Editing Mumbai

{{Short description|Capital of Maharashtra, India}}
{{Redirect|Bombay|other uses|Bombay (disambiguation)|and|Mumbai (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Mumbai
| native_name        = ''Mumbaī''
| native_name_lang   = iso 15919
| other_name         = Bombay
| settlement_type    = [[Megacity]]
| image_shield       = Emblem of Mumbai.png
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border      = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow      = 1/3/3/1 
| caption_align = center
| image1      = BackBay skyline.jpg
| caption1    = [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|Skyline of Mumbai]] across [[Back Bay (Mumbai)|Back Bay]]
| image2      = Mumbai 03-2016 30 Gateway of India.jpg
| caption2    = [[Gateway of India]]
| image3      = The World Towers Mumbai.jpg
| caption3    =  [[World One|The World Towers]]
| image4      = Marine_Drive_Skyline.jpg
| caption4    =  [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]
| image5      = Hotel The Taj Mahal Palace (cropped).jpg
| caption5    = [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]
| image6      = Mumbai_03-2016_72_Flora_Fountain.jpg
| caption6    = [[Flora Fountain]] 
| image7      = Great Indian Pennunsula Railways Exhibition @CST,Mumbai - panoramio (89).jpg
| caption7    = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] 
| image8      = Bandra Worli Sea-Link (cropped).jpg
| caption8    = [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]]
}}
| image_caption      = 
| flag_size          = 120px
| nickname           = ''[[City of Dreams (disambiguation)|City of Dreams]]'', ''[[Seven Islands of Bombay|City of Seven Islands]],''<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1995 |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026175045/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2012 |publisher=The Mumbai Pages}}</ref> ''[[Maximum City]],''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai is truly maximum city |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414174209/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mumbai-is-truly-maximum-city/articleshow/64440610.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Big [[Coconut]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rooney |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WujvZbzZAeUC&dq=%22the+big+coconut%22+mumbai&pg=PA162 |title=The Daemon in Our Dreams |date=2007 |publisher=John F. Rooney |isbn=978-0-9752756-7-2 |language=en |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216023910/https://books.google.com/books?id=WujvZbzZAeUC&dq=%22the+big+coconut%22+mumbai&pg=PA162 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The City That Never Sleeps (nickname)|The City That Never Sleeps]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spice of Life: Sleepless in the city that never sleeps |work=The Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mumbai-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-and-the-reality-of-life-on-the-streets-101693922872182.html |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mumbai-a-melting-pot-of-cultures-and-the-reality-of-life-on-the-streets-101693922872182.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_map          = {{Switcher
|{{maplink|display=|frame=yes|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1156|plain=y|title=Mumbai|description=|coord=|marker=|zoom=10|icon=no|frame-width=300|fill=#000000|stroke-width=3|frame-height=300|frame-align=center}}
| Mumbai outline map
|{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1191|frame-width=370|frame-height=300|stroke-width=3|frame-lat=18.92|frame-long=76.68|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{Coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
| Mumbai in Maharashtra map
| [[File:Mumbai area locator map.svg|300px]]
| Mumbai area map }}
| map_alt            = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline.
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|19|04|34|N|72|52|39|E|type:city(12,500,000)_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established_title  = First settled
| established_date   = 1507<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Settlement|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|website=Britannia|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=26 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226181014/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mumbai/History|url-status=live}}</ref>
| named_for          = [[Mumbadevi]]
| government_type    = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body     = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = Vacant<ref>{{Cite news |title=Administrator to run BMC, first time in 40 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/articleshow/90063515.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011085515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/administrator-assumes-charge-in-bmc-today-as-term-of-house-ends/articleshow/90063515.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BMC to be Run by Administrator Sans Mayor After 4 Decades |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308063654/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/india/bmc-to-be-run-by-administrator-sans-mayor-after-4-decades-what-it-means-for-public-explained-4848242.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title2      = Administrator
| leader_name2       = [[Bhushan Gagrani]], [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Senior bureaucrat Bhushan Gagrani is new Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation chief |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/senior-bureaucrat-bhushan-gagrani-is-new-brihanmumbai-municipal-corporation-chief-422241-2024-03-20 |work=Business Today |date=20 March 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 603.4
| area_rank          = 
| area_metro_km2     = 6328
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 1681.5
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 14
| population_total   = 12,442,373
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 18,414,288 <br />20,748,395 (Extended UA)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="extended UA 2011">{{Cite web |title=INDIA STATS : Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]]
| population_demonym = Mumbaikar, Bombayite, Mumbaiite<ref name="MumbaiitesinMH">{{Cite book |author1=Neela Dabir |author2=Naina Athale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNmGAwAAQBAJ&q=mumbaiites&pg=PA75 |title=From Street to Hope |date=7 June 2011 |publisher=Sage Publications Private Limited, Mathura Road, [[New Delhi]] |isbn=9788132107651 |page=76}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_title1 = [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]
| demographics1_info1 = $400&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharucha |first=Nauzer |date=30 May 2017 |title=Nine Indian Cities in JLL's latest 'Global' 300 rankings|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nine-indian-cities-in-jlls-latest-global-300-rankings/articleshow/58914609.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = [[Megacity]]
| demographics1_info2 = {{INRConvert|8.1|t|lk=r|year=2023|mode=historical}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2024-25|url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s349d4b2faeb4b7b9e745775793141e2b2/uploads/2025/01/2025030788773769.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| demographics1_info3 = $277&nbsp;billion<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Global-Wealth-Distribution.html|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PINs]]
| postal_code        = 400 001 to 400 107
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]]
| registration_plate = {{plainlist|
*MH-01 Mumbai(S/C)
*MH-02 Mumbai(W)
*MH-03 Mumbai(E)
*MH-47 Borivali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Government-Know Your RTO |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/pdf/Know%20Your%20RTO.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref><!--RTO offices in Mumbai as per Maharashtra Government RTO list. Do not make changes-->
}}
| blank3_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info        = {{Increase}} 0.841<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=Maharashtra Human Development Report, 2012|access-date=2 June 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204141145/https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> – <span style=color:#090>very high</span>
| blank4_name_sec1   = [[International airport]]
| blank4_info_sec1   = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]
| blank5_name_sec1   = [[Transit system|Transit]]
| blank5_info_sec1   = '''[[Rapid Transit]]''': [[Mumbai Metro]] and [[Mumbai Monorail]] <br />'''[[Commuter rail]]''': [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
| blank_name_sec2    = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<!-- Do not add Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, or English here --><ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><ref name="MCGMhistmilestone">{{Cite web |title=Evolution of the Corporation, Historical Milestones |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715172504/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlhismilestone?guest_user=english |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|portal.mcgm.gov.in}}
| footnotes          = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_offname    = [[Elephanta Caves]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai]]
| designation1_date       = 1987, 2004, 2018 (11th, 28th 42nd [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])
| designation1_type       = Cultural
| designation1_criteria   = i, ii, iii, iv
| designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/244]; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945]
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480]
| designation1_free1name  = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia|Southern Asia]]
}}
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{Cite web |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105912/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=14 March 2013 |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |language=it}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec2   = 
| blank1_name_sec2   = 
}}

<!--============================================================================================
PLEASE DO ''NOT'' ADD NAMES IN MARATHI, HINDI, GUJARATI, AND OTHER LANGUAGES HERE. THIS IS A DECISION TO AVOID EDIT WARS. ==================================================================================-->
'''Mumbai''' ({{Indic Transl|mr|Mumbaī|ˈmumbəi|Mumbai Pronunciation.ogg}} {{respell|muum|BY}}), also known as<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING TO WAS OR FORMERLY, PLEASE SEE THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION WHERE IT WAS DECIDED. SUCH EDITS WILL BE REVERTED. START A DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST.--> '''Bombay''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɒ|m|ˈ|b|eɪ|j}} {{respell|BOMB<!--DON'T REMOVE B IS SILENT IN "BOMB".-->|BAY}}; its official name until 1995), is the [[capital city]] of the [[India|Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial capital]] and the [[list of cities in India by population|most populous city proper]] of [[India]] with an estimated population of 12.5&nbsp;million (1.25&nbsp;[[crore]]).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Mumbai is the centre of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], the [[List of largest cities|sixth-most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 23&nbsp;million (2.3 crore).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013155105/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan]] coast on the west coast of India and has a deep [[natural harbour]]. In 2008, Mumbai was named an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]] [[world city]].<ref name="lboro2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai &#124; ISAC |url=http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512013615/http://indiastudyabroad.org/locations/mumbai/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Indiastudyabroad.org}}</ref> Mumbai has the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|highest number of billionaires]] out of any city in [[Asia]].{{Efn|This statistic is based on an article from ''The Economic Times''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai beats Beijing to emerge as the new billionaire hub of Asia |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mumbai-beats-beijing-to-emerge-as-the-new-billionaire-hub-of-asia/articleshow/108779257.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329110157/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/mumbai-beats-beijing-to-emerge-as-the-new-billionaire-hub-of-asia/articleshow/108779257.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to the Hurun Research Institute, Forbes says that [[Hong Kong]] has the most billionaires in Asia, while the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 states that Beijing has the most number of Asian billionaires.}}

The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of [[Marathi language]]-speaking [[Koli people]].<ref name="james customs">{{cite journal|last1=James |first1=V. |date=1977 |title=Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |format=PDF |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/1177821 |jstor=1177821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231210/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/1064 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live| issn = 0385-2342}}</ref><ref name="munshi">{{Cite book |last=Munshi |first=Kanaiyalal M. |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.97812/2015.97812.Gujarat-And-Its-Literature-1852#page/n31/mode/2up/search/Kolis |title=Gujarāt and its literature, from early times to 1852 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1954 |page=xix |quote=The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujarāt was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.}}</ref><ref name="rnmehta">{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=R. N. |year=1983 |title=Bombay – An analysis of the toponym |journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute |pages=138–140 |quote=The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.}}</ref> For centuries, the [[seven islands of Bombay]] were under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous rulers]] before being [[cession|ceded]] to the [[Portuguese Empire in the East|Portuguese Empire]], and subsequently to the [[East India Company]] in 1661, as part of the [[Catherine of Braganza#Marriage|dowry of Catherine of Braganza]] in her marriage to [[Charles II of England]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |first=S. M. |last=Wynne |title=Catherine (1638–1705) |volume=1 |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |access-date=21 February 2015 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4894?docPos=1 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the [[Hornby Vellard]] project,<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28">{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=28}}</ref> which undertook [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] of the area between the seven islands from the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime">{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 2011 |title=Once Upon a Time in Bombay |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |url-status=live |magazine=Foreign Policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109020758/http://foreignpolicy.com/slideshow/once-upon-a-time-in-bombay/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> Along with the construction of major [[Roads in India|roads]] and [[Rail transport in India|railways]], the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Mumbai into a major seaport on the [[Arabian Sea]]. Mumbai in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]]. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into [[Bombay State]]. In 1960, following the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], a new state of Maharashtra was created with Mumbai as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay: History of a City |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://d20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213041900/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl%3A%2F%2Fd20cb3d618ee8cb6c3a780df7c58030c |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=8 November 2008 |publisher=[[British Library]]}}</ref>

Mumbai is the [[financial centre|financial]], commercial,<ref name="millionaireRoleModel">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=14 April 2011 |title=New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Bollywood|entertainment capital]] of [[South Asia]]. Mumbai is often compared to [[New York City|New York]],<ref name=MumbaiNYCTwins>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/read-it-and-weep/new-york-and-mumbai-what-really-makes-them-twins-is-the-people/|title=New York and Mumbai: What really makes them twins is the people|author=New York and Mumbai: What really makes them twins is the people|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=4 July 2017|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310134322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/read-it-and-weep/new-york-and-mumbai-what-really-makes-them-twins-is-the-people/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MumbaiNewYorkOfIndia>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2008/11/27/97568932/mumbai-is-indias-new-york|title=Mumbai Is India's New York|work=NPR |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228131148/https://www.npr.org/2008/11/27/97568932/mumbai-is-indias-new-york |url-status=live}}</ref> and the city is home to the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], situated on [[Dalal Street]]. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2011 |title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> generating 6.16% of India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]],<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and accounting for 25% of the nation's industrial output, 70% of [[Maritime transport|maritime]] trade in India ([[Mumbai Port Trust]], [[Dharamtar|Dharamtar Port]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |title=10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref name="NMIAtender">{{cite web |title=Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[CIDCO]] |year=2013 |access-date=8 July 2015 |page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Poonam |title=Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=DNA India |date=26 July 2014 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310 |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]]. The city is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes and the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Mumbai'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मुंबई}}) originated from ''Mumbā'' or ''Mahā-Ambā''—the name of the patron Hindu goddess ([[kuladevata|Kula Devata]]) [[Mumbadevi]] of the native [[Koli people|Koli]] community<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |last=Mukund Kule |title=मुंबईचं श्रद्धास्थान |location=Maharashtra |trans-title=Mumba'īcaṁ Shrad'dhāsthān |language=mr |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617083828/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-6709481,prtpage-1.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>—and from ''ā'ī'', meaning "mother" in the [[Marathi language]], which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.<ref name="james customs" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Jyotsna |year=2005 |title=Development projects and critical theory of environment |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa |url-access=limited |isbn=978-0-7619-3357-1 |publisher=Sage |page=[https://archive.org/details/developmentproje00bapa/page/n6 6]}}</ref> According to certain accounts, the Koli community, which hails from [[Kathiawar]] and [[Central Gujarat]], is believed to have introduced their deity Mumba from Kathiawar ([[Gujarat]]), where her worship continues to this day.<ref name="munshi" /><ref name="rnmehta" /> However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.<ref name="rnmehta" />

[[File:Mumbadevi temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Mumba Devi Temple]], from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name.]]
The oldest known names for the city are ''Kakamuchee'' and ''Galajunkja''; these are sometimes still used.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patel|Masselos|2003|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=130}}</ref> Portuguese writer [[Gaspar Correia]] recorded the name "Bombaim" after 1512 in his ''Lendas da Índia'' (''Legends of India'').<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="et6yh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA102 102]}}</ref> While some [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] authors have suggested this name possibly originated as an alleged [[Galician-Portuguese]] phrase ''bom baim'', meaning "good little bay",<ref name="Shirodkar 1998 7">{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=7}}</ref> such suggestions lack any scientific basis.<ref name="jpm2">Machado, José Pedro, "Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa", Livros Horizonte, 2003, verbete "Bombaim", volume&nbsp;I, pp. 265/266.</ref> Portuguese linguist [[:pt:José Pedro Machado|José Pedro Machado]] attributes that interpretation to a deficient knowledge of the Portuguese language of these authors, mixing up the Portuguese word "bom" with the English "bay", from the English version of the name.<ref name="jpm2" /> In 1516, Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] used the name ''Tana-Maiambu'': ''Tana'' appears to refer to the adjoining town of [[Thane]] and ''Maiambu'' to ''Mumbadevi''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=2}}</ref> The form ''Bombaim'' is still commonly used in Portuguese.<ref name="ety" />

Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: ''Mombayn'' (1525), ''Bombay'' (1538), ''Bombain'' (1552), ''Bombaym'' (1552), ''Monbaym'' (1554), ''Mombaim'' (1563), ''Mombaym'' (1644), ''Bambaye'' (1666), ''Bombaiim'' (1666), ''Bombeye'' (1676), ''Boon Bay'' (1690)<ref name="ety">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref><ref name="etyh">{{harvnb|Yule|Burnell|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA104 104]}}</ref> and ''Bon Bahia''.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |author-link= John Keay |year=2000 |title=India, a History |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |location=New York, United States |isbn=978-0-00-638784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |page=348 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC |archive-date= 1 January 2016}}</ref> After the [[English overseas possessions|English]] gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was [[anglicise]]d as ''Bombay''.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=6|Ref=bom}}</ref> Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial [[dewan]] or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the ''Mirat-i Ahmedi'' (1762) referred to the city as ''Manbai''.<ref>{{harvnb|Shirodkar|1998|p=3}}</ref>

The French traveller [[Louis Rousselet]], who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book ''L'Inde des Rajahs'', which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]], and that she still ... possesses a temple".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rousselet |first1=Louis |title=L'Inde des Rajahs |date=1877 |publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris |page=[https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/lindedesrajahsvo00rous |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' in Marathi, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and as ''Bambai'' in [[Hindi]].<ref name="Christopher Beam">{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |title=Why Did Bombay Become Mumbai? How the city got renamed |author=Christopher Beam |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 June 2015 |website=Slate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The Government of India officially changed the English name to ''Mumbai'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=1}}</ref> This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored [[renaming of cities in India|similar name changes across the country]] and particularly in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |author=Nitin Chavan |work=[[Sakal]] |title=शिवसेना आमदाराची नामांतर एक्स्प्रेस |trans-title=Shivsēnā Âmadārācī Nāmāntar Express |language=mr |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=16 June 2015 |location=Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002023/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20091218/4692758299134963929.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> According to ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |work=Slate |date=1 December 2008 |first=Christopher |last=Beam |title=Why did Bombay become Mumbai? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615105241/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2008/12/why_did_bombay_become_mumbai.html |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> ''Slate'' also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region."<ref>{{cite news |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |title=Mumbai? What about Bombay? |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=12 May 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420043035/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/mumbai_what_about_bombay.html |archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions,<ref name="24change">{{cite news |title=From Bombay to Mumbai: 24 ways the city has changed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |first=Ruchi |last=Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-from-bombay-to-mumbai-24-ways-the-city-has-changed-1909096 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mummaharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |access-date=24 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119201349/http://www.fodors.com/world/asia/india/mumbai-bombay-and-maharashtra/more.html |archive-date=19 November 2009}}</ref> mention of the city by a name other than ''Mumbai'' has been controversial.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |title=Mumbai vs Bombay |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2009 |access-date=15 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-vs-bombay/527660/0 |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut:+Another+'Bombay'+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |title=Fruit And Nut: Another 'Bombay' controversy brewing? |work=India Today |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120437/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Fruit+And+Nut%3A+Another+%27Bombay%27+controversy+brewing/1/65447.html |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

=== People from Mumbai ===
A resident of Mumbai is called ''Mumbaikar'' ({{IPA|mr|ˈmumbəikəɾ|pron}}) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], in which the suffix ''-kar'' means a 'resident of'. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai.<ref name="Mumbaikar">{{harvnb|Hansen|2001|p=}}</ref> Older terms such as ''Bombayite'' are also used.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=The Angry Bombay-ite |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 April 2006 |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200748/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-angry-bombay-ite/story-0bQZZ6gJQxGeVyotqUVGIO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3 Mumbaikars Who Are Changing The City All By Themselves |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415200746/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/the-better-india/3-mumbaikars-who-are-changing-the-city-all-by-themselves_a_21477899/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mumbai}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Mumbai}}
{{Historical affiliations
| float = left
| width = 22em
| {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Bombay Presidency]] (1843–1947)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Bombay State]] (1947–1960)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Maharashtra]] (1960–present)
}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 94 Kanheri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Kanheri Caves]] contain Buddhist sculptures and paintings dating from the 1st century CE to the 10th century CE.|alt=A white Buddhist stupa.]]

Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found along the coastal areas around [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> Perhaps at the beginning of the [[Common Era]], or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web |title=2. Mumbai City Profile |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |website=GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=19 July 2015 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya Empire]], during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref> The [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Borivali]] were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,<ref name="Ray">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1994 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259}}</ref> and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> The city then was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> The [[Mahakali Caves]] in [[Andheri]] were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<ref name="battleneglect">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |title=Ancient caves battle neglect |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=13 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="threattocaves">{{cite news |title=Threat to caves of Bombay |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |first=Vinaya |last=Kumar |date=2 April 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]: [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Abhira kingdom|Abhira]], [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Mauryas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]],<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> before being ruled by the [[Shilahara]]s from 810 to 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] (between 520 and 525),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave |page=5 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]]) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> [[Elephanta Caves]] (between the sixth to seventh century),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites&nbsp;– Elephanta Caves |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> [[Walkeshwar Temple]] (10th century),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |date=26 September 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Walkeshwar">{{cite book |author=Maharashtra (India) |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |edition=1 |volume=24 |year=1986 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Banganga Tank]] (12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? |last=Agarwal |first=Lekha |date=2 June 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=Express Group |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Banganga">{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Eric |title=Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 June 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-94673-2 |page=44 |chapter=1: Pavement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].]]

[[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in ''Mahikawati'' (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> The [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to ''Mahikawati'' from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of [[Gujarat]], who were appointed by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=12}}</ref>

The islands were later governed by the independent [[Gujarat Sultanate]], which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Worli]]. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Deccan.<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> In 1493, [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]] of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref>

=== Portuguese and British rule ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under British rule}}
[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|The [[Madh Island|Madh Fort]], built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in [[Salsette Island|Salsette]].]]

The [[Mughal Empire]], founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |title=Mughal Empire |publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]]) |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Growing apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]], Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], the nearby strategic town of [[Vasai|Bassein]] and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>

[[File:Flora_Fontain_Mumbai_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flora Fountain]], built in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival style in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]].]]

The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their [[Roman Catholic]] religious orders in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bombaim''. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built several churches in the city, prominent being the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year |date=12 May 2008 |last=Shukla |first=Ashutosh |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070104/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]] at [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |title=New life for old church records |date=9 June 2008 |last=D'Mello |first=Ashley |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times of India |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref name="gc">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |newspaper=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the [[Bombay Castle]], ''[[Castella de Aguada]]'' (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and [[Madh Fort]]. The [[English Empire|English]] were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the [[Dutch Empire]] forced the [[English Empire|English]] to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]], placed the islands in possession of the [[English Empire]], as part of Catherine's [[dowry]] to Charles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705) |date=12 October 2004 |publisher=BBC |access-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102065741/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref>

[[File:AMH-6748-NA Two views of the English fort in Bombay.jpg|thumb|Two views of the English fort in Bombay, {{Circa|1665}}]]
In accordance with the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], England leased these islands to the [[English East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per annum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> The islands were subsequently attacked by [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Muslim]] [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |title=Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general |last1=Palsokar |first1=R. D. |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Rabi |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85972-94-7 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n458 443] |quote=Yakub Khan koli. |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira |last=Campbell |first=Sir James MacNabb |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli |title=A History of the Maratha People |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |language=en |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli#v=snippet&q=Gohagad%20koli&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], in October 1672,<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] on 20 February 1673,<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 July 2008 |title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth |last=Ganley |first=Colin C. |year=2007 |page=13 |publisher=International Society for New Institutional Economics |access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] on 10 October 1673.<ref name="y72" />

In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref> Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from [[Yakut Khan]] in 1689–90.<ref name="iexpress">{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces&nbsp;– 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] under ''[[Peshwa]]'' [[Baji Rao I]] captured [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] in 1737, and [[Vasai|Bassein]] in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|History of Medieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref>
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the [[Treaty of Surat]] (1775), the British formally gained control of [[Salsette]] and Bassein, resulting in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)]],<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> and later through the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref>

[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour|Mumbai Harbour]] (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.]]

From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the [[seven islands of Bombay]] into a single amalgamated mass by way of a [[causeway]] called the [[Hornby Vellard]], which was completed by 1784.<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=30 March 2016 |title=Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124223307/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1817, the British East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] defeated [[Baji Rao II]], the last of the Maratha ''Peshwa'' in the [[Battle of Khadki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> Following his defeat, almost the whole of the [[Deccan Plateau]] came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref>

By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale [[land reclamation]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime" /><ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra&nbsp;– trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of [[Thane|Thana]] (now Thane).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref>

The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a [[Mumbai plague epidemic|bubonic plague epidemic]] where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and the textile industry was adversely affected.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=[[Time Out Mumbai]] |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> While the city was the capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Indian independence movement]] fostered the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] in 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref>

=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>

Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, [[Bombay State]] was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]] were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]], eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] ([[Flora Fountain]] on its left in the background)|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background]]

The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay|New Mumbai]] was founded by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]], in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<ref name="a">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|intense redevelopment]].<ref name="skylimit">{{cite news |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="revisitmills">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 [[Hindustan Petroleum]] commissioned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030003819/https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000&nbsp;people were killed. In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mumbai}}
{{See also|South Mumbai|Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}

Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of [[Salsette Island]], which lies between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Thane Creek]] to the east and [[Vasai Creek]] to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. [[Navi Mumbai]] is east of Thane Creek and [[Thane]] is north of [[Vasai Creek]]. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> The city district region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /> The total area of Mumbai is {{convert|603.4|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |title=City Profile of Greater Mumbai |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Of this, the island city spans {{convert|67.79|km2}}, while the suburban district spans {{convert|370|km2}}, together accounting for {{convert|437.71|km2}} under the administration of [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the [[Mumbai Port Trust]], the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] which includes portions of [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]] and [[Raigad district|Raigad]] districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of {{convert|4,355|km2}}.<ref name="projectsecoa1" />
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India,<!-- DO NOT change this to Maharashtra as Konkan extends to Goa --> in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]] (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from {{convert|10|to|15|m}};<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> the city has an average elevation of {{convert|14|m}}.<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> and the highest point in the city is {{convert|450|m}} at Salsette in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of {{convert|103.09|km2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>

Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acidic and [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] eras.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai sits on a [[Seismicity|seismically active]] zone owing to the presence of 23 [[fault line]]s in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=S. T. G. Raghu |last2=Iyenagar |first2=R. N. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City |date=10 December 2006 |issue=11 |page=1486 |access-date=3 September 2009 |quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The area is classified as a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |title=Seismic Zoning Map |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]) |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg|[[Satellite image]] of Mumbai
File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mumbai}}
{{See also|Mumbai Climate Action Plan}}
{{climate chart
| Mumbai
| 17 | 31 | 1
| 18 | 32 | 1
| 21 | 33 | 0
| 24 | 34| 1
| 27 | 34 | 12
| 26 | 32 | 523
| 25 | 30 | 868
| 25 | 30 | 624
| 25 | 31 | 341
| 24 | 33 | 93
| 21 | 34 | 16
| 19 | 32 | 4
| units = metric
| float = right
| clear = right
| source = "India Meteorological Department" }}
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{cvt|23|°C|0}} in January to {{cvt|30|°C|0}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{cvt|600|mm|2}} in July, falling back more gradually.]]
[[File:Bandra_Worli_Sea_Link_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Mumbai during a [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]]]

Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and northern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>

Between June and September, the [[South-west monsoon]] rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26 July 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} for the Island City, and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />

The average annual temperature is {{cvt|27|°C|0}}, and the average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is {{cvt|2213|mm|0}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|31|°C|0}}, while the average minimum temperature is {{cvt|24|°C|0}}. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from {{cvt|29|°C|0}} to {{cvt|33|°C|0}}, while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|16|°C|0}} to {{cvt|26|°C|0}}.<ref name="clra" /> The record high is {{cvt|42.2|°C|0}} set on 14 April 1952,<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |access-date= 1 March 2020}}</ref> and the record low is {{cvt|7.4|°C|0}} set on 27 January 1962.<ref name=IMDextremes /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-still-cold-at-8-6-degree-c/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai still cold at 8.6&nbsp;°C |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached {{cvt|151|km/h}} in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1948 |title=Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city |pages=1 |work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765 |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117152400/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22707765 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015205103/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 June 2020 |title=When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |access-date=14 September 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924134216/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai is prone to [[monsoon]] floods,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |title=Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526081238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |title=Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> exacerbated by [[climate change]] which affects heavy rains and [[high tide]] in the sea. According to the [[World Bank]], unplanned drainage system and [[Informal housing|informal settlement]] is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai.<ref name="WEF">{{cite web|title= How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods|url= https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|last= Srivastava|first= Roli|work= [[World Economic Forum]]|date= 8 July 2022|access-date= 3 October 2022|archive-date= 3 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003153927/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|url-status= live}}</ref> Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its [[Geographical feature|geographic location]], Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either [[swamp]]ed, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the [[2005 Mumbai floods]] are characterised by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of {{USD}} 1.2&nbsp;billion.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel">{{cite book|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|pages=134–140|last3=Satterthwaite|first3=David|last2=Bicknell|first2=Jane|last1=Dodman|first1=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136572548|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328163059/https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the [[Maharashtra government]] adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of [[Mithi River]], and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel" /><ref name="LSC">{{cite journal|title=An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|pages=142–157|last13=Ranger|first13=Nicola|last12=Hallegatte|first12=Stéphane|last11=Bhattacharya|first11=Sumana|last10=Bachu|first10=Murthy|last9=Priya|first9=Satya|last8=Dhore|first8=K.|last7=Rafique|first7=Farhat|last6=Mathur|first6=P.|last5=Naville|first5=Nicolas|last4=Henriet|first4=Fanny|last3=Herweijer|first3=Celine|last2=Pohit|first2=Sanjib|last1=Corfee|first1=Morlot|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=31 December 2010|issn=0165-0009|access-date=3 October 2022|journal=Climatic Change|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003152426/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{center|

{{Mumbai weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mumbai ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], located in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 39.6
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 39.8
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 33.7
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 37.2
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 33.4
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 32.6
| year high C = 32.3
|Jan mean C = 24.6
|Feb mean C = 25.3
|Mar mean C = 27.6
|Apr mean C = 28.8
|May mean C = 30.2
|Jun mean C = 29.3
|Jul mean C = 27.9
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 29.0
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 25.8
|year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 21.4
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.7
| Apr record low C = 16.9
| May record low C = 20.2
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.7
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 10.6
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 0.1
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 526.3
| Jul rain mm = 919.9
| Aug rain mm = 560.8
| Sep rain mm = 383.5
| Oct rain mm = 91.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.0
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 2502.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.0
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 23.3
| Aug rain days = 21.4
| Sep rain days = 14.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 78.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 63
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003) |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003320/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43003
| title = Normals Data: Bombay / Santacruz – India Latitude: 19.12°N Longitude: 72.85°E Height: 14 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}<!-- end of "center" -->

=== Air pollution ===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529044308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=29 May 2024 }}  ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]] launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529072244/https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai has been ranked 24th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Mumbai}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = ওরলির গগনরৈখিক দৃশ্য.jpg
| caption1          = Some of the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest skyscrapers of Mumbai]], like [[World One]] and [[The Park (residential project)| Lodha Park]], can be found in [[Parel| Lower Parel]].
| image2            = Lodha_Altamount_-_An_epitome_of_luxury.jpg
| caption2          = [[Lodha Altamount]] and [[Antilia (building)| Antilia]] [[skyscrapers]] on Altamount Road, also known as India's [[Altamount Road|billionaires row]].
}}

Mumbai, sometimes described as the ''[[New York City|New York]] of India'',<ref name="MumbaiNewYorkOfIndia"/> is India's most populous city and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP.<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /><ref name="Mumbai global">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai a global financial centre? Of course! |last=Thomas |first=T. |publisher=Rediff |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118221806/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/27mumbai.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="The Financial Express">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |access-date=5 September 2009 |date=29 January 2008 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090906034022/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of [[income tax]] collections, 60% of [[customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of [[foreign trade]], and {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=b|year=2006}} in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=51}}</ref> Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation of 1991]], the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Kelsey|2008|p=208}}</ref> 

Estimates of the 2016 economy of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] have ranged from $368&nbsp;billion to $400&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross metropolitan product|metro GDP]]) ranking it either the [[List of cities by GDP|most or second-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name="Mumbai_GDP">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Clara|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/delhi-not-mumbai-indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|title=Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2016|access-date=11 September 2023|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419064913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Delhi-not-Mumbai-Indias-economic-capital/articleshow/55655582.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution;Who are the leaders of the global economy|work=Visualcapitalist.com|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=30 March 2022|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |title=Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey |date=7 October 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020011629/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-17th-in-global-gdp-list-says-survey-4686508/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gqindia.com">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125658/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej Group|Godrej]] and [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]]),<ref name="Mumbai global" /> and five of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=http://fortune.com/global500/ |publisher=CNN |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509014825/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/index.html |archive-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> This is facilitated by the presence of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="ecoprofile">{{cite web |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=City Development Plan (Economic Profile) |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125052153/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Economic%20profile.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |quote=Mumbai, at present, is in reverse gear, as regards the economic growth and quality of life.}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | align     = left
 | direction = horizontal
 | width1     = 180
 | width2     = 140
 | image1    = Three Sixty West,Mumbai.jpg
 | caption1  = [[Three Sixty West]] Tower B, occupied by [[The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company| The Ritz-Carlton]], is among   the [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai|tallest commercial skyscrapers]] in the city.
 | image2    = Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Bombay Stock Exchange.jpg
 | caption2  = The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.
}}

Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the [[seaport]], but the local economy has since then diversified to include [[finance]], [[engineering]], diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]], and information technology.<ref>{{harvnb|Swaminathan|Goyal|2006|p=52}}</ref>
The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and [[Business process outsourcing|ITES]], textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. [[Nariman Point]] and [[Bandra Kurla Complex]] (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres.<ref name="ecoprofile" />

Despite competition from [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]], Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The [[SEEPZ|Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone]] (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park ([[Navi Mumbai]]) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |title=Role of Mumbai in Indian Economy |access-date=25 August 2013 |last=Jadhav |first=Narendra |author-link=Narendra Jadhav |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522221937/http://drnarendrajadhav.info/drnjadhav_web_files/Published%20papers/Role%20of%20Mumbai%20City%20in%20Indian%20Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with [[Mumbai Port]] being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |title=Indian Ports Association, Operational Details |access-date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=McDougall |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=4 March 2007 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831032146/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref>

As of 2024, Mumbai is home to the [[List of cities by number of billionaires|third-highest number of billionaires]] of any city in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_data">* {{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai sixth among top 10 global cities on billionaire count |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-sixth-among-top-10-global-cities-on-billionaire-count/articleshow/19978005.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}
* {{Cite news |last=Bharucha |first=Nauzer |date=9 March 2015 |title=Thirty of India's 68 billionaires live in Mumbai |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310040742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thirty-of-Indias-68-billionaires-live-in-Mumbai/articleshow/46503633.cms |archive-date=10 March 2015 }}
* {{Cite news |date=10 March 2015 |title=With 68 billionaires, India ranks 7th globally; Mumbai leads in India with 30 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312102008/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-by-2024-number-of-billionaires-in-india-expected-to-swell-to-3371-2067378 |archive-date=12 March 2015 }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |work=Forbes |title=In Pictures: The Top 10 Cities For Billionaires |access-date=28 April 2009 |first=Chaniga |last=Vorasarun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212819/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=15000 |archive-date=22 April 2009 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Richest Cities In The World: The Top 10 Cities With The Most Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |last=Coudriet |first=Carter |website=Forbes |language=en |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112163703/https://www.forbes.com/sites/cartercoudriet/2019/03/07/richest-cities-in-the-world-the-top-10-cities-with-the-most-billionaires/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |title=Cities of the Billionaires |last=Vorasarun |first=Chaniga |work=Forbes |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417171221/http://www.forbes.com/2008/04/30/billionaires-london-moscow-biz-billies-cz_cv_0430billiecities.html |archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref> With a total wealth of around $960&nbsp;billion,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |title=Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind |date=14 October 2019 |website=GQ India |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104125658/https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/wealthiest-cities-worldwide-in-2019-list-mumbai-is-the-12th-wealthiest-city-in-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820&nbsp;billion, Delhi comes second: Report |date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227063903/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-delhi-comes-second-report-4544685/ |archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world.<ref name="Mumbai_info">* {{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |title=Mumbai 12th richest city in the world, NYC on top with 65 billionaires |first=Sudipto |last=Dey |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924031050/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/mumbai-12th-richest-city-in-the-world-nyc-on-top-with-65-billionaires-119101001520_1.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title=Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=[[MasterCard]] |page=21 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504014257/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}
* {{cite web |author=Giacomo Tognini |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |title=World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home |work=Forbes |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] has ranked Mumbai as an "[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Alpha|alpha]]  world city", third in its categories of [[Global city|Global cities]].<ref name="lboro2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2008 |website=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) |publisher=[[Loughborough University]] |access-date=7 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223235243/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |archive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009.<ref name="World Bank and International Financial Corporation">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/subnational-reports/india |title=Doing Business in India 2009 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018092951/http://www.doingbusiness.org/Reports/Subnational-Reports/India |archive-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

=== Income inequality ===
However, Mumbai faces challenges regarding income inequality. Despite having the largest concentration of billionaires out of any city in Asia, Mumbai is one of the most unequal cities in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Sanaya |date=24 November 2019 |title=Bengaluru, Delhi and Mumbai are among the least inclusive cities in the world |url=https://scroll.in/article/944661/bengaluru-delhi-and-mumbai-are-among-the-least-inclusive-cities-in-the-world |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Like other Indian metropolitan cities, Mumbai is in desperate need of affordable housing infrastructure for its lower and lower-middle class citizens. The median rental cost of a one-bedroom apartment in Mumbai proper is around ₹30,000,<ref name="Lewis">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Noah |date=17 August 2019 |title=Wealth disparity and the housing crisis in Mumbai |url=https://www.globeslcc.com/2019/08/17/wealth-disparity-and-the-housing-crisis-in-mumbai/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=The Globe |language=en-US}}</ref> while according to ResearchGate, 25% of Mumbai households have a monthly income of less than ₹12,500.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bertaud |first=Alain |date=November 2010 |title=Mumbai Household Income and Housing |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mumbai-Household-Income-and-Housing-Typology-Figures-8-and-9-showed-that-the-higher_fig8_228181985 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> The overall average salary in Mumbai is ₹45,000.<ref name="Lewis"/> This means that the vast majority of conventional housing is out of bounds for many Mumbai residents, leading many to rely on informal housing.

== Government and politics ==

=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarters of the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC), the largest civic organisation in the country.]]
Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of {{cvt|603|km2|mi2}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2004-05 |url=http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |publisher=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317135825/http://mpcb.gov.in/ereports/pdf/AnnualReport2004-05.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |page=185}}</ref> consisting of the [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]] districts, extends from [[Colaba]] in the south, to [[Mulund]] and [[Dahisar]] in the north, and [[Mankhurd]] in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.<ref name=census2011-gtmumcity>{{cite web |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=11 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629002612/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

It is administered by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]]), formerly known as the ''Bombay Municipal Corporation'' (BMC).<ref name="mloc" /> The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.<ref name="mcmmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |title=Official Website of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607124049/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |archive-date=7 June 2008}}</ref> The mayor, who serves for a term of {{frac|2|1|2}} years, is chosen through an [[indirect election]] by the councillors from among themselves.<ref name="mayorterm">{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena's Snehal Ambekar elected new Mumbai mayor |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |date=9 September 2014 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=5 July 2015 |quote=... as Sena's Sunil Prabhu completed his two-and-half-years term as the city mayor today. Ambekar, who secured 121 votes in the 226 member House,... |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203732/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-09/news/53730851_1_deputy-mayor-sunil-prabhu-public-toilets |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]]. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |title=Commissioner System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102043915/http://citymayors.com/government/india_government.html |archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref>

The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Bombay High Court]] exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra, [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].|alt=A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it.]]
The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a [[District Collector]]. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|central government]], and oversee the national elections held in the city.

The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|police commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the [[Maharashtra Police]], under the [[Home Ministry (India)|state Home Ministry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|p=2|Ref=mp}}</ref> The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen [[Mumbai traffic police|traffic police]] zones,<ref name="trf" /> each headed by a deputy commissioner of police.<ref>{{harvnb|Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|pp=7–8|Ref=mp}}</ref> The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]], which is under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers.<ref name="trf" /> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |title=MMRDA – Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority |publisher=Mmrdamumbai.org |date=26 January 1975 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>

Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |title=About Bombay High Court |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=[[Bombay High Court]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130075145/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> Mumbai also has two lower courts, the [[Small Causes Court]] for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|Bénéï|2001|p=47}}</ref>

=== National politics ===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|thumb|First session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Mumbai (28–31 December 1885)|alt=Men in traditional Indian dresses posing for a photograph]]
Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the [[Indian National Congress]], also known as the Congress Party.<ref>{{harvnb|100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|loc=p. 4, "The centenary of the Indian National Congress, which is being celebrated at its birthplace Bombay, is a unique event."|Ref=cng}}</ref> The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Mumbai from 28 to 31 December 1885.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |title=Congress foundation day celebrated |date=29 December 2006 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3040262.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the [[Indian independence movement]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=215}}</ref>

The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Mumbai, with the formation of the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native [[Marathi people]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gogate |first1=Sudha |title=The Emergence of Regionalism in Mumbai |year=2014 |publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7991-823-4|chapter-url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |access-date=22 June 2015 |chapter=History of the Shiv Sena |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010804/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/shiv-senas-prehistory/article6370416.ece |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |title=Bal Thackeray turned to Hindutva in 1985 to win elections: ex-Shiv Sena MP |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107052854/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bal-thackeray-turned-to-hindutva-in-1985-to-win-elections-ex-shiv-sena-mp-2000407 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The Congress had dominated the politics of Mumbai from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections.<ref>{{harvnb|Phadnis|pp=86–87}}</ref>

In 1989, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rana|2006|pp=315–316}}</ref> Other parties such as [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)]] and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |date=29 April 2009 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |title=Stage Set for Third Phase Polls in Maharashtra |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109010731/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Stage-Set-for-Third-Phase-Polls-in-Maharashtra/659150 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In the [[Elections in India|Indian national elections]] held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North]], [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West]], [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East]], [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Central]], and [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|South]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |page=7 |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009113307/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/ListofPC.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2010}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP) to the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]], is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 national election]], all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Result 2019, Maharashtra Assembly and General Poll Result 2019 – IndiaToday {{!}} IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |website=India Today |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522203229/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Vidhan_Bhavan_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]]]

In the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=List of ACs and PCs |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |access-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2009 |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122084331/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the legislative assembly]] (MLA) to the Maharashtra ''[[Vidhan Sabha]]'' (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 state assembly election]], out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mumbai election results Live updates: Aditya Thackeray registers landslide victory from Worli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |date=24 October 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308041728/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-mumbai-constituencies-results-2019-vote-counting-live-updates-1612344-2019-10-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=6|Ref=mumact}}</ref> The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|24 municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]] whose role is mostly ceremonial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Corporation |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232803/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcorporation |archive-date=1 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202555/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlmayoffice |archive-date=14 March 2008 |publisher=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |title=Mayor – the First Citizen of Mumbai |access-date=12 May 2009 |quote=As the presiding authority at the Corporation Meetings, his/her role is confined to the four corners of the Corporation Hall. The decorative role, however, extends far beyond the city and the country to other parts of world}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=3|Ref=mumact}}</ref> In the [[2012 Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika election|2012 municipal corporation elections]], out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats.<ref name="civic20102">{{cite news |title=BMC results: Saffron alliance wins BMC with 75 seats |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |date=17 February 2012 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005738/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bmc-results-saffron-alliance-wins-bmc-with-75-seats-1651270 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> The tenure of the [[Mayor of Mumbai|mayor]], deputy mayor, and [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|municipal commissioner]] is {{frac|2|1|2}} years.<ref>{{harvnb|The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|p=27|Ref=mumact}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Mumbai}}
[[File:Rapid transit map of Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Rapid transit map of Mumbai]]

=== Public transport ===
Public transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Mumbai Monorail|Monorail]], [[Mumbai Metro|Metro]], [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter [[taxicabs|taxis]], [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[ferries]]. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008.<ref name="bus44">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc |archive-date=27 September 2013 |format=DOC |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |title=Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai |access-date=28 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="autaxi">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |title=What's Mumbai without the black beetles? |date=24 August 2005 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |access-date=29 August 2009 |quote=In Mumbai autos run only in the suburbs up to Mahim creek. This is probably the perfect arrangement because it is not economically viable for autos and taxis to solicit the same passengers. So autos monopolise the suburbs while taxis rule South Mumbai. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070112/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_what-s-mumbai-without-the-black-beetles_422 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Taxis and Auto rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |title=Taxi, auto fares may dip due to CNG usage |date=22 April 2004 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804041631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Taxi-auto-fares-may-dip-due-to-CNG-usage/articleshow/631726.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport.<ref name="autaxi" />

==== Railway ====
The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], colloquially referred to as "Locals", forms the backbone of the city's transport system.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite book |title=Outlook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |access-date=8 July 2012 |date=July 2008 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref> It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai |last=Kumar |first=Akshey |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63&nbsp;[[lakh]] (6.3&nbsp;million) passengers every day in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |access-date=7 July 2008 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with twelve-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Environment and urbanization|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=n450}}</ref> The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of {{convert|319|km|mi|adj=pre|route}}. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 12 car and 15 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2010 |title=Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. |date=6 March 2010}}</ref>

The [[Mumbai Monorail]] and [[Mumbai Metro]] have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve the overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.<ref name="startMono">{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |title=Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=30 January 2014 |last=Gupta |first=Saurabh |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 |archive-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.<ref name="startMetro">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the [[Indian Railways]]: the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway (CR)]] headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway (WR)]] headquartered at [[Churchgate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–14|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the [[Indian Railways]]. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Bandra Terminus]], [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] and [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |title=Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities |publisher=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |page=14 |access-date=28 August 2009 |quote=The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:AC-EMU-Mumbai.jpg|The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system carries more than 69.9&nbsp;lakh (6.99&nbsp;million) commuters on a daily basis. It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world.
File:Mumbaimetro.jpg|[[Mumbai Metro]] provides connectivity with eastern and western part of the city.
File:Mumbai Monorail train.jpg|The [[Mumbai Monorail]], opened in February 2014, is the [[Urban rail transit in India|only operational monorail system]] in India and also is the [[List of monorail systems|seventh largest Monorail system]] in the world.
</gallery>

==== Bus ====
[[File:Mumbai-BEST-Kinglong-Bus.jpg|alt=A BEST bus on Route 56|thumb|[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses carry a total of 2.8&nbsp;million passengers daily.]]

Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008,<ref name="bus44" /> which dropped to 2.8 million in 2015.<ref name="BESTdip">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |first=Ateeq |last=Shaikh |date=27 September 2015 |agency=DNA |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Mira-Bhayandar]] and Thane.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |title=Organisational Setup |publisher=Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport  |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp |archive-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2012 |title=Times of India Publications |publisher=Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily<ref name="bus44" /> over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and [[Euro III]] compliant diesel, [[compressed natural gas]], and [[Electric bus|electric]] buses.<ref name="bestfleet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=BEST |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |archive-date=18 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=22 February 2023 |title=India's first double-decker electric bus receives grand welcome in Mumbai {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615010808/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-first-double-decker-electric-bus-receives-grand-welcome-in-mumbai-11677023221571.html |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.<ref name="timelineBEST">{{cite news |title=A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |date=29 June 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the [[AEC Routemaster|Routemaster]] buses of London.<ref name="newkiller">{{cite news |title=BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |date=4 June 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC, also known as ST)<ref name="training">{{cite news |title=Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=29 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 |archive-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |title=MSRTC to make long distance travel easier |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |title=MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 December 2002 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) and [[Thane Municipal Transport]] (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.<ref name="NMMTgain">{{cite news |title=NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |first=Mewati |last=Sitaram |date=2 February 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TMTmoolah">{{cite news |title=TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |first=Manoj |last=Badgeri |date=3 November 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Thane |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SD4I3CEtDz0C&pg=PA49 49]|Ref=UNB}}</ref>

The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a tourist bus service which explores numerous [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |title=Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots |last=Seth |first=Urvashi |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.<ref name="routetalpdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |title=Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System |publisher=BEST |page=5 |access-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with [[traffic congestion]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |last=Khanna |first=Gaurav |access-date=28 August 2009 |title=7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |quote=Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|loc=p. 2-1: "The 137% increase in cars, a 306% increase in two wheelers, the 420% increase in autos and 128% increase in taxis during 1991–2005 has created a lethal dose of traffic congestion which has categorised Mumbai as one of the congested cities in the world."|Ref=exe}}</ref>

==== Water ====
[[Water transport in Mumbai]] consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners.<ref name="alibauglaunch">{{cite web |title=Transportation from Alibaug |url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |publisher=Raigad District Authority |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009122502/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/transportation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Hovercraft]] services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the [[Gateway of India]] and [[CBD Belapur]] in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate [[water transport infrastructure|infrastructure]].<ref name="nmhovercraft">{{cite news |title=Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services |url=http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |date=3 November 2011 |work=Sify |location=Navi Mumbai |access-date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215722/http://www.sify.com/news/navi-mumbai-mulls-hovercraft-services-news-national-llcwkhfijcisi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Roads ===
[[File:Trans Harbour Link, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|The Mumbai Trans Harbour Link is the [[List of longest bridges above water in India|longest sea bridge in India]].]]

Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |title=NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date=4 July 2008 |publisher=[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> The Mumbai–[[Chennai]] and Mumbai–Delhi prongs of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] system of National Highways start from the city. The [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]] was the first [[Expressways of India|expressway]] built in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalal |first=Sucheta |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=India's first international-class expressway is just a month away |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=1 April 2000 |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]] was opened in 2013. The [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]] bridge, along with [[Mahim Causeway]], links the island city to the western suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msrdc.org/projects/bandra_worli.aspx |title=MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link |publisher=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC) |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The three major road arteries of the city are the [[Eastern Express Highway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to Thane, the [[Sion Panvel Expressway]] from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to [[Panvel]] and the [[Western Express Highway]] from [[Bandra]] to [[Bhayander]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.10 Transport and Communication Network|Ref=plan}}</ref> The {{cvt|21.8|km|0}} long [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 12 January 2024, connects Mumbai with [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Mumbai To Navi Mumbai travel time cut to 20 mins as Trans Harbour Link inaugurated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/12/mumbai-to-navi-mumbai-travel-time-cut-to20-minsas-trans-harbour-link-inaugurated-2650412.html |website=The Indian Express |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112141205/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/12/mumbai-to-navi-mumbai-travel-time-cut-to20-minsas-trans-harbour-link-inaugurated-2650412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mumbai has approximately {{cvt|1900|km|0}} of roads.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref> There are five [[toll plaza|tolled]] entry points to the city by road.<ref name="gatewaytollfree">{{cite news |title=Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=31 May 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news |title=Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |access-date=12 April 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 April 2014 |author=Somit Sen |author2=Manthan K Mehta |agency=TNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms |archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> 56,459 black and yellow taxis {{As of|2005|lc=y}},<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–9|Ref=exe}}</ref> and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |title=28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets |website=dna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |date=3 May 2013}}</ref>

Mumbai currently has one operational expressway{{snd}}the Mumbai–Pune Expressway{{snd}}which directly connects Mumbai with [[Pune]]. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:

* [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]: Under construction since March 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |last1=Kumar |first1=K.P. Narayana |last2=Chandran |first2=Rahul |date=6 March 2008 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> to be completed by 2027.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Saumya|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway to cut travel time by half; Rs 98,000 crore project likely to be completed by 2023 end|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|work=Times Now|date=10 January 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212120736/https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-mumbai-expressway-to-cut-travel-time-by-half-rs-98000-crore-project-likely-to-start-by-2023-end-article-96880738/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=Breaking News Live: PM Modi inaugurates 246-km first phase of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/liveblog/97832803.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2023|access-date=12 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212024844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/breaking-news-live-february-12/amp_liveblog/97832803.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2025 |title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway completion to be further delayed by 2 more years due to slow progress in Gujarat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mumbai-news/delhi-mumbai-expressway-completion-to-be-further-delayed-by-2-more-years-due-to-slow-progress-in-gujarat/articleshow/118238457.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]]: Under construction since January 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/work-on-nag-mum-eway-begins-in-full-swing/articleshow/67631967.cms|title=Work on Nagpur-Mumbai expressway begins in full swing {{pipe}} Nagpur News|website=The Times of India|date=22 January 2019|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212073822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/work-on-nag-mum-eway-begins-in-full-swing/articleshow/67631967.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> to be completed by May 2025.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Phadke, Manasi|title=Shinde govt targets Dec 2023 finish for Nagpur-Mumbai Expressway, just ahead of state & LS polls|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|work=The Print|date=4 March 2023|access-date=11 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162556/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shinde-govt-targets-dec-2023-finish-for-nagpur-mumbai-expressway-just-ahead-of-state-ls-polls/ar-AA18cVqh?PC=EMMX01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Kukreja, Sahil|title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Samruddhi Mahamarg' Mumbai-Nagpur expressway: How it'll benefit car owners|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/articleshow/96146928.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 December 2022|access-date=11 December 2022|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-samruddhi-mahamarg-mumbai-nagpur-expressway-how-itll-benefit-car-owners/amp_articleshow/96146928.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Mumbai-Nagpur Samruddhi Expressway: Last Phase Of Mega Project Expected To Open In May: Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-nagpur-samruddhi-expressway-last-phase-of-mega-project-expected-to-open-in-may-report-article-151443248 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
* Konkan Expressway: Proposed.<ref>{{cite news|title=CM now aims for Konkan expressway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 December 2022|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313124340/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/cm-now-aims-for-konkan-expressway-101671218411627.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Air ===
[[File:MumbaiAirportT2.JPG|thumb| The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.]]
The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |title=AAI traffic figures |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> It handled 52.8 million passengers in the Financial Year 2024, an increase of 16 per cent in passenger traffic over the previous Financial Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/passenger-footfall-at-mumbai-airport-rises-16-to-52-8-million-in-fy24-124042200988_1.html |title=Passenger footfall at Mumbai airport rises 16% to 52.8 million in FY24 |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=11 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511163531/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/passenger-footfall-at-mumbai-airport-rises-16-to-52-8-million-in-fy24-124042200988_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan |publisher=Csia.in |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |title=With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public |newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date=13 February 2014 |access-date= 28 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 |archive-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>

The [[Navi Mumbai International airport]], being built in the Kopra-[[Panvel]] area, will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |title=Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> It is expected to be completed and become operational by May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Navi Mumbai airport's first phase to be operational by March-end next year: Scindia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airports-first-phase-to-be-operational-by-march-end-next-year-scindia/article67740140.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128183659/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/navi-mumbai-airports-first-phase-to-be-operational-by-march-end-next-year-scindia/article67740140.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2025 |title=Navi Mumbai International Airport expected to begin operations in May 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/navi-mumbai-international-airport-expected-to-begin-operations-in-may-2025/articleshow/118581789.cms |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Juhu Aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts the [[Bombay Flying Club]] and a heliport operated by state-owned [[Pawan Hans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |title=MIAL eyes Juhu airport |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sea ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] is the busiest port in India.]]

Mumbai is served by two major ports, [[Mumbai Port Trust]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]], which lies just across the creek in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{harvnb|Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|pp=2–12|Ref=exe}}</ref> Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities.<ref>{{harvnb|Chittar|1973|loc=p. 65: "The Port is endowed with one of the best natural harbours in the world and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation to meet the normal needs of the city."}}</ref> Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |title=Laudable Achievement of JNPT |date=7 January 2003 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005230020/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/07012003/r070120037.html |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Ferries from [[Ferry Wharf]] in [[Mazagaon]] allow access to islands near the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |title=Cruise terminal plan gets MoU push |last=Sonawane |first=Rakshit |date=13 May 2007 |access-date=27 August 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |quote=While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges, Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora, Mandva, Rewas and Uran ports. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101920/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=236291 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

The city is also the headquarters of the [[Western Naval Command]], and also an important base for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="mloc" />

== Utility services ==
{{See also|Mumbai's water sources}}
[[File:Eastern Express Highway Mumbai May 2023.jpg|left|thumb|[[Deonar dumping ground]] seen behind the [[Eastern Express Highway]].]]

Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980521/14150784.html |title=BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=21 May 1998 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/33467/ |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |title=It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis |last=Sawant |first=Sanjay |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108035059/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_it-will-be-years-before-mumbai-surmounts-its-water-crisis_1086577 |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref> most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway.<ref name="tansa">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |title=Tansa water mains to be replaced |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 August 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804005809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Tansa-water-mains-to-be-replaced/articleshow/2247432.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> The water is filtered at [[Bhandup]],<ref name="tansa" /> which is Asia's largest water filtration plant.<ref name="RTIBhandup">{{cite web |title=Right to Information Act-2005 Information Booklet |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20%28T%20Ward%29/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |publisher=[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |year=2013 |orig-year=2012 |access-date=15 June 2015 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122755/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Wards/Assistant%20Commissioner%20(T%20Ward)/RTI%20Manuals/T_RTI_E01.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="contamination">{{cite news |title=Water contamination complaints double, Bhandup hit hard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/water-contamination-complaints-double-bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |date=4 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624081154/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Water-contamination-complaints-double-Bhandup-hit-hard/articleshow/3197203.cms |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wajihuddin |first=Mohammed |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |title=Make way for Mulund, Mumbai's newest hotspot |work=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=4 May 2003 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101949/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=50939 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.<ref name="firstwatertunnel">{{cite news |date=20 February 2008 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |access-date=21 February 2008 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002824/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-countrys-first-water-tunnel-to-come-up-in-mumbai-1151960 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="tunnelcomplete">{{cite news |title=BMC completes water tunnel project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |first=Linah |last=Baliga |date=26 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BMC-completes-water-tunnel-project/articleshow/29418851.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

About 700&nbsp;million (70&nbsp;crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5&nbsp;billion (350&nbsp;crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |access-date =22 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/ |archive-date =4 September 2015}}</ref> Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of {{convert|7,800|t}}, of which {{convert|40|t}} is [[plastic pollution|plastic waste]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nevin |first=John |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |title=Plastic ban: 1 lakh to be jobless |publisher=Rediff |date=27 August 2005 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032332/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/27plastic.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and to the [[Deonar dumping ground]] in the east.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |title=How BMC cleans up the city |newspaper=MiD DAY |date=26 August 2002 |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004042/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2002/aug/29797.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sewage treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of {{cvt|3.4|km|1}} and {{cvt|3.7|km|1}} at Bandra and Worli respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |title=Bombay Sewage Disposal |publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

Electricity is distributed by the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by [[Adani Transmission]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title=Adani to buy Reliance Energy for ₹18,800 cr. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320100201/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/adani-to-buy-reliance-energy-for-18800-cr/article24556753.ece/amp/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Tata Power]] and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd ([[Mahavitaran]]) in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |title=Stay in island city, do biz |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 April 2007 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Stay-in-island-city-do-biz/articleshow/1956009.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Power supply cables are [[Undergrounding|underground]], which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.<ref name="curbtheft">{{cite news |title=Reliance Energy curbs power theft |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |first=Ashwin |last=Aghor |date=10 December 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050410/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-reliance-energy-curbs-power-theft-1322058 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="explorecurbtheft">{{cite news |title=To curb power theft, Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |date=11 March 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=India |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005358/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-to-curb-power-theft-maharashtra-explores-underground-supply-network-across-state-2084774 |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref name="cylinderatpump">{{cite news |title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |date=24 July 2013 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> as well as through [[Liquefied natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref name="pipedattractive">{{cite news |title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |first=Promit |last=Mukherjee |date=14 September 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662 |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|2008|p=143|Ref=in08}}</ref> Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone India]], [[Bharti Airtel]], MTNL, and [[Jio|Reliance Jio]]. Both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services are available in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Somayaji |first1=Chitra |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Shailendra |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |title=Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India, Vies With Bharti |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 June 2009 |access-date=13 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_3Aeo82P.Kg&refer=canada |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Mumbai, along with the area served by [[telephone exchange]]s in [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan]] is classified as a ''Metro'' telecom circle.<ref name="unifiedLicence">{{cite web |title=Details of service area |url=http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |publisher=Department of Telecommunications, Government of India |access-date=12 June 2015 |format=Word Document |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104536/http://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/list%20of%20unifiedaccess%20licensees_0.doc |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. {{As of|2014}}, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4&nbsp;million (1.64&nbsp;crore) users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |title=Internet surfers: Mumbai scores, Bangalore falls |work=The Economic Times |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912051256/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-04/news/55757553_1_internet-and-mobile-association-iamai-user-base |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Growth of Mumbai}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]<ref>{{harvnb|Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|p=6|Ref=pemmr}}</ref>
| footnote = Data is based on [[Government of India]] Census.
|1872 | 644405
|1881 | 773196
|1891 | 821764
|1901 | 812912
|1911 | 1018388
|1921 | 1244934
|1931 | 1268306
|1941 | 1686127
|1951 | 2966902
|1961 | 4152056
|1971 | 5970575
|1981 | 8243405
|1991 | 9925891
|2001 | 11914398
|2011 | 12478447
|align = right
}}
[[File:Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]] is one of the most popular [[Hindu temple]]s in the city.]]

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about {{convert|20,482|PD/km2}}. The living space is {{convert|4.5|m2}} per person.<ref name=mmmumbaiproperty>{{cite news |title=The minimum city |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=7 July 2012 |date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011.<ref name="extended UA 2011" /> Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the [[MCGM]], has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] is estimated to be 90&nbsp;lakh (9&nbsp;million), up from 60&nbsp;lakh (6&nbsp;million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 38.5% of the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=41.8% of Mumbai lives in slums |work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102060134/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mapping-mumbai-s-slum-challenge-in-coronavirus-battle-11586334352966.html |url-status=live |last1=Bhatia |first1=Sneha Alexander }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With 42% living in slums virus casts long shadow across Mumbai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108104721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/with-42-living-in-slums-virus-casts-long-shadow-across-mumbai/articleshow/75798141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[sex ratio]] in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |title=Parsis top literacy, sex-ratio charts in city |date=8 September 2004 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804042745/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Parsis-top-literacy-sex-ratio-charts-in-city/articleshow/843036.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district.<ref>{{harvnb|Datta|Jones|1999|loc=Low-Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai, pp. 158–159}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], Asia's second largest [[slum]] (if [[Karachi]]'s [[Orangi|Orangi Town]] is counted as a single slum)<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Marc |title=Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |website=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318083827/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jacobson-text |archive-date=18 March 2009}}</ref> is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10&nbsp;lakh (one million) people<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|2006|p=31}}</ref> in {{cvt|2.39|km2|2|abbr=out}}, making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |title=Dharavi, Mumbai &#124; Sustainable Milano |publisher=Blogs.newschool.edu |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004143/http://blogs.newschool.edu/epsm/2012/05/24/dharavi-mumbai/ |archive-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> with a population density of at least {{convert|334,728|PD/km2}}.<ref name="Town">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook -MUMBAI SUBURBAN |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation Maharashtra |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506192615/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2722_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI%20SUBURBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991–2001 decade was 11.2&nbsp;lakh (1.12&nbsp;million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |page=2 |title=Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005–06 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216012618/http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42&nbsp;lakh (4.2&nbsp;million) in 2008 to 66&nbsp;lakh (6.6&nbsp;million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20&nbsp;lakh (2&nbsp;million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20&nbsp;lakh (1–2&nbsp;million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |title=Mumbai's New-Age Builders want a Room at the Top |magazine=Forbes |date=10 February 2010 |access-date=7 July 2012 |author=T Surendar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040039/http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/mumbais-newage-builders-want-a-room-at-the-top/10032/0 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> According to the 2016 report of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]], Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |title=Mumbai noisiest city, Delhi at number 4: Central Pollution Control Board |date=26 April 2016 |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407175447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-noisiest-city-Delhi-at-number-4-Central-Pollution-Control-Board/articleshow/51985961.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups and religions ===
{{Main|Religion in Maharashtra}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Greater Mumbai (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=xls|website=census.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230449/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|20.65}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|4.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|4.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|3.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.49}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.65}}
}}

The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include [[Hindu]]s (65.99%), [[Muslims]] (20.65%), [[Buddhist]]s (4.85%), [[Jain]]s (4.10%), [[Christians]] (3.27%) and [[Sikh]]s (0.49%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718112640/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }} On this page, select "Maharashtra" from the download menu. ''"Greater Mumbai (M.Corp.)" is at line 11 of the excel file, "Mumbai Suburban District" at line 1065 and "Mumbai District" at line 1072.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |title=Mumbai (Greater Mumbai) City Census 2011 data |publisher=Census2011 |access-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604104700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html |archive-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai |title=Muslims of Mumbai (Bombay), major city of India |website=The 30-Days Prayer Network |access-date=1 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823123240/http://www.30-days.net/muslims/muslims-in/asia-south-central/india/india-mumbai/ |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: [[Maharashtrians]] (32%), [[Gujaratis]] (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mehta|2004|p=99}}</ref>

Native Christians include [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian Catholics]], who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Baptista|1967|p=5}}</ref> while [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] and [[Mangalorean Catholics]] also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} [[History of the Jews in Mumbai|Jews settled in Mumbai]] during the 18th century. The [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish community of Mumbai, who migrated from the [[Konkan]] villages, south of Mumbai, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ruler, [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Shalva |last=Weil |title=Background: A rich history now stained with blood |date=30 November 2008 |url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060915/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Background-A-rich-history-now-stained-with-blood |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Mumbai is also home to the largest population of [[Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]]s in the world,<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than Half of the World's Zoroastrians Call Mumbai, India Home |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |website=Smart Cities Dive |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811063924/https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/more-half-world-s-zoroastrians-call-mumbai-india-home/1032251/ |url-status=live }}</ref> numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karkaria |first1=Bachi |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=6 December 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |archive-date=20 November 2016}}</ref> Parsis migrated to India from [[Greater Iran]] following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]] in the seventh century.<ref>[http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ "The world's successful diasporas"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/ |date=15 January 2013 }}. Managementtoday.co.uk.</ref> The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s, Ismaili [[Khojas]], and [[Konkani Muslims]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bates|2003|p=266}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Mumbai City (1872−2011){{efn|1872-1881: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included the city and island of Bombay.<ref name="Census1881"/><br><br>1891-1921: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality.<ref name="Census1921B"/><br><br>1931-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Bombay, which included Bombay Municipality and Bombay Suburbs.<ref name="Census1941"/>|name="BombayCity1872to1941"}}
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1872<ref name="Census1872">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057641 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057641 |access-date=21 September 2024 |title=Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872. |year=1872 |volume=2 |pages=76 |publisher=Bombay, 1875. }}</ref><ref name="Census1872B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057645 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057645 |access-date=21 September 2024 |title=Census of the city of Bombay, taken 21st February 1872. |year=1872 |pages=20 |last1=(Presidency) |first1=Bombay }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057678 |access-date=1 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind |year=1881 |pages=3 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224518/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |pages=48 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531191628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |url-status=live |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=44 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154915/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1901B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366895 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1901 |volume=9 |pages=30 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=23 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011326/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |url-status=live |last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393770 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1911 |volume=7 |pages=27 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=25 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528062858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1921B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394131 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1921 |volume=8 |pages=57 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507012628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1931 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513011937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1931B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797128 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1931 |volume=8 |pages=34 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506002440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215985 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215985 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 3, Bombay |year=1941 |pages=86 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513012320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215985 |url-status=live |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=3 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="Religion"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 408,680
| {{Percentage | 408680 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 502,851
| {{Percentage | 502851 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 543,276
| {{Percentage | 543276 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 508,608
| {{Percentage | 508608 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 664,048
| {{Percentage | 664048 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 837,690
| {{Percentage | 837690 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 859,691
| {{Percentage | 859691 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 1,180,812
| {{Percentage | 1180812 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 8,210,894
| {{Percentage | 8210894 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 138,815
| {{Percentage | 138815 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 158,713
| {{Percentage | 158713 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 155,257
| {{Percentage | 155257 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 155,747
| {{Percentage | 155747 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 179,346
| {{Percentage | 179346 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 184,685
| {{Percentage | 184685 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 226,881
| {{Percentage | 226881 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 280,618
| {{Percentage | 280618 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 2,568,961
| {{Percentage | 2568961 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 44,091
| {{Percentage | 44091 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 48,597
| {{Percentage | 48597 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 47,458
| {{Percentage | 47458 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 46,231
| {{Percentage | 46231 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 50,931
| {{Percentage | 50931 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 52,234
| {{Percentage | 52234 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 60,641
| {{Percentage | 60641 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 63,757
| {{Percentage | 63757 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 34,724
| {{Percentage | 34724 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 42,327
| {{Percentage | 42327 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 45,310
| {{Percentage | 45310 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 45,176
| {{Percentage | 45176 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 57,355
| {{Percentage | 57355 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 68,169
| {{Percentage | 68169 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 99,936
| {{Percentage | 99936 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 137,198
| {{Percentage | 137198 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 407,031
| {{Percentage | 407031 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 15,121
| {{Percentage | 15121 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 17,218
| {{Percentage | 17218 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 25,225
| {{Percentage | 25225 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 14,248
| {{Percentage | 14248 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 20,460
| {{Percentage | 20460 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 23,884
| {{Percentage | 23884 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 13,545
| {{Percentage | 13545 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 38,571
| {{Percentage | 38571 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 509,639
| {{Percentage | 509639 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 2,669
| {{Percentage | 2669 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 3,321
| {{Percentage | 3321 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 5,021
| {{Percentage | 5021 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 5,357
| {{Percentage | 5357 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 6,597
| {{Percentage | 6597 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 7,548
| {{Percentage | 7548 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 8,926
| {{Percentage | 8926 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 10,849
| {{Percentage | 10849 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 305
| {{Percentage | 305 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 169
| {{Percentage | 169 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 395
| {{Percentage | 395 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 578
| {{Percentage | 578 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 1,645
| {{Percentage | 1645 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 1,640
| {{Percentage | 1640 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 919
| {{Percentage | 919 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 603,825
| {{Percentage | 603825 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 88
| {{Percentage | 88 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 107
| {{Percentage | 107 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 1,185
| {{Percentage | 1185 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 2,786
| {{Percentage | 2786 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 60,759
| {{Percentage | 60759 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
| Tribal
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 773196 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 48
| {{Percentage | 48 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 18,496
| {{Percentage | 18496 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 644405 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 773196 | 2 }}
| 227
| {{Percentage | 227 | 821764 | 2 }}
| 153
| {{Percentage | 153 | 776006 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 979445 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1175914 | 2 }}
| 127
| {{Percentage | 127 | 1272587 | 2 }}
| 7,024
| {{Percentage | 7024 | 1741030 | 2 }}
| 81,264
| {{Percentage | 81264 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 644,405
! {{Percentage | 644405 | 644405 | 2 }}
! 773,196
! {{Percentage | 773196 | 773196 | 2 }}
! 821,764
! {{Percentage | 821764 | 821764 | 2 }}
! 776,006
! {{Percentage | 776006 | 776006 | 2 }}
! 979,445
! {{Percentage | 979445 | 979445 | 2 }}
! 1,175,914
! {{Percentage | 1175914 | 1175914 | 2 }}
! 1,272,587
! {{Percentage | 1272587 | 1161383 | 2 }}
! 1,741,030
! {{Percentage | 1741030 | 1741030 | 2 }}
! 12,442,373
! {{Percentage | 12442373 | 12442373 | 2 }}
|}

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Mumbai (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005055334/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224105547/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai's growing Hindi heartland |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |website=Indian Express |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226014052/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-growing-hindi-heartland-demographic-changes-5577879/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 35.40 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 24.78 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 11.73 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 11.42 |color4 = lightblue
|label5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value5 = 2.37 |color5 = royalblue
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.85 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value7 = 1.69 |color7 = gold
|label8 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value8 = 1.59 |color8 = steelblue
|label9 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value9 = 1.56 |color9 = salmon
|label10 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value10 = 1.14 |color10 = orchid
|label11 = [[Malayalam]] |value11 = 0.97 |color11 = cornflowerblue
|label12 = Others |value12 = 5.50 |color12 = grey
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Bombay City and Aden (1891).<ref>{{cite book |last= Drew|first= W.W.|author-link= |date= 1892|title= Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables|url= |location= |publisher= Central Government Press|pages= 109–11|isbn=}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 53.51 |color1 = red
|label7 = [[Hindi]] |value7 = 0.94 |color7 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 12.19 |color3 = green
|label2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value2 = 22.73 |color2 = lightblue
|label4 = [[Kutchi language|Kacchi]] |value4 = 5.837 |color4 = dodgerblue
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.72 |color6 = maroon
|label8 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value8 = 0.37 |color8 = darkblue
|label9 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value9 = 0.18 |color9 = steelblue
|label5 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (including Goan) |value5 = 2.31 |color5 = salmon
|label10 = [[Balochi language|Balochi]] |value10 = 0.03|color10 = orchid
|label11 = Others |value11 = 0.19 |color11 = grey
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with [[English language|English]]. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other [[Status of Indian cities|metropolitan cities]] of India. Sixteen major [[languages of India]] are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and its dialect [[East Indian language|East Indian]]. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 35.30% of the population around 4,396,870 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. [[Urdu]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are spoken by 11.73% and 11.45% respectively.<ref name="census2011-langreport"/><ref>{{harvnb|Pai|2005|p=1804}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Malayalam]] are other minority languages spoken by a significant number of people in Mumbai.<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>

English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's [[White-collar worker|white collar]] workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bombay Hindi|Bambaiya]]'' – a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Urdu]], [[Indian English]] and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=141}}</ref>

In the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by 31.21%.<ref>{{cite web |title=51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 February 2018 |page=152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of colleges in Mumbai}}

=== Schools ===
Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]]) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |date=24 September 2006 |title=City has 43 one-teacher schools |newspaper=[[MiD DAY]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004316/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/sep/144108.htm |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:

* [[Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Maharashtra State Board]] (MSBSHSE)
* The All-India [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE)
* The [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
* The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
* The [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB)
* The [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Anahita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |date=2 April 2009 |title=Education board tells schools to get state recognition |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Education-board-tells-schools-to-get-state-recognition/articleshow/4346890.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |date=5 May 2006 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807060715/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages ([[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]]). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |title=City Development (Education) |access-date=25 August 2013 |author=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074234/http://mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Education.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Higher education ===
Under the [[10+2+3 plan|10+2+3/4 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in [[junior college]], where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |date=19 June 2008 |title=Are you cut out for Arts, Science or Commerce? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091337/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2008/jun/19trans.htm |archive-date=14 June 2009}}</ref> This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Archana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |date=4 June 2004 |title=When it comes to courses, MU dishes up a big buffet |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804034139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/When-it-comes-to-courses-MU-dishes-up-a-big-buffet/articleshow/718303.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |title=History |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425232831/http://www.mu.ac.in/History.html |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>

The [[University of Mumbai]] is one of the premier<ref name="intoday1">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html "Best Universities 2013: University of Mumbai"]. ''India Today''. (15 March 1978). Retrieved 16 July 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426000809/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/best-universities-in-india-2013-mumbai-university/1/9412.html |date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm ''[[Business Insider]]'' in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging [[BRICS]] nations viz [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], India, [[China]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |title=The World's Best Engineering Schools |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |website=Business Insider |access-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050037/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-worlds-best-engineering-schools-2012-6?op=1 |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/20130603-india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey-763646-1999-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710021738/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-universities-ranking-private-sector-survey/1/272876.html |url-status=dead |title=India Today ranks India's Best Universities for 2013 |first=Dhiraj |last=Nayyar |date=30 November 1999 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |work=India Today}}</ref> and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |title=QS University Rankings: BRICS 2013 |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217061019/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/brics-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+country=+stars=false+search= |archive-date=17 December 2013 |date=12 December 2013}}</ref> Its strongest scores in the [[QS World University Rankings|QS University Rankings]]: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |title=Top Universities in India |website=Top Universities |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704075931/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/brics-rankings/top-universities-india |archive-date=4 July 2015 |date=16 December 2013}}</ref> It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best [[Interdisciplinarity|Multi Disciplinary]] University in the QS University ranking.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] (IIT Bombay), Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |date=22 December 2006 |title=IIT flights return home |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109005035/http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-iit-flights-return-home-1070723 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (formerly UDCT / UICT),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |title=Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174721/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/321286/ |archive-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]]}}</ref> [[VJTI|Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] (VJTI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |title=About the Institute |publisher=[[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518121006/http://www.vjti.ac.in/home_about.asp |archive-date=18 May 2009}}</ref> which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, along with [[SNDT Women's University]] are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |title=About University |publisher=[[SNDT Women's University]] |access-date=9 June 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013235515/http://sndt.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7&ParentMenuID=7 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins |last=Source |first={{!}} The |date=23 April 2015 |website=Global |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Thadomal Shahani Engineering College]] is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal [[University of Mumbai]] and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city's university to offer undergraduate level courses in [[Computer Engineering]], [[Information Technology]], [[Biomedical Engineering]] and [[Biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |title=..:: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::. |access-date=28 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901014638/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3182 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> [[Grant Medical College]] established in 1845 and [[Seth G.S. Medical College]] are the leading medical institutes affiliated with [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] and [[KEM Hospital]] respectively. Mumbai is also home to the [[Indian Institute of Management Mumbai|IIM Mumbai]], [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]] (JBIMS), [[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] (NMIMS), [[S P Jain Institute of Management and Research]], [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) and several other management schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Rashmi |url=http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |date=8 November 2004 |title=Is the 'IIM' brand invincible? |work=Rediff News |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718194025/http://in.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/08rash.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> [[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] and [[Sydenham College]], respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |title=Sydenham College: Our Profile |publisher=[[Sydenham College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015836/http://www.sydenham.edu/our_profile.html |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |title=About The Government Law College |publisher=[[Government Law College, Mumbai|Government Law College]] |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081119/http://www.glc.edu/incept.asp |archive-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> The [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] is Mumbai's oldest art institution.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |title=JJ School seeks help from new friends |date=6 October 2002 |first=Nina |last=Martyris |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522012912/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/JJ-School-seeks-help-from-new-friends/articleshow/24305727.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>
It also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai|National Law Universities]] (NLU).

Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |date=24 November 2006 |title=University ties up with renowned institutes |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106112417/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-university-ties-up-with-renowned-institutes-1065998 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The BARC operates [[CIRUS]], a 40&nbsp;MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in [[Trombay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |title=CIRUS reactor |publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) |access-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709060317/http://www.barc.ernet.in/webpages/reactors/cirus.html |archive-date= 9 July 2007}}</ref>

Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia, established in 1886.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:University Mumbai convoc hall.jpg|[[University of Mumbai]] is one of the largest universities in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mumbai university: Latest News, Videos and mumbai university Photos {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/mumbai-university |website=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110075443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/mumbai-university |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Mumbai 03-2016 39 University.jpg|[[Rajabai Clock Tower]] at the [[University of Mumbai]] is part of [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].
File:IITBMainBuildingCROP.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] is a premier engineering institute in the country.
</gallery>

== Culture  ==
{{Main|Mumbai culture}}
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 70 Asiatic Society Library.jpg|thumb|[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.|alt=A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs]]
[[File:Chowpatti Beach (Girgaum Chowpatty).jpg|thumb|[[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach. Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city.]]

Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an educated middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Carol Appadurai |title=Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World |year=1995 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |pages=90–91 |isbn=978-0-8166-2306-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN4MN35b-r4C}}</ref>

Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |title=Beginners' Bollywood |date=28 September 2005 |work=The Age |location=Sydney |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906120745/http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/beginners-bollywood/2005/09/27/1127804471297.html |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>—[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] laid the foundations with silent movies followed by [[Marathi cinema|Marathi talkies]]—and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Vilanilam|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvQtoquTT6kC 130]}}</ref> Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The [[Mumbai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |title=Matchbox journeys |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |date=10 September 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405203521/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/article3232563.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and the award ceremony of the [[Filmfare Awards]], the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment?frommovies=1 |title=Filmfare Awards gets new sponsor |date=11 January 2006 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/?frommovies=1 |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the [[British Raj]] having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving "theatre movement" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.<ref name=multitheater>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|2005|pp=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilder |first=Rosamond |title=The New Theatre in India: An Impression |journal=[[Theatre Journal|Educational Theatre Journal]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=201–204 |date=October 1957 |issn=0192-2882 |doi=10.2307/3203529 |jstor=3203529}}</ref>

Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay|Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] is one of the oldest [[public library|public libraries]] in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=232}}</ref> The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in [[South Mumbai]] which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/ |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya |access-date=30 January 2007 |publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201210616/http://bombaymuseum.org/ |archive-date=1 February 2007}}</ref>

Mumbai has a zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbour's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by [[Booker Prize]] winners [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Aravind Adiga]]. [[Marathi literature]] has been modernised in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, [[Anant Kanekar]], and [[Gangadhar Gadgil]], and is promoted through an annual [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], a literary honour bestowed by India's [[Sahitya Akademi|National Academy of Letters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |title=Sahitya Akademi: awards and fellowships |year=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520022941/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa1.htm |archive-date=20 May 2008}}</ref>

Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and [[Indian festivals]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] is the biggest and most important festival of Mumbai, There are almost 5000 [[Ganpati]] Pandals set up in the city for the celebrations. Other festivals like [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Navratri]], [[Christmas]], [[Rakshabandhan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Shiv Jayanti]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the popular festivals in the city. The [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre and films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Arts Festival |publisher=Kala Ghoda Association |access-date=6 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023334/http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref>

The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai.<ref name="MTDCpullout">{{cite news |title=MTDC will not pull out of Elephanta, Banganga fests |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |first=Ahustosh |last=Shukla |date=8 November 2008 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901064217/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mtdc-will-not-pull-out-of-elephanta-banganga-fests-1204562 |archive-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="MTDCBanganga">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805052147/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Elephanta Festival—celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s—is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country.<ref name="MTDCpullout" /><ref name="MTDCElephanta">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |access-date=7 February 2008 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220194302/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FMTDC_Festival%2FElephanta_Festival.html |archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> Public holidays specific to the city and the state include [[Maharashtra Day]] on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai celebrates Maharashtra Day |date=1 May 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=6 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-celebrates-Maharashtra-Day/articleshow/4471265.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |title='Vote at Eight' campaign |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002936/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032450711300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref> and [[Gudi Padwa]] which is the New Year's Day for [[Marathi people]].

[[List of Mumbai beaches|Beaches]] are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are [[Girgaum Chowpatty]], [[Juhu Beach]], Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, [[Marve Beach]], Versova Beach, Madh Beach, [[Aksa Beach]] and [[Manori]] Beach.<ref>{{cite news |title=BMC to transfer beach cleaning works |date=24 August 2013 |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053256/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bmc-transfer-beach-cleaning-works-516 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |title=8 out of city's 10 beaches unsafe |date=10 May 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055224/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/8-out-of-city-s-10-beaches-unsafe/Article1-695594.aspx |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=About Essel World |publisher=[[Essel World]] |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130164441/http://www.esselworld.com/ |archive-date=30 January 2008}}</ref> and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2003|p=143}}</ref> [[Adlabs Imagica]] opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]].<ref name="founderimagica">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Samidha |title=Adlabs founder bets big on theme parks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Adlabs-founder-bets-big-on-theme-parks/articleshow/17379493.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Architecture of Mumbai|Heritage structures in Mumbai}}
[[File:Mumbaicityskyline.jpeg|thumb|380px|left| The skyline of [[Worli]] and [[Dadar]] viewed from [[Bandra]].]]
The architecture of the city is a blend of [[Gothic Revival]], [[Indo-Saracenic]], [[Art Deco]], and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the [[Victoria Terminus]] and [[University of Mumbai]], were built in Gothic Revival style.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103114347/http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/07/25/stories/2004072500330200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2015 |title=Rainswept glory |date=24 July 2004 |access-date=7 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features.<ref name="Profile">{{harvnb|Morris|Winchester|2005|p=212}}</ref> There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |title=Mumbai's entrance -the 'Gateway' to be more tourist-friendly |date=4 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041014.htm |archive-date=6 March 2007 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and west of the [[Oval Maidan]]. Mumbai has the second highest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after [[Miami]]. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of [[skyscrapers]] in India, with 956 existing [[skyscrapers]] and 272 under construction {{As of|2009|lc=y}}.
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the [[Elephanta Caves]] and the [[The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in |title=India: World heritage sites centre |access-date=9 August 2007 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502200152/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in/ |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices.<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |title=Is the world's weirdest property market strangling the city that hosts it? |newspaper=The Economist |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=6 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717223955/http://www.economist.com/node/21556584 |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than {{cvt|100|m}}, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120109061808/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/most-skyscraper-cities-worldwide "Cities with the most skyscrapers {{!}} Statistics"]}}. EMPORIS.</ref><ref name="economist" />

=== Cityscape ===
{{Wide image|F7xZ48abwAAgNst.jpg|800px| An aerial view of the skyline of [[South Mumbai]].}}
Mumbai's cityscape consists of a variety of tall buildings and structures, most of which have been built in the last two decades. There was a significant lull in construction projects since the mid-1990s after which construction projects began taking the skyline upwards, with a major acceleration in the pace of development since 2000, when the [[Parel|Lower Parel]] area began developing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai|url=https://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615005107/http://www.emporis.com/city/102037/mumbai-india|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> 
Mumbai with a commanding 77% share of tall buildings in India, is poised to maintain its position as the frontrunner in tall building construction due to its ability to command premium prices compared to other cities, thereby ensuring the economic viability of such developments within the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai stands tall among Indian cities |work=The economic times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717195050/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/high-rises-mumbai-stands-tall-among-indian-cities/articleshow/101348550.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
Mumbai has more residential tall buildings rather than commercial, unlike the trend globally. Limited land resources and an exponential increase in urban population were the primary reasons for Mumbai's vertical growth compared to other Tier 1 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai has 77% tall buildings in India |work=The Hindustan times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html | access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815075348/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-dominates-indian-skyline-with-77-share-of-tall-buildings-ranks-17th-worldwide-report-101687979905261.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2023, Mumbai has a total of around 250 tall buildings out of which more than 100 are completed  with more than 90 under construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Over 100 tall buildings in Mumbai, 90 more under construction: CII-CBRE |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/real-estate/news-cii-cbre-anshuman-magazine-council-on-tall-buildings-and-urban-habitat-india-kolkata-mumbai-south-east-asia-gurugram-noida-chennai-bengaluru-hyderabad-242125 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Zee Business |language=en}}</ref>

== Food ==
{{See also|Ketan Kadam#Career}}
{{excerpt|Street food of Mumbai}}

== Media ==
{{See also|List of Mumbai radio stations}}
[[File:Film City.jpg|thumb|Plaque at [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] entrance]]
[[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150–200 films every year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ganti|2004|p=3}}</ref> The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |title=Bollywood Trawls London for Talent as Students Balk at Banking |access-date=26 May 2009 |date=26 November 2008 |last=Lundgren |first=Kari |publisher=Bloomberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044110/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a6JQLLVfORXM&refer=europe |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |title=Bollywood filmmakers experimenting with new genre of films |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912051317/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/news/28418701_1_bollywood-filmmakers-bollywood-releases-hyderabad-blues |url-status=dead }}</ref> Studios in Goregaon, including [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], are the location for most movie sets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Haima |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |title=Mumbai's Film City may be home to world cinema |date=5 March 2001 |access-date=14 May 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. [[Slumdog Millionaire]], an [[English language]] British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards.

[[File:Times of India Building.jpg|thumb|''[[The Times of India]]''{{'}}s first office is opposite the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] where it was founded.<ref name="televisionpoint2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |title=The Times of India turns the Times of Colour |publisher=Televisionpoint.com |date=26 April 2006 |access-date=16 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225524/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2006/newsfullstory.php?id=1146042260 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>]]

Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top [[Marathi-language newspapers|Marathi language newspapers]] are ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', ''[[Nava Kaal|Navakaal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]]'', ''Mumbai Chaufer'', ''[[Saamana]]'' and ''[[Sakaal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |title=IRS Q2, 2010: Negligible decline of daily readers in Greater Mumbai |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815164813/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28137_IRS+Q2+2010:+Negligible+decline+of+daily+readers+in+Greater+Mumbai |archive-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> Popular Marathi language magazines are ''Saptahik Sakaal'', ''Grihashobhika'', ''Lokrajya'', ''Lokprabha'' and ''Chitralekha''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |title=IRS Q2 2010: Publications in Maharashtra see some light |publisher=Exchange4media.com |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050215/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=5&News_id=39218 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[MiD DAY|Mid-day]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[DNA India]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]''. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Shuchi |last1=Bansal |last2=Mathai |first2=Palakunnathu G. |url=http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//money/2005/apr/06spec1.htm |title=Mumbai's media Mahabharat |date=6 April 2005 |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=Rediff |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032345/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fmoney%2F2005%2Fapr%2F06spec1.htm |archive-date= 6 August 2011}}</ref> Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which has been published in Gujarati since 1822.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://www.thehindu.com/yw/2004/10/16/stories/2004101600260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title=Learn with newspapers |date=16 October 2004 |access-date=14 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''Bombay Durpan'', the first Marathi newspaper, was started by [[Balshastri Jambhekar]] in 1832.<ref name="PubliclifeMSG">{{cite web |title=Public life and voluntary social service organisations |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |access-date=1 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228045933/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/publiclife.html |archive-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>

Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the [[pay-tv|Pay TV]] companies or the local cable television providers. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990826/ige26046.html |title=IN-fighting among cable operators |date=26 July 1999 |access-date=10 June 2009 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The wide range of cable channels available includes [[Zee Marathi]], [[Zee Talkies]], [[ETV Marathi|Colors Marathi]], [[Star Pravah]], [[Mi Marathi]], DD Sahyadri ([[Marathi language television|All Marathi channels]]), news channels such as [[ABP Majha]], [[IBN-Lokmat|News 18 Lokmat]], [[Zee 24 Taas]], sports channels like [[ESPN]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], National entertainment channels like [[Colors TV]], [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony]], [[Zee TV]] and [[Star Plus]], business news channels like [[CNBC Awaaz]], [[Zee Business]], and [[ET Now]] News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]] a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai. [[Direct broadcast satellite|Satellite television]] (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |title=What is CAS? What is DTH? |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=10 June 2009 |website=Rediff News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616115954/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/05iycu.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |title=Tata Sky on Insat 4A |access-date=10 August 2008 |website=LyngSat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809014755/http://www.lyngsat.com/packages/tatasky.html |archive-date=9 August 2008}}</ref>

There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |title=Radio stations in Maharashtra, India |access-date=18 January 2008 |publisher=Asiawaves |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227054433/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |archive-date=27 February 2007}}</ref> Mumbai also has access to [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers such as [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]].<!--Note. There are no sources available that say there are Satellite stations in Mumbai, or for that Matter, India, except 1Worldspace with Airtel. --> The [[Conditional Access System]] (CAS) started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home]] (DTH) transmission service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai |access-date=22 January 2008 |date=20 December 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Few-takers-for-CAS-in-Mumbai/articleshow/856609.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

== Sports ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150" caption="Sports venues">
File:Wankhede Stadium (86312941).jpeg|[[Wankhede Stadium]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |title=Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai details, matches, stats |website=Cricbuzz |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725183136/https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2430/indian-premier-league-2016/venues/81/wankhede-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref> 
File:Wug0reym7cv91.jpg|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
File:Dr. D.Y. Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai, Maharashta.png|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
</gallery>

[[Cricket]] is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=About BCCI |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) |url=http://bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |access-date=16 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004002106/http://www.bcci.tv/bcci/bccitv/ |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208175436/http://www.investmentkit.com/latestnews/2010/04/15/i-t-raids-at-ipl-headquarter-at-bcci-in-mumbai-reports-ndtv-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=IT Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV &#124; InvestmentKit.com Articles |publisher=Investmentkit.com |date=15 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's [[first-class cricket|first-class]] team [[Mumbai cricket team]] has won 41 [[Ranji Trophy]] titles, the most by any team.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Makarand |first=Waingankar |title=Attacking pattern of play has delivered |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/article376845.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003653/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Attacking-pattern-of-play-has-delivered/article16353485.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The city based [[Mumbai Indians]] compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seth |first=Ramesh |title=Brabourne&nbsp;– the stadium with a difference |date=1 December 2006 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |access-date=8 June 2009 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406051359/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3027508.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] of the [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup]] which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and [[London]] are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]] of an [[ICC Champions Trophy]] which was played at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006]].<ref name="TSMH">{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |title=Aussies claim elusive trophy |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=18 June 2009 |date=6 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315085415/http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html |archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref>

[[Association football|Football]] is another popular sport in the city, with the [[FIFA World Cup]] and the English [[Premier League]] being followed widely.<ref>{{Cite news |last=g=Bubna |first=Shriya |title=Forget cricket, soccer's new media favourite |date=7 July 2006 |work=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |access-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806032327/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/07fifa.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The [[Mumbai City FC]] of [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) play their home matches at the [[Mumbai Football Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|title=Mumbai City on course to become ISL 'Invincibles'|accessdate=21 January 2023|work=timesofindia.com|date=21 January 2023|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122142615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-on-course-to-become-isl-invincibles/articleshow/97192372.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While the [[I-League 2]] club [[Mumbai Kenkre FC]] uses the [[Cooperage Ground]] as home ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making |website=freepressjournal.in |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208150044/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making |url-status=live }}</ref> When the [[Elite Football League of India]] was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.

Mumbai's first professional [[American football]] [[Franchise (sports)|franchise]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |title='They Need TV Product': Why American Football Is Coming To India – TIME NewsFeed |magazine=Time |date=4 August 2011 |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125025255/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/04/they-need-tv-product-why-american-football-is-coming-to-india/ |archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> the [[Mumbai Gladiators]], played its first season, in [[Pune]], in late 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gridiron league launched in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |access-date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Gridiron-league-launched-in-India/articleshow/9495133.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

In [[field hockey]], Mumbai is home to the [[Mumbai Marines]] and [[Mumbai Magicians]] in the [[World Series Hockey]] and [[Hockey India League]] respectively. Matches in the city are played at the [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]].<ref name="marines">{{cite news |title=Mumbai Marines down Chennai Cheetahs |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |date=31 March 2012 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014947/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/187788-mumbai-marines-down-chennai-cheetahs |archive-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="magicians">{{cite news |title=HIL: Police assure tight security for matches in Mumbai |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |date=15 January 2013 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602205544/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-hil-police-assure-tight-security-for-matches-in-mumbai-1789087 |archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the [[Premier Badminton League]] is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/indian-badminton-league/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015857/http://www.iblschedule.com/2013/05/indian-badminton-league-2013-from-14.html |url-status=dead |title=Indian Badminton League |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> In the second season, the final of the [[2016 Premier Badminton League]] was held between home-squad [[Mumbai Rockets]] and the [[Delhi Dashers]] (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Badminton Association of India announces the 2nd Edition of the Indian Badminton League |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/badminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league |publisher=sportskeeda.com |access-date=29 October 2015 |date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304162153/http://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/badminton-association-of-india-announces-the-2nd-edition-of-the-indian-badminton-league |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the [[2017 Premier Badminton League]] (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the [[Mumbai Rockets]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile |title=Team Overview |website=Premier Badminton League |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805020000/https://www.pbl-india.com/teams/292-mumbai-rockets-teamprofile |url-status=live }}</ref> beat the [[Hyderabad Hunters (Badminton team)|Hyderabad Hunters]] 3–1 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3–4 to the [[Chennai Smashers]].

[[U Mumba]] is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional [[Kabaddi]] league, [[Pro Kabaddi]]. The Mumbai Leg of [[Pro Kabaddi League|Pro Kabaddi]] is held at the NSCI, Worli.

[[Rugby union|Rugby]] is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] from June to November.<ref name="rugbyhost">{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host Asian men's rugby |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |date=10 October 2012 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005082118/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-mumbai-to-host-asian-men-s-rugby-1751235 |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

Every February, Mumbai holds [[derby (horse race)|derby]] races at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. [[United Breweries Group|Mcdowell's]] Derby is also held in February at the [[Royal Western India Turf Club|Turf Club]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Abir |title=Mallya, Diageo fight for McDowell Derby |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mallya-diageo-fight-for-mcdowell-derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024032334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-Diageo-fight-for-McDowell-Derby/articleshow/1233374.cms |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai to host F-1 powerboat race |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |access-date=22 June 2015 |publisher=NDTV |date=17 December 2003 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002055/http://sports.ndtv.com/formula-1/news/17340-mumbai-to-host-f-1-powerboat-race- |archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[Force India]] F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=Reuters UK |first=Alan |last=Baldwin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624051820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/01/25/motor-racing-forceindia-idUKL2521523620080125 |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> In 2004, the annual [[Mumbai Marathon]] was established as a part of "[[The Greatest Race on Earth]]". Mumbai had also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP World Tour]], in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |work=CBS Sports |title=Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit |url=http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120515/http://www.cbssports.com/writers/columns |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

Mumbai hosted the [[141st IOC Session]] from 15 to 17 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: Why The 141st IOC Session In Mumbai Could Be Significant For India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/explained-why-the-141st-ioc-session-in-mumbai-could-be-significant-for-india/88907/1 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

'''Regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
|-
|[[Mumbai cricket team]]
|[[Ranji Trophy]]

[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|1930
|-
|[[Maharashtra football team]]
|[[Santosh Trophy]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
| –
|1941
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]]
|[[Indian Premier League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|2008
|-
| [[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|-
|[[Mumbai Gladiators]]
|[[Elite Football League of India]]
|[[American football]]
| –
|2012
|-
|[[Mumbai Rockets]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|2014
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
|[[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|[[Kabaddi]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Tennis Masters]]
|[[Champions Tennis League]]
|[[Tennis]]
|[[Kalina Stadium]]
|2014
|-
|Mumbai Stars
|[[Elite Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
| –
|2023
|}

'''Former regional and professional sports teams from Mumbai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team/Club
!Tournament/League
!Sport
!Venue
!Established
!Ceased
|-
|Mumbai Champs
|[[Indian Cricket League]]
|[[Cricket]]
|N/A
|2007
|2009
|-
|[[Mumbai Marines]]
|[[World Series Hockey]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2011
|2013
|-
|[[Mumbai Magicians]]
|[[Hockey India League]]
|[[Field hockey]]
|[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]]
|2012
|2014
|-
|[[Mumbai Masters]]
|[[Premier Badminton League]]
|[[Badminton]]
|[[National Sports Club of India]]
|2013
|2016
|-
|[[Mumbai FC]]
|[[I-League]]
|[[Association football|Football]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mumbai Challengers]]
|[[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
|[[Basketball]]
|–
|2015
|2017
|}
{{clear}}

==International relations==
===Twin towns and sister cities===
Source: ''Hindustan Times''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |title=BMC plans 'sister city square' to celebrate Mumbai's bond with its 15 sister cities |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203044959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|Russia}} [[St. Petersburg]], Russia (1963)
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], Japan (1965)
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany (1968)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Honolulu]], U.S. (1970)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[Los Angeles]], U.S. (1972)
* {{flagdeco|United States}} [[New York City]], U.S. (1975)
* {{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1977)
* {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1995)
* {{flagdeco|Fiji}} [[Nadi]], Fiji (1996)
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[İzmir]], Turkey (1997)
* {{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Galați]], Romania (2005)
* {{flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar (2008)
* {{flagdeco|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (2009)
* {{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], Spain (2012)
* {{flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine (2013)
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[Shanghai]], China (2014)
}}

== See also ==
* [[Geology of Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]
* [[INS Mumbai]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* {{Cite book |last1=Machado |first1=José Pedro |title=Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt |chapter=Bombaim |publisher=Editorial Confluência |volume=I |year=1984}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Suketu |title=Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found |year=2004 |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |isbn=978-0-375-40372-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/maximumcitybomba00meht }}
* {{Cite book |title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1993 |isbn=978-92-1-131233-1 |ref=UNB}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1982 |ref=misra}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005|orig-year=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6}}
* {{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |ref=plan |access-date=29 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |archive-date=10 March 2009 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M. S. |year=2007 |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing}}
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |format=PDF, 1.18 [[Megabyte|MB]] |title=Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai |publisher=[[Mumbai Police]] |access-date=15 June 2009 |ref=mp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711160718/http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2009 }}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim |title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition |chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism |year=2003 |publisher=The Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567711-9}}
* {{Cite book |year=2005 |chapter-url=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |last=Pai |first=Pushpa |editor=Cohen, James |editor2=McAlister, Kara T. |editor3=Rolstad, Kellie |editor4=MacSwan, Jeff |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |chapter=Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City |publisher=Cascadilla Press |pages=1794–1806 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421131016/https://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |url-status=live }}
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}} 
* {{GovPubs|Mumbai}} 
* {{Britannica|72526}}  
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bombay City}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|7888990}}
* [https://mumbaicity.gov.in/about-district/ Mumbai City, Government of Maharashtra]

{{Geographic location
 |Centre = Mumbai
 |North = [[Gujarat]]<br />[[Madhya Pradesh]]
 |East = [[Telangana]]<br />[[Chhattisgarh]]
 |South = [[Karnataka]]<br />[[Goa]]
 |West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Mumbai
|list =
{{Mumbai topics}}
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}}
{{Subject bar |book=Mumbai |portal1=Geography |portal2=Cities |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Mumbai |n=yes |n-search=Category:Mumbai |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1156}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mumbai| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]
<!--state capital city-->
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]<!--present day capital of Maharashtra state-->
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1507]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:1507 establishments in India]]