Editing Mumia Abu-Jamal

{{Short description|American incarcerated activist (born 1954)}}
{{Redirect|Mumia}}
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{{Infobox criminal
| name              = Mumia Abu-Jamal
| image_name        = Portrait of Mumia Abu-Jamal, c. 1980.jpg
| image_caption     = Abu-Jamal {{circa|1980}}
| birth_name        = Wesley Cook
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1954|04|24}}
| birth_place       = [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| alias             = 
| conviction        = [[Murder (United States law)#Degrees|First degree murder]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]; commuted to [[life imprisonment without parole]]
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| occupation        = Activist, journalist
| spouse            = {{Plain list|
* Biba (c. 1973, div.)<ref name=wives>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzQVpPvlVMcC&q=%22mumia+abu+jamal%22+Biba&pg=PA5|title=American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience|first=Kathlyn|last=Gay|date=September 2, 2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598847642|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* Marilyn (1977 – c. 1980, div.)<ref name=wives/>
* Wadiya (1981–2022, her death)<ref name=wives/><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/100076941143029/posts/pfbid0mwNeTYRdnsQs8nZgw4hp7HWXdYTHCc3njJSRPcbME1SHYHYwCk7NcHUmJmTUapuVl/?sfnsn=mo&mibextid=YsHG2a |website=Facebook |publisher=Malcolm X Commemoration Committee |date=2022-12-29 |title=Please Like and Share our Page!<br/>The Malcolm X Commemoration Committee is stunned and brokenhearted to learn of the sudden passing of our sister and comrade Wadiyah Jamal, the wife of our beloved Mumia Abu Jamal. We will be in attendance of her Janazah tomorrow.<br/>May we encircle Mumia with a ring of love, healing, comfort and support!}}{{better source|date=March 2024}}</ref>
}}
| parents           = 
| children          = 8<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Laura |title=I spend my days preparing for life, not for death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/25/usa.laurasmith |access-date=February 15, 2018 |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 25, 2007 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607034701/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/25/usa.laurasmith |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Mumia Abu-Jamal''' (born '''Wesley Cook''';{{r|Smith 2018}} April 24, 1954) is an American political activist and journalist who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of [[Philadelphia Police Department|Philadelphia police]] officer [[Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal#Shooting victim|Daniel Faulkner]]. While on death row, he wrote and commented on the criminal justice system in the United States. After numerous appeals, his death sentence was overturned by a federal court. In 2011, the prosecution agreed to a sentence of [[life imprisonment]] without parole. He entered the general prison population early the following year.

Beginning at the age of 14 in 1968, Abu-Jamal became involved with the [[Black Panther Party]] and was a member until October 1970, leaving the party at age 16. After leaving, he completed his high school education, and later became a radio reporter. He eventually served as president of the [[Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists]] (1978–1980). He supported [[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|MOVE]], a [[Philadelphia]]-based organization, and covered the 1978 confrontation in which one police officer was killed. The [[MOVE Nine]] were the members who were arrested and convicted of murder in that case.

Since 1982, the murder trial of Abu-Jamal has been seriously criticized for constitutional failings;<ref name="amn">{{cite web | title=A Life in the Balance: The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Amnesty International | date=February 17, 2000 | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AMR51/001/2000 | access-date =October 18, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201103126/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR51/001/2000 |archive-date = December 1, 2008}}</ref> some have claimed that he is innocent, and many opposed his death sentence.<ref>{{cite web | last=Taylor | first=Stuart Jr. | title=Guilty and Framed | magazine=[[The American Lawyer]] | date=December 1, 1995 | url=http://stuarttaylorjr.com/content/guilty-and-framed | access-date=July 31, 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053713/http://stuarttaylorjr.com/content/guilty-and-framed | archive-date=August 8, 2014 | df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite web | title=European Parliament resolution 9(f) B4-1170/95 (p. 39 of original, 49 of pdf) | publisher=[[European Parliament]] | date=September 21, 1995 | url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV2&FILE=19950921EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN | format=PDF | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=October 13, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013154736/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV2&FILE=19950921EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Faulkner family, politicians,<ref name="politicspa.com"/> and other groups involved with law enforcement, state and city governments<ref name="humanite" /> argue that Abu-Jamal's trial was fair, his guilt beyond question, and his death sentence justified. 

When his death sentence was overturned by a federal court in 2001, he was described as "perhaps the world's best-known death-row inmate" by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rimer |first=Sara |date=December 19, 2001 |title=Death Sentence Overturned in 1981 Killing of Officer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/19/us/death-sentence-overturned-in-1981-killing-of-officer.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |access-date=July 6, 2011}}</ref> During his imprisonment, Abu-Jamal has published books and commentaries on social and political issues; his first book was ''[[Live from Death Row]]'' (1995).

== Early life and activism ==
Abu-Jamal was born Wesley Cook in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], where he grew up. He has a younger brother named William. They attended local public schools.

In 1968, a high school teacher, a Kenyan man instructing a class on [[Culture of Africa|African cultures]], encouraged the students to take African or Arabic names for classroom use; he gave Cook the name "Mumia".<ref name="burI">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Prologue: Joining the Party | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=[[The College of New Jersey]] | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/index.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=January 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000716/http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> According to Abu-Jamal, "Mumia" means "Prince" and was the name of several Kenyan [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]] [[African nationalism|African nationalists]] who fought in the [[Mau Mau uprising]] before [[History of Kenya#Independence|Kenyan independence]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Abu-Jamal | first=Mumia | title=Question for Mumia: Tell Me About Your Name | work=Mumia Abu-Jamal Radio Broadcast | publisher=Prison Radio | date=February 7, 2003 | url=http://archive.prisonradio.org/maj/maj_2_7_name.html | access-date=July 11, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191930/http://archive.prisonradio.org/maj/maj_2_7_name.html | archive-date=October 10, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Involvement with the Black Panthers ===
Abu-Jamal has described being "kicked&nbsp;... into the Black Panther Party" as a teenager of 14, after suffering a beating from "white [[racism|racists]]" and a policeman for trying to disrupt a 1968 rally for Independent candidate [[George Wallace#1968 third-party presidential run|George Wallace]], former governor of [[Alabama]], who was running on a racist platform.<ref>{{cite book |author=Abu-Jamal, Mumia|year=1996|title=Live From Death Row|publisher=Harper Perennial|location=New York|page=151|isbn=978-0-380-72766-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Lyman|first=Brian|title=George Wallace: A Segregationist stand for America|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 16, 2018|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/1968-project/2018/08/16/stand-up-america-george-wallaces-chaotic-prophetic-campaign/961043002/|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> From then, he helped form the Philadelphia branch of the Black Panther Party with Defense Captain [[Reggie Schell]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abu Jamal|first1=Mumia|title=We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party|date=2004|publisher=South End Press.|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0896087182|url=http://archive.prisonradio.org/PhiladelphiaStory.htm|access-date=December 5, 2014|archive-date=December 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209071511/http://archive.prisonradio.org/PhiladelphiaStory.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bur1">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part I: "Do Something, Nigger!" | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part1.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=January 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000726/http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part1.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> and other Panthers. He was appointed as the chapter's "Lieutenant of Information," responsible for writing information and news communications. In an interview in the early years, Abu-Jamal quoted [[Mao Zedong]], saying, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun".<ref name="bur5">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Epilogue: The Barrel of a Gun | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part5.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=January 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000731/http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part5.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, he dropped out of [[Benjamin Franklin High School (Philadelphia)|Benjamin Franklin High School]] and began living at the branch's headquarters.<ref name="bur1" />

He spent late 1969 in [[New York City]] and early 1970 in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], living and working with BPP colleagues in those cities; the party's headquarters based in Oakland.<ref name="bur2">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part II: The Party in Philadelphia | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part2.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=February 14, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214124136/http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part2.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> He was a party member from May 1969 until October 1970. During this period, he was subject to illegal surveillance as part of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s [[COINTELPRO]] program, with which the Philadelphia police cooperated. The FBI was working to infiltrate black radical groups and to disrupt them by creating internal dissension.

== Return to education==
After leaving the Panthers, Abu-Jamal returned as a student to his former high school. He was suspended for distributing literature calling for "black revolutionary student power".<ref name="naacp">{{cite web | last=Shaw | first=Theodore M. |author2=Chachkin, Norman J. |author3=Swarns, Christina A. | title=Brief of ''amicus curiae'' | work=Mumia Abu-Jamal v. Martin Horn, Pennsylvania Director of Corrections, et al. | publisher=[[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] | date=July 27, 2007 | url=http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/jury/Abu-Jamal_v_Horn_amicus_brief.pdf | access-date=January 22, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082956/http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/jury/Abu-Jamal_v_Horn_amicus_brief.pdf |archive-date = December 2, 2007}}</ref> He led unsuccessful protests to change the school name to [[Malcolm X]] High, to honor the major African-American leader who had been killed in New York by political opponents.<ref name="naacp" />

After attaining his [[General Educational Development|GED]], Abu-Jamal studied briefly at [[Goddard College]] in rural [[Vermont]].<ref name="tsb">{{cite journal | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Mumia's voice: confined to Pennsylvania's death row, Mumia Abu-Jamal remains at the center of debate as he continues to write and options to appeal his police murder conviction dwindle | journal=[[Black Issues Book Review]] | date=September 1, 2004 | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mumia%27s+voice%3A+confined+to+Pennsylvania%27s+death+row,+Mumia+Abu-Jamal...-a0121572304 | access-date=June 18, 2011}}</ref> He returned to Philadelphia.

== Marriages and family ==
Cook adopted the surname Abu-Jamal ("father of Jamal" in [[Arabic]]) after the birth of his first child, son Jamal, on July 18, 1971.<ref name="burI" /><ref name="bur4">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Part IV: Leaving the Party | work=Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party | publisher=The College of New Jersey | year=2004 | url=http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/parrt4.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=January 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000721/http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/parrt4.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> He married Jamal's mother Biba in 1973, but they did not stay together long.<ref>Bisson, p.119 quoted at {{cite web | title=The Religious Affiliation of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Adherents.com | date=September 3, 2005 | url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Mumia_AbuJamal.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210014849/http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Mumia_AbuJamal.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=February 10, 2006 | access-date=January 22, 2008}}</ref> Their daughter, Lateefa, was born shortly after the wedding.<ref name="majfamily">{{cite web | last=Burroughs | first=Todd Steven | title=Mumia Abu-Jamal's Family Faces Future While Fighting Fear 20th Anniversary of 1981 Shooting Approaches | publisher=[[NNPA]] News Service | date=December 2001 | url=http://drumsintheglobalvillage.com/2006/12/01/remembering-13th-and-locust-25-years-later/ | access-date=November 27, 2012 | archive-date=January 8, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108233442/http://drumsintheglobalvillage.com/2006/12/01/remembering-13th-and-locust-25-years-later/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The couple divorced.

In 1977, Abu-Jamal married again, to his second wife, Marilyn (known as "Peachie").<ref name="bur4" /><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|last=Phelps|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Phelps|url=http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1847|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211021103/http://www2.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0001/e1847|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 11, 2012|title=Abu-Jamal, Mumia|work=African American National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=December 27, 2011}}</ref> Their son, Mazi, was born in early 1978.<ref>See ages given in: {{cite web |last=Vann |first=Bill |title=Tens of thousands rally in Philadelphia for political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal |work=World Socialist Web Site news |publisher=[[International Committee of the Fourth International]] |date=April 27, 1999 |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/apr1999/maj-a27.shtml |access-date=January 22, 2008}} and {{cite magazine |last=Erard |first=Michael |title=A Radical in the Family |magazine=[[The Texas Observer]] |date=July 4, 2003 |url=http://www.michaelerard.com/fulltext/2006/08/a_radical_in_the_family_texas.html |access-date=January 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219171918/http://www.michaelerard.com/fulltext/2006/08/a_radical_in_the_family_texas.html |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1981, Abu-Jamal had divorced Peachie and had married his third (and last) wife, Wadiya, who died unexpectedly on December 27, 2022.<ref name="Oxford" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bringmumiahome.com/wadiya-jamal-the-wife-of-mumia-abu-jamal-passes-away-on-december-27-2022/,%20https://bringmumiahome.com/wadiya-jamal-the-wife-of-mumia-abu-jamal-passes-away-on-december-27-2022/|title=Wadiya Jamal, the wife of Mumia Abu-Jamal, passes away on December…|first=Dawn|last=Reel|website=bringmumiahome.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==Radio journalism career==
[[File:Mumia Abu-Jamal interviews Julius Erving, 1980.jpg|thumb|Abu-Jamal (right), then a reporter for [[WHYY-TV]], interviewing [[Julius Erving]] of the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] in 1980]]
By 1975, Abu-Jamal was working in radio newscasting, first at [[Temple University]]'s [[WRTI]] and then at commercial enterprises.<ref name="naacp" /> In 1975, he was employed at radio station [[WHAT (AM)|WHAT]], and he became host of a weekly feature program at [[WOGL|WCAU-FM]] in 1978.<ref name="pi1">{{cite news | last1=Johnson | first1=Terry E | last2=Hobbs | first2=Michael A | title=The Suspect – One Who Raised His Voice | newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] | date=December 10, 1981 | url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702232822/http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm |archive-date = July 2, 2007}}</ref> He also worked for brief periods at radio station [[WKDN (AM)|WPEN]]. He became active in the local chapter of the Marijuana Users Association of America.<ref name="pi1" />

From 1979 to 1981, he worked at [[NPR|National Public Radio]] (NPR) affiliate [[WHYY-FM|WHYY]]. The management asked him to resign, saying that he did not maintain a sufficiently objective approach in his presentation of news.<ref name="pi1" /> As a radio journalist, Abu-Jamal was renowned for identifying with and covering the [[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|MOVE]] [[anarcho-primitivist]] commune in [[West Philadelphia]]'s [[Powelton Village, Philadelphia|Powelton Village]] neighborhood. He reported on the 1979–80 trial of the "[[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|MOVE Nine]]", who were convicted of the murder of police officer James Ramp.<ref name="pi1" /> Abu-Jamal had several high-profile interviews, including with [[Julius Erving]], [[Bob Marley]], and [[Alex Haley]]. He was elected president of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists.<ref name=TF />

Before joining MOVE, Abu-Jamal reported on the organization.<ref name="Still">{{cite book|first1=Dhoruba|last1=Bin Wahad|first2=Mumia|last2=Abu-Jamal|first3=Assata|last3=Shakur|editor1-first=Jim|editor1-last=Fletcher|editor2-first= Tanaquil|editor2-last=Jones|editor3-first=Sylvere|editor3-last=Lotringer|title=Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War Against Black Revolutionaries|date=1993|publisher=Semiotext(e)|location=New York City|isbn=9780936756745|page=118}}</ref> When he joined MOVE, he said it was because of his love of the people in the organization. Thinking back on it later, he said he "was probably enraged as well".<ref name="Still"/>

In December 1981, Abu-Jamal was working as a taxicab driver in Philadelphia two nights a week to supplement his income.<ref name=TF /> He had been working part-time as a reporter for [[WDAS (AM)#WDAS|WDAS]],<ref name="pi1" /> then an [[African-American culture|African American oriented]] and [[Minority business enterprise|minority-owned]] radio station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/piratejim/phillyamhistory.html|title=Philadelphia AM Radio History|publisher=Radio-History.com|access-date=January 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102193734/http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/piratejim/phillyamhistory.html|archive-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref>

== Traffic stop and murder of officer Faulkner==
{{Main|Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal}}
[[File:Portrait of Daniel Faulkner, c. 1981.jpg|thumb|[[Philadelphia Police Department]] officer Daniel Faulkner]]
At 3:55&nbsp;am on December 9, 1981, in [[Philadelphia]], close to the intersection at 13th and [[Locust Street]]s, [[Philadelphia Police Department]] officer Daniel Faulkner conducted a [[traffic stop]] on a vehicle belonging to and driven by William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother. Faulkner and Cook became engaged in a physical confrontation.<ref name="latimes02071995">{{cite news|last1=Wisenberg Brin|first1=Dinah|title=Death-Row Clock Ticking for Activist Convicted of Killing Officer|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-07-02-mn-19669-story.html|access-date=August 30, 2016|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 2, 1995|archive-date=September 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915071732/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-02/news/mn-19669_1_abu-jamal-shot-faulkner-abu-jamal-s-supporters-mumia-abu-jamal|url-status=live}}</ref> Driving his cab in the vicinity, Abu-Jamal observed the altercation, parked, and ran across the street toward Cook's car.<ref name="amn" /> Faulkner was shot in the back and face. He shot Abu-Jamal in the stomach. Faulkner died at the scene from the gunshot to his head.

=== Arrest and trial===
Police arrived and arrested Abu-Jamal, who was found to be wearing a shoulder holster. His revolver, which had five spent cartridges, was beside him. He was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to [[Thomas Jefferson University Hospital]], where he received treatment for his wound.<ref name="tr">{{cite web|title=Trial and Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA) hearing transcripts |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/docs/MumiaTrialandPCRAAppealsTranscripts.pdf |access-date=January 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030053332/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/docs/MumiaTrialandPCRAAppealsTranscripts.pdf |archive-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> He was next taken to Police
Headquarters, where he was charged and held for trial in the [[Murder (United States law)#Degrees|first-degree murder]] of Officer Faulkner.<ref name="history of the case">{{cite web|url=http://iacenter.org/images/dembe.pdf|title=''Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal'', Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District, Philadelphia, Case Nos. 1357–59|date=November 21, 2001|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119104335/http://www.iacenter.org/images/dembe.pdf|archive-date=November 19, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Prosecution case at trial ===
The prosecution presented four witnesses to the court about the shootings. Robert Chobert, a cab driver who testified he was parked behind Faulkner, identified Abu-Jamal as the shooter. Cynthia White testified that Abu-Jamal emerged from a nearby parking lot and shot Faulkner. Michael Scanlan, a motorist, testified that from two car lengths away he saw a man matching Abu-Jamal's description run across the street from a parking lot and shoot Faulkner. Albert Magilton testified to seeing Faulkner pull over Cook's car. As Abu-Jamal started to cross the street toward them, Magilton turned away and did not see what happened next.

The prosecution presented two witnesses from the hospital where Abu-Jamal was treated. Hospital security guard Priscilla Durham and police officer Garry Bell testified that Abu-Jamal said in the hospital, "I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies."<ref>"Trial transcript pp.29, 31, 34, 137, 162 and 164". ''Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook''. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 24, 1982.</ref>

A [[.38 Special|.38 caliber]] [[Charter Arms]] revolver, belonging to Abu-Jamal, with five spent cartridges, was retrieved beside him at the scene. He was wearing a shoulder holster. Anthony Paul, the Supervisor of the Philadelphia Police Department's firearms identification unit, testified at trial that the cartridge cases and rifling characteristics of the weapon were consistent with bullet fragments taken from Faulkner's body. Tests to confirm that Abu-Jamal had handled and fired the weapon were not performed. Contact with arresting police and other surfaces at the scene could have compromised the [[Forensic science|forensic]] value of such tests.<ref>Prosecution expert witness Charles Tumosa said such tests were "unreliable&nbsp;... It doesn't work if you grab a piece of metal like this or put your hand on a car or touch a firearm or touch a person who has touched a firearm or if you put your hand on the clean city streets or whatever." Defense expert witness George Fassnacht said, "I don't know where he was grasped, but if you are saying that they had contacted his hands, particularly where a great deal of pressure was applied, they could have very well destroyed traces of powder residue if, in fact, such did exist. That is a possibility."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global Forensic and Justice Center. 2013. Forensic Science Simplified [Internet] USA |url=https://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/firearms/how.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129062257/https://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/firearms/how.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Defense case at trial ===
The defense maintained that Abu-Jamal was innocent, and that the prosecution witnesses were unreliable. The defense presented nine [[Character evidence|character witnesses]], including poet [[Sonia Sanchez]], who testified that Abu-Jamal was "viewed by the black community as a creative, articulate, peaceful, genial man". Another defense witness, Dessie Hightower, testified that he saw a man running along the street shortly after the shooting, although he did not see the shooting itself. His testimony contributed to the development of a "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the shooter. Veronica Jones also testified for the defense, but she did not testify to having seen another man. Other potential defense witnesses refused to appear in court. Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense, nor did his brother, William Cook. Cook had repeatedly told investigators at the crime scene: "I ain't got nothing to do with this!"<ref>{{cite news | last=Lopez | first=Steve | title=Wrong Guy, Good Cause | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=July 23, 2000 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,50613,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010131063100/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,50613,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 31, 2001 | access-date=November 23, 2007}}</ref>

=== Verdict and sentence ===
After three hours of deliberations, the jury presented a unanimous guilty verdict.

In the sentencing phase of the trial, Abu-Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement. He was [[cross-examination|cross-examined]] about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill, the prosecuting attorney.

In his statement, Abu-Jamal criticized his attorney as a "legal trained lawyer", who was imposed on him against his will and who "knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black-robed conspirator [referring to the judge], Albert Sabo, even if it meant ignoring my directions." He claimed that his rights had been "deceitfully stolen" from him by Sabo, particularly focusing on the denial of his request to receive defense assistance from [[John Africa]], who was not an attorney, and being prevented from proceeding ''[[Pro se legal representation in the United States|pro se]]''. He quoted remarks of John Africa, and said:

{{Blockquote|style=font-size: 100%;|Does it matter whether a white man is charged with killing a black man or a black man is charged with killing a white man? As for justice when the prosecutor represents the Commonwealth the Judge represents the Commonwealth and the court-appointed lawyer is paid and supported by the Commonwealth, who follows the wishes of the defendant, the man charged with the crime? If the court-appointed lawyer ignores, or goes against the wishes of the man he is charged with representing, whose wishes does he follow? Who does he truly represent or work for?&nbsp;... I am innocent of these charges that I have been charged of and convicted of and despite the connivance of Sabo, McGill and Jackson to deny me my so-called rights to represent myself, to assistance of my choice, to personally select a jury who is totally of my peers, to cross-examine witnesses, and to make both opening and closing arguments, I am still innocent of these charges.}}

Abu-Jamal was sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of the jury. 

[[Amnesty International]] has objected to the introduction by the prosecution at the time of his sentencing of [[propensity evidence|statements from when he was an activist as a youth]]. It also protested the politicization of the trial, noting that there was documented recent history in Philadelphia of [[Police misconduct|police abuse]] and [[Police corruption|corruption]], including [[False evidence|fabricated evidence]] and [[Police brutality|use of excessive force]]. Amnesty International concluded "that the proceedings used to convict and sentence Mumia Abu-Jamal to death were in violation of minimum international standards that govern fair trial procedures and the use of the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]]".<ref name="amn" />

== Appeals and review ==
[[File:Tom Ridge.jpg|thumb|[[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]] [[Tom Ridge]], who signed Abu-Jamal's death warrant on June 1, 1995]]
=== State appeals ===
The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] on March 6, 1989, heard and rejected a direct appeal of his conviction.<ref>{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=555 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=846 | year=1989}}</ref> It subsequently denied rehearing.<ref>{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=569 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=915 | year=1990}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] denied his petition for [[certiorari|writ of ''certiorari'']] on October 1, 1990,<ref>{{cite court | litigants=Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania | vol=498 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=881 | year=1990}}</ref> and denied his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10, 1991.<ref>{{cite court | litigants=Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania | vol=501 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=1214 | year=1991}}</ref><ref name="yn">{{Cite web |last=Yohn |first=William H. Jr. |date=December 2001 |title=Memorandum and Order |url=http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/01D0951P.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228075355/http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/01D0951P.pdf |archive-date=February 28, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |website=Mumia Abu-Jamal, Petitioner, vs. Martin Horn, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, et al., Respondents |publisher=US District Court for the Eastern District of Philadelphia}}</ref>

On June 1, 1995, Abu-Jamal's [[execution warrant|death warrant]] was signed by Pennsylvania Governor [[Tom Ridge]].<ref name="yn" /> Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued state post-conviction review. At the post-conviction review hearings, new witnesses were called. William "Dales" Singletary testified that he saw the shooting, and that the gunman was the passenger in Cook's car. Singletary's account contained discrepancies which rendered it "not credible" in the opinion of the court.<ref name="yn" />

The six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled unanimously that all issues raised by Abu-Jamal, including the claim of [[ineffective assistance of counsel]], were without merit.<ref>{{cite court | litigants=Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal | vol=720 | reporter=A.2d | opinion=79 | year=1998}}</ref> The Supreme Court of the United States denied a petition for ''[[certiorari]]'' against that decision on October 4, 1999, enabling Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999. Its [[Stay of execution|execution was stayed]] as Abu-Jamal began to seek federal [[Habeas corpus in the United States|''habeas corpus'']] review.<ref name="yn" />

In 1999, [[Arnold Beverly]] claimed that he and an unnamed assailant, not Mumia Abu-Jamal, shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a [[contract killing]] because Faulkner was interfering with [[Political corruption|graft]] and payoff to corrupt police.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beverly |first=Arnold |date=June 8, 1999 |title=Affidavit of Arnold Beverly |url=https://freemumia.com/arnold-beverly/#more-223 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=Justice for Police Officer Daniel Faulkner |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121131530/http://freemumia.com/beverlydeclaration.html#more-223 |url-status=live }}</ref> As Abu-Jamal's defense team prepared another appeal in 2001, they were divided over use of the Beverly affidavit. Some thought it usable and others rejected Beverly's story as "not credible".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lindorff |first=Dave |date=June 15, 2001 |title=Mumia's all-or-nothing gamble |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/06/15/mumia//index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214111507/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/06/15/mumia/index.html |archive-date=February 14, 2011 |access-date=September 24, 2010 |work=Salon.com}}</ref>

Private investigator George Newman claimed in 2001 that Chobert had recanted his testimony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=George Michael |date=September 25, 2001 |title=Affidavit of George Michael Newman |url=http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/016_NewmanAFFIDAVIT.rtf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125085633/http://www.laboractionmumia.org/docs/016_NewmanAFFIDAVIT.rtf |archive-date=January 25, 2012 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=Labor Action Committee to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal |format=rdf}}</ref> Commentators noted that police and news photographs of the crime scene did not show Chobert's taxi, and that Cynthia White, the only witness at the original trial to testify to seeing the taxi, had previously provided crime scene descriptions that omitted it.{{cn|date=January 2022}} Cynthia White was [[Presumption of death|declared dead]] by the [[New Jersey|state of New Jersey]] in 1992, but Pamela Jenkins claimed that she saw White alive as late as 1997. The Free Mumia Coalition has claimed that White was a [[Informant|police informant]] and that she falsified her testimony against Abu-Jamal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvette |date=January 28, 2002 |title=Declaration of Yvette Williams |url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20020227mde01en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210162737/http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20020227mde01en.html |archive-date=December 10, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=Free Mumia Coalition}}</ref>

Kenneth Pate, who was imprisoned with Abu-Jamal on other charges, has since claimed that his step-sister Priscilla Durham, a hospital security guard, admitted later she had not heard the "hospital confession" to which she had testified at trial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pate |first=Kenneth |date=April 18, 2003 |title=Declaration of Kenneth Pate |url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20030510mde00en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929042038/http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20030510mde00en.html |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=Free Mumia Coalition}}</ref> The hospital doctors said that Abu-Jamal was "on the verge of fainting" when brought in, and they did not hear any such confession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amnesty International |author-link=Amnesty International |title=The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Life in the Balance |publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=158322081X |page=25}}</ref>

In 2008, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected a further request from Abu-Jamal for a hearing into claims that the trial witnesses [[perjury|perjured]] themselves, on the grounds that he had [[Laches (equity)|waited too long]] before filing the appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lounsberry, Emilie |date=February 20, 2008 |title=Pa. court rebuffs Abu-Jamal on bid for perjury hearing |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=B03}}</ref>

On March 26, 2012, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected his appeal for [[New trial|retrial]]. His defense had asserted, based on a 2009 report by the [[National Academy of Sciences]], that [[Forensic identification|forensic evidence]] presented by the prosecution and accepted into evidence in the original trial was unreliable.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2012 |title=Abu-Jamal Loses His Final Appeal |url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-04/news/31288151_1_mumia-abu-jamal-officer-daniel-faulkner-death-row-inmate |access-date=July 16, 2012 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052808/http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-04/news/31288151_1_mumia-abu-jamal-officer-daniel-faulkner-death-row-inmate |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2012 |title=Order of Judgment by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Eastern District, in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v Mumia Abu-Jamal [J-44-2010] |url=http://www.pacourts.us/OpPosting/Supreme/out/J-44-2010pco.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2012 |publisher=Supreme Court of Pennsylvania}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> This was reported as Abu-Jamal's last legal appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Pa. Supreme Court rejects Mumia Abu-Jamal's last appeal |url=https://6abc.com/archive/8606534/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406050322/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=8606534 |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |access-date=January 27, 2013 |work=WPVI TV |via=ABC News}}</ref>

On April 30, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that Abu-Jamal would not be immediately granted another appeal and that the proceedings had to continue until August 30 of that year.<ref name="skpppma">{{Cite news |date=Apr 30, 2018 |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal's appeals hearing continued until August |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/mumia-abu-jamal-court-seeking-path-appeal-case-54826363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093323/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/mumia-abu-jamal-court-seeking-path-appeal-case-54826363 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The defense argued that former Pennsylvania Supreme Court Chief justice [[Ronald D. Castille]] should have [[Recusal|recused himself]] from the 2012 appeals decision after his involvement as Philadelphia District Attorney (DA) in the 1989 appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 29, 2018 |title=Court hearing held in Mumia Abu Jamal appeal case |url=https://6abc.com/4576121/ |work=[[WPVI-TV]] |access-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609083839/https://6abc.com/4576121/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both sides of the 2018 proceedings repeatedly cited a 1990 letter sent by Castille to then-Governor [[Bob Casey Sr.|Bob Casey]], urging Casey to sign the execution warrants of those convicted of murdering police. This letter, demanding Casey send "a clear and dramatic message to all cop killers," was claimed as one of many reasons to suspect Castille's bias in the case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moselle |first=Aaron |date=October 29, 2018 |title=Upset with delay on Abu-Jamal ruling, officer's widow ordered from courtroom |url=https://whyy.org/articles/final-decision-on-mumia-abu-jamal-appeal-delayed-at-least-a-month/ |work=[[WHYY-FM|WHYY]] |access-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030428/https://whyy.org/articles/final-decision-on-mumia-abu-jamal-appeal-delayed-at-least-a-month/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Philadelphia's current DA [[Larry Krasner]] stated he could not find any document supporting the defense's claim. On August 30, 2018, the proceedings to determine another appeal were once again extended and a ruling on the matter was delayed for at least 60 more days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal appeal hearing gets 60-day continuance |url=http://www.fox29.com/news/mumia-abu-jamal-in-court-thursday-seeking-new-appeal |work=[[WTXF-TV]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830175102/http://www.fox29.com/news/mumia-abu-jamal-in-court-thursday-seeking-new-appeal |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2019, Krasner agreed drop his opposition a new appeal effort for Abu-Jamal, thus paving the way for a new hearing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/ex-black-panther-mumia-abu-jamal-could-get-new-hearing-in-1981-police-death/108779/|title=Ex-Black Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal Will Get New Hearing in 1981 Police Killing|first=Maryclaire|last=Dale|publisher=NBC 10 Philadelphia|date=April 17, 2019|accessdate=March 12, 2025}}</ref> In March 2023, Philadelphia-based Common Pleas Court Judge Lucretia Clemons would block this latest appeal effort.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/mumia-abu-jamal-appeal-denied-philadelphia-police-daniel-faulkner-20230406.html|title=Mumia Abu-Jamal’s four-decade quest to overturn his murder conviction has again been denied by a Philly judge|first=Chris|last=Palmer|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=April 6, 2023|accessdate=March 12, 2025}}</ref>

=== Federal District Court 2001 ruling ===
The Free Mumia Coalition published statements by William Cook and his brother Abu-Jamal in the spring of 2001. Cook, who had been stopped by the police officer, had not made any statement before April 29, 2001, and did not testify at his brother's trial. In 2001 he said that he had not seen who had shot Faulkner.<ref>{{cite web | last=Cook | first=William | title=Declaration of William Cook | publisher=Free Mumia Coalition | date=April 29, 2001 | url=http://www.freemumia.com/?page_id=217 | access-date=December 1, 2011 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904172212/http://www.freemumia.com/?page_id=217 | archive-date=September 4, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Abu-Jamal did not make any public statements about Faulkner's murder until May 4, 2001. In his version of events, he claimed that he was sitting in his cab across the street when he heard shouting, saw a police vehicle, and heard the sound of gunshots. Upon seeing his brother appearing disoriented across the street, Abu-Jamal ran to him from the parking lot and was shot by a police officer.<ref>{{cite web | last=Abu-Jamal | first=Mumia | title=Declaration of Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=Justice for Police Officer Daniel Faulkner | date=May 4, 2001 | url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/testimony.html | access-date=December 1, 2011 | archive-date=January 18, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118173600/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/testimony.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2001, Judge [[William H. Yohn, Jr.]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]] upheld the conviction, saying that Abu-Jamal did not have the right to a new trial. He [[Vacated judgment|vacated the sentence]] of death on December 18, 2001, citing irregularities in the penalty phase of the trial and the original process of sentencing.<ref name="yn" /> He said that "the [[jury instructions]] and verdict sheet in this case involved an unreasonable application of federal law. The charge and verdict form created a reasonable likelihood that the jury believed it was precluded from considering any [[Mitigating factor|mitigating circumstance]] that had not been found unanimously to exist."<ref name = "yn" /> He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to commence new sentencing proceedings within 180 days,<ref>{{cite news | title =Abu-Jamal's death sentence overturned | work =BBC News | date =December 18, 2001 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1718274.stm | access-date =January 22, 2008 | archive-date =February 15, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080215113001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1718274.stm | url-status =live }}</ref> and ruled [[Constitutionality#Examples of unconstitutional actions|unconstitutional]] the requirement that a jury be unanimous in its finding of circumstances mitigating against a sentence of death.<ref>See p.70 of the July 2006 appeal brief for Abu-Jamal before the U.S. Court of Appeal, citing Yohn's ruling in the U.S. District Court, the [[Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighth]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], and the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] [[precedent]] of ''Mills v. Maryland,'' 486 U.S. 367 (1988)</ref>

Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticized the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a ''[[trial de novo]]'', at which they could introduce evidence that their client had been framed.<ref>{{cite web | author =Piette, Betsey | title =Mumia still waiting for due process | publisher =International Concerned Family and Friends of Mumia Abu-Jamal | date =March 6, 2003 | url =http://www.mumia2000.org/alerts/legalupdate3-03.html | access-date =January 22, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061002160512/http://www.mumia2000.org/alerts/legalupdate3-03.html | archive-date =October 2, 2006 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Prosecutors also criticized the ruling. Officer Faulkner's widow Maureen said the judgment would allow Abu-Jamal, whom she described as a "remorseless, hate-filled killer", to "be permitted to enjoy the pleasures that come from simply being alive".<!-- But this is not a prosecutor's statement; what did they say? --><ref>{{cite news | last =Rimer | first =Sara | title =Death sentence overturned in 1981 killing of officer | newspaper =The New York Times | date =December 19, 2001 | url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html | access-date =January 22, 2008 | archive-date =February 9, 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030954/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html | url-status =live }}</ref> Both parties appealed.

=== Federal appeal and review ===
On December 6, 2005, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court of Appeals]] admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the District Court:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lindorff |first=Dave |date=December 8, 2005 |title=A victory for Mumia |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/12/08/mumia/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211052710/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/12/08/mumia/index.html |archive-date=December 11, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}</ref> 
# in relation to sentencing, whether the jury verdict form had been flawed and the judge's instructions to the jury had been confusing; 
# in relation to conviction and sentencing, whether [[Racism|racial bias]] in [[jury selection]] existed to an extent tending to produce an inherently biased jury and therefore an unfair trial (the ''[[Batson v. Kentucky|Batson]]'' claim); 
# in relation to conviction, whether the prosecutor improperly attempted to reduce jurors' sense of responsibility by telling them that a guilty verdict would be subsequently vetted and subject to appeal; and
# in relation to post-conviction review hearings in 1995–1996, whether the presiding judge, who had also presided at the trial, demonstrated unacceptable bias in his conduct.

The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court]] heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia. The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge [[Anthony Joseph Scirica]], Judge [[Thomas L. Ambro|Thomas Ambro]], and Judge [[Robert Cowen]]. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sought to reinstate the sentence of death, on the basis that Yohn's ruling was flawed, as he should have deferred to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court which had already ruled on the issue of sentencing. The prosecution said that the ''Batson'' claim was invalid because Abu-Jamal made no complaints during the original jury selection.

The resulting jury was racially mixed, with 2 blacks and 10 whites at the time of the unanimous conviction, but defense counsel told the Third Circuit Court that Abu-Jamal did not get a fair trial because the jury was racially biased, misinformed, and the judge was a racist. He noted that the prosecution used eleven out of fourteen [[peremptory challenge]]s to eliminate prospective black jurors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Johanna |date=2014-01-21 |title=10 Facts about the Mumia Abu-Jamal Case |url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/01/10-facts-about-the-mumia-abu-jamal-case/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130082635/http://thefeministwire.com/2014/01/10-facts-about-the-mumia-abu-jamal-case/ |archive-date=2014-01-30 |website=The Feminist Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Shannon P. |date=May 18, 2007 |title=Spectators Pack Courtroom as 3rd Circuit Hears Appeal in Mumia Abu-Jamal Case |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179392702456 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=The Legal Intelligencer |archive-date=February 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219072515/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179392702456 |url-status=live }}</ref> Terri Maurer-Carter, a former Philadelphia [[Court reporter|court stenographer]], stated in a 2001 [[affidavit]] that she overheard Judge Sabo say "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the [[nigger]]," in the course of a conversation with three people present regarding Abu-Jamal's case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurer-Carter |first=Terri |date=August 21, 2001 |title=Declaration of Terri Maurer-Carter |url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20010903mde02en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210162741/http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20010903mde02en.html |archive-date=December 10, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=Free Mumia Coalition}}</ref> Sabo denied having made any such comment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Conroy |first=Theresa |date=September 4, 2001 |title=She's 'scared' by impact of her allegation &nbsp;– Says Mumia judge made a racist remark |work=Philadelphia Daily News}}</ref>

On March 27, 2008, the three-judge panel issued a majority 2–1 [[judicial opinion|opinion]] upholding Yohn's 2001 opinion but rejecting the bias and ''Batson'' claims, with Judge Ambro dissenting on the ''Batson'' issue. On July 22, 2008, Abu-Jamal's formal petition seeking reconsideration of the decision by the full Third Circuit panel of 12 judges was denied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2008 |title=Sur Petition for Rehearing Abu-Jamal v. Horn et al. |url=http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/casesofinterest/mumia/019014o.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912104929/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/casesofinterest/mumia/019014o.pdf |archive-date=September 12, 2008 |access-date=September 2, 2008 |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit}}</ref> On April 6, 2009, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] refused to hear Abu-Jamal's appeal, allowing his conviction to stand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 6, 2009 |title=Supreme Court lets Mumia Abu-Jamal's conviction stand |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/04/06/mumia.supreme.court/ |access-date=April 6, 2009 |work=CNN}}</ref>

On January 19, 2010, the Supreme Court ordered the appeals court to reconsider its decision to rescind the death penalty.<ref name="supreme2010Reuters">{{Cite news |date=January 19, 2010 |title=U.S. court sends back Abu-Jamal death penalty case |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60I3GL20100119 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffrey A. Beard, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, et al. v. Mumia Abu-Jamal, case no. 01-9014 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-652.htm |access-date=December 1, 2011 |website=US Supreme Court |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726073405/http://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-652.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The same three-judge panel convened in Philadelphia on November 9, 2010, to hear oral argument.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumia Abu Jamal v. Beard et al. |url=http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/oralargument/audio/01-9014MumiaAbuJamalvBeardetal.wma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408120300/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/oralargument/audio/01-9014MumiaAbuJamalvBeardetal.wma |archive-date=April 8, 2013}}</ref>{{secondary source needed|date=May 2024}} On April 26, 2011, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals reaffirmed its prior decision to vacate the death sentence on the grounds that the jury instructions and verdict form were ambiguous and confusing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dale |first=Maryclaire |date=April 26, 2011 |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal Granted New Sentencing Hearing |url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Mumia-Abu-Jamal-Granted-New-Sentencing-Hearing-120701049.html |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=NBC |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119061804/http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Mumia-Abu-Jamal-Granted-New-Sentencing-Hearing-120701049.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court declined to hear the case in October.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Timothy |date=December 7, 2011 |title=Execution Case Dropped Against Abu-Jamal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/us/execution-case-dropped-against-convicted-cop-killer.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article |access-date=March 31, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123151/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/us/execution-case-dropped-against-convicted-cop-killer.html?action=click&contentCollection=Opinion&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Death penalty dropped ===
On December 7, 2011, [[District Attorney of Philadelphia]] [[R. Seth Williams]] announced that prosecutors, with the support of the victim's family, would no longer seek the death penalty for Abu-Jamal and would accept a sentence of [[Life imprisonment in the United States|life imprisonment without parole]].<ref name=dpdropped>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=143269635|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111209113004/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=143269635|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2011|title=Death Penalty Dropped Against Mumia Abu-Jamal|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=December 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=D.A.: Abu-Jamal can go rot in cell|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-12-08/news/30490785_1_mumia-abu-jamal-maureen-faulkner-officer-daniel-Faulkner|publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Network|philly.com]]|date=December 8, 2011|access-date=April 1, 2015|archive-date=March 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308044446/http://articles.philly.com/2011-12-08/news/30490785_1_mumia-abu-jamal-maureen-faulkner-officer-daniel-faulkner|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=timeslife>{{cite news |last=Williams|first=Timothy|title=Execution Case Dropped Against Abu-Jamal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/us/execution-case-dropped-against-convicted-cop-killer.html|access-date=December 7, 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 7, 2011}}</ref> This sentence was reaffirmed by the [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania]] on July 9, 2013.<ref>[http://www.pacourts.us/assets/opinions/Superior/out/j-a16019-13m%20-%201014799991652890.pdf#search=%22mumia%22 Decision of Appeal upon Judgment of Sentence in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v Mumia Abu-Jamal], Superior Court of Pennsylvania (July 9, 2013)</ref>

After the press conference on the sentence, widow Maureen Faulkner said that she did not want to relive the trauma of another trial. She understood that it would be extremely difficult to present the case against Abu-Jamal again, after the passage of 30 years and the deaths of several key witnesses. She also reiterated her belief that Abu-Jamal [[Hell|will be punished further after death]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Maureen-Faulkers-Message-to-Mumia-Abu-Jamal-135175638.html |title=Widow's Message to Mumia Abu-Jamal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 7, 2011 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=April 16, 2015 |archive-date=April 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420065928/http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Maureen-Faulkers-Message-to-Mumia-Abu-Jamal-135175638.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Life as a prisoner ==
In 1991, Abu-Jamal published an essay in the ''[[Yale Law Journal]]'', on the death penalty and his death row experience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abu-Jamal |first=Mumia |date=1991 |title=Teetering on the Brink: Between Death and Life |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol100/iss4/3 |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=993–1003 |doi=10.2307/796712 |issn=0044-0094 |jstor=796712 |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024612/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol100/iss4/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1994, Abu-Jamal was engaged by [[NPR]]'s ''[[All Things Considered]]'' program to deliver a series of monthly three-minute commentaries on crime and punishment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carter |first=Kevin L |date=May 16, 1994 |title=A voice of Death Row to be heard on NPR |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-16-94.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145117/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-16-94.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were canceled following condemnations from, among others, the [[Fraternal Order of Police]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carter |first=Kevin L |date=May 17, 1994 |title=Inmate's broadcasts canceled |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-17-94.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145122/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-17-94.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> and Senate Minority Leader [[Bob Dole]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 1996 |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal Sues NPR, Claiming Censorship |url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/npr.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213201420/http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/npr.html |archive-date=February 13, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=[[TruTV|Court TV]]}}</ref> Abu-Jamal sued NPR for not airing his work, but a federal judge dismissed the suit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 22, 1997 |title=Judge Dismisses Inmate's Suit Against NPR |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> His commentaries later were published in May 1995 as part of his first book, ''Live from Death Row.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 1995 |title=Inmate's commentaries, dropped by NPR, will appear in print |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/3-6-95.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145112/http://fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/3-6-95.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref>

In 1996, he completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. degree]] via [[Distance education|correspondence classes]] at [[Goddard College]],<ref name="free">{{Cite web |last=Schwartzapfel |first=Beth |date=November 24, 2014 |title=Do Convicted Killers Deserve Free Speech? |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2014/11/24/do-convicted-killers-deserve-free-speech |access-date=August 15, 2018 |website=The Marshall Project}}</ref>  which he had attended for a time as a young man. He has been invited as [[Commencement speech|commencement speaker]] by a number of colleges and has participated via recordings. In 1999, Abu-Jamal was invited to record a keynote address for the graduating class at [[Evergreen State College]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]]. The event was protested by some.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal to Speak at College Graduation Ceremonies |date=May 26, 1999 |publisher=Peter Bohmer of [[Evergreen State College]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] |url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/b/bohmerp/znetmay99.htm |access-date=January 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930102843/http://academic.evergreen.edu/b/bohmerp/znetmay99.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2017}}</ref> In 2000, he recorded a commencement address for [[Antioch College]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Reynolds |first=Mark |date=June 2, 2004 |title=Whatever Happened to Mumia Abu-Jamal? |url=http://www.popmatters.com/columns/reynolds/040602.shtml |access-date=January 22, 2008 |magazine=[[PopMatters]] |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216005423/http://www.popmatters.com/columns/reynolds/040602.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The now defunct [[New College of California School of Law]] presented him with an [[honorary degree]] "for his struggle to resist the death penalty."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degrees |url=http://www.newcollege.edu/law/honorary_degrees.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062033/http://www.newcollege.edu/law/honorary_degrees.cfm |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=New College of California School of Law}}</ref>

On October 5, 2014, he gave the commencement speech at [[Goddard College]], via playback of a recording.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal to Give Commencement Speech at Goddard College |url=http://www.goddard.edu/news-events/press-releases/mumia-abu-jamal-give-commencement-speech-goddard-college |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095021/http://www.goddard.edu/news-events/press-releases/mumia-abu-jamal-give-commencement-speech-goddard-college |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> As before, the choice of Abu-Jamal was controversial.<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[WCAX]] |first=Jennifer |last=Costa |date=2014-10-01 |title=Why a commencement speaker at Goddard College is fueling national headlines |url=http://www.wcax.com/story/26681147/why-a-commencement-speaker-at-goddard-college-is-fueling-national-headlines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015132137/http://www.wcax.com/story/26681147/why-a-commencement-speaker-at-goddard-college-is-fueling-national-headlines |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> Ten days later the Pennsylvania legislature had passed an addition to the Crime Victims Act called "Revictimization Relief." The new provision is intended to prevent actions that cause "a temporary or permanent state of mental anguish" to those who have previously been victimized by crime. It was signed by Republican governor [[Tom Corbett]] five days later. Commentators suggest that the bill was directed to control Abu-Jamal's journalism, book publication, and public speaking, and that it would be challenged on the grounds of [[Freedom of speech|free speech]].<ref name="free" />

With occasional interruptions due to prison disciplinary actions, Abu-Jamal has for many years been a regular commentator on an online broadcast, sponsored by [[Prison Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu-Jamal |first=Mumia |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal's Radio Broadcasts&nbsp;– essay transcripts and archived mp3 |url=http://www.PrisonRadio.org/mumia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027080503/http://www.prisonradio.org/mumia.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |publisher=PrisonRadio.org}}</ref> He also is published as a regular columnist for ''[[Junge Welt]],'' a [[Marxism|Marxist]] newspaper in [[Germany]]. For almost a decade, Abu-Jamal taught introductory courses in [[Georgism|Georgist]] economics by correspondence to other prisoners around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2007}}</ref>

In addition, he has written and published several books: ''Live From Death Row'' (1995), a diary of life on Pennsylvania's death row; ''All Things Censored'' (2000), a collection of essays examining issues of crime and punishment; ''Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience'' (2003), in which he explores religious themes; and ''[[We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party]]'' (2004), a history of the Black Panthers that draws on his own experience and research, and discusses the federal government's program known as [[COINTELPRO]] to disrupt black activist organizations.

In 1995, Abu-Jamal was punished with [[solitary confinement]] for engaging in entrepreneurship contrary to prison regulations. Subsequent to the airing of the 1996 [[HBO]] documentary ''[[Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case For Reasonable Doubt?|Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt?]],'' which included footage from visitation interviews conducted with him, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Corrections]] banned outsiders from using any recording equipment in state prisons.<ref name = "tsb" />

In litigation before the [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. Court of Appeals]], in 1998, Abu-Jamal successfully established his right while in prison to write for financial gain. The same litigation also established that the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections had illegally opened his mail in an attempt to establish whether he was earning money by his writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |date=August 25, 1998 |title=Opinion in ''Mumia Abu-Jamal v. James Price, Martin Horn, and Thomas Fulcomer'', No. 96-3756 |url=http://vls.law.vill.edu/locator/3d/Aug1998/98a1947p.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221231850/http://vls.law.vill.edu/locator/3d/Aug1998/98a1947p.txt |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2008 |website=[[Villanova University#School of Law (1953)|Villanova University School of Law]] |format=txt}}</ref>

When, for a brief time in August 1999, Abu-Jamal began delivering his radio commentaries live on the [[Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Network's]] ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' weekday radio newsmagazine, prison staff severed the connecting wires of his telephone from their mounting in mid-performance.<ref name = "tsb" /> He was later allowed to resume his broadcasts, and hundreds of his broadcasts have been aired on Pacifica Radio.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Abu-Jamal, Mumia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of African American History |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA6 |last=Burroughs |first=Todd Steven |volume=1 |page=6 |isbn=978-0-19-516779-5}}</ref>

Following the overturning of his death sentence, Abu-Jamal was sentenced to life in prison in December 2011. At the end of January 2012, he was shifted from the isolation of [[death row]] into the general prison population at [[State Correctional Institution&nbsp;– Mahanoy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummer |first=Frank |date=January 29, 2012 |title=Abu-Jamal moved into general prison population for first time |url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-29/news/30676223_1_abu-jamal-supporters-mumia-abu-jamal-abu-jamal-in-recent-appeals |access-date=April 26, 2012 |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224410/http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-29/news/30676223_1_abu-jamal-supporters-mumia-abu-jamal-abu-jamal-in-recent-appeals |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2015, his attorneys filed suit in the [[U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania]], alleging that he has not received appropriate medical care for his serious health conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abolitionist Law Center |url=https://abolitionistlawcenter.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/abu-jamal-v-kerestes-et-al-amended-complaint.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135348/https://abolitionistlawcenter.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/abu-jamal-v-kerestes-et-al-amended-complaint.pdf |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> In April 2021, he tested positive for [[COVID-19]] and was scheduled for heart surgery to relieve blocked coronary arteries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=Emily |date=April 15, 2021 |title='We are here to save a life': Mumia Abu-Jamal to undergo heart surgery; supporters call for his release |url=https://whyy.org/articles/we-are-here-to-save-a-life-mumia-abu-jamal-to-undergo-heart-surgery-supporters-call-for-his-release/ |work=[[WHYY-FM]]}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Brown University|Brown University's]] [[John Hay Library]] acquired Abu-Jamal's personal papers as part of its Voices of Mass Incarceration collecting initiative. According to a Brown University archivist, the Abu-Jamal collection "is the largest and only collection relating to a person who is still incarcerated."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Brown University Acquires the Papers of Mumia Abu-Jamal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/arts/mumia-abu-jamal-brown.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=To advance research on incarceration, Brown acquires personal papers of prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-08-24/incarceration |language=en |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Brown University}}</ref>

== Popular support and opposition ==
{{See also|Mumia Abu-Jamal in popular culture}}
[[File:Mumia by Mike Alewitz.jpg|thumb|A 1995 banner by American muralist [[Mike Alewitz]]]]
[[File:Freygang - Mumia Abu-Jamal 03.jpg|thumb|Concert at a Free Mumia demonstration in [[Germany]] in 2007]]
[[File:Photo of anti Mumia Abu Jamal T-Shirt.JPG|thumb|An anti-Abu-Jamal T-shirt sold in [[Philadelphia]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Justice For Daniel Faulkner T-Shirts | publisher=danielfaulkner.com | url=http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/Tshirt.html | access-date=January 22, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218030932/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/original/Tshirt.html | archive-date=February 18, 2008 | df=mdy-all}}</ref>]]
[[Labor unions in the United States|Labor unions]],<ref>{{cite press release | title=San Francisco ILWU Local 10 Executive Board Resolution&nbsp;– Support for April 24, 1999 demonstrations in favor of the cause of Mumia Abu-Jamal (also describing support of other named labor union groups) | publisher=[[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] (ILWU) | date=February 9, 1999 | url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/8425/unionmumia.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020041904/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/8425/unionmumia.htm | archive-date=October 20, 2009 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=Service Employees International Union (SEIU) voted without dissent to demand justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal | publisher=International Convention of the [[Service Employees International Union|SEIU]] | year=1999 | url=http://www.iacenter.org/polprisoners/maj_seiu.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002161704/http://www.iacenter.org/polprisoners/maj_seiu.htm | archive-date=October 2, 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=Formal resolution "support(ing) a new, fair trial for activist Mumia Abu-Jamal" | publisher=[[American Postal Workers Union]] (APWU) | date=July 26, 2000 | url=http://www.apwu.org/news/nsb/2000/nsb13-conv03-2000-072600.htm | access-date=October 18, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065911/http://www.apwu.org/news/nsb/2000/nsb13-conv03-2000-072600.htm | archive-date=September 28, 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> politicians,<ref name="parl" /> advocates,<ref>{{cite journal | author=Elijah, Jill Soffiyah | title=Brief of Amici Curiae National Lawyers Guild, National Conference of Black Lawyers, International Association of Democratic Lawyers et al. in support of Mumia Abu-Jamal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit | publisher=[[National Lawyers Guild]] | date=July 26, 2006 | url=http://awesome.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/mumia_final.pdf | access-date=February 15, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726162313/http://awesome.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/mumia_final.pdf | archive-date=July 26, 2011 | df=mdy-all}}</ref> educators,<ref>{{cite web | title=Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal website | publisher=Educators for Mumia Abu-Jamal | url=http://www.emajonline.com/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709074933/http://www.emajonline.com/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 9, 2007 | access-date=January 22, 2008 }}</ref> the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]],<ref name="naacp" /> and [[Human rights|human rights advocacy]] organizations such as [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Human Rights Watch | title=United States 1996 country report&nbsp;– citing advocacy on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the Superintendent of Waynesburg State Correctional Institution in 1995 | version=From World Report 1996 | publisher=Human Rights Watch | year=1996 | url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Back.htm | access-date=January 22, 2008}}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]] have expressed concern about the impartiality of the trial of Abu-Jamal.<ref name="amn" /> Amnesty International neither takes a position on the guilt or innocence of Abu-Jamal nor classifies him as a [[political prisoner]].<ref name="amn" />

The family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the City of Philadelphia,<ref name="humanite" /> politicians,<ref name="humanite" /><ref name="politicspa.com">{{cite press release | title=59th Republican Ward Executive Committee Files Criminal Charges Against Cities of Paris and Suburb for 'Glorifying' Infamous Philadelphia Cop-Killer | author=59th Republican Ward Executive Committee, City of Philadelphia | date=December 11, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011555/http://www.politicspa.com/pressreleasedetailed.asp?id=7501 | access-date=October 26, 2008 |url=http://www.politicspa.com/pressreleasedetailed.asp?id=7501 |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> and the [[National Fraternal Order of Police|Fraternal Order of Police]] have continued to support the original trial and sentencing of the journalist.<ref name=fop>{{cite web|title=The Danny Faulkner Story&nbsp;– Related Information |publisher=Fraternal Order of Police |url=http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/info.shtml |access-date=January 22, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218191439/http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/info.shtml |archive-date=December 18, 2007 }}</ref> In August 1999, the Fraternal Order of Police called for an economic [[boycott]] against all individuals and organizations that support Abu-Jamal.<ref>{{cite press release | title=FOP attacks supporters of convicted cop killer | publisher=Fraternal Order of Police | date=August 11, 1999 | url=http://www.fop.net/servlet/display/news_article?id=177&XSL=xsl_pages%2fpublic_news_individual.xsl | access-date=January 22, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012094209/http://www.fop.net/servlet/display/news_article?id=177&XSL=xsl_pages%2Fpublic_news_individual.xsl | archive-date=October 12, 2007 | df=mdy-all}}</ref> Many such groups operate within the [[Prison-Industrial Complex]], a system which Abu-Jamal has frequently criticized.<ref name="Friedmann">Alex Friedmann (January 15, 2012). [https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2012/jan/15/the-societal-impact-of-the-prison-industrial-complex-or-incarceration-for-fun-and-profitmostly-profit/ The Societal Impact of the Prison Industrial Complex, or Incarceration for Fun and Profit—Mostly Profit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808115232/https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2012/jan/15/the-societal-impact-of-the-prison-industrial-complex-or-incarceration-for-fun-and-profitmostly-profit/ |date=August 8, 2014 }}.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Abu-Jamal|first=Mumia|date=1996|title=Mumia Abu-Jamal: Prison Industrial Complex|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSa-rrjP_jk|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=Youtube}}</ref>

Partly based on his own writing, Abu-Jamal and his cause have become widely known internationally, and other groups have classified him as a political prisoner. About 25 cities, including [[Montreal]], [[Palermo]], and [[Paris]], have made him an [[honorary citizenship|honorary citizen]].<ref name=TF>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J92_gTAcjosC|author=O'Connor, J. Patrick|title=The Framing of Mumia Abu-Jamal|date = May 2008|pages=54–55, 199|publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn = 9781569763940}}</ref><ref name="humanite">{{cite news|last=Ceïbe |first=Cathy |translator1-first=Patrick |translator-last=Bolland |title=USA Sues Paris: From Death Row, Mumia Stirs Up More Controversy |newspaper=[[L'Humanité]] |date=November 13, 2006 |url=http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article423.html |access-date=January 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103010603/http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/article423.html |archive-date=January 3, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2001, he received the sixth biennial [[Erich Mühsam]] Prize, named after an [[anarcho-communist]] essayist, which recognizes activism in line with that of its namesake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.erich-muehsam-gesellschaft.de/?cat=empreis |title=Chief page for the prize at the Web site of the Erich Mühsam Society (in German) |publisher=Erich-muehsam-gesellschaft.de |access-date=December 1, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182315/http://www.erich-muehsam-gesellschaft.de/?cat=empreis |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2002, he was made an honorary member of the German political organization [[Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime]].<ref>{{cite news | title=With United Power Forward | publisher=[[Junge Welt]] | date=October 7, 2002 | url=http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20021031mde00de.html | access-date=February 15, 2011 | language=de | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511183847/http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20021031mde00de.html | archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status=dead }}.</ref>

On April 29, 2006, a newly paved road in the Parisian suburb of [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]] was named Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in his honor.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Simons | first=Stefan | title=Paris Street for Mumia Abu-Jamal Sparks Trans-Atlantic Row | magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] | date=June 29, 2006 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,423872,00.html | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=March 28, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328192342/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,423872,00.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In protest of the street-naming, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] [[Mike Fitzpatrick|Michael Fitzpatrick]] and Senator [[Rick Santorum]], both members of the [[Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania|Republican Party of Pennsylvania]], introduced resolutions in both [[United States Congress|Houses of Congress]] condemning the decision.<ref>{{cite web | title=HR 407, 109th U.S. Congress | publisher=GovTrack.us | date=May 19, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hc109-407 | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=September 27, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193949/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hc109-407 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SR 102, 109th U.S. Congress | publisher=GovTrack.us | date=June 15, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sc109-102 | access-date=January 22, 2008 | archive-date=September 27, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194401/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sc109-102 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The House of Representatives voted 368–31 in favor of Fitzpatrick's resolution.<ref>{{cite web | title=HR 1082, 109th U.S. Congress | publisher=GovTrack.us | date=December 6, 2006 | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=hr109-1082 | access-date=January 22, 2008}}</ref> In December 2006, the 25th anniversary of the murder, the executive committee of the [[Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania|Republican Party]] for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia—covering approximately [[Germantown, Philadelphia]]—filed two criminal complaints in the [[Law of France|French legal system]] against [[Paris#Administration|the city of Paris]] and the city of Saint-Denis, accusing the municipalities of "glorifying" Abu-Jamal and alleging the offense "apology or denial of crime" in respect of their actions.<ref name="humanite" /><ref name="politicspa.com" />

In 2007, the widow of Officer Faulkner co-authored a book with Philadelphia radio journalist [[Michael Smerconish]] titled ''Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Pain, Loss, and Injustice.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22129850/ns/today-today_people/t/officers-widow-speaks-out-mumia-case/|title=Officer's widow speaks out on Mumia case|first=Mike|last=Celizic|work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=December 6, 2007|access-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003081101/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22129850/ns/today-today_people/t/officers-widow-speaks-out-mumia-case/|archive-date=October 3, 2012}}</ref> The book was part memoir of Faulkner's widow and part discussion in which they chronicled Abu-Jamal's trial and discussed evidence for his conviction. They also discussed support for the death penalty.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-1-59921-376-7|title=Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Loss, Pain, and Injustice|first1=Maureen|last1=Faulkner|first2=Michael A.|last2=Smerconish|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2007|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/murderedbymumial00faul}}</ref>

In early 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] nominated [[Debo Adegbile]], a former lawyer for the [[NAACP Legal Defense Fund]], to head the [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|civil rights division of the Justice Department]]. He had worked on Abu-Jamal's case, and his nomination was rejected by the U.S. Senate on a bipartisan basis because of that.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Jonathan|title=Senate Rejects Obama Nominee Linked to Abu-Jamal Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/us/politics/senate-rejects-obama-nominee-linked-to-abu-jamal-case.html?hp|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2014|date=March 5, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305191424/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/us/politics/senate-rejects-obama-nominee-linked-to-abu-jamal-case.html?hp|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Goddard College invited Abu-Jamal to give a recorded commencement speech in 2014 and an outcry by the police union against this, the Revictimization Relief Act was introduced, passed and signed into Pennsylvania law. It allowed victims and prosecutors to sue if a perpetrator causes a "state of mental anguish" by perpetuating "the continuing effect of a crime on the victim." The law was struck down in April 2015 as a vague and overbroad restriction on free speech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-04 |title=The "Gag Mumia" Law |url=https://kersplebedeb.com/posts/the-gag-mumia-law/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Kersplebedeb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Anna |date=May 1, 2015 |title=Judge weighs in favor of First Amendment by striking down 'Silencing Act' |url=https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/silencing_act_struck_down.php |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref>

On April 10, 2015, Marylin Zuniga, a teacher at Forest Street Elementary School in [[Orange, New Jersey]], was suspended without pay after asking her students to write cards to Abu-Jamal, who was ill in prison due to complications from [[diabetes]], without approval from the school or parents. Some parents and police leaders denounced her actions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/nj-teacher-3rd-grade-class-write-convicted-killer-article-1.2181479 |title=New Jersey teacher suspended after third-graders write get-well cards to convicted cop killer Mumia Abu-Jamal |author=Rachelle Blidner |date=April 11, 2015 |website=nydailynews.com |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=May 12, 2015}}</ref> Conversely, some community members, parents, teachers, and professors expressed support for Zuniga and condemned her suspension.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donna-nevel/putting-our-children-firs_b_7108800.html |title=Putting Our Children First: Teacher Marilyn Zuniga Should Be Back in Her Classroom |author=Donna Nevel |date=April 22, 2015 |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] |access-date=May 12, 2015 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426071749/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/donna-nevel/putting-our-children-firs_b_7108800.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Scholars and educators nationwide, including [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Chris Hedges]] and [[Cornel West]] among others, signed a letter calling for her immediate reinstatement.<ref>{{cite letter |recipient=Dwayne D. Warren, Esq., Mayor of Orange, New Jersey, Ronald Lee, Patricia A. Arthur, Jeffrey Wingfield, Abdul Shabazz Ashanti, E. Lydell Carter, Paula Desormes, Marion Graves-Jackson and Cristina Mateo |subject=Scholars and Educators in Support of Marylin Zuniga |language=en |date=May 12, 2015 |url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ktO2D3Vu0dbrJS9jfLH9bH5zIU4ppH74tGTxMn9vrzU/viewform |access-date=May 12, 2015 }}</ref> On May 13, 2015, the Orange Preparatory Academy board voted to dismiss Marylin Zuniga after hearing from her and several of her supporters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2015/05/nj_teacher_fired_over_students_get_well_letters_to.html |title=N.J. teacher fired over students' 'get well' letters to convicted cop killer |author=Bill Wichert |date=May 13, 2015 |work=[[NJ.com]] |access-date=May 14, 2015 |archive-date=May 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516004815/http://www.nj.com/essex/index.ssf/2015/05/nj_teacher_fired_over_students_get_well_letters_to.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Written works ==
* ''Beneath the Mountain: An Anti-Prison Reader'', [[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights Publishers]] (2024), {{ISBN|9780872869264}}
* ''Murder Incorporated - Dreaming of Empire: Book One (Empire, Genocide, and Manifest Destiny)'' (2018), [[Prison Radio]], {{ISBN|9780998960012}}, co-authored by [[Stephen Vittoria]]
* ''Have Black Lives Ever Mattered?'' City Lights Publishers (2017), {{ISBN|9780872867383}}
* ''Writing on the Wall: Selected Prison Writings of Mumia Abu-Jamal'', City Lights Publishers (2015), {{ISBN|978-0872866751}}
* ''The Classroom and the Cell: Conversations on Black Life in America'', [[Third World Press]] (2011), {{ISBN|978-0883783375}}
* ''Jailhouse Lawyers: Prisoners Defending Prisoners v. the U.S.A.'', City Lights Publishers (2009), {{ISBN|978-0872864696}}
* ''[[We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party]]'', [[South End Press]] (2008), {{ISBN|978-0896087187}}
* ''Faith of Our Fathers: An Examination of the Spiritual Life of African and African-American People'', [[Africa World Press]] (2003), {{ISBN|978-1592210190}}
* ''All Things Censored'', [[Seven Stories Press]] (2000), {{ISBN|978-1583220221}}
* ''Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience'', [[Bruderhof Communities|Plough Publishing House]] (1997), {{ISBN|978-0874860863}}
* ''Live from Death Row'', [[Harper Perennial]] (1996), {{ISBN|978-0380727667}}

==Representation in popular culture==
* [[HBO]] aired the [[documentary film]] ''[[Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case For Reasonable Doubt?|Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt?]]'' in 1996; this 57-minute film about the 1982 murder trial is directed by John Edginton. There are two versions by Edginton, both produced by Otmoor Productions. The second is 72 minutes long and contains additional information by witnesses.<ref>{{cite book |editor= Audrey T. McCluskey |date=2007 |title=Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diaspora Image, 1994–2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5qmplifVDIC&q=%22Mumia%20Abu-Jamal%3A%20A%20Case%20For%20Reasonable%20Doubt%3F%22%20Otmoor%20Productions%20-wiki&pg=PA510 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=510 |isbn=978-0253348296}}</ref> 
* An album containing [[spoken word]] from Abu-Jamal with four tracks by [[powerviolence]] band [[Man Is the Bastard]] was released in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jgarden |date=April 19, 2002 |title=Mumia Abu-Jamal/Man Is The Bastard: Spoken Word By Mumia Abu-Jamal With Music By Man Is The Bastard |url=https://www.avclub.com/mumia-abu-jamal-man-is-the-bastard-spoken-word-by-mumi-1798196741 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308072524/https://www.avclub.com/mumia-abu-jamal-man-is-the-bastard-spoken-word-by-mumi-1798196741 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* Political [[Hip-hop|hip hop]] artist [[Immortal Technique]] featured Abu-Jamal on his second album ''[[Revolutionary Vol. 2]]''. 	
* The [[Punk rock|punk band]] [[Anti-Flag]] has a speech from Mumia Abu-Jamal in the intro to their song "The Modern Rome Burning" from their 2008 album ''[[The Bright Lights of America]]''. The speech also appears on the end of their preceding track "Vices".
* The [[Band (rock and pop)|rock band]] [[Rage Against the Machine]] mentions Mumia in 2 of their songs — "Guerrilla Radio"<ref>{{Citation |title=Rage Against the Machine – Guerrilla Radio |url=https://genius.com/Rage-against-the-machine-guerrilla-radio-lyrics |access-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref> and "Voice of the Voiceless"<ref>{{Citation |title=Rage Against the Machine – Voice of the Voiceless |url=https://genius.com/Rage-against-the-machine-voice-of-the-voiceless-lyrics |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407195022/https://genius.com/Rage-against-the-machine-voice-of-the-voiceless-lyrics |url-status=live }}</ref> — on their 1999 album ''[[The Battle of Los Angeles (album)|The Battle of Los Angeles]].''
* Alternative hip-hop band [[Flobots]], known for criticizing US politics and calls for action, referenced Abu-Jamal in their song "Same Thing" from their 2007 debut album ''[[Fight with Tools]]''. The song mentions many people and topics, and the line that references Abu-Jamal also references [[Leonard Peltier]]; it reads "Free Mumia and Leonard Peltier".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://genius.com/Flobots-same-thing-lyrics |title=Flobots – Same Thing |website=genius.com |access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref>
* The documentary film ''[[In Prison My Whole Life]]'' (2008), directed by [[Marc Evans]], and written by Evans and William Francome, explores the life of Abu-Jamal.

== See also ==
* [[Sundiata Acoli]], murdered a New Jersey state trooper in 1974

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mumia Abu-Jamal}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=October 26, 2007|MAJ - 26 Oct - Part 1a.ogg|MAJ - 26 Oct 07 - Part 1b.ogg|MAJ - 26 Oct 07 - Part 2.ogg}}

* {{IMDb name|0996311}}
* [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-js9h41kw37 Interview on the Mumia-Abu-Jamal Case, Part 1], 1995-11-01, [[In Black America]]; [[National Association of Black Journalists]], [[KUT]] Radio,  [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] ([[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]] and the Library of Congress)
* [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-w37kp7w47m Interview on the Mumia-Abu-Jamal Case, Part 2], 1995-11-01, [[In Black America]]; [[National Association of Black Journalists]], [[KUT]] Radio,  [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] ([[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]] and the Library of Congress)
* [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-tt4fn1256w Interview on the Mumia-Abu-Jamal Case, Part 3], 1996-11-01, [[In Black America]]; [[National Association of Black Journalists]], [[KUT]] Radio,  [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] ([[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]] and the Library of Congress)

'''Video'''
* [http://www.workers.org/2007/us/pvn/ 1996 interview with Mumia Abu-Jamal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210110734/http://www.workers.org/2007/us/pvn/ |date=December 10, 2007 }}, by Monica Moorehead and Larry Holmes of Workers World Party
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2010/9/22/as_competing_films_offer_differing_views Competing Films Offer Differing Views]&nbsp;– video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
* ''[http://www.mumia-themovie.com/ Mumia: Long Distance Revolutionary]'' ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410174900/http://www.mumia-themovie.com/ |date=April 10, 2015 }}), 2012 documentary film
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSa-rrjP_jk Mumia Abu-Jamal: Prison Industrial Complex]'', Interview with Mumia discussing the prison-industrial complex

'''Supporter websites'''
* [http://www.freemumia.com/ Free Mumia Abu-Jamal Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619180937/http://www.freemumia.com/ |date=June 19, 2006 }} (New York City)
* [http://abu-jamal-news.com/ Journalists for Mumia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916063107/http://www.abu-jamal-news.com/ |date=September 16, 2007 }}

'''Opponent websites'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218191439/http://www.fop.net/causes/faulkner/info.shtml Fraternal Order of Police news, press releases, and communications relating to Mumia Abu-Jamal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060701143954/http://www.danielfaulkner.com/ Daniel Faulkner]
* {{Facebook|JusticeForDanielFaulkne|Justice for Daniel Faulkner}}

{{Black Panther Party}}
{{Portal bar|Law|Pennsylvania|Philadelphia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu-Jamal, Mumia}}
[[Category:Mumia Abu-Jamal| ]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American journalists]]
[[Category:African-American writers]]
[[Category:Alternative Tentacles artists]]
[[Category:American anti–death penalty activists]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:American male journalists]]
[[Category:American Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:American newspaper reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murdering police officers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:American radio reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Anti-globalization activists]]
[[Category:COINTELPRO targets]]
[[Category:Criminals from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Goddard College alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Black Panther Party]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Political activists from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Writers from Philadelphia]]