Editing Mozambique Defence Armed Forces

{{Short description|National armed forces of Mozambique}}
{{redirect|FADM|the U.S. naval rank|Fleet admiral (United States){{!}}fleet admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Mozambique Defence Armed Forces
| native_name = {{native name|pt|Forças Armadas de Defesa de Moçambique}}
| image2 = Flag of the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces.svg
| caption2 = Flag of the Armed Forces
| founded = 1975
| current_form = August 1994
| branches = {{ill|Army (Mozambique)|es|Ejército de Mozambique}}<br />{{ill|Naval Command|es|Armada de Mozambique}}<br />[[Mozambique Air Force|Air and Air Defence Forces]]<br />Militia
| headquarters = Ministry of National Defence, Avenida Martires de Mueda, [[Maputo]]<ref name="Military Technology 2008, p.323">Military Technology, World Defence Almanac, Vol. XXXII, Issue 1, 2008, p.323</ref>
| website = {{URL|mdn.gov.mz/index.php/fadm}}
<!-- Leadership -->| commander-in-chief = [[Daniel Chapo]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[List of presidents of Mozambique|President]]
| chief minister = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]]
| chief minister_title = [[List of prime ministers of Mozambique|Prime Minister]]
| minister = Cristovão Chume<ref>{{cite web| url = https://clubofmozambique.com/news/you-dont-need-to-be-a-military-officer-to-be-defence-minister-jaime-bessa-neto-150707/| title = "You don't need to be a military officer to be defence minister" – Jaime Bessa Neto {{!}} Club of Mozambique| access-date = 30 October 2021| archive-date = 26 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211026004027/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/you-dont-need-to-be-a-military-officer-to-be-defence-minister-jaime-bessa-neto-150707/| url-status = live}}</ref>
| minister_title = [[Minister of National Defence (Mozambique)|National Defence Minister]]
| commander = Joaquim Mangrasse
| commander_title = [[Chief of General Staff (Mozambique)|Chief of General Staff]]
<!-- Manpower -->| age = 18
| manpower_age = 18 to 65
| active = ~11,200{{sfn|IISS2021|page=478}}
| amount = $245 million (2020 est.)
| percent_GDP = 2.5% (2008 est.)
<!-- Industrial -->| foreign_suppliers = {{ubl|{{flag|China}}|{{flag|India}}|{{flag|Portugal}}}}
| history = {{ubl|[[Mozambican War of Independence]]|[[Mozambican Civil War]]|[[Rhodesian Bush War]]|[[Angolan Civil War]]|[[Uganda–Tanzania War]]|[[1999 East Timorese crisis]]|[[RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019)]]|[[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado]]}}
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Mozambique]]
}}

[[File:Mozambique_army_personnel.jpg|thumb|Mozambican soldiers]]

The '''Mozambique Defence Armed Forces''' ({{langx|pt|Forças Armadas de Defesa de Moçambique}}) or '''FADM''' are the national [[armed forces]] of [[Mozambique]]. They include the General Staff of the Armed Forces and three branches of service: Army, Air Force and Navy.

The FADM were formed in mid August 1994, by the integration of the Forças Armadas de Moçambique/FPLM with the military wing of [[RENAMO]], following the end of the civil war.

==History==
Coelho et al write:
"Independence in June 1975 was preceded by a nine-month transition period in which [[Frelimo]] took control of a transitional cabinet where ..it held six of the nine ministries."{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015|p=161}} The previous Forças Populares de Libertação de Moçambique (FPLM), the armed wing of FRELIMO, became the Forças Armadas de Moçambique but retained the FPLM title, becoming "FAM/FPLM". From 1975 to the successful conclusions of the Rome negotiations in 1992, former liberation war leader [[Alberto Joaquim Chipande]] served as Minister of National Defence.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015|p=162}}

Under the previous FAM, in 1982, ten provincial semi-autonomous military commands were created; the provincial commanders also acted as second in commands of the provincial government. Coelho et al write:{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015|p=173}}
<blockquote>"the 1st Brigade and the 6th Tank Brigade were located in Maputo; the 2nd Brigade was in Mapai and, together with 8th Brigade based in Chokwe, assured protection of the south; the 3rd Brigade was in Chimoio and the 5th in Beira; the 4th Brigade was placed in Tete, and the 7th in Cuamba, assuring a military presence in Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Zambezia and Nampula, and particularly in the Nacala corridor.."</blockquote>

Throughout the 1980s the FRELIMO government and its armed forces, the Forças Armadas de Moçambique/FPLM, fought the rebel [[Mozambican National Resistance]] (RENAMO), which received support by South Africa. The [[Mozambican Civil War]] only ended in 1992.

The Mozambique Defence Armed Forces were formed in mid-August 1994 after peace negotiations in Rome had produced the General Peace Agreement (GPA, AGP in Portuguese). The new armed forces were formed by integrating those soldiers of the former government Forças Armadas de Moçambique/FPLM and those among the RENAMO rebels who wished to stay in uniform.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suppressing the Revival of Conflict in Mozambique through Inclusive National Dialogue|url=https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/suppressing-revival-conflict-mozambique-inclusive-national-dialogue/|website=ACCORD|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325172454/https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/suppressing-revival-conflict-mozambique-inclusive-national-dialogue/|url-status=live}}</ref> They were formed through a commission, the ''Comissão Conjunta para a Formação das Forças Armadas de Defesa e Segurança de Moçambique'' (CCFADM), chaired by the [[United Nations Operation in Mozambique]] (ONUMOZ).<ref>'Final Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Mozambique,' S/1994/1449, 23 December 1994</ref>

Two generals were appointed to lead the new forces, one from [[FRELIMO]], Lieutenant General Lagos Lidimo, who was named Chief of the Defence Force and Major General Mateus Ngonhamo from RENAMO as Vice-Chief of the Defence Force. The former Chief of the Army of the ''Forças Armadas de Moçambique,'' Lieutenant General Antonio [[Hama Thai]], was retired.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

The first three infantry battalions were stationed at [[Chokwe, Mozambique|Chokwe]], [[Cuamba]], and [[Quelimane]].<ref>Richard Synge, Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action, 1992-94, [[United States Institute of Peace]] Press, [[Washington, D.C.]], 1997, p.105</ref>

On 20 March 2008, [[Reuters]] reported that President Guebuza had dismissed the Chief and Vice Chief of the Defence Force, Lieutenant General Lagos Lidimo (FRELIMO) and Lieutenant General Mateus Ngonhamo (RENAMO), replacing them with Brigadier General Paulino Macaringue as Chief of Defence Force and Major General Olímpio Cambora as Vice-Chief of Defence Force.<ref>[[Reuters]], [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL20381858 Mozambique leader Guebuza sacks defence chiefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120945/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL20381858 |date=10 February 2018 }}, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A History of the Mozambican Civil War|url=http://www.adelinotorres.info/africa/David%20Robinson,%20Curse%20on%20the%20Land-History%20of%20the%20Mozambican%20Civil%20War.pdf|last=World Library|website=worldlibrary.org|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024232014/http://www.adelinotorres.info/africa/David%20Robinson,%20Curse%20on%20the%20Land-History%20of%20the%20Mozambican%20Civil%20War.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Filipe Nyussi]] took office as Minister of Defense on 27 March 2008, succeeding [[Tobias Joaquim Dai]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Mozambique: New Ministers Sworn in |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200803271044.html |work= [[allAfrica.com]] |date= 2008-03-27 |access-date= 2008-04-18 |archive-date= 2 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002223246/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803271044.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Nyussi's appointment came almost exactly one year after a fire and resulting explosions of munitions at the Malhazine [[Armory (military)|armoury]] in [[Maputo]] killed more than 100 people and destroyed 14,000 homes. A government-appointed investigative commission concluded that [[negligence]] played a role in the disaster, and Dai "was blamed by many for failing to act on time to prevent the loss of life".<ref>{{cite news | title = Mozambique defence minister axed a year after arms depot tragedy | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Mozambique+defence+minister+axed+a+year+after+arms+depot+tragedy+-a01610947762 | work = [[International News Service]] | date = 2008-03-26 | access-date = 2008-04-23 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although no official reason was given for Dai's removal, it may have been a "delayed reaction" to the Malhazine disaster.<ref name="Guebuza">{{cite news | title = Mozambique: Guebuza Sacks Defence Minister | url = http://allafrica.com/stories/200803260897.html | work = [[allAfrica.com]] | date = 2008-03-26 | access-date = 2008-04-18 | archive-date = 2 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121002222839/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803260897.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In April 2010 it was announced that "the [[People's Republic of China]] donated to the FADM material for agriculture worth 4 million euros, including trucks, tractors, agricultural implements, mowers and motorbikes in the framework of bilateral cooperation in the military. Under a protocol of cooperation in the military field, the Government of China will also provide support to the Ministry of Defence of Mozambique with about 1 million euros for the areas of training and logistics. The protocol for granting aid to the Armed Forces for the Defence of Mozambique (FADM) was signed by Defense Minister of Mozambique, [[Filipe Nyusi]], and the charge d'affaires of the Chinese embassy in Maputo, Lee Tongli."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oje.pt/noticias/africa/china-equipa-exercito-de-mocambique-com-material-agricola-de-4-milhoes-de-euros |title= Oje - o Jornal Economico - África - China equipa exército de Moçambique com material agrícola de 4 milhões de euros|access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427194640/http://www.oje.pt/noticias/africa/china-equipa-exercito-de-mocambique-com-material-agricola-de-4-milhoes-de-euros |archive-date=27 April 2010 }}</ref>

Mozambique has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations in [[Burundi]] (232 personnel),<ref>Helmoed-Romer Heitman, 'Burundi mission at full strength,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 29 October 2003, 16.</ref> [[Comoros]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[East Timor]] and Sudan. They have also actively participated in joint military operations such Blue Hungwe in [[Zimbabwe]] in 1997 and Blue Crane in South Africa in 1999.{{sfn|Berman|Sams|2000}}

== Land Forces ==
[[Image:FADM Training Officer.jpeg|thumb|right|A Mozambique army officer during Exercise SHARED ACCORD 2010 with the United States]]

The Mozambican Army was formed in 1976 from three conventional battalions, two of which were trained in [[Tanzania]] and a third of which was trained in [[Zambia]].{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} Army officer candidates were initially trained in Maputo by Chinese military instructors.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} In March 1977, following Mozambique's Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union, officer candidates became eligible for training in various [[Warsaw Pact]] member states.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} The Soviet military mission in Mozambique assisted in raising a new army composed of five infantry brigades and an armored brigade.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} At the height of the civil war, this was gradually increased to eight infantry brigades, an armored brigade, and a counter-insurgency brigade{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} modeled after the [[5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)|Zimbabwean 5th Brigade]].<ref name=DPRK>{{cite book|last=Bermudez|first=Joseph|title=Terrorism, the North Korean connection|date=1997|page=124|publisher=Crane, Russak & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0844816104}}</ref>

The preexisting FAM was abolished after the end of the civil war under the auspices of the Joint Commission for the Formation of the Mozambican Defence Force (CCFADM), which included advisers from Portugal, France, and the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} The CCFADM recommended that former army personnel and an equal number of demobilised RENAMO insurgents be integrated into a single force numbering about 30,000.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015|p=181}} Due to logistics problems and budgetary constraints, however, the army only numbered about 12,195 in 1995.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}} Force levels rarely fluctuated between 1995 and the mid-2000s due to the army's limited resources and low budget priority.{{sfn|Coelho|Malache|Macaringue|2015}}

In 2016, the Mozambican Army consisted of 10,000 troops organised into three special forces battalions, seven light infantry battalions, two engineer battalions, two artillery battalions, and a single logistics battalion.<ref name="IISS2016">{{cite book|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2016|year=2016|location=London|isbn=978-1857438352|pages=457–458}}</ref>

As of 2017, the serving chief of the army was Major General [[Eugènio Dias Da Silva]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/news-details/N/32933/sunil-lanba-visits-mozambique-tanzania.html|title=Sunil Lanba visits Mozambique, Tanzania |website=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2017-07-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Equipment===
Between 1977 and 1989, the Mozambican Army was lavishly supplied with Soviet weapons, as well as a Soviet-supervised technical programme to oversee their logistics needs and maintenance.<ref name=Howe>{{cite book|last=Howe|first=Herbert|title=Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States|date=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ambiguousordermi0000howe/page/59 59–60]|publisher=Lynne Reinner Publishers|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-1588263155|url=https://archive.org/details/ambiguousordermi0000howe/page/59}}</ref> Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, along with the resulting departure of Soviet technical staff, much of this equipment was rendered inoperable.<ref name=Howe/> The bulk of the army's hardware remained vested in this ageing and increasingly obsolescent Soviet equipment throughout the 2000s, and serviceability rates have remained low.<ref name="IISS2016"/> In 2016, less than 10% of the army's artillery and armoured vehicles were operational.<ref name="IISS2016"/>

==== Small arms ====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=16%| Name
! width=10%| Image
! width=15%| Caliber
! width=12%| Type
! width=10%| Origin
! width=28%| Notes
|-
| [[Škorpion]]<ref name="Bonn"/>
| [[File:Skorpion PICT0105.jpg|150px]]
| [[.32 ACP]]
| [[Submachine gun]]
| {{Flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}
| 
|-
! colspan="6"| Rifles
|-
| [[SKS]]<ref name="Bonn"/>
| [[File:Simonov-SKS-45.JPG|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 
|-
| [[AKM]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:AKM automatkarbin Ryssland - 7,62x39mm - Armémuseum rightside noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 
|-
| [[Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965|PM md. 63]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:PMmd.1963.jpg|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
| 
|-
| [[Vz. 58]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:Sa 58-JH01 noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}
| 
|-
| [[SA80]]{{Sfn|Grant|2016|p=75}}
| [[File:New SA80 A3 Assault Rifle MOD 45163882.jpg|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Bullpup]]<hr>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Sold as part of British military aid.
|-
| [[FN FAL]]<ref name="Bonn"/>
| [[File:FN-FAL belgian.jpeg|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[Battle rifle]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| 
|-
! colspan="6"| Sniper rifles
|-
| [[Mosin–Nagant]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:Mosin-Nagant m91-30 sniper noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×54mmR]]
| [[Bolt-action]]<br>[[Sniper rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 
|-
! colspan="6"| Machine guns
|-
| [[RPK]]<ref name="Bonn"/>
| 
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Squad automatic weapon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 
|-
| [[PK machine gun|PKM]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:7,62 KK PKM Helsinki 2012 no background.JPG|150px]]
| [[7.62×54mmR]]
| [[General-purpose machine gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 
|-
| [[DShK]]<ref name="Bonn">{{cite web|title= SALW Guide: Global distribution and visual identification (Mozambique country report)|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://salw-guide.bicc.de/pdf/countries/152/mozambique.std.en.pdf|location=Bonn|publisher=Bonn International Center for Conversion|date=2016|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319205054/https://salw-guide.bicc.de/pdf/countries/152/mozambique.std.en.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:12,7-мм станковый пулемёт ДШК образца 1938 года.jpg|150px]]
| [[12.7×108mm]]
| [[Heavy machine gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 
|-
! colspan="6"| Rocket propelled grenade launchers
|-
| [[RPG-7]]<ref name=zaf/>
| [[File:Rpg-7.jpg|150px]]
| 40mm
| [[Rocket-propelled grenade]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 
|}

====Anti-tank weapons====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=16%| Name
! width=21%| Image
! width=15%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Caliber
! width=26%| Notes
|-
| [[B-10 recoilless rifle|B-10]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:B-10-82mm-recoilles-rifle-batey-haosef-1-1.jpg|150px]]
| [[Recoilless rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 82mm
| 
|-
| [[9M14 Malyutka]]<ref name="Jane1">{{cite book | last = Hogg| first = Ian|title = Jane's Infantry Weapons, 1991-1992| year = 1991|edition= 1992|page= 747 | publisher = Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd| isbn= 9780710609632}}</ref>
| [[File:Malyutka.JPG|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank weapon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 
|
|-
| [[9K111 Fagot]]<ref name="Jane1"/>
| [[File:9K111 Fagot (12-05-2021) 01.jpg|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank weapon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 
| 10 in service.
|}

====Mortars====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[120-PM-43 mortar|PM-43]]
| [[File:120 mm regimental mortar M1943.jpg|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 12<ref name="Military Balance">{{Cite journal |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=Chapter Nine: Sub-Saharan Africa |journal=The Military Balance |volume=120 |issue=1 |page=490 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2020.1707971|s2cid=219623431 }}</ref>
| 
| 
|-
| [[82-BM-37|BM-37]]
| [[File:Zagan 82 mm moździerz wz 37.jpg|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 40<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
| 
|}

====Tanks====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[T-54]]
| [[File:Т-54 (Верхняя Пышма).jpg|150px]]
| [[Medium tank]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 60<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| 
| 
|}

====Scout cars====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[BRDM-2]]
| [[File:BRDM-2 (1964) owned by James Stewart pic7.JPG|150px]]
| [[Amphibious vehicle|Amphibious]] [[Scout car|armored scout car]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 28<ref name=zaf/>
| 
| 
|-
| [[BRDM-1]]
| [[File:Vladivostok. The historian-mechanic museum Automotoantiquity («Automotostarina»). BRDM-1 DSC01298 2200.jpg|150px]]
| [[Amphibious vehicle|Amphibious]] [[Scout car|armored scout car]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 28<ref name=zaf>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31653:armed-forces-for-the-defence-of-mozambique&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 |title=Armed Forces for the Defence of Mozambique|last1=Kruger |first1=Anton |last2=Martin |first2=Guy |publisher=DefenceWeb |location=Johannesburg |date=23 August 2013 |access-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213048/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31653:armed-forces-for-the-defence-of-mozambique&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 |archive-date=19 March 2018 }}</ref>
| 
| 
|}

====Infantry fighting vehicles====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[BMP-1]]
| [[File:Bulgarian bmp-1.jpg|150px]]
| [[Infantry fighting vehicle]] 
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 40<ref name="IISS2016" /><ref name=zaf/>
| 
| 
|}

====Armored personnel carriers====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[BTR-152]]
| [[File:Schützenpanzerwagen SPW 152 W1.JPG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 100<ref name=zaf/><ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[BTR-60]]
| [[File:BTR-60 pic-004.JPG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 160<ref name=zaf/><ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[WZ-551]]
| [[File:Sri Lanka Military 0233.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|China}}
| 30-35<ref name="sipri.org">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|access-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=14 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 
| 
|-
| [[Saxon (vehicle)|AT105 Saxon]]
| [[File:Saxon Armoured Vehicle MOD 45143139.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 25<ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[Marauder (vehicle)|Marauder]]
| [[File:Army2016demo-111.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| 5<ref name="sipri.org"/>
| 
| 
|-
| [[Casspir]]
| [[File:Mechem Casspir Mk II (9686200019).jpg|150px]]
| [[MRAP]]
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| 15<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| 
| 
|}

====Artillery====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
! colspan="7"| [[Rocket artillery]]
|-
| [[BM-21 Grad]]
| [[File:BM-21 Grad Armed Forces of Ukraine.jpg|150px]]
| [[Multiple rocket launcher]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 12<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
| 
|-
! colspan="7"| [[Field artillery]]
|-
| [[100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)|BS-3]]
| [[File:BS-3-batey-haosef-1.jpg|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 20<ref name=zaf/><ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[85 mm divisional gun D-44|Type 56]]
| [[File:85-mm-Divisionskanone D-44.JPG|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}<br>{{Flag|China}}
| 12<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]
| [[File:Iraqi Type 59 130 mm field gun.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 6<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)|M-30]]
| [[File:VDVHistorymuseum-21.jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 24<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|title=Trade Registers|last=SIPRI|first=(various)|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|location=Solna|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|date=2016|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 
|
|-
| [[152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)|D-1]]
| [[File:Д1 Краснослободск.jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 12<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
|
|-
| [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]]
| [[File:Д-30А с учебного полигона Алматинского Института Сухопутных Войск.JPG|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 12<ref name=zaf/>
| 
|
|-
| [[M101 howitzer|M101]]
| [[File:JGSDF 105mm Howitzer M2A1(Type 58 105mm Howitzer) left front view at Camp Nihonbara October 1, 2017.jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|United States|1912}}
| 12{{sfn|IISS|2016|p=458}}
| 
|
|-
| [[85 mm anti-tank gun D-48|D-48]]
| [[File:85-мм противотанковая пушка Д-48 (8).jpg|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1938}}
| 6<ref name="Military Balance" />
| 
| 
|}

====Air defence systems====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=06%| Status
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[ZU-23-2]]
| [[File:MsSVU39.jpg|150px]]
| [[Autocannon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 120<ref name=zaf/><ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[37 mm automatic air defence gun M1939 (61-K)|61-K]]
| [[File:61-K anti-aircraft gun, 2007.jpg|150px]]
| [[Autocannon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| 90<ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 10 in storage.
|-
| [[ZSU-57-2]]
| [[File:ZSU-57-2 (Serb).JPG|150px]]
| [[SPAAG]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 20<ref name=zaf/><ref name="IISS2016" />
| 
| 
|-
| [[S-125 Neva]]<ref name="Keegan">{{Cite book| title = World Armies | edition = Second | last = Keegan | first = John | publisher = Palgrave-Macmillan | location = Basingstoke | date = 1983 | isbn = 978-0333340790 | page = 408}}</ref>
| [[File:ЗРК С-125М с ЗУР 5В27Д - Парка Патриот 01.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 103<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| 
| 
|-
| [[9K32 Strela-2]]
| [[File:SA-7.jpg|150px]]
| [[MANPADS]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 20<ref name=zaf/>
| 
| 250 in storage.<ref name=Solomon>{{cite book|last=Hussein|first=Solomon|title=Towards a Common Defence and Security Policy in the Southern African Development Community|date=1988|pages=102–103|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|location=Pretoria|isbn=978-0798301749}}</ref>
|}

== Air Force ==
{{main|Mozambique Air Force}}

==Navy==
There are about 200 personnel in the navy.{{sfn|IISS2021|page=479}} In September 2004 it was reported that the [[South African Navy]] was to donate two of its [[Namacurra class harbour patrol boat]] to the Mozambique Navy. The boats were refitted by the naval dockyard at [[Simon's Town]] and equipped with outboard motors and navigation equipment donated by the [[French Navy]]. The French Navy [[Durance-class tanker|''Durance'' class]] command and replenishment oiler ''Marne'' (A360) was to deliver the boats to [[Maputo]] en route to its [[ALINDIEN]] operational area in the [[Indian Ocean]] after a refit in [[Cape Town]].<ref>Helmoed-Romer Heitman, 'SAN patrol boats gifted to Mozambique,' [[Jane's Defence Weekly]], 1 September 2004, p.17</ref>

In 2013, the French shipyard [[Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie|CMN Group]] confirmed a major order by Mozambique, including 6 patrol vessels & interceptors ([[HSI 32|HSI32]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2013|title=French shipyard CMN confirms major order by Mozambique including 6 Patrol Vessels & Interceptors|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1225|website=Navy Recognition|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208090254/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1225|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 29 July 2019 in the first ever visit by an [[Defence Minister of India]] [[Rajnath Singh]] donated 2 [[L&T-class fast interceptor craft|L&T class]] Fast interceptor boats to the Navy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://armyrecognition.com/defense_news_january_2024_global_security_army_industry/mozambique_police_used_indian_made_mahindra_mpvi_4x4_armored_vehicles.html | title=Mozambique Police used indian made Mahindra MPVI 4x4 armored vehicles &#124; Defense News January 2024 Global Security army industry &#124; Defense Security global news industry army year 2024 &#124; Archive News year | date=16 January 2024 | access-date=17 January 2024 | archive-date=17 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117042854/https://armyrecognition.com/defense_news_january_2024_global_security_army_industry/mozambique_police_used_indian_made_mahindra_mpvi_4x4_armored_vehicles.html | url-status=live }}</ref> A team from [[Indian Coast Guard]] will also be stationed to train the crew, support for maintenance and operation of the two boats.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 July 2019|title=India hands over two Fast Interceptor boats to Mozambique|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/india-hands-over-two-fast-interceptor-boats-to-mozambique-2223132.html|website=Zee News|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729190959/https://zeenews.india.com/india/india-hands-over-two-fast-interceptor-boats-to-mozambique-2223132.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In January 2022, two [[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat]] were transferred from Indian Navy to Mozambique on board {{Ship|INS|Kesari|L15}}. Mozambique Navy personnel were given training to operate the new interceptor boats.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=India hands over two additional interceptor boats to Mozambique |url=https://www.military.africa/2022/01/india-hands-over-two-additional-interceptor-boats-to-mozambique/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428122434/https://www.military.africa/2022/01/india-hands-over-two-additional-interceptor-boats-to-mozambique/ |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> On 8 November 2024, the Indian Navy gifted another two Fast Interceptor Crafts of the same class to Mozambique. They were delivered via {{Ship|INS|Gharial|L23}}. The Fast Interceptor Craft are capable of reaching speeds of {{Convert|45|knots|abbr=on}} and equipped with [[machine guns]] and bullet-resistant cabins. They will enhance Mozambique's capability to address maritime threats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Indian Navy gifts two Fast Interceptor Crafts to Mozambique |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-mozambique-fast-interceptor-crafts-maritime-threat-indian-ocean-region-2631002-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=HANDING OVER TWO INTERCEPTORS TO MOZAMBIQUE AT NACALA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2072061 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref>

===Equipment===
* PCI-class inshore patrol boat (3 ordered, non-operational)
* 2 × [[L&T-class fast interceptor craft]] (donated by India)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=Mozambican Navy receives two fast interceptor boats from India |url=https://www.military.africa/2019/07/mozambican-navy-receives-two-fast-interceptor-boats-from-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428122615/https://www.military.africa/2019/07/mozambican-navy-receives-two-fast-interceptor-boats-from-india/ |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 4 × [[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat]] (donated by India)<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" />

* [[MNS Pebane]] (P-001) ex-Spanish navy ''Dragonera'' (P-32) (85 tons, 32 meters) transferred after refit 2012 from the [[Spanish Navy]]<ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2012 |title=La Armada española transfiere el patrullero 'Conejera' a la Marina de Senegal |url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/conocenos_noticias/00_noticias/2012/02/NT-031-CONEJERA-SENEGAL_es;jsessionid=JTcdPGvZLTnS9LbcvpLlCSPBGpgHfxd2rBBQ3nXTp2QQxyQcZpX2!-1585499029?_selectedNodeID=732190&_pageAction=selectItem |access-date=22 February 2012 |work=spanish navy web}}</ref> for a symbolic price (€100).
* 20 - 25 [[DV15 Interceptor|DV 15 interceptors]]. An unknown number of units in active service.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=H I Sutton - Covert Shores |url=http://www.hisutton.com/Guide-To-Mozambique-Navy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827121318/http://www.hisutton.com/Guide-To-Mozambique-Navy.html |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.hisutton.com}}</ref>
* 3 × HSI32 Interceptors <ref name=":03" />
* 3 × Ocean Eagle 43 OPV. Three were acquired as part of the CMN deal. Currently all three are based at Pemba.<ref name=":03" />

=== Decommissioned ships ===

* 2x [[Yevgenya-class minesweeper]]. Decommissioned in 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=pr. 1258E minesweepers (1986) |url=https://www.navypedia.org/ships/mozambique/moz_ms_1258e.htm |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.navypedia.org}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Conscription in Mozambique]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book|last1=Berman |first1=Eric G. |last2=Sams |first2=Katie E. |title=Peacekegeping In Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities |year=2000 |publisher=[[United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research]] |location=Geneva |isbn=92-9045-133-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Profound transformations and regional conflagrations: The history of Mozambique's armed forces from 1975–2005|last1=Coelho|first1=Joao-Paulo Borges|author-link=João Paulo Borges Coelho |last2=Malache|first2=Adriano|last3=Macaringue|first3=Paulino|url=https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/EVOLUTCHAP7.PDF|location=Pretoria |publisher=[[Institute for Security Studies]]|date=2015|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319201403/https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/EVOLUTCHAP7.PDF|archive-date=19 March 2018}} 
*{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Neil |title=SA80 Assault Rifles |date=2016 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4728-1104-2}}
*Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''[[Flight International]]'', Vol. 182 No. 5370. pp.&nbsp;40–64. {{ISSN|0015-3710}}
* {{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2016 |date=February 2016 |volume=116 |isbn=978-1-85743-835-2 |publisher=Routledge |ref={{harvid|IISS|2016}} }}
*{{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title = The Military Balance 2021 |date = 25 February 2021| publisher = [[Routledge]]| location = [[London]]| isbn = 978-1032012278 |ref={{harvid|IISS|2021}} }}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/mozambique/rome-protocol4.php Protocol on the Formation of the FADM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705180126/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/mozambique/rome-protocol4.php |date=5 July 2010 }}, Rome 1992
*Cameron R. Hume, Ending Mozambique's War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices, U.S. Institute of Peace, Washington DC, 1994
*Lundin, Irae B, Martinho Chachiua, Anthonio Gaspar, Habiba Guebuzua, and Guilherme Mbilana (2000). Reducing Costs through an Expensive Exercise: The Impact of Demobilization in Mozambique, in Kees Kingma (ed.) ''Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts,'' Basingstoke, UK: MacMillan, 173-212
*Anica Lala, Security sector reform in post-conflict environments: An analysis of coherence and sequencing in Mozambique. Examining Peacebuilding Challenges of Defence, Police and Justice Reforms in a Neo-Liberal Era, 2014 Bradford thesis
*Anica Lala, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213149/http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/426-0/#page_108 Security and Democracy in Southern Africa: Mozambique], 2007
*Paulino Macaringue, [https://www.issafrica.org/uploads/OURSELVESMACARINGUE.PDF "Civil-Military Relations in Post-Cold War Mozambique,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201025/https://www.issafrica.org/uploads/OURSELVESMACARINGUE.PDF |date=4 March 2016 }} Ourselves to Know, Institute for Security Studies, 2002.
*Martin Rupiya, 'Historical Context: War and Peace in Mozambique,' in Jeremy Armon, Dylan Henrickson and Alex Vines, eds, The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective, London: Conciliation Resources Accord Series, 1998
*Richard Synge, Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action, 1992–94, [[United States Institute of Peace]] Press, [[Washington, D.C.]], 1997 - includes details on formation of FADM, but has multiple mistakes, including concluding from mid-mission rather than final ONUMOZ report that new army had five (rather than final seven) battalions.
*Eric T. Young, The Development of the FADM in Mozambique: Internal and External Dynamics, African Security Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1996
*[http://www.nationmaster.com/country/mz-mozambique/mil-military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204203034/http://www.nationmaster.com/country/mz-mozambique/mil-military |date=4 December 2011 }}
*Joao Porto, [https://archive.today/20121225012858/http://www.iss.org.za/af/current/mozapr03.htm Mozambique contributes to the African Union Mission in Burundi], April 2003

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of Mozambique}}
*[[United States Marine Corps]], [http://www.marines.mil/unit/marforaf/Pages/MozambicanColonelpersonifiesBrotherhoodofArms.aspx Brotherhood of Arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003154532/http://www.marines.mil/unit/marforaf/Pages/MozambicanColonelpersonifiesBrotherhoodofArms.aspx |date=3 October 2012 }}- story of one Mozambiqican officer's career
* https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976MAPUTO00888_b.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207124103/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976MAPUTO00888_b.html |date=7 February 2020 }} - details in 1976
* "7000 ghost soldiers found. Soldiers have been paid in cash, and in March actually had to show up to collect. According to Carta de Moçambique (4, 6 May) 7000 ghost soldiers were found. "Among the irregularities detected in recent months is the growing number of children of former combatants, generals, colonels and politicians, who swell the ranks of the FADM and receive salaries without ever having been in military training, let alone setting foot in a military unit," noted Carta. And many salaries of fake soldier were being channelled to senior officials. The scheme also includes the distribution of food, alcoholic beverage, fuel vouchers and rent subsidy. The military will now switch to electronic payments." Joseph Hanlon, ''Mozambique News Reports and Clippings 596,'' 16 May 2022, accessible via https://www.open.ac.uk/technology/mozambique/news-reports-clippings-2022 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620001209/https://www.open.ac.uk/technology/mozambique/news-reports-clippings-2022 |date=20 June 2022 }}. 

{{CIA World Factbook|year=2003}}
{{Mozambique topics}}
{{Military of Africa}}

[[Category:Government of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Military of Mozambique|*]]