decrease}} 8.8
|18
|{{decrease}} 7
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}|
|align=left|[[Ecological Democratic Party]] (ÖDP)
|align=left|Tobias Ruff
|1,598,539
|4.0
|{{increase}} 1.4
|3
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
|align=left|[[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
|align=left|Iris Wassill
|1,559,476
|3.9
|{{increase}} 1.4
|3
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
|align=left|[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
|align=left|Jörg Hoffmann
|1,420,194
|3.5
|{{increase}} 0.1
|3
|±0
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
|align=left|[[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
|align=left|Stefan Jagel
|1,319,464
|3.3
|{{increase}} 0.8
|3
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|bgcolor=#007E82|
|align=left|[[Free Voters of Bavaria]] (FW)
|align=left|Hans-Peter Mehling
|1,008,400
|2.5
|{{decrease}} 0.2
|2
|±0
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Volt Europa}}|
|align=left|[[Volt Europa#Germany|Volt Germany]] (Volt)
|align=left|Felix Sproll
|732,853
|1.8
|New
|1
|New
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}|
|align=left|[[Die PARTEI]] (PARTEI)
|align=left|Marie Burneleit
|528,949
|1.3
|New
|1
|New
|-
|bgcolor=deeppink|
|align=left|Pink List (Rosa Liste){{efn|It is a local party, founded in 1989 to support the [[queer]] community. It is represented in some Munich borough councils since 1990 (with its stronghold in the borough of [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]]) and in the city council continuously since 1996.}}
|align=left|Thomas Niederbühl
|396,324
|1.0
|{{decrease}} 0.9
|1
|±0
|-
|
|align=left|Munich List
|align=left|Dirk Höpner
|339,705
|0.8
|New
|1
|New
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Bavaria Party}}|
|align=left|[[Bavaria Party]] (BP)
|align=left|Richard Progl
|273,737
|0.7
|{{decrease}} 0.2
|1
|±0
|-
|
|align=left|mut
|align=left|Stephanie Dilba
|247,679
|0.6
|New
|0
|New
|-
|
|align=left|FAIR
|align=left|Kemal Orak
|142,455
|0.4
|New
|0
|New
|-
|
|align=left|Together Bavaria (ZuBa)
|align=left|Cetin Oraner
|120,975
|0.3
|New
|0
|New
|-
|
|align=left|BIA
|align=left|Karl Richter
|86,358
|0.2
|{{decrease}} 0.5
|0
|±0
|-
! colspan=3|Valid votes
! 531,527
! 97.6
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=3|Invalid votes
! 12,937
! 2.4
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=3|Total
! 544,464
! 100.0
! 
! 80
! ±0
|-
! colspan=3|Electorate/voter turnout
! 1,110,571
! 49.0
! {{increase}} 7.0
! 
! 
|-
|colspan=8|Source: Wahlen München<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wahlen-muenchen.de/ergebnisse/20200315stadtratswahl/index.html#w_8117_18030 |title=Wahl des Stadtrats 2020: Munchen |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München Kreisverwaltungsreferat |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521115308/https://www.wahlen-muenchen.de/ergebnisse/20200315stadtratswahl/index.html#w_8117_18030 |archive-date=21 May 2020 }}</ref>
|}
The governing coalition after the 2020 election consisted of the Greens and the SPD, as well as the allied Volt and Pink List, which had one seat each. While the Greens had gained the most seats in the city council, the mayor was from the SPD. The parties made an agreement including social and ecological goals and focusing on heightening stipulations for new development in the city. The Red-Green alliance is a reprise of the 1990-2014 coalition, which was interrupted by a six-year CSU-SPD majority from 2014 to 2020.<ref name="p829">{{cite web | last=Effern | first=Heiner | title=München bekommt eine grün-rote Koalition im Stadtrat | website=Süddeutsche.de | date=2020-04-27 | url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-stadtrat-gruen-rot-koalition-1.4889722 | language=de | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><ref name="x533">{{cite web | title=München: Thema Finanzen im Koalitionsvertrag von SPD und Grüne ausgespart | website=Hallo München – Ihre lokale Wochenzeitung für München | date=2020-04-27 | url=https://www.hallo-muenchen.de/muenchen/muenchen-koalitionsvertrag-spd-gruene-stadtrat-corona-finanzen-ob-reiter-habenschaden-13718326.html | language=de | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref>

===State Landtag===
[[File: The Maximilianeum Building 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Landtag of Bavaria|Maximilianeum]]]]
In the [[Landtag of Bavaria]], Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the [[2018 Bavarian state election]], the composition and representation of each was as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Constituency
! Area
! colspan=2| Party
! Member
|-
| 101 München-Hadern
| 
*Sendling-Westpark, Hadern
*Parts of Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln and Laim
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| [[Georg Eisenreich]]
|-
| 102 München-Bogenhausen
| 
*Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim
*Parts of Au-Haidhausen
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| Robert Brannekämper
|-
| 103 München-Giesing
| 
*Sendling, Obergiesing-Fasangarten
*Parts of Untergiesing-Harlaching and Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| Gülseren Demirel
|-
| 104 München-Milbertshofen
| 
*Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-West
*Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| [[Katharina Schulze]]
|-
| 105 München-Moosach
| 
*Moosach, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
*Parts of Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| Benjamin Adjei
|-
| 106 München-Pasing
|
*Pasing-Obermenzing, [[History of Aubing|Aubing]]-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing
*Parts of Laim
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| Josef Schmid
|-
| 107 München-Ramersdorf
| 
*Ramersdorf-Perlach, Trudering-Riem
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| [[Markus Blume]]
|-
| 108 München-Schwabing
| 
*Schwabing-Freimann, Maxvorstadt, Altstadt-Lehe
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| Christian Hierneis
|-
| 109 München-Mitte
| 
*Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe
*Parts of Au-Haidhausen and Untergiesing-Harlaching
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| [[Ludwig Hartmann]]
|}

=== Federal parliament ===
In the [[Bundestag]], Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the [[List of members of the 20th Bundestag|20th Bundestag]], the composition and representation of each was as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Constituency
! Area
! colspan=2| Party
! Member
|-
| 217 [[Munich North (electoral district)|Munich North]]
| 
*Maxvorstadt, Schwabing-West, Moosach, Milbertshofen-Am Hart, Schwabing-Freimann, Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| [[Bernhard Loos]]
|-
| 218 [[Munich East (electoral district)|Munich East]]
| 
*Altstadt-Lehel, Au-Haidhausen, Bogenhausen, Berg am Laim, Trudering-Riem, Ramersdorf-Perlach
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| [[Wolfgang Stefinger]]
|-
| 219 [[Munich South (electoral district)|Munich South]]
| 
*Sendling, Sendling-Westpark, Obergiesing, Untergiesing-Harlaching, Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln, Hadern
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| [[Alliance 90/The Greens|GRÜNE]]
| [[Jamila Schäfer]]
|-
| 220 [[Munich West/Centre (electoral district)|Munich West/Centre]]
| 
*Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Schwanthalerhöhe, Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, Pasing-Obermenzing, Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied, Allach-Untermenzing, Laim
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Social Union in Bavaria}}| 
| [[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
| [[Stephan Pilsinger]]
|}

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Boroughs of Munich}}
[[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|Munich's boroughs|left]]

Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative [[borough]]s (''Stadtbezirke''). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas.

[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]] (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]] (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]] (13), [[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]] (24), [[Hadern]] (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach (District of Munich)|Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]] (9), [[Obergiesing]] (17), [[Pasing-Obermenzing]] (21), [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing-West]] (4), [[Schwanthalerhöhe]] (8), [[Sendling]] (6), [[Sendling-Westpark]] (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering-Riem]] (15), and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]] (18).

There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see [[:de:Liste der Stadtteile Münchens#/media/Datei:Karte der Ortsbezeichnungen in München.png|map]]). The three largest districts are [[Schwabing]] in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), [[Sendling]] in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and [[Giesing]] in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/munchen/admin/|title=Germany: München (Boroughs and Quarters) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619133059/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/germany/munchen/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Munich}}
[[File:Rathaus and Marienplatz from Peterskirche - August 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[New Town Hall (Munich)|New Town Hall]] and [[Marienplatz]]]]
[[File:Frauenkirche Munich - View from Peterskirche Tower2.jpg|thumb|[[Frauenkirche, Munich|Frauenkirche]]]]
[[File:GraphyArchy - Wikipedia 00383.jpg|[[Old Town Hall, Munich|Old Town Hall]] and [[Heilig-Geist-Kirche, Munich|Heiliggeistkirche]] seen from [[Viktualienmarkt]] |thumb]]

===Old Town===
[[File:Ruffiniblock PettenbeckstrNordseite 2020 n. Renovierung.jpg|thumb|The [[Ruffinihaus]] at [[Rindermarkt]]]]
At the centre of the old town is the [[Marienplatz]] with the [[Old Town Hall, Munich|Old Town Hall]] and the [[New Town Hall, Munich|New Town Hall]]. Its tower contains the [[Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]. The [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] is the oldest church of the inner city. Nearby St. Peter, the Gothic hall-church [[Heiliggeistkirche (Munich)|Heiliggeistkirche]] was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the [[Viktualienmarkt]]. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive; these are the [[Isartor]], the [[Sendlinger Tor]], and the [[Karlstor]]. The Karlstor leads up to the [[Karlsplatz (Stachus)|Stachus]], a square dominated by the [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Justizpalast]] (Palace of Justice).

The [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] serves as the cathedral for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising]]. The nearby [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]] is the largest [[renaissance]] church north of the Alps, while the [[Theatine Church, Munich|Theatinerkirche]] is a [[basilica]] in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on southern German [[baroque]] architecture. Its dome dominates the [[Odeonsplatz]].

===Palaces and castles===
Schloss Nymphenburg ([[Nymphenburg Palace]], construction started 1664) is a museum open to the public for tours.<ref name="Zen 2020 i476">{{cite news | last=Zen | first=Jessica | title=A quick guide to Nymphenburg Palace in Munich | website=Stripes Europe | date=November 19, 2020 | url=https://europe.stripes.com/travel/a-quick-guide-to-nymphenburg-palace-in-munich.html | access-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-date=19 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://europe.stripes.com/travel/a-quick-guide-to-nymphenburg-palace-in-munich.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lonely Planet 2010 b951">{{cite web | title=Schloss Nymphenburg | website=Lonely Planet | date=January 10, 2010 | url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/munich/nymphenburg-neuhausen-olympiapark/attractions/schloss-nymphenburg/a/poi-sig/1139822/1342299 | access-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-date=19 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/germany/munich/nymphenburg-neuhausen-olympiapark/attractions/schloss-nymphenburg/a/poi-sig/1139822/1342299 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The smaller Schloss Fürstenried ([[Fürstenried Palace]], construction 1715–1717) is used by the [[Archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] as a conference location.<ref name="muenchen.de 2022 v258">{{cite web | title=Schloss Fürstenried | website=muenchen.de | date=September 28, 2022 | url=https://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/burgen-und-schloesser/schloss-fuerstenried | language=de | access-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-date=19 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319143755/https://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/burgen-und-schloesser/schloss-fuerstenried | url-status=live }}</ref>

Schloss Blutenburg ([[Blutenburg Castle]]) opened as a children's library in 2024,<ref name="Hordych 2024 l233">{{cite web | last=Hordych | first=Barbara | title=Wiedereröffnung der Kinderbibliothek in der Blutenburg | website=Süddeutsche.de | date=March 17, 2024 | url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-kinderbibliothek-in-der-blutenburg-sanierung-wiedereroeffnung-familienfest-internationale-jugendbibliothek-1.6456698 | language=de | access-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-date=19 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319144644/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-kinderbibliothek-in-der-blutenburg-sanierung-wiedereroeffnung-familienfest-internationale-jugendbibliothek-1.6456698 | url-status=live }}</ref> but visitors may tour the late-Gothic Blutenburg Castle Church built on the same grounds.<ref name="muenchen.de 2022 i705">{{cite web | title=Blutenburg Castle: idyllic castle in Munich's Northwest | website=muenchen.de | date=October 19, 2022 | url=https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/blutenburg-castle-idyllic-castle-munichs-northwest | access-date=March 19, 2024 | archive-date=19 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319144644/https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/blutenburg-castle-idyllic-castle-munichs-northwest | url-status=live }}</ref>

The large [[Munich Residenz]] complex on the edge of Munich's Old Town now ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Within the {{Lang|de|Residenz|italic=no}} is the splendid [[Cuvilliés Theatre]] and next door is the [[National Theatre Munich]]. Among the mansions that still exist in Munich are the [[Palais Porcia]], the [[Palais Preysing]], the [[Palais Holnstein]] and the [[Prinz-Carl-Palais]]. All mansions are situated close to the {{Lang|de|Residenz|italic=no}}, so is the [[Alter Hof]], the first residence of the [[House of Wittelsbach]].

===Modernist architecture===
Despite Munich being the breeding ground for German [[Jugendstil]], starting with the architect [[Martin Dülfer]], Munich Jugendstil style was quickly submerged as historic trash. While the modernist architect [[Theodor Fischer]] was based in Munich, his influence on Munich underwhelmed. Prior to 1914 the city of Munich was under-industrialized. During the [[Weimar Republic]], the Munich establishment was hostile to [[modernism]]. The TUM professor [[German Bestelmeyer]] favored a conservative style, and [[Jacobus Oud]] was rejected for the post of city building chief. Modernist exceptions include a series of post offices by [[Robert Vorhoelzer]] built in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Examples of [[avant-garde]] temporary constructions include the ''Wohnmaschine'' (''Housing Machine'') by [[Robert Vorhoelzer]], as well as the ''Flachdachhaus'' (''Flat Roof House'') by [[Fritz Norkauer]]. [[Paul Schultze-Naumburg]], and the [[Kampfbund]] enjoyed particular popularity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich |author1= Gavriel D. Rosenfeld |publisher= University of California Press| year=2000| isbn=9780520923027| page=51}}</ref>

===High rise buildings===
[[File:München Hypohaus September 2017 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hypo-Haus|HVB Tower]] at Arabellapark]]
Several high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the [[Hypo-Haus|HVB Tower]], the [[Arabella High-Rise Building]], the [[Highlight Towers]], [[Uptown Munich]], Münchner Tor and the [[BMW Headquarters]] next to the [[Olympiapark (Munich)|Olympic Park]]. Further high-rise buildings are located in the {{ill|Werksviertel|de}} in [[Berg am Laim]].

===Long-term residential development ===
Munich is subject to a long-term residential development plan that is established by the city administration of Munich. The LaSie ("Langfristige Siedlungsentwicklung") was passed in 2011 in response to the acute housing crisis. LaSie is aligned with the strategic development plan passed for Munich in 1998 ("Perspektive München"). LaSie defines three priorities for the construction of residential housing in Munich. Existing [[housing estate]]s, post-war low-density developments, and the suburban area are subject to [[densification]] ("Nachverdichtung"). Non-residential industrial areas are subject to conservation and will be turned into residential and mixed-use areas. On greenfield sites in the Munich periphery medium and large-scale housing estates are to be built so as to extend Munich's urban center.<ref>{{Cite book| title=The Redundant City: A Multi-Site Enquiry Into Urban Narratives of Conflict and Change | author=Norbert Kling |publisher= transcript Verlag| year=2020| isbn=9783839451144| page=245}}</ref>

==Parks==
[[File:Munich Olympiapark Public Viewing SCG-NED (0-1).jpg|thumb|Olympiapark, public viewing during [[FIFA World Cup 2006]]]]
[[Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell]] became famous for designing the [[Englischer Garten]] between 1789 and 1807. Besides planning the first public garden in Europe, Sckell also redesigned Baroque gardens as landscape gardens, including the parks of [[Nymphenburg Palace]] and the [[Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Changing Landscape of a Utopia | author1= Shmuel Burmil | author2= Ruth Enis|publisher= Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft| year=2011| isbn=9783884622841| page=143}}</ref>

Other large green spaces are the [[Olympiapark, Munich|Olympiapark]], the [[Westpark (Munich)|Westpark]] and the [[Ostpark (Munich)|Ostpark]]. The city's oldest park is the [[Hofgarten (Munich)|Hofgarten]], near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten, was founded in 1780.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Munich}}

===Football===
{{Main|Football in Munich}}
[[File:Allianz Arena 2008-02-09.jpg|thumb|[[Allianz Arena]], also the home stadium of [[FC Bayern Munich]]]]
[[File:München - Olympische Bauten.jpg|thumb|Olympiasee in Olympiapark, Munich]]
Munich is home to several professional Association football teams including the [[FC Bayern Munich]]. Other notable clubs include [[TSV 1860 Munich|1860 Munich]], who currently play in the [[3. Liga]]. Noticeably, [[FC Bayern Munich]] is the most successful club in Germany and it is also very reputed across Europe and the world. Munich hosted matches in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesliga history: All clubs that have played in Germany's top flight |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/%5Bobject%20Object%5D/faq/10-things-on-the-bundesliga/all-clubs-that-have-played-in-germany-s-top-flight-bayern-munich-dortmund-24106 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=bundesliga.com - the official Bundesliga website |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Basketball===
[[FC Bayern Munich (basketball)|FC Bayern Munich Basketball]] is currently playing in the Beko Basket Bundesliga. The city hosted the final stages of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 1993]], where the [[German national basketball team]] won the gold medal.

===Ice hockey===
The city's ice hockey club is [[EHC Red Bull München]] who play in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]]. The team has won four DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2023.

===Olympics===

Munich hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]; the [[Munich massacre]] took place in the [[Olympic Village, Munich|Olympic village]]. It was one of the host cities for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 Football World Cup]], which was not held in Munich's [[Olympic Stadium (Munich)|Olympic Stadium]], but in a new [[Soccer-specific stadium|football specific stadium]], the [[Allianz Arena]]. Munich bid to host the [[2018 Winter Olympic Games]], but lost to [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Olympia 2018 in Südkorea, München chancenlos |url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html |access-date=6 July 2011 |newspaper=[[Die Welt]] |date=6 July 2011 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030938/http://www.welt.de/sport/article13471894/Olympia-2018-in-Suedkorea-Muenchen-chancenlos.html |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2011 the [[DOSB]] President [[Thomas Bach]] confirmed that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/ |title=Munich To Bid Once Again |date=27 September 2011 |publisher=Games Bids |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083258/http://gamesbids.com/eng/winter-olympic-bids/future-winter-bids/munich-to-bid-once-again/ |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These plans were abandoned some time later.

===Road running===
Regular annual road running events in Munich are the [[Munich Marathon]] in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the [[Spartan Race]] Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon.

===Swimming===
[[File:Muc OlympiaSchwimmhalle 2013.jpg|thumb|Olympia Schwimmhalle]]
Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools<ref name="publicindoorpools" >{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html |title=Public Indoor Swimming Pools in Munich |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917180333/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/indoorpools.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and eight outdoor swimming pools,<ref name="publicoutdoorpools" >{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html |title=Public Outdoor Swimming Pools in Munich |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183549/http://www.muenchen.de/int/en/culture-leisure/sport-fitness/pools.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> which are operated by the [[Stadtwerke München|Munich City Utilities (SWM)]] communal company.<ref name="SWM">{{cite web |title=Munich: Swimming pools |url=https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=Munich City Utilities Company (SWM) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918054644/https://www.swm.de/english/m-baeder/ |archive-date=18 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Popular indoor swimming pools include the [[Olympia Schwimmhalle]] of the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Müllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the [[Riemer See]] or the [[Langwieder lake district]].<ref name="lakesinmunich" >{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html |title=Lakes in Munich |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===River surfing===
[[File:Eisbach die Welle Surfer.JPG|thumb|Surfer on the Eisbach river wave]]
[[River surfing]] is a popular sport in Munich. The Flosskanal wave in the south of Munich is less challenging. A well visited surfing spot for experienced surfers is the [[Eisbach (Isar)|Eisbach]] standing wave, where the annual Munich Surf Open is celebrated on the last Saturday of July.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Wavewatcher's Companion |author1= Gavin Pretor-Pinney  |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781408811160 |page=}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Language===
{{Main|Bavarian language}}
German is spoken and understood in and around Munich. While the German language has many dialects, so-called "[[Standard German]]" or "High German" is learned in schools and spoken among [[Germans]], [[Austrians]] and in some parts of Switzerland. A speaker of a [[Low German]] dialect in Hamburg may find it difficult to understand the dialect of a Bavarian mountaineer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Technology |author1=  Chan Sin-wai |publisher= Taylor & Francis| year=2014| isbn=9781317608158| page=537}}</ref> The [[Bavarian language|Bavarian dialects]] are recognized as regional language and continues to be spoken alongside Standard German.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |author1=  Christopher Moseley |publisher=  UNESCO Publishing| year=2010| isbn=9789231040962| page=37}}</ref>

===Museums===
[[File:Deutsches Museum Portrait 4.jpg|thumb|right|Deutsches Museum]]
[[File:Glyptothek in München in 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Glyptothek]]]]
The gothic [[Morris dance]]rs of [[Erasmus Grasser]] are exhibited in the [[Munich Stadtmuseum|Munich City Museum]] in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city.

In 1903 [[Oskar von Miller]] assembled a group of engineers and industrialists, who chartered the [[Deutsches Museum]]. The Museum was built with the financial support of the German business and imperial nobility community, as well as the blessing of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum |author1= P. Morris |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan UK| year=2016| isbn=9780230283145| page=297}}</ref> The Deutsches Museum had its grand opening in 1925, but has undergone a reinvention recently. The Deutsches Museum now operates three locations. The original site in central Munich continues to expand its exhibits.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science for the Nation: Perspectives on the History of the Science Museum |author1= P. Morris |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan UK| year=2016| isbn=9780230283145| page=299}}</ref>

[[File:Bayerisches Nationalmuseum - Muenchen - 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bavarian National Museum]]]]
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the [[Kunstareal]]. The [[Lenbachhaus]] displays works of the movement [[Der Blaue Reiter]] (The Blue Rider), a Munich-based modernist art.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}} Starting in 1970s, German municipalities started to respond to cultural tourism and invested in public museums. The [[Neue Pinakothek]], like other German museums, was wholly reconstructed from 1974 until 1981.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Private Collector's Museum: Public Good Versus Private Gain |author1= Georgina S Walker |publisher= Taylor & Francis| year=2019| isbn=9781351370516| page=}}</ref> The [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] lets the public see an eclectic mix of [[contemporary art]] and the principle attention of the permanent collection is Classical Moderns. But the displays are enhanced continuously with spectacular gifts from private collections.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern art at the Pinakothek der Moderne Munich |author1= Cathrin Klingsöhr-Leroy | author2= Jane Bainbridge |publisher= Scala| year= 2005| isbn=9783406531880| page=8}}</ref>

City guides published in the early 1860s directed tourists to Munich's architecture and art collections, which at the time were unique in Germany and are a legacy mainly of [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]], with contributions from [[Maximilian II of Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Richard Strauss |editor1= Charles Youmans |publisher=  Cambridge University Press | year=2010| isbn=9781139828529| page=4}}</ref> The Alte Pinakothek contains works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. Major displays include [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s [[Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich)|''Self-Portrait'' (1500)]], his ''[[The Four Apostles|Four Apostles]]'', [[Raphael]]'s paintings ''[[Canigiani Holy Family (Raphael)|The Canigiani Holy Family]]'' and ''[[Tempi Madonna (Raphael)|Madonna Tempi]]'' as well as [[Peter Paul Rubens]] large ''Judgment Day''.   
[[File:BMW Welt, Múnich, Alemania16.jpg|thumbnail|[[BMW Welt]]]]
An extensive collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the [[Glyptothek]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knell |first1=Heiner |last2=Kruft |first2=H. W. |date=June 1972 |title=Re-opening of the Munich Glyptothek |url= |journal=Burlington Magazine |volume=114 |pages=431}}</ref> and the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]] (the State Antiquities Collections). Works on display include the [[Medusa Rondanini]], the [[Barberini Faun]] and figures from the [[Temple of Aphaea]] on [[Aegina]] for the Glyptothek.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2021 |title=Aegina, sculptures |url= |journal=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |edition=6 |pages=1}}</ref> Another interesting museum is the [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst]] (the State Collection of Egyptian Art).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Elizabeth |date=July 2014 |title=Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Glyptothek, and Alte Pinakothek, Munich |url= |journal=Museum Worlds |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=207–210 |doi=10.3167/armw.2014.020113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves |first=Nicholas |date=January 2015 |title=A Rare Mechanical Figure from Ancient Egypt |url= |journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=42–61 |doi=10.1086/685672|s2cid=192400311 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst {{!}} einfach München |url=https://www.muenchen.travel/pois/kunst-kultur/aegyptisches-museum |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst {{!}} einfach München |language=de |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904082404/https://www.muenchen.travel/pois/kunst-kultur/aegyptisches-museum |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several public collections of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] are still housed in the [[Kunstareal]]. The expanded state collections are housed in the [[Paläontologisches Museum München]], and the [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München]].{{citation needed||date=April 2023}} After the first German art exhibition in the [[Glaspalast (Munich)|Glaspalast]] for an international audience in 1869, Munich emerged as a focal point for the arts. Men of distinction from around the world visited the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Academy of Fine Arts]] under the directorship of [[Karl von Piloty]] and later [[Wilhelm von Kaulbach]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Adventures Abroad: North American Women at German-speaking Universities, 1868–1915 |author1= Sandra L. Singer |publisher= Praeger| year= 2003| isbn=9780313323713| page=161}}</ref>

The [[Museum Five Continents]] is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the [[Bavarian National Museum]] and the adjoining [[Bavarian State Archaeological Collection]] display regional art and cultural history. The [[Schackgalerie]] is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammlung Schack |url=https://www.pinakothek.de/en/sammlung-schack |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.pinakothek.de}}</ref>

The memorial museum of the former [[Dachau concentration camp]] is just outside the city.

===Music===
[[File:Nationaltheater Munich.jpg|thumb|National Theatre]]
Munich is a major international musical centre and has played host to many prominent composers including [[Orlande de Lassus]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Max Reger]] and [[Carl Orff]]. Some of classical music's best-known compositions have been created in and around Munich by composers born in the area, for example, Richard Strauss's tone poem ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' or Carl Orff's ''[[Carmina Burana]]''.
{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orff |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwvPq7h5vN0C&dq=Carl+Orff%27s+%22Carmina+Burana%22+munich&pg=PA6 |title=Carl Orff Carmina Burana: Cantiones Profange |date=1996 |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-268-6 |language=en |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928193045/https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=SwvPq7h5vN0C&lpg=PA1&ots=au99EWA0Ru&dq=Carl%20Orff%27s%20%22Carmina%20Burana%22%20munich&lr&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q=Carl%20Orff's%20%22Carmina%20Burana%22%20munich&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Opera===
[[File:Gasteig Philharmonie 14.jpg|thumb|Gasteig]]
[[Richard Wagner]] was a supporter of [[William I, German Emperor]], but Wagner only found a generous patron in [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Richard Wagner: New Light on a Musical Life |author1= John Louis DiGaetani |publisher= McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers| year=2013| isbn=9780786485024| page=166}}</ref> 1870 til 1871 Wagner premiered [[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]] (''The Mastersingers of Nuremberg'') in Munich, a popular success for Wagner and King Ludwig II. Wagner premiered at the Hoftheater, now the [[National Theatre Munich]], with [[Angelo Quaglio the Younger]] designing the premiere production.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Richard Wagner: New Light on a Musical Life |author1= John Louis DiGaetani |publisher= McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers| year=2013| isbn=9780786485024| page=167}}</ref>

The National Theatre Munich is now the home of the [[Bavarian State Opera]] and the [[Bavarian State Orchestra]]. Next door, the modern [[Residenz Theatre]] was erected in the building that also houses the [[Cuvilliés Theatre]]. The [[Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz]] is a state theater while another opera house, the [[Prinzregententheater]], has become the home of the Bavarian Theater Academy and the [[Munich Chamber Orchestra]].

===Orchestra===
The modern [[Gasteig]] centre houses the [[Munich Philharmonic|Munich Philharmonic Orchestra]]. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the [[Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra]]. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the [[Munich Residenz]]. Many important conductors have been attracted by the city's orchestras, including [[Felix Weingartner]], [[Hans Pfitzner]], [[Hans Rosbaud]], [[Hans Knappertsbusch]], [[Sergiu Celibidache]], [[James Levine]], [[Christian Thielemann]], [[Lorin Maazel]], [[Rafael Kubelík]], [[Eugen Jochum]], Sir [[Colin Davis]], [[Mariss Jansons]], [[Bruno Walter]], [[Georg Solti]], [[Zubin Mehta]] and [[Kent Nagano]]. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the [[Deutsches Theater München|Deutsche Theater]]. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany's largest Touring Theatre |url=https://www.deutsches-theater.de/en/the-theatre/ |website=deutsches-theater.de |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206040612/https://www.deutsches-theater.de/en/the-theatre/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:FriedensengelMunchen.JPG|thumb|The Golden Friedensengel]]

===Pop and electronica===
Munich was the centre of [[Krautrock]] in southern Germany, with many important bands such as [[Amon Düül II]], [[Embryo (band)|Embryo]] or [[Popol Vuh (band)|Popol Vuh]] hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the [[Musicland Studios]] developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with bands such as the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Deep Purple]] and [[Queen (band)|Queen]] recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer [[Giorgio Moroder]], who invented [[synth]] [[disco]] and [[electronic dance music]], and [[Donna Summer]], one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, [[Electroclash]] was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when [[DJ Hell]] introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his [[International DeeJay Gigolo Records]] label here.<ref name="mjunikdisco"/>

Other notable musicians and bands from Munich include [[Konstantin Wecker]], [[:de:Willy Astor|Willy Astor]], [[Spider Murphy Gang]], [[Münchener Freiheit (band)|Münchener Freiheit]], [[Lou Bega]], [[Megaherz]], [[FSK (band)|FSK]], [[Colour Haze]] and [[Sportfreunde Stiller]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Munich hosted several ''Love Parades'' and ''Mayday Party'' [[rave]] events throughout the 1990s. Munich continues to rave, the local youth scenes are active.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture Incorporated: Museums, Artists, and Corporate Sponsorships |author1= Mark W. Rectanus|publisher= University of Minnesota Press| year=2002| isbn=9780816638529| page=146}}</ref>

===Theatre===
The [[Munich Kammerspiele]] is one of the most important German-language theaters. Since [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]'s premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich, they include [[Christian Friedrich Hebbel]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], and [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Schwabing===
[[File:Vassily Kandinsky, 1908 - Houses in Munich.jpg|thumb|Wassily Kandinsky's ''Houses in Munich'' (1908)]]
At the turn of the 20th century [[Schwabing]] was a preeminent cultural metropolis. Schwabing was an epicenter for both literature and the fine arts, with numerous German and non-German artists living there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munich Schwabing: the artists' quarter {{!}} simply Munich |url=https://www.munich.travel/en/topics/urban-districts/districts-of-munich/from-artists-and-writers |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Munich Schwabing: the artists' quarter {{!}} simply Munich |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111205854/https://www.munich.travel/en/topics/urban-districts/districts-of-munich/from-artists-and-writers |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vladimir Lenin]] authored ''[[What Is to Be Done?]]'' while living in Schwabing. Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene were ''Künstlerlokale'' (''Artist's Cafés'') like [[Café Stefanie]] or Kabarett [[Simpl (Munich)|Simpl]], whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day, was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine ''[[Simplicissimus]]'', founded in 1896 by [[Albert Langen]] and [[Thomas Theodor Heine]], which quickly became an important organ of the ''Schwabinger Bohème''. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on [[Wilhelminism|Wilhelmine]] German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

In 1971 [[Eckart Witzigmann]] teamed up with a Munich building contractor to finance and open the ''Tantris'' restaurant in Schwabing. Witzigmann is credited for starting the German ''Küchenwunder'' (''kitchen wonder'').<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cultivation of Taste: Chefs and the Organization of Fine Dining |author1= Christel Lane |publisher=  OUP Oxford| year= 2014| isbn=9780191631474| page=34}}</ref>

===Biedermeier===
The [[Biedermeier]] era was named after a character that regularly appeared in the satire magazine ''Münchner Fliegende Blätter'' (''Loose Munich Pages''), which was published by [[Adolf Kussmaul]] and [[Ludwig Eichrodt]] in Munich between 1855 and 1857. Biedermeier was a synonym for arts, furniture, and the lifestyle of the nonheroic middle class. The Biedermeier era painters [[Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller]], [[Moritz von Schwind]], and [[Carl Spitzweg]] are shown in the [[Neue Pinakothek]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Neue Pinakothek, Munich |editor= Christian Lenz |publisher= Beck| year=2007| isbn= 9783406512728| page=41}}</ref>

===Prinzregentenzeit===
Celebrity literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called ''Prinzregentenzeit'' (literally ''prince regent's time'') under the reign of [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]]. This includes [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Mann]], [[Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]], [[Ludwig Thoma]], [[Fanny zu Reventlow]], [[Oskar Panizza]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Max Halbe]], [[Erich Mühsam]] and [[Frank Wedekind]].

===Weimar Republic===
[[File:Schrimpf oskar maria graf.png|thumb|upright|Portrait of Oskar Maria Graf by [[Georg Schrimpf]] (1927)]]
The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. [[Thomas Mann]] wrote in his novella ''Gladius Dei'' about this period: "München leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the [[Weimar Republic]], with figures such as [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], [[Bertolt Brecht]], [[Peter Paul Althaus]], [[Stefan George]], [[Ricarda Huch]], [[Joachim Ringelnatz]], [[Oskar Maria Graf]], [[Annette Kolb]], [[Ernst Toller]], [[Hugo Ball]], and [[Klaus Mann]] adding to the already established big names.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

[[Karl Valentin]], the cabaret performer and comedian, is to this day remembered and beloved as a cultural icon of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "[[Charlie Chaplin]] of Germany".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Fall 2023 Undergraduate Courses |url=https://as.nyu.edu/departments/german/courses/fall-2023-undergraduate-courses.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101210341/https://as.nyu.edu/departments/german/courses/fall-2023-undergraduate-courses.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl Valentin Kabarett – Cultural Affairs Bureau |url=https://www.icm.gov.mo/en/events/detail/7461 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=www.icm.gov.mo |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212233/https://www.icm.gov.mo/en/events/detail/7461 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Liesl Karlstadt]], before working together with Valentin, cross-dressed and performed cabaret with [[yodeling]] on stage and in Munich's Cafe-Theatres. The cabaret scene was crushed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and Karlstadt was saved from Nazi sterilization by a doctor. Contemporary Munich cabaret still reverences 1920s cabaret, the Munich alternative rock band [[F.S.K. (band)|F.S.K.]] absorbs yodels.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yodel in Hi-Fi: From Kitsch Folk to Contemporary Electronica |author1= Bart Plantenga | publisher=  University of Wisconsin Press | year=2013| isbn=9780299290535 | pages=173–174}}</ref>

===Post-war literature===
After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as [[Wolfgang Koeppen]], [[Erich Kästner]], [[Eugen Roth]], [[Alfred Andersch]], [[Elfriede Jelinek]], [[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]], [[Michael Ende]], [[Franz Xaver Kroetz]], [[Gerhard Polt]] and [[Patrick Süskind]] calling the city their home.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Fine arts===
From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like [[Erasmus Grasser]], [[Jan Polack]], [[Johann Baptist Straub]], [[Ignaz Günther]], [[Hans Krumpper]], [[Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler|Ludwig von Schwanthaler]], [[Cosmas Damian Asam]], [[Egid Quirin Asam]], [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]], [[Johann Michael Fischer]] and [[François de Cuvilliés]]. Munich had already become an important place for painters like [[Carl Rottmann]], [[Lovis Corinth]], [[Wilhelm von Kaulbach]], [[Carl Spitzweg]], [[Franz von Lenbach]], [[Franz Stuck]], [[Karl Piloty]] and [[Wilhelm Leibl]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Cinema===
Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the [[New German Cinema]] movement, including [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Werner Herzog]], [[Edgar Reitz]] and [[Herbert Achternbusch]]. In 1971, the [[Filmverlag der Autoren]] was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. Munich served as the location for many of Fassbinder's films, among them ''[[Ali: Fear Eats the Soul]]''. The Hotel [[Deutsche Eiche]] near Gärtnerplatz was somewhat like a centre of operations for Fassbinder and his "clan" of actors. New German Cinema is considered by far the most important artistic movement in German cinema history since the era of [[German Expressionism]] in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=History of film – German Expressionism, Weimar Republic, Nazi Propaganda {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany |access-date=1 January 2024 |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212231/https://www.britannica.com/art/history-of-the-motion-picture/Germany |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Delaney |first=Darby |date=29 June 2018 |title=A Beginner's Guide to New German Cinema |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/beginners-guide-to-new-german-cinema/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Film School Rejects |language=en-US |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101212231/https://filmschoolrejects.com/beginners-guide-to-new-german-cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Bavaria Film- und Fernsehstudios logo.svg|thumb|Logo of [[Bavaria Film]]]]
In 1919, the [[Bavaria Studios|Bavaria Film Studios]] were founded, which developed into one of Europe's largest film studios. Directors like [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Billy Wilder]], [[Orson Welles]], [[John Huston]], [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[Stanley Kubrick]], [[Claude Chabrol]], [[Fritz Umgelter]], [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], [[Wolfgang Petersen]] and [[Wim Wenders]] made films there. Among the internationally well-known films produced at the studios are ''[[The Pleasure Garden (1925 film)|The Pleasure Garden]]'' (1925) by Alfred Hitchcock, ''[[The Great Escape (film)|The Great Escape]]'' (1963) by [[John Sturges]], ''[[Paths of Glory]]'' (1957) by Stanley Kubrick, ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1971) by [[Mel Stuart]] and both {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}} (1981) and ''[[The Neverending Story (film)|The Neverending Story]]'' (1984) by [[Wolfgang Petersen]]. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=Robert |last2=Liecke |first2=Michael |date=10 September 2007 |title=The Munich Feature Film Cluster: The Degree of Global Integration and Explanations for its Relative Success |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662710701524031 |journal=Industry & Innovation |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=385–399 |doi=10.1080/13662710701524031 |s2cid=153719792 |issn=1366-2716}}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[File:Hippodrom Zelt Oktoberfest.jpg|thumb|[[Oktoberfest]]]]

====Coopers' Dance====
[[File:Schäfflertanz 2012-05.JPG|thumb|Schäfflertanz in [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg|Neuhausen]], 2012]]
The [[Coopers' Dance]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Schäfflertanz}}) is a [[guild]] dance of [[cooper (profession)|cooper]]s originally started in Munich. Since early 1800s the custom spread via [[journeyman|journeymen]] in it is now a common tradition over the [[Old Bavaria]] region. The dance was supposed to be held every seven years.<ref name=myth>[https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tradition-gruendungsmythos-der-schaeffler-so-wahr-wie-die-offiziellen-abgaswerte-der-autoindustrie-1.3384385 "Gründungsmythos der Schäffler: So wahr wie die offiziellen Abgaswerte der Autoindustrie"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606202228/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/tradition-gruendungsmythos-der-schaeffler-so-wahr-wie-die-offiziellen-abgaswerte-der-autoindustrie-1.3384385 |date=6 June 2021 }}, ''[[Sueddeutsche Zeitung]]'' ("Cooper's founding myth: As true as the official emissions values of the automotive industry"), 19 February 2017</ref>

====Starkbierfest====
March and April, for three weeks during [[Lent]], celebrating Munich's "strong beer". Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local [[Paulinerkirche, Leipzig]] [[monk]]s who drank this 'Flüssiges Brot', or 'liquid bread'. It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. A Starkbierfest may be celebrated in [[beer hall]]s and pubs.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

====Frühlingsfest====
Held for two weeks at the [[Theresienwiese]] from the end of April to the beginning of May, the new local spring beers are served.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essen und Trinken 2023 – Schmankerl und Spezialitäten auf dem Frühlingsfest – Frühlingswiesn München |url=https://www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de/schmankerl.htm |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151338/https://www.fruehlingsfest-theresienwiese.de/schmankerl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Auer Dult====
{{main|Auer Dult}}
A regular event combining a [[marketplace|market]] and a German style [[Volksfest|folk festival]] on the [[Mariahilfplatz]]. The Auer Dult can be up to 300 stalls, selling handmade crafts, [[household goods]], and [[local food]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wagenlaender |first=Michelle |date=30 July 2012 |title=Auer Dult |work=The Munich Eye |url=https://themunicheye.com/auer-dult-1839}}</ref>

====Kocherlball====
Munich's Kocherlball (''Cooks' Ball'') is an annual event, to commemorate all servants, ranging from kitchenhands to cooks. The tradition started in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Taste of Bavaria: Typical Recipes and Impressions |author1= Monika Schuster | author2= Anna Cavelius |publisher=GRÄFE UND UNZER Verlag GmbH |year=2016 |isbn=9783833859311 |page=}}</ref>

====Tollwood====
[[File:Tollwood Winterfestival Munich 2010 b.jpg|thumb|Tollwood Winterfestival]]
Usually held annually in July and December, Olympia Park. The [[Tollwood Festival]] showcases fine and performing arts with live music, and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as [[Organic food]], mostly [[Fusion cuisine]].{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

====Oktoberfest====
At [[Theresienwiese]], the largest [[beer festival]] in the world, Munich's [[Oktoberfest]] runs for 16–18 days from the end of September through early October. In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over six million visitors every year. Beer is served from the six major Munich [[Brewery|breweries]]. These are [[Augustiner-Bräu]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery]], [[Löwenbräu Brewery]], [[Paulaner Brewery]], [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu]], and [[Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München]]. Food must be bought in each tent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oktoberfest Munich |url=https://www.oktoberfesttours.travel/oktoberfest-munich/ |website=Thirsty Swagman |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502074944/https://www.oktoberfesttours.travel/oktoberfest-munich/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Christkindlmarkt====
The Munich [[Christkindlmarkt]] started to evolve in the 14th century. The German Christkindlmarkt reached the desired accomplishment{{Clarify|date=December 2024}}  in the 17th century in [[Nuremberg]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christmas: Festival of Incarnation |author1= Donald Heinz |publisher= Fortress Press| year=2010| isbn=9780800697334| page=138}}</ref>

===Cuisine and culinary specialities===
[[File:Weisswurst.jpg|thumb|Weisswurst with sweet mustard and a pretzel]]
The Munich cuisine contributes to the [[Bavarian cuisine]]. Munich [[Weisswurst]] ("white sausage", ''German: Münchner Weißwurst'') was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally Weisswurst is served in pubs before noon and is served with [[sweet mustard]] and freshly baked [[pretzel]]s.

Munich has 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more [[Michelin Guide]] stars in 2021.<ref name="MichelinGuide-2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Search-Restaurants?address=80331%20M%C3%BCnchen%20(80331%20Munich)%2C%20Germany |title=MICHELIN Guide, Germany, Munich Restaurants |publisher=MICHELIN Guide |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115162100/https://www.viamichelin.com/web/Search-Restaurants?address=80331%20M%C3%BCnchen%20(80331%20Munich),%20Germany |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Beers and breweries===
[[File:BIER IM EG.jpg|thumb|left|Helles beer]]
[[File:MUC Westend AugustinerbrauereiA.jpg|thumb|[[Augustiner-Bräu|Augustiner brewery]]]]
[[File:Biergarten at Night 2.JPG|thumb|left|Beer garden in Munich]]
Munich is known for its breweries and [[Weissbier]] (''wheat beer''). [[Helles]], a [[pale lager]] with a translucent gold color, is the most popular contemporary Munich beer. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, known as [[Dunkel]], which gets its color from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with a high alcohol content of 6%–9%. It is dark amber in color and has a heavy malty taste. The beer served at [[Oktoberfest]] is a special type of beer with a higher alcohol content.

Wirtshäuser are traditional Bavarian pubs, many of which also have small outside areas. Biergärten (''[[beer garden]]s'') are a popular fixture in Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture, and are an overt melting pot for members of all walks of life, regardless of social class. There are many smaller beer gardens, but some beer gardens have thousands of seats. Large beer gardens can be found in the [[Englischer Garten]], on the Nockherberg, and in the Hirschgarten.

There are six main breweries in Munich are [[Augustiner-Bräu]], [[Hacker-Pschorr Brewery]], [[Hofbräuhaus]], [[Löwenbräu]], [[Paulaner]], and [[Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu]]. Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich.

===Circus===
The [[Circus Krone]] based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |title=Circus Krone: Europe's largest traditional circus |publisher=Munichfound.com |date=December 2005 |access-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531021339/http://www.munichfound.com/sightseeing/all_landmarks/circuskrone/ |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a [[Circus Krone Building|building]] of its own.

===Nightlife===
[[File:Alte Utting 6144.jpg|thumb|The party ship [[Alte Utting]]]]
[[Nightlife]] in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]], [[Maxvorstadt]], [[Au-Haidhausen]], [[Berg am Laim]] and [[Sendling]]. Between [[Sendlinger Tor]] and Maximiliansplatz, on the edge of the central [[Altstadt-Lehel]] district, there is also the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning {{cvt|1.3|km|1|abbr=off}} along Sonnenstraße, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants, which became the center of Munich's nightlife in the mid-2000s.<ref name="sueddeutsche_20130706">{{cite web |last=Wimmer |first=Susi |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/projekt-cool-bleiben-immer-aerger-mit-der-feierbanane-1.1713916 |title=Immer Ärger mit der Feierbanane |trans-title=Always trouble with the party banana |publisher=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=German |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419214205/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/projekt-cool-bleiben-immer-aerger-mit-der-feierbanane-1.1713916 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bahnwärter Thiel Nightclub Munich Subway Floor 1.jpg|thumb|[[Bahnwärter Thiel (club)|Bahnwärter Thiel]]]]
In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Schwabing]] was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as [[Big Apple (club)|Big Apple]], ''PN hit-house'', ''Domicile'', ''Hot Club'', ''Piper Club'', ''Tiffany'', Germany's first large-scale discotheque [[Blow Up (club)|Blow Up]] and the underwater nightclub [[Yellow Submarine (club)|Yellow Submarine]],<ref name="mjunikdisco">{{cite book |last1=Hecktor |first1=Mirko |last2=von Uslar |first2=Moritz |last3=Smith |first3=Patti |last4=Neumeister |first4=Andreas |date=1 November 2008 |title=Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now |publisher=Blumenbar |isbn=978-3-936738-47-6 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="ertl">{{cite book |last=Ertl |first=Christian |title=Macht's den Krach leiser! Popkultur in München von 1945 bis heute |trans-title=Turn down the noise! Pop culture in Munich from 1945 to today |publisher=Allitera Verlag |date=2010 |isbn=978-3-86906-100-9 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="mitvergnuegen_schauberger">{{cite web |url=https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/2017/11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen/ |title=11 verrückte Clubs in München, die Geschichte schrieben |trans-title=11 crazy clubs in Munich that made history |last=Schauberger |first=Anja |publisher=Mit Vergnuegen |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029021657/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/2017/11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context.<ref name="mjunikdisco"/><ref name="abendzeitung_20081121">{{cite web |title=München ist "New Yorks große Discoschwester" |trans-title=Munich is "New York's big disco sister" |url=https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/muenchen-ist-new-yorks-grosse-discoschwester-art-86432 |publisher=[[Abendzeitung]] |date=21 November 2008 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227211940/https://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/muenchen/muenchen-ist-new-yorks-grosse-discoschwester-art-86432 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, [[Schwabinger 7]] and ''Schwabinger Podium''. Since the 1980s, however, Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to [[gentrification]] and the resulting high rents, and the formerly wild artists' and students' quarter developed into one of the city's most coveted and expensive residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying.<ref name="mitvergnuegen_nisslmüller">{{cite web |url=https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/vergnuegte-viertel/schwabing/ |title=Vergnügte Viertel: Schwabing damals und heute |trans-title=Fun neighborhoods: Schwabing then and now |last=Nisslmüller |first=Sabine |publisher=Mit Vergnuegen |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419214744/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/vergnuegte-viertel/schwabing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the 1960s, the ''Rosa Viertel'' (pink quarter) developed in the [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt#Glockenbachviertel|Glockenbachviertel]] and around ''Gärtnerplatz'', which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam.<ref name="stankiewitz">{{cite book |last=Stankiewitz |first=Karl |date=May 2018 |title=Aus is und Gar is |publisher=Allitera Verlag |isbn=978-3-96233-023-1 |language=de}}</ref> In particular, the area around [[Müllerstraße]] and ''Hans-Sachs-Straße'' was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. One of them was the [[Travesti (theatre)|travesty]] nightclub ''Old Mrs. Henderson'', where [[Freddie Mercury]], who lived in Munich from 1979 to 1985, filmed the music video for the song ''[[Living on My Own]]'' at his 39th birthday party.<ref name="stankiewitz"/><ref name="mitvergnuegen_schauberger"/><ref name="BR_20211004">{{cite AV media |title=Sechs Jahre hat Freddie Mercury in München gelebt – eine Spurensuche |trans-title=Freddie Mercury lived in Munich for six years – a search for clues |url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/YqhkiNg1OPg |publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] |type=documentary |language=de |date=4 October 2021 |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

Since the mid-1990s, the ''Kunstpark Ost'' and its successor ''Kultfabrik'', a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near [[Munich East station|München Ostbahnhof]] in [[Berg am Laim]], hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people from the metropolitan area surrounding Munich and tourists.<ref name="stankiewitz"/><ref name="munichfoundcom">{{cite web |title=Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history |url=http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/ |publisher=MUNICHfound.com |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206184555/http://www.munichfound.com/archives/id/27/article/496/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller ''Optimolwerke'', there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby [[Haidhausen (Munich)|Haidhausen]]. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former [[Munich-Riem Airport#Reuse|Munich-Riem Airport]].<ref name="mjunikdisco"/><ref name="mitvergnuegen_022017">{{cite web |last=Schauberger |first=Anja |title=Club Legenden #4: Raves und Nirvanas letztes Konzert am Flughafen Riem |trans-title=Club Legends #4: Raves and Nirvana's last concert at Riem Airport |url=https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/club-legenden/flughafen-riem/ |publisher=Mit Vergnügen |date=February 2017 |access-date=6 August 2022 |language=de |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806173009/https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/club-legenden/flughafen-riem/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ard_072022">{{cite AV media |title=Techno House Deutschland |trans-title=Techno House Germany |url=https://www.ardmediathek.de/sendung/techno-house-deutschland/staffel-1/Y3JpZDovL2Rhc2Vyc3RlLmRlL3RlY2huby1ob3VzZS1kZXV0c2NobGFuZA/1 |publisher=[[Das Erste]] |type=documentary |language=de |date=31 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805202334/https://www.ardmediathek.de/sendung/techno-house-deutschland/staffel-1/Y3JpZDovL2Rhc2Vyc3RlLmRlL3RlY2huby1ob3VzZS1kZXV0c2NobGFuZA/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Blitz Club Munich.jpg|thumb|Blitz Club on Museumsinsel]]
Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included ''Tanzlokal Größenwahn'', [[The Atomic Café (club)|The Atomic Café]] and the techno clubs [[Babalu Club]], [[Ultraschall]], {{nowrap|[[KW – Das Heizkraftwerk]]}}, {{nowrap|[[Natraj Temple]]}}, {{nowrap|[[MMA Club|MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts)]]}}, ''Die Registratur'' and ''Bob Beaman''.<ref name="zeitmagazin">{{cite news |first=Paulina |last=Thillmann |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |title=Deutschlandkarte: Legendäre Clubs |newspaper=Die Zeit |trans-title=Germany map: legendary clubs |publisher=[[Die Zeit|Zeitmagazin]] |date=29 November 2017 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411005217/http://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/2017/49/technoclubs-schliessung-bundeslaender-deutschlandkarte |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the [[Union Move]], one of the largest [[technoparade]]s in Germany.<ref name="ertl"/>

Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin.<ref name="fazemag_20210920">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=de |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103024902/https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="clubstudy_2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=de |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211434/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants.<ref name="Munich bars">{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html |title=List of bars in Munich |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175716/http://www.muenchen.de/essen-trinken/gaststaetten-bars.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Munich nightclubs">{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html |title=List of nightclubs in Munich |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917175847/http://www.muenchen.de/veranstaltungen/veranstaltungsorte-discos-und-clubs.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are [[Blitz Club]], ''Harry Klein'', ''Rote Sonne'', [[Bahnwärter Thiel (club)|Bahnwärter Thiel]], ''Pimpernel'', ''Charlie'', ''Palais'' and ''Pathos''.<ref name="sueddeutsche_20161016">{{cite web |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/club-szene-klein-berlin-1.3207958 |title=Club-Szene: Klein-Berlin |trans-title=Club Scene: Little Berlin |publisher=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=German |date=16 October 2016 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806194306/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/club-szene-klein-berlin-1.3207958 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="theclubmap">{{cite web |url=https://www.theclubmap.com/cities/muenchen/ |title=Die besten Clubs & Techno Partys in München heute |trans-title=The best clubs & techno parties in Munich today |publisher=The Clubmap |language=German |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028190310/https://www.theclubmap.com/cities/muenchen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular mixed music clubs are ''Call me Drella'', ''Wannda Circus'', ''Tonhalle'', ''Backstage'', ''Muffathalle'', ''Ampere'', ''Pacha'', ''P1'', [[Zenith (building)|Zenith]], ''Minna Thiel'' and the party ship [[Alte Utting]].

==Education==

===Colleges and universities===
[[File:Geschwister-Scholl-Platz-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich|LMU]]]]
[[File:TU München GO-1.jpg|thumb|Main building of the [[Technical University of Munich|Technical University]]]]
[[File:Hochschule Muenchen Ansicht Lothstrasse.jpg|thumb|[[Munich University of Applied Sciences|University of Applied Sciences (HM)]]]]
[[File:München Akademie der Künste 12.JPG|thumb|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Academy of Fine Arts Munich]]]]
Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] in 1901 to [[Theodor W. Hänsch]] in 2005.

The Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About LMU Munich |url=https://www.lmu.de/en/about-lmu/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.lmu.de |language=en}}</ref> and the Technische Universität München (TUM),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excellence Strategy {{!}} TUM as a university of excellence - TUM |url=https://www.tum.de/en/about-tum/university-of-excellence |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.tum.de}}</ref> were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title ''elite university'' by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Länder).

*[[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] (LMU), founded in 1472 in [[Ingolstadt]], moved to Munich in 1826
*[[Technical University of Munich]] (TUM), founded in 1868
*[[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Akademie der Bildenden Künste München]], founded in 1808
*[[Bundeswehr University Munich]], founded in 1973 (located in [[Neubiberg]])
*[[Deutsche Journalistenschule]], founded in 1959
*[[Bayerische Akademie für Außenwirtschaft]], founded in 1989
*[[Hochschule für Musik und Theater München]], founded in 1830
*[[International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences]], founded in 2005
*[[International School of Management, Germany]], founded in 1990
*[[Katholische Stiftungsfachhochschule München]], founded in 1971
*[[Munich Business School]] (MBS), founded in 1991
*[[Munich Intellectual Property Law Center]] (MIPLC), founded in 2003
*[[Munich School of Philosophy]], founded in 1925 in [[Pullach]], moved to Munich in 1971
*[[Munich School of Political Science]], founded in 1950
*[[Munich University of Applied Sciences]] (HM), founded in 1971
*[[New European College]], founded in 2014
*[[Ukrainian Free University]], founded in 1921 (from 1945 – in Munich)
*[[University of Television and Film Munich]] (''Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film''), founded in 1966

===Primary and secondary schools===
Notable Gymnasien in Munich include the [[Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium]], the [[Luitpold Gymnasium]], the [[Wilhelmsgymnasium (Munich)|Wilhelmsgymnasium]], as well as the [[Wittelsbacher-Gymnasium München|Wittelsbacher Gymnasium]]. Munich has several notable international schools, including [[Lycée Jean Renoir (Munich)|Lycée Jean Renoir]], the [[Japanische Internationale Schule München]], the [[Bavarian International School]], the [[Munich International School]], and the [[European School, Munich]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Scientific research institutions===
[[File:MUC Westend FraunhoferHausA.jpg|thumb|upright|Fraunhofer headquarters in Munich]]

===Max Planck Society===
The [[Max Planck Society]], a government funded non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich.

===Fraunhofer Society===
The [[Fraunhofer Society]], the German government funded research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich.

===Other research institutes===
[[File:European Southern Observatory’s Headquarters in Garching, near Munich, Germany.jpg|thumb|[[European Southern Observatory]]'s headquarters in [[Garching]]]]
*[[Botanische Staatssammlung München]], a notable [[herbarium]]
*[[Ifo Institute for Economic Research]], theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
*[[Doerner Institute]]
*[[European Southern Observatory]]
*[[Helmholtz Zentrum München]]
*[[Zoologische Staatssammlung München]]
*[[German Aerospace Center]] (GSOC), [[Oberpfaffenhofen|Oberpfaffenhofen bei München]]

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
[[File:Münchens Partnerstädte.jpg|thumb|Plaque in the [[New Town Hall, Munich|Neues Rathaus]] (New City Hall) showing Munich's twin towns and sister cities]]
Munich is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211021/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |archive-date=21 October 2021 |website=muenchen.de |publisher=Munich |language=de |access-date=27 February 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Edinburgh]], Scotland, UK (1954)
*[[Verona]], Italy (1960)
*[[Bordeaux]], France (1964)
*[[Sapporo]], Japan (1972)
*[[Cincinnati]], United States (1989)
*[[Kyiv]], Ukraine (1989)
*[[Harare]], Zimbabwe (1996)
*[[Beersheba]], Israel (2021)
{{div col end}}

==Economy==
[[File:4 Cilindros, Múnich, Alemania, 2013-02-11, DD 02.JPG|thumb|[[BMW Headquarters]] building (one of the few buildings that has been built from the top to the bottom) and the bowl-shaped [[BMW Museum]]]]
[[File:BMW Museum Entrance.jpg|thumb|BMW Museum Entrance]]
[[File:SiemensForum.jpg|thumb|[[SiemensForum München|Siemens-Forum]] in Munich]]
[[File:Hypo-Haus.JPG|thumb|The [[HypoVereinsbank]] tower]]

Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study<ref name="Icm-muenchen.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |title=Study conducted by INSM (New Social Market Economy Initiative) and WirtschaftsWoche magazine |publisher=Icm-muenchen.de |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619061243/http://www.icm-muenchen.de/en/Home/cn/kongressstadt/daten_fakten |archive-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being [[Berlin]], Hamburg and [[Cologne]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Auswahl/raeumlicher-Geltungsbereich/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Kreise/Bayern/09162-Muenchen-Landeshauptstadt.html |title=Statistik der BA |publisher=statistik.arbeitsagentur.de |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228144622/http://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Statistik-nach-Regionen/Politische-Gebietsstruktur/Bayern/Muenchen-Nav.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Artikel empfehlen |url=http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |title=Endlich amtlich: Köln ist Millionenstadt |publisher=Koeln.de |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001090822/http://www.koeln.de/koeln/die_domstadt/endlich_amtlich_koeln_ist_millionenstadt_367287.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Munich [[List of German cities by GDP|ranks third]] on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany.<ref name="Icm-muenchen.de" /> The city is also the economic centre of [[southern Germany]]. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine ''Capital'' in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities.

Munich is a [[financial center]] and [[global city]] that holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the [[DAX]] than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[McDonald's]] and [[Microsoft]]. One of the best-known newly established Munich companies is [[Flixbus]].

===Manufacturing===
Munich holds the headquarters of [[Siemens|Siemens AG]] (electronics), [[BMW]] (car), [[Traton]] (truck manufacturer, engineering), [[MTU Aero Engines]] (aircraft engine manufacturer), [[The Linde Group|Linde]] (gases) and [[Rohde & Schwarz]] ([[electronics]]). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (€26,648 per inhabitant) {{As of|2007|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |title=In Hesse the purchasing power is highest in Germany – CyberPress |date=25 July 2007 |publisher=Just4business.eu |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916113128/http://just4business.eu/2007/07/in-hesse-the-purchasing-power-is-highest-in-germany/ |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of €18.62 (ca. $20).<ref>Landeshauptstadt München, Direktorium, Statistisches Amt: ''Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007'', page 206 (Statistical Yearbook of the City of Munich 2007). {{cite web |url=https://www.currency.wiki/eur_usd?value=18.62 |title=EUR to USD – Exchange Rate – Euro to Dollar Conversion – Live Rates |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global 500 2008: Cities |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Munich is also a centre for [[biotechnology]], software and other [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industries]]. Furthermore, Munich is the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the [[injection moulding machine]] manufacturer [[Krauss-Maffei]], and its arms manufacturing branch [[Krauss-Maffei Wegmann|Krauss-Maffei & Wegmann]], the camera and lighting manufacturer [[Arri]], the semiconductor firm [[Infineon Technologies]] (headquartered in the suburban town of [[Neubiberg]]), lighting giant [[Osram]], as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as [[Microsoft]].

===Finance===
Munich has significance as a [[Munich's financial community|financial centre]] (second only to [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]]), being home of [[HypoVereinsbank]] and the [[Bayerische Landesbank]]. It outranks [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] though as home of insurance companies such as [[Allianz]] (insurance) and [[Munich Re]] ([[Reinsurance|re-insurance]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html |title=Insurance – Munich Financial Centre Initiative |website=www.fpmi.de |language=en |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094238/https://www.fpmi.de/en/participants/insurance.html |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media===
Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |title=Munich Literature House: About Us |access-date=17 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404121202/http://www.literaturhaus-muenchen.de/english/house/index.htm |archive-date=4 April 2003}}</ref> and home to the ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'', one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]], while the largest commercial network, [[ProSieben|Pro7-Sat1 Media AG]], is headquartered in the suburb of [[Unterföhring]]. The headquarters of the German branch of [[Random House]], the world's largest publishing house, and of [[Hubert Burda Media|Burda publishing group]] are also in Munich.

The [[Bavaria Film Studios]] are located in the suburb of [[Grünwald, Bavaria|Grünwald]]. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |title=Bavaria Film GmbH: Company Start |publisher=Bavaria-film.de |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529141017/http://www.bavaria-film.de/index.php?id=3 |archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

===Technology===
{{expand section|date=October 2024}}
*[[Teamwire]], 2010 technology startup company

==Quality of life==
Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer HR Consulting]] consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide – a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th.<ref>[http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311043219/http://www.mercer.com/qualityoflivingpr#city-rankings|date=11 March 2014}}</ref> In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany.<ref>[http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving 2007 Cost of Living Report Munich] Mercer Human Resource Consulting {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving |date=10 April 2014 }}</ref> Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although {{As of|2006|lc=y}} the city council is concerned about levels of [[particulate matter]] (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of [[particulate#EU legislation|EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate]] in the air, environmental groups such as [[Greenpeace]] have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the state government to take a harder stance on pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |title=Gesunde Luft für Gesunde Bürger – Stoppt Dieselruß! – Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselruß in München |publisher=Greenpeace-Munich branch |date=28 June 2005 |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724163530/http://www.greenpeace-muenchen.de/index.php/archiv/aktuelle-themen/358-gesunde-luft-fuer-gesunde-buerger-stoppt-dieselruss-greenpeace-misst-feinstaub-und-dieselruss-in-muenchen.html |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref> Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5&nbsp;million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Transport==
Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport [[modal share]] in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle.<ref name="www.mvg.de">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf |title=Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015 |website=www.mvg.de |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183658/https://www.mvg.de/dam/mvg/ueber/nachhaltigkeit/mvg-nachhaltigkeitsbericht-eng.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Urban mobility 2030: How cities can realize the economic effects |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/automotive%20and%20assembly/our%20insights/urban%20mobility%202030%20berlin/urban%20mobility%202030%20berlin.ashx |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=McKinsey & Company |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730185308/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/Our%20Insights/Urban%20mobility%202030%20Berlin/Urban%20mobility%202030%20Berlin.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Munich is the hub of a developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]], which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. [[Flixmobility]] which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich.

The trade fair [[Transport Logistic]] is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International).

===Public transport===
[[File:Verkehrsnetz München.png|thumb|left|360px|Public transport network]]
[[File:MVG 2168 Munchen Ost 18-08-2007.jpg|thumb|right|A class R2 ''Straßenbahn'' (''Tram'') on route 19 at Ostbahnhof]]
[[File:S-bahn-muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[Munich S-Bahn|Munich's S-Bahn]] at the [[Munich Marienplatz station|Marienplatz station]]]]
For its urban population of 2.6&nbsp;million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the [[Munich U-Bahn]], the [[Munich S-Bahn]], trams and buses. The system is supervised by the [[Munich Transport and Tariff Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund''). The [[Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

The extensive network of subway and tram lines assists and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Straße, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east–west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. These attributes result from applying the principle of [[Permeability (spatial and transport planning)|filtered permeability]]. Pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire Munich city centre, go through public squares and open spaces for enjoyment. Munich city centre was subject to [[urban planning]] and has a comprehensive model for laying out neighborhoods and districts according to [[grid plan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NWC |title=Map of Munich transport: transport zones and public transport of Munich |url=https://munichmap360.com/munich-transport-map |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=munichmap360.com |language=EN |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030021317/https://munichmap360.com/munich-transport-map |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cycling===
{{main|Cycling in Munich}}
[[File:Fahrradschild-bjs210429-02.jpg|thumb|Map of Munich's cycling network]]
Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognized as a good alternative. The growing number of [[Segregated cycle facilities|bicycle lanes]] are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. A modern [[Call a Bike|bike hire system]] is available within the area bounded by the ''Mittlerer Ring''.

===Cultural history trails and bicycle routes===
Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the [[List of cultural history trails in Munich]] (''KulturGeschichtsPfade''). Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer ''Äußere Radlring'' (outer cycle route) and the ''RadlRing München''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Kulturreferat/Stadtgeschichte/Kulturgeschichtspfade.html |title=Münchens Stadtbezirke entdecken |publisher=Landeshauptstadt München |language=de |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024195101/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Kulturreferat/Stadtgeschichte/Kulturgeschichtspfade.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Munich Central Train Station===
{{Main|München Hauptbahnhof}}
München Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station located in the city centre and is the long-distance station in Munich.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

Munich Central Train Station serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany. Munich Central Train Station alongside [[München Ost railway station]] are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by [[Deutsche Bahn]] as a [[German railway station categories|category 1 station]].

The central mainline station is a [[terminal station]] with 32 platforms. The subterranean [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] with 2 platforms and [[Munich U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] stations with 6 platforms are through stations.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

The [[Intercity-Express]] (ICE) stop at Munich Central Train Station. [[InterCity]] and [[EuroCity]] trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at the München Ost railway station. Munich is connected to [[Nuremberg]] via [[Ingolstadt]] by the [[Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway]] and [[Berlin–Munich high-speed railway]].{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

The old air raid shelter next to platform 11 of Munich Central Train Station was an important distribution point for [[guest worker]]s (''Gastarbeiter'') between 1960 and 1973. At peak more than 1,000 guest workers arrived per day, in total 1.8&nbsp;million guest workers passed through Munich Central Train Station.<ref>{{Cite book |title=We Are All Migrants: A History of Multicultural Germany |author=Jan Plamper |author-link=Jan Plamper |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009242288 |page=62}}</ref>

===Autobahns===
[[File:Karte Fernstraßen München.png|thumb|Munich [[Autobahn|motorway]] network]]

Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from [[Stuttgart]] (W), [[Nuremberg]], [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] and Berlin (N), [[Deggendorf]] and [[Passau]] (E), [[Salzburg]] and [[Innsbruck]] (SE), [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Garmisch Partenkirchen]] (S) and [[Lindau]] (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy.

Traffic is often very heavy in and around Munich. [[Traffic congestion]] are commonplace at the beginning and end of major Bavarian holidays. There are few "green waves" or [[roundabout]]s, and an abundance of construction sites.{{citation needed||date=April 2023}}

Munich has introduced an [[Traffic and Environmental Zone|environmental zone]] and was among the first German cities to require a [[green sticker]] for vehicles, these are a requirement when entering the city or driving in the wider surrounding area.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Environmental Zone Munich|url= https://www.environmentalbadge.com/environmental-zone-munich/|website= environmentalbadge.com|access-date= 2 April 2023|archive-date= 10 August 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200810154808/https://www.environmentalbadge.com/environmental-zone-munich/|url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Air ===
====Munich International Airport====
[[File:Flughafen turm.png|thumb|[[Munich Airport|Munich International Airport]] (MUC)]]
[[Munich Airport|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: MUC, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after [[London Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris Charles de Gaulle]], [[Frankfurt International Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Barajas Airport|Madrid]] and [[Atatürk International Airport|Istanbul Atatürk]]. It is used by about 46&nbsp;million passengers a year, and lies some {{cvt|30|km|mi|0}} north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller [[Munich-Riem Airport]] in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. From the [[München Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. A [[maglev (transport)|magnetic levitation train]] (called [[Transrapid]]), which was to have run at speeds of up to {{cvt|400|km/h|mph|0}} from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved,<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany to build maglev railway |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 September 2007 |access-date=7 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216162151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7011932.stm |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3219174,00.html |title=Germany Scraps Transrapid Rail Plans |work=Deutsche Welle |date=27 March 2008 |access-date=27 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328175125/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0%2C2144%2C3219174%2C00.html |archive-date=28 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lufthansa]] opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.

====Other airports====
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rückwärts – Bayern – Aktuelles – merkur-online |date=8 July 2009 |language=de |publisher=Merkur-online.de |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185526/http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/bayern/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-rolle-rueckwaerts-mm-390304.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |title=Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen – Business-Jets willkommen – München |date=17 May 2010 |publisher=sueddeutsche.de |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725102101/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/flughafen-oberpfaffenhofen-business-jets-willkommen-1.142886 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite being {{cvt|110|km|0}} from Munich, [[Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby [[Augsburg Airport]] was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.

==Around Munich==

===Nearby towns===
The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the [[Foothills|Alpine foothills]] comprising about 2.6&nbsp;million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like [[Dachau, Bavaria|Dachau]], [[Freising]], [[Erding]], [[Starnberg]], [[Landshut]] and [[Moosburg]] are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the [[Munich Metropolitan Region]], which has a population of about 6&nbsp;million people.<ref name="mmr_official_site"/>

===Recreation===

South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as [[Lake Starnberg]], [[Ammersee]], [[Chiemsee]], [[Walchensee]], [[Kochelsee]], [[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]], [[Schliersee (lake)|Schliersee]], [[Simssee]], [[Staffelsee]], [[Wörthsee]], [[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]] and the [[Osterseen]] (Easter Lakes), which are popular among Munich residents for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html |title=Lakes in Munich's vicinity |publisher=muenchen.de – The official city portal |access-date=6 September 2016 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183544/http://www.muenchen.de/freizeit/seen-uebersicht/seen-umland.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Starnberger See, HB-03.jpg|[[Lake Starnberg]]
File:Ammersee.JPG|[[Ammersee]]
File:Chiemsee010.jpg|[[Chiemsee]]
File:Walchensee-Teilausschnitt.jpg|[[Walchensee]]
File:Gmund Kaltenbrunn Südausblick.JPG|[[Tegernsee (lake)|Tegernsee]]
File:Osterseen Gewitterabend Grosser Ostersee 02.jpg|[[Osterseen|Großer Ostersee]]
File:Kirchsee in der Abendsonne.jpg|[[Kirchsee (Bavaria)|Kirchsee]]
File:Simssee Suedufer Wendelstein Beuerberg Riedering-1.jpg|[[Simssee]]
File:Wörthsee +.jpg|[[Wörthsee]]
</gallery>

==Notable people==
{{see also|List of honorary citizens of Munich}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2025}}

===Born in Munich===

{|width="100%" style="margin:auto;" |
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|

====Entertainment====
*[[Herbert Achternbusch]] (1938–2022), film director
*[[Percy Adlon]] (1935–2024), film director
*[[Briana Banks]], (born 1978), porn actress
*[[Moritz Bleibtreu]] (born 1971), actor
*[[Harry Buckwitz]] (1904–1987), actor, theatre director and theatre manager
*[[Gedeon Burkhard]] (born 1969), actor
*[[Frida Felser]] (1872–1941), opera singer and actress.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eisenberg|first1=Ludwig|author1-link=Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)|title=Ludwig Eisenberg's großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX.|date=1903|location=Leipzig |page=251|url=https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0006/bsb00067974/images/index.html?id=00067974&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=267|language=de}}</ref>
*[[Andy Fetscher]] (born 1980), film director, cinematographer and screenplay writer
*[[Maria Furtwängler]] (born 1966), actress
*[[Therese Giehse]] (1898–1975), actress
*[[Michael Haneke]] (born 1942), filmmaker and writer
*[[Michael Herbig]] (born 1968), comedian, actor and filmmaker
*[[Werner Herzog]] (born 1942), film director
*[[Curd Jürgens]] (1915–1982), actor
*[[Rick Kavanian]] (born 1971), actor and comedian
*[[Renate Müller]] (1906–1937), actress
*[[Max Neal]] (1865–1941), dramatist
*[[Christine Neubauer]] (born 1962), actress
*[[Uschi Obermaier]] (born 1946), sex symbol of the late sixties
*[[Lola Randl]] (born 1980), film director and screenwriter
*[[Wolfgang Reitherman]] (1909–1985), animator and director of Disney movies
*[[Helmut Ringelmann]] (1926–2011), film producer and film director
*[[Jeri Ryan]] (born 1968), actress
*[[Till Schmerbeck]] (born 1969), film producer 
*[[Julia Stegner]] (born 1984), top model
*[[Christian Tramitz]] (born 1955), actor and comedian
*[[Karl Valentin]] (1882–1948), comedian, author and film producer
*[[Fritz Wepper]] (born 1941), actor
*[[Nico Liersch]] (born 2000), actor

====Fashion designers====
*[[Willy Bogner, Jr.|Willy Bogner]] (born 1942), fashion designer and director of photography
*[[Rudolph Moshammer]] (1940–2005), fashion designer

====Musicians====
*[[Lou Bega]] (born 1975), singer-songwriter
*[[Harold Faltermeyer]] (born 1952), composer and record producer
*[[Julia Fischer]] (born 1983), classical violinist and pianist
*[[Max Greger]] (1926–2015), musician, saxophonist, big band bandleader and conductor
*[[Joey Heindle]] (born 1993), [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar|DSDS]] participant in [[Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 9)|season 9]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DSDS 2012: Kandidat Joey Heindle |url=http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html |publisher=RTL |access-date=18 April 2012 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702135812/http://www.rtl.de/cms/sendungen/superstar/dsds-kandidaten/joey-heindle.html |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Franzl Lang]] (1930–2015), Bavarian yodeller
*[[Lubomyr Melnyk]] (born 1948), composer and pianist
*[[Nick Menza]] (1964–2016), [[Megadeth]] drummer
*[[Robert Merwald]] (born 1971), operatic baritone 
*[[Brent Mydland]] (1952–1990), [[Grateful Dead]] keyboardist
*[[Charles Oberthür (composer)|Charles Oberthür]] (1819–1895), composer
*[[Carl Orff]] (1895–1982), composer
*[[Wolfgang Sawallisch]] (1923–2013), conductor and pianist
*[[Ralph Siegel]] (born 1945), composer
*[[Richard Strauss]] (1864–1949), composer

====Journalists and Writers====
*[[Lion Feuchtwanger]] (1884–1958), writer
*[[Bettina Gaus]] (1956–2021), journalist
*[[Golo Mann]] (1909–1994), writer
*[[Klaus Mann]] (1906–1949), writer
*[[Eugen Roth]] (1895–1976), writer
*[[Dieter Kronzucker]] (born 1936), journalist
*[[Maria von Welser]] (born 1946), journalist
*[[Steffen Seibert]] (born 1960), journalist
*[[Sandra Maischberger]] (born 1966), journalist
*[[Angie Westhoff]] (born 1965), children's author
*[[Marcel Mettelsiefen]] (born 1978), journalist

====Nobel Prize laureates====
*[[Eduard Buchner]] (1860–1917), chemist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Ernst Otto Fischer]] (1918–2007), chemist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Robert Huber]] (born 1937), chemist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Wassily Leontief]] (1905–1999), economist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen]] (1911–1979), biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Rudolf Mössbauer]] (1929–2011), physicist and Nobel Prize winner
*[[Arno Allan Penzias]] (1933–2024), physicist and Nobel Prize winner
|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|

====Nobility====
* Daniel Kelleher (1990- Current) Will be visiting in June 
*[[Elisabeth of Bavaria]] (1837–1898), Empress "Sisi" of [[Austria]]
*[[Isabeau of Bavaria]] (1371–1435), [[queen consort|queen-consort]] of France
*[[Jeannette zu Fürstenberg|Jeannette, Hereditary Princess of Fürstenberg]] (b. 1982)
*[[Prince Leopold of Bavaria]] (1846–1930), German field marshal
*[[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] the Dream King, at [[Nymphenburg Palace|Nymphenburg]]
*[[Ludwig III of Bavaria]] (1845–1921), last king of Bavaria
*[[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria]] (1573–1651), Elector of Bavaria
*[[Maximilian II of Bavaria]] (1811–1864), king of Bavaria
*[[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]] (1662–1726), Elector of Bavaria
*[[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria]] (1727–1777), Elector of Bavaria
*[[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto of Bavaria]] (1848–1916), king of Bavaria
*[[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]], (1869–1955), Crown Prince of Bavaria
*[[Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein]] (born 1967)

====Painters====
*[[Hubert Haider]] (1879–1971) 
*[[Franz Marc]] (1880–1916), painter
*[[Heinrich Spiess]] (1832–1875), painter
*[[Karl von Piloty]] (1826–1886), painter

====Photographers====
*[[Yaakov Rosner]] (1902–1950), photographer

====Politicians====
*[[Carl Amery]] (1922–2005), writer, President of the German PEN Center and founding member of the German Green Party
*[[Lion Feuchtwanger|Leon Feuchtwanger]] (1884–1958), writer
*[[Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg]] (born 1971), politician (CSU)
*[[Heinrich Himmler]] (1900–1945), leading member of the [[Nazi Party]], main perpetrator of the [[Holocaust]]
*[[Wilhelm Hoegner]], (1887–1980), politician
*[[Carljörg Lacherbauer]] (1902–1967), co-founder of Christian Social Union (CSU), Post-war mayor and secretary of the Department of Justice
*[[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]] (1900–1945), chief of the [[Gestapo]]
*[[Fritz Schäffer]] (1888–1967), politician
*[[Wilhelm Schmid (SA-Gruppenführer)|Wilhelm Schmid]] (1889–1934), SA-''[[Gruppenführer]]'' and member of the ''Reichstag''
*[[Franz Josef Strauss]] (1915–1988), Minister-President of the Free State of Bavaria

====Professional athletes====
*[[Gary Allison]] (born 1951), German-born soccer player
*[[Franz Beckenbauer]] (1945–2024), former footballer and honorary president of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
*[[Korbinian Holzer]] (born 1988), professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Adler Mannheim of the DEL
*[[Fabian Johnson]] (born 1987), German-born soccer player who plays for Borussia Monchengladbach and the United States National Team
*[[Philipp Lahm]] (born 1983), footballer who played for [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
*[[Marcel Nguyen]] (born 1987), artistic gymnast
*[[JJ Peterka]] (born 2002), ice hockey player
*[[Christoph Schubert]] (born 1982), Former ice hockey player who played in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] for the [[Winnipeg Jets]]
*[[Frank Shorter]] (born 1947), champion distance runner

====Others====
*[[Andreas Baader]] (1943–1977), [[Red Army Faction]] leader
*[[Eva Braun]], (1912–1945), Adolf Hitler's mistress and later wife
*[[Friedrich Brugger]] (1815–1870), sculptor
*[[Abraham Fraenkel]] (1891–1965), mathematician
* [[Uta Fritze-von Alvensleben]] (born 1955) — Astrophysicist
*[[Franz Xaver Gabelsberger]] (1789–1849), inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system
*[[Jean Baptiste Holzmayer]] (1839–1890), teacher, archaeologist and folklorist
*[[Traudl Humps]] (1920–2002), Adolf Hitler's personal secretary during the Second World War
*[[Wolfgang Franz von Kobell]] (1803–1882), mineralogist and writer
*[[Carl Alexander von Martius]] (1838–1920), chemist, company founder and entrepreneur
*[[E. Lee Spence]] (born 1947), pioneer underwater archaeologist and shipwreck historian
*[[Andrea Wolf]] (1965–1998), activist and militant
*[[Vera F. Birkenbihl]] (1946–2011), facilitator and non-fiction writer
|}

===Notable residents===
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|style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
*[[Max Emanuel Ainmiller]] (1807–1870), painter
*[[Pope Benedict XVI]], born [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], former Archbishop of Munich-Freising
*[[Gudrun Burwitz]] (1929–2018), daughter of Heinrich Himmler
*[[Carmela Corren]], (1938–2022), Israeli singer and actress
*[[Manfred Eicher]], record producer and founder of [[ECM Records]]
*[[Albert Einstein]] (1879–1955), Nobel Prize-winning physicist, grew up in Munich
*[[Hans Magnus Enzensberger]] (1929–2022), author
*[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]] (1945–1982), film director
*[[Roger C. Field]], inventor, industrial designer
*[[Joseph von Fraunhofer]], optician
*[[Alice Halicka]], painter
*[[Asger Hamerik]], composer
*[[Werner Heisenberg]], Nobel Prize-winning physicist
*[[Adolf Hitler]], German politician and leader of the Nazi Party
*[[Brigitte Horney]], actress ([[Münchhausen am Christenberg|Münchhausen]])
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's poet, who received his PhD from Munich in 1907
*[[Wassily Kandinsky]] (1866–1944), painter
*[[Erich Kästner]], author 
*[[Erich Kästner (camera designer)]], movie camera designer, chief designer at ARRI
*[[Blake R. Van Leer]], United States Army officer, civil rights leader and president of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
*[[Orlande de Lassus]], composer
*[[Franz von Lenbach]], painter
*[[Vladimir Lenin]], Russian revolutionary
*[[Justus von Liebig]], chemist
*[[Ernst Mach]], physicist and philosopher
*[[Sepp Maier]] (born 1944), football goalkeeper
*[[Thomas Mann]] (1875–1955), Nobel Prize-winning author
*[[Franz M. Matschinsky]] (1931–2022), physician, pharmacologist and biochemist
*[[Helene Mayer]], fencer
*[[Freddie Mercury]], lead singer of Queen
*[[Wilhelm Messerschmitt|Wilhelm Emil "Willy" Messerschmitt]], German aircraft designer and manufacturer
*[[Lola Montez]], courtesan to King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]
*[[Hans Scholl|Hans]] and [[Sophie Scholl]], members & activists of the [[White Rose]] resistance whilst studying at Munich University. 
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*[[Giorgio Moroder]], composer, songwriter, and record producer
*[[Gerd Müller]] (1945–2021), footballer
*[[Amalie Nacken]] (1855–1940), philanthropist
*[[David Dalhoff Neal]], painter
*[[William of Ockham]], English medieval philosopher
*[[Georg Ohm]], physicist
*[[Marsilius of Padua]], Italian medieval scholar
*[[Max Planck]], Nobel Prize-winning physicist
*[[Lucia Popp]], Slovak-born opera singer
*[[Ludwig Prandtl]], father of modern aerodynamics
*[[Robert Hermann Raudner]] (1854–1915), landscape and genre painter, and etcher, lived and died at [[Oberschleißheim|Schleißheim]], and trained at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich|Royal Academy of Fine Arts]]<ref>[https://matrikel.adbk.de//matrikel/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1878/matrikel-03608 "03608 Robert Raudner"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108094842/https://matrikel.adbk.de//matrikel/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1878/matrikel-03608 |date=8 January 2021 }}, Matrikelbücher, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München. Retrieved 5 January 2020</ref>
*[[Max Reger]], composer, organist, pianist and conductor
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen]], Nobel Prize–winning physicist
*[[Hannes Rosenow]], painter
*[[Christopher Ross (sculptor)|Christopher Ross]] (1931–2023), sculptor, designer and collector 
*[[Willibald Sauerländer]], art historian
*[[Max Schreck]], actor
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], former Governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at Christophstr. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at Schillerstr. 36 from 1966 to 1968
*[[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], footballer
*[[Joseph Karl Stieler]] (1781–1858), royal court painter 
*[[Alexander Strähuber]] or Straehuber (1814–1882), Austrian-born German history painter and book illustrator.
*[[Franz Stuck|Franz von Stuck]], painter and sculptor
*[[Donna Summer]] (1948–2012), singer, known as the "Queen of Disco", she was the most successful musical artist of the Disco era in the late 1970s and early 1980s
*[[Vardges Sureniants]], Armenian painter
*[[Fyodor Tyutchev]], Russian Romantic poet
*[[Richard Wagner]] (1813–1883), composer
*[[Franz Widnmann]] (1846–1910), painter and graphic artist, was a professor at the [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Royal School of Applied Arts]] in Munich.<ref>[http://matrikel.adbk.de/05ordner/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1862/matrikel-01904 "01904 Franz Widnmann"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115942/http://matrikel.adbk.de/05ordner/mb_1841-1884/jahr_1862/matrikel-01904 |date=2 April 2015 }}, Matrikelbücher, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München. Retrieved 4 January 2020</ref>
*[[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], Nobel Prize-winning chemist who successfully protected Jewish people
*[[Stepan Bandera]], Ukrainian nationalist, assassinated in October 1959
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Munich|s=Category:Munich}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Munich-wikisource-12_2014.ogg|date=8 December 2014}}
* [https://stadt.muenchen.de/en.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408183819/https://stadt.muenchen.de/en.html |date=8 April 2022 }}

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[[Category:Munich]]
[[Category:German state capitals]]
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