Editing Mount Monadnock

{{Short description|Mountain in New Hampshire, USA}}
{{About|the mountain in New Hampshire||Monadnock (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Monadnock
| other_name = Grand Monadnock
| map = New Hampshire#USA
| photo = Mount Monadnock as seen from Bald Rock.jpg
| photo_caption = The summit of Mount Monadnock
| location = [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]], [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire County]], [[New Hampshire]], [[United States]]
| elevation = 3,170 ft (966 m)
| elevation_ref =  <ref name="ngs">{{cite ngs |pid=MZ1473 |name=Monadnock |accessdate=September 4, 2021}}</ref>
| prominence = 2,130 ft (649 m) 
| prominence_ref = <ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=6744 |name=Mount Monadnock, New Hampshire |accessdate=September 4, 2021}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|42.861379303|N|72.108070722|W|type:mountain_scale:100000_region:US-NH|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="ngs"/>
| type = [[Inselberg|Monadnock]] (Inselberg)
| geology = [[Littleton formation]]<br />[[schist]]/[[quartzite]]
| orogeny =
| age = 400 million years
| first_ascent = 1725 by Captain Samuel Willard <small>(first recorded)</small>
| easiest_route = White Arrow Trail, 2.3 mi (3.7 km)
| listing = {{pound}}33 [[New England Fifty Finest]]
|embedded={{designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NNL |designation1_date=1987}}
}}

'''Mount Monadnock''', or '''Grand Monadnock''', is a mountain in the town of [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire]].<ref name="De"/> It is the most prominent mountain peak in southern New Hampshire and is the highest point in [[Cheshire County, New Hampshire|Cheshire County]]. It lies {{convert|38|mi}} southwest of [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] and {{convert|62|mi}} northwest of [[Boston]].  At {{convert|3165|ft}}, Mount Monadnock is nearly {{convert|1000|ft|0}} higher than any other mountain peak within {{convert|30|mi}} and rises {{convert|2000|ft}} above the surrounding landscape. Monadnock's bare, isolated, and rocky summit provides expansive views. It is known for being featured in the writings of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]].

Mt. Monadnock has long been cited as one of the most frequently climbed mountains in the world.<ref>[https://www.nhstateparks.org/visit/state-parks/monadnock-state-park NH Division of Parks & Recreation: Monadnock State Park]</ref> It bears a number of [[hiking]] trails, including the {{convert|110|mi|adj=on}} [[Metacomet-Monadnock Trail]] and the {{convert|50|mi|adj=on}} [[Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway]].<ref name="De">DeLorme Topo USA 6.0. (2006). Mapping software. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme.</ref> The summit is barren largely because of fires set by early settlers. The first major fire, set in 1800 to clear the lower slopes for pasture, swept through the stands of virgin [[red spruce]] on the summit and flanks of the mountain. Between 1810 and 1820, local farmers, who believed that wolves were denning in the [[Windthrow|blowdowns]], set fire to the mountain again. The conflagration raged for weeks, destroying the topsoil and denuding the mountain above {{convert|2000|ft}}.<ref name="baldwin"/>

The term "[[monadnock]]" is used by American geologists to describe any isolated mountain formed from the exposure of a harder rock as a result of the erosion of a softer one once surrounding it (a landform termed "''inselberg''{{-"}} ("island-peak") elsewhere in the world).

==Name==
It is thought to derive from either the Abenaki {{lang|abe|menonadenak}} ({{Translation|smooth mountain}}) or {{lang|abe|menadena}} ({{Translation|isolated mountain}}).<ref>"[http://www.vt.nrcs.usda.gov/soils/so_NewsInd.html Vermont Soils with Names of American Indian Origin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320061630/http://www.vt.nrcs.usda.gov/Soils/so_NewsInd.html |date=2009-03-20 }}" United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved January 6, 2008.</ref> The term was adopted by early settlers of southern New Hampshire and later by [[United States|American]] geologists as an alternative term for an [[inselberg]] or isolated mountain. Mount Monadnock is often called ''Grand Monadnock'', to differentiate it from other [[Vermont]] and [[New Hampshire]] peaks with "Monadnock" in their names.<ref name="baldwin">Baldwin, Henry I. (1989). ''Monadnock Guide'' 4th edition. Concord, New Hampshire: [[Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]].</ref>

Its official name on federal maps is "Monadnock Mountain".<ref>{{cite gnis|868516|Monadnock Mountain}}</ref>

==History==
===The transcendentalists===
[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], and [[Margaret Fuller]] visited the mountain and wrote fondly of it. Emerson was a frequent visitor, and made the mountain the subject of "Monadnoc",<ref>[http://www.monadnock.net/emerson/monadnoc.html "Monadnoc"]</ref> one of his most famous poems. Thoreau visited the mountain four times between 1844 and 1860, and spent a great deal of time observing and cataloging natural phenomena. He is regarded as having written one of the first serious naturalist inventories of the mountain. A bog near the summit of Mount Monadnock and a rocky lookout off the Cliff Walk trail are named after him; another lookout is named after Emerson.<ref name="baldwin"/>

<gallery widths="125px" heights="180px">
Image:Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Rowse-Schloff.jpeg|Ralph Waldo Emerson
File:Benjamin D. Maxham - Henry David Thoreau - Restored - greyscale - straightened.jpg|Henry David Thoreau
</gallery>

===The Halfway House and other structures===
In 1858, Moses Cudworth of [[Rindge, New Hampshire|Rindge]] opened the "Halfway House" hotel on the south side of the mountain, roughly halfway from the base to the summit. The "Toll Road" was built to service it. By that time the popularity of the mountain was booming, and it was not long before Cudworth enlarged the hotel to accommodate 100 guests. On busy summer days, the stables at the Halfway House held as many as 75 horses. The Halfway House became public property when hundreds of residents of the nearby towns formed a coalition to buy the Toll Road and hotel, and worked to prevent a radio tower from being constructed on the summit. After the hotel burned down in 1954, a concession stand operated at the site until 1969. It and the toll road were both closed to public vehicles. Moses Spring, with its source in a hole drilled through a rock behind the site, is one of the few remaining artifacts of the hotel years. The foundations of two water tanks, and the nearby reservoir that fed them, are extant on the hillside above the Old Halfway House.<ref name="baldwin"/>

A small firewarden's hut was located on the summit of Mount Monadnock and operated from 1911 to 1948, when it was decommissioned with the advent of modern means of detecting forest fires. The hut was used as a snack bar concession and hikers' shelter until 1969; it was removed in 1972. A small cabin, located farther down the mountain, served as the fire lookout's residence. It, too, has been removed.<ref name="baldwin"/>

A private dwelling, {{convert|400|ft}} south of the site of the former Halfway House, is the last remaining inholding on the mountain above {{convert|1000|ft}}.

===Hiking history===
[[File:Autumn summit.JPG|thumb|left|Typical crowded summit of Mt. Monadnock on a sunny autumn day]]
The earliest recorded ascent of Mount Monadnock took place in 1725 by Captain Samuel Willard and fourteen rangers under his command who camped at the top and used the summit as a lookout while patrolling for [[Native Americans (United States)|Native Americans]]. Before the practice came to be frowned upon, many early hikers carved their names in the summit; the earliest such engraving reads "S. Dakin, 1801" and is attributed to a local town clerk.<ref name="baldwin"/>

Notable "power hiking" records associated with the mountain include that of Garry Harrington, who hiked to the summit 16 times in a 24-hour period, and Larry Davis, who claimed to have hiked to the summit daily for 2,850 consecutive days (7.8 years).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120731233111/http://www.monadnockmountain.com/10%20fun%20facts.htm Mount Monadnock.com]}} Retrieved December 14, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.americanprofile.com/article/997.html American Profile.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201084314/http://www.americanprofile.com/article/997.html |date=December 1, 2008 }} Retrieved December 14, 2007</ref> Davis has hiked the mountain over 7,250 times in the past 35 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ledgertranscript.com/Reaching-the-peak-2058110 |title=Reaching The Peak |last=Handy |first=Nicolas |date=May 11, 2016 |publisher=www.ledgertranscript.com |access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref>

Monadnock is often claimed to be the second-most frequently climbed mountain in the world, after [[Mount Fuji]] in [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monadnockmountain.com/ |title=Mount Monadnock |access-date=August 8, 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730234054/http://www.monadnockmountain.com/ |archive-date=July 30, 2012 }}</ref> Monadnock is climbed by 125,000 hikers yearly,<ref name="baldwin"/> while Mount Fuji sees 200,000-300,000 hikers yearly.<ref>[http://www.env.go.jp/park/fujihakone/topics/090917a.html (Japanese)] Mt. Fuji climber numbers for up to FY 2009.</ref> However, according to [[UNESCO]], [[Mount Tai|Tai Shan]] in China receives more than 2 million visitors a year, far surpassing the other two peaks in popularity.<ref>See page 17 of this UNESCO report: https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/437.pdf</ref>

==Bio-geography, ecology, and geology==
[[Image:Vaccinium vitis-idaea 20060824 003.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|mountain cranberry]] thrives on Mount Monadnock.]]
[[File:Billings Fold Mount Monadnock NH.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Marland P. Billings|Billings]] fold in quartzite and schist of the Devonian Littleton Formation]]
[[Image:USGSmonadnock.JPG|thumb|USGS reference mark on the summit]]

Due to fires in the early 19th century which burned a majority of the top {{convert|300|ft|-1}} around the summit, there is little soil cover on the peak and surrounding uplands. Soils are mapped as Rock Outcrop over a large area around the summit, while low-lying areas have classic [[podzol]] stony fine sandy loam profiles usually mapped as Lyman or Tunbridge series.<ref>https://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/ University of California SoilWeb</ref> Although the mountain has recovered to the degree that its landscape appears natural, Mount Monadnock is an example of a mountain which has an artificial [[tree line]], occurring well below the climatic tree line of similar mountains in the region.<ref>Baldwin, Henry I. "The Induced Timberline of Mount Monadnock, N.&nbsp;H.", ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'', Vol.&nbsp;104, No.&nbsp;4, pp. 324–333.</ref>

From the base to the summit, floral [[species]] diminish with increasingly shallow soil levels. The summit is home to many different specialized sub-alpine species which can retain moisture for long periods of time. Alpine and sub-alpine species include [[sorbus|mountain ash]], [[eriophorum|cotton grass]], [[Kalmia angustifolia|sheep laurel]], [[Minuartia groenlandica|mountain sandwort]], and the [[Vaccinium vitis-idaea|mountain cranberry]]. [[Krummholz]], trees stunted by harsh weather, are found on Mount Monadnock, as are several [[bog|alpine bogs]]. Lower elevations on Mount Monadnock are clad in [[northern hardwood forest]] species; middle elevations support stands of [[Picea rubens|red spruce]]. Before the fires, Mount Monadnock was totally covered in a red spruce forest. Since the summit has been barren of soil cover, red spruce have been slowly ascending back towards the top in a process known as [[ecological succession]].<ref name="baldwin"/>

The mountain is largely composed of 400-million-year-old [[schist]] and [[quartzite]] [[rock (geology)|rock]] primarily associated with the [[Devonian]] [[Littleton Formation]], which extends south into Massachusetts and north into the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]].<ref>[[Raymo, Chet]] and [[Maureen Raymo|Maureen E.]] ''Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States''. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.</ref> At lower elevations on the mountain, and stratigraphically below the Littleton Formation, the bedrock is from the [[Silurian]] period, consisting of Rangeley Formation schists, Perry Mountain Formation quartzites, the Francestown Formation [[granulite]], and the Warner Formation granulite. Structurally, the mountain is part of an overturned [[syncline]]&nbsp;– called a fold [[nappe]]&nbsp;– that was caused by the compressional forces of the [[Acadian orogeny]]. Dramatic small- to medium-scale metamorphic folds are visible on many of the rock faces of the mountain, including the famous Billings Fold (a recumbent syncline found about {{convert|450|ft}} west of the summit), shown in the 1942 edition of [[Marland P. Billings]]' ''Structural Geology''.<ref>Thompson, Peter J., "Geology of Mount Monadnock, New Hampshire", in West, David P. and Bailey, Richard H., eds., ''Guidebook for Geological Field Trips in New England'', Geological Society of America, United States, 2001</ref> In addition to impressive folds, the Devonian Littleton Formation shows large [[pseudomorph]]s of [[sillimanite]] after [[andalusite]] that occur as {{convert|4|in|mm|0|adj=mid|-long}} "turkey tracks".<ref name="baldwin"/>

===Climate===
Mount Monadnock has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') with [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc'')  characteristics.

==Hydrology==
Mount Monadnock lies on the divide between the [[Connecticut River]] and [[Merrimack River]] [[drainage basin|watersheds]]. The northern slopes of the mountain drain to Howe Reservoir, then via Minnewawa Brook to the [[Ashuelot River]], the Connecticut River, and ultimately [[Long Island Sound]]. Gleason Brook and Mountain Brook flow off the western slopes, then via Shaker Brook to the [[South Branch Ashuelot River|South Branch]] of the [[Ashuelot River]]. The southwestern slopes of the mountain drain to Fassett Brook, then Quarry Brook, before reaching the South Branch of the Ashuelot.

To the southeast of the mountain, Mead Brook and Stony Brook flow to Mountain Brook, a tributary of the [[Contoocook River]], which flows north to the [[Merrimack River]] and ultimately the [[Gulf of Maine]]. The eastern slopes of the mountain drain to [[Thorndike Pond]], the outlet of which (Stanley Brook) flows northeast to [[Nubanusit Brook]], then into the Contoocook and the Merrimack.<ref>Monadnock Mountain, New Hampshire, 7.5-minute topographic map series (1984). Washington: [[U.S. Geological Survey]]</ref>

==Recreation==
[[File:Mount Monadnock State Park Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Mount Monadnock State Park headquarters]]

Mount Monadnock is open to [[hiking]], [[backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]], [[picnicking]], and [[snowshoeing]]. [[Backcountry skiing]] is possible on some of the lower trails. A seasonal [[campground]] east of the mountain is maintained by the state of New Hampshire, but camping is not allowed anywhere else on the mountain. A per-vehicle fee is charged to park at the Old Toll Road and State Park Headquarters trailheads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MONADNOCK STATE PARK |url=https://www.nhstateparks.org/visit/state-parks/monadnock-state-park |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=NH State Parks |language=en}}</ref> There are no roads to the summit, and the Old Toll Road, which leads to the Halfway House site, is closed to vehicles. [[All-terrain vehicle|ATVs]] are not allowed on the mountain.<ref>[http://www.nhstateparks.org/state-parks/alphabetical-order/monadnock-state-park/ Monadnock State Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144315/http://www.nhstateparks.org/state-parks/alphabetical-order/monadnock-state-park/ |date=2008-05-09 }} New Hampshire Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved December 10, 2007.</ref> Good views of the mountain can be had from a number of regional roads and highways, especially from [[New Hampshire Route 124]].

===Trails===
[[File:Mount Monadnock lower White Dot trail October 2009.jpg|thumb|Near the head of the White Dot Trail]]

Mount Monadnock is criss-crossed by many miles of well-maintained hiking trails. The most popular trails are the White Dot Trail, {{convert|2.2|mi}}, the shortest but steepest ascent to summit, accessible from the Monadnock State Park headquarters and campground on the southeast side of the mountain; and the White Arrow Trail, {{convert|2.3|mi}} to summit, considered the easiest ascent, via the Old Toll Road (Halfway House) trailhead on the south side of the mountain. Other major trails include:

* The Marlboro Trail, on the west side of the mountain, {{convert|2.2|mi}} to summit
* The Dublin Path, also part of the [[Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway]], on the north side, {{convert|2.4|mi}} to summit
* The Pumpelly Trail, on the northeast side, the longest ascent, {{convert|4.4|mi}} to summit. This trail boasts panoramic views for longer than the other trails, as it hugs the ridge.
* The Birchtoft Trail (Gilson Pond trailhead) and several connecting trails, providing access to the summit from the east side of the mountain
* The Cascade Link, on the east side of Monadnock, connects the White Dot Trail to Pumpelly Trail while providing easterly views from its exposed ridge. Spellman Trail and Red Dot Trail may also be accessed from Cascade Link.

Other important trails include the White Cross Trail, an alternative parallel to the White Dot Trail, and the Cliff Walk, a scenic detour that shadows a ledge to the east of the White Arrow Trail.<ref name="baldwin"/>

Mount Monadnock is the northern terminus of the [[Metacomet-Monadnock Trail]] (also known as the "M&M Trail"), a {{convert|110|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} hiking trail stretching south through [[Massachusetts]] to the [[Connecticut]] border.<ref>Henry Baldwin's ''Monadnock Guide'' (see ref.#5) incorrectly states that the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail runs from Mount Monadnock to [[Meriden, Connecticut]], confusing it with the [[Metacomet Trail]].</ref> The trail ascends the mountain from the southwest; however, there is no trailhead where that trail crosses [[New Hampshire Route 124|Route 124]] at the foot of the mountain, and the highway there is marked with "no parking" signs.<ref name="M&M">''The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide'' (1999). 9th edition. Amherst, Massachusetts: [[Appalachian Mountain Club]].</ref> The closest trailhead southbound on the M&M Trail is on Bullard Road, which leads south from Route 124 half a mile west of the M&M Trail's crossing of the state highway.

The mountain is also the southern terminus of the [[Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway]], a {{convert|50|mi|adj=on}} highland trail connecting Mount Monadnock and [[Mount Sunapee]].<ref name="baldwin"/> A third long-distance trail project, the ''Wantastiquet-Monadnock Greenway'', aims at linking Mount Monadnock with [[Pisgah State Park]] and [[Wantastiquet Mountain]], a prominent peak in [[Hinsdale, New Hampshire]], overlooking the town of [[Brattleboro, Vermont]], and the [[Connecticut River]].<ref>[http://www.chesterfieldoutdoors.com/plands/nugentDaniels0501.html Chesterfield Outdoors.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723102207/http://www.chesterfieldoutdoors.com/plands/nugentDaniels0501.html |date=July 23, 2008 }} Retrieved December 12, 2007.</ref>

===Hiking the mountain===
[[File:Mount Monadnock White Dot trail October 2009.jpg|thumb|"The Chute", one mile from the summit on the White Dot Trail]]

The trip to the summit and back via one of the shorter trails, which usually takes less than six hours, is considered moderately challenging for the average hiker but requires no technical skills during the late spring to early fall season. Throughout the year wind and weather on the exposed, rocky summit cause harsher conditions than below the tree line. Winter storms and summer thunderstorms can be life-threatening.

Winter snow and ice can remain on the trails well into May, making hiking hazardous or impossible without special equipment. The compacting of snow due to winter recreation on the more frequently used trails tends to lengthen the time it takes for the snow and ice to melt off. Stabilizers, [[crampons]], [[ice axe]]s, [[ski pole]]s, and [[snowshoe]]s may be helpful or necessary for winter and early spring ascents, depending on ice and snow cover.

Fall hiking generally requires warmer clothing, an awareness of weather conditions, and earlier ascent times. As there are no reliable water sources on the mountain and little shelter from the sun above {{convert|2000|ft}}, [[dehydration]] and [[heat stroke]] are potential hazards.
[[File:Monadnock NH Winter Summit.jpg|thumb|The view from the summit in mid March, with large snowbanks visible. The word "Pumpelly", painted on a rock, is the name of one trail.]]
{{PanoViewer|Mount Monadnock summit photosphere 2.jpg|The summit on a late July afternoon}}

The mountain and surrounding area are [[American Black Bear|black bear]] habitat, although problem encounters with bears are rare.<ref name="baldwin"/><ref>''Southern New Hampshire Trail Guide'', Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, 1995.</ref>

Advice on hiking can be solicited from Memorial Day through Columbus Day and select off-season weekends at the park headquarters on the southeast side of the mountain. Trail descriptions and maps of Mount Monadnock are published by a variety of sources. The Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests prints a guidebook with maps, trail descriptions, history, geology, ecology, and other trivia on the mountain.<ref name="baldwin"/>

==Conservation==
Most of the mountain has been protected and is not subject to development. The [[Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]] is the major landowner, holding over {{convert|4000|acre|km2}} in its Monadnock Reservation.<ref>[http://www.forestsociety.org/pdf/reservations.pdf Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]. Retrieved June 22, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.nhstateparks.org/uploads/MonadnockStatePark_History_2010.pdf New Hampshire Division of Parks and Recreation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728142017/http://www.nhstateparks.org/uploads/MonadnockStatePark_History_2010.pdf |date=July 28, 2012 }}. Retrieved June 22, 2011.</ref> Lands on Monadnock are leased to the state for management purposes. An additional {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} on the mountain are owned directly by the state of New Hampshire as [[Monadnock State Park]]. The town of [[Jaffrey, New Hampshire|Jaffrey]] also owns portions of the mountain.<ref>[http://granitviewii.unh.edu/ GRANITView II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904200447/http://granitviewii.unh.edu/ |date=September 4, 2014 }}, Institute for Earth, Oceans, and Space. University of New Hampshire. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</ref>

In 2000, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail was included in a study by the [[National Park Service]] for possible inclusion in a new [[National Scenic Trail]].<ref>[http://www.mmmtrail.org/ MMM National Scenic Trail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008120916/http://www.mmmtrail.org/ |date=October 8, 2007 }}. [[National Park Service]]. Retrieved December 12, 2007.</ref> The resulting [[New England National Scenic Trail]] includes the [[Mattabesett Trail|Mattabesett]] and [[Metacomet Trail|Metacomet]] trails in [[Connecticut]] and the Massachusetts portion of the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, giving it some of the status accorded to the [[Appalachian Trail]]. However, the New Hampshire section of the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail was not included in the final NST designation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/neen/index.htm| title=New England National Scenic Trail| publisher=National Park Service| access-date=September 16, 2024}}</ref>

==Tributes==
Beside Emerson and Thoreau, other artists and writers have been inspired by Mount Monadnock, including:

* [[William Preston Phelps]] (1848–1917) was known as "the Painter of Mount Monadnock".
* Many other American artists have painted Mount Monadnock, among them [[Abbott Handerson Thayer]], [[Rockwell Kent]] and [[Richard Whitney (artist)|Richard Whitney]].
* The American composer [[Alan Hovhaness]] (1911–2000), who climbed Mount Monadnock several times during his youth, composed the symphonic fantasy entitled ''Monadnock'', Op. 2, No. 1, circa 1935.
* [[H. P. Lovecraft]], the early 20th century writer of [[horror fiction|horror]], [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy fiction|fantasy]], authored the poem "To Templeton and Mount Monadnock".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120731233145/http://www.monadnockmountain.com/poetry.htm Monadnock.com]}}. Retrieved December 15, 2007.</ref>
* [[Galway Kinnell]], a [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning poet, wrote the poem "Flower Herding on Mount Monadnock".<ref>''Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry'' 2nd edition, (1988). New York: Norton.</ref>
* Poet [[Edwin Arlington Robinson]], who summered in Monadnock's shadow from 1911 to 1934, wrote the poem "Monadnock Through the Trees".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monadnock.net/whatis/robinson.html |title=Edwin Arlington Robinson at Monadnock |website=www.monadnock.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829074621/http://www.monadnock.net/whatis/robinson.html |archive-date=August 29, 2000}}</ref>
* Part of the yearly Mount Monadnock Celebration of Dance takes place on the summit of Mount Monadnock at the [[Autumn equinox (Northern Hemisphere)|autumn equinox]].

Several [[United States Navy]] ships were named [[USS Monadnock|USS ''Monadnock'']] in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

In 1961, [[F. Nelson Blount]] established the Monadnock, Steamtown & Northern Railroad, a local steam-powered tourist railroad named after the mountain and [[Steamtown USA]], Blount's accompanying steam museum. The MS&N operated in the region until 1967, when it was folded in with the [[Green Mountain Railroad]]. An image of the peak made up the railroad's logo.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
Image:monadorch.jpg|Mount Monadnock as painted by [[Richard Whitney (artist)|Richard Whitney]] in the painting ''Monadnock Orchard''
File:1919, Thayer, Abbott Handerson, Monadnock, Winter Sunrise.jpg|[[Abbott Handerson Thayer]], ''Monadnock, Winter Sunrise'', 1919, [[Princeton University Art Museum]]
</gallery>

==Other nearby peaks named Monadnock==
* [[Pack Monadnock]] and [[North Pack Monadnock]] are two peaks in the [[Wapack Range]], {{Convert|11|mi}} to the east across the [[Contoocook River]] valley from Mount Monadnock, in [[Greenfield, New Hampshire|Greenfield]] and [[Peterborough, New Hampshire]]. ''Pack'' is a Native American word for "little".
* [[Little Monadnock Mountain]] is a peak located {{convert|7|mi|0}} southwest of Mount Monadnock in [[Troy, New Hampshire|Troy]] and [[Fitzwilliam, New Hampshire]]. Like Mount Monadnock, it is crossed by the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.
* [[Monadnock Mountain (Vermont)|Monadnock Mountain]] is the name of a mountain in the [[Northeast Kingdom]] of [[Vermont]].

==See also==
{{portal|New Hampshire}}
* [[New England Fifty Finest]]
* [[Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|www.nhstateparks.org/find-parks-trails/monadnock-state-park}}
* [https://www.nhstateparks.org/getmedia/a87b83ad-2590-46a2-b1fb-5c9cfc07c3a8/Monadnock-State-Park_Hiking-Map.aspx "Mount Monadnock Hiking Trails" map], NH State Parks
* [http://www.monadnockconservancy.org/ Monadnock Conservancy]
* [https://www.antioch.edu/centers-institutes/monadnock-ecological-research-education-project-mere/ Monadnock Ecological Research and Education Project (MERE)] at Antioch University New England
* [http://www.franklinpierce.edu/webcam_monadnock/ Mt. Monadnock Webcam from Franklin Pierce University]
* [https://www.monadnockdoc.com/ "Monadnock: The Mountain that Stands Alone"], one-hour documentary from filmmaker Daniel J. White and New Hampshire PBS

=== Trails ===
* [https://mmtrailnh.org/ Metacomet-Monadnock Trail] (New Hampshire)
* [http://www.msgtc.org Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail Club]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200130215022/http://www.monadnocktrails.com/ Maps, Trails and More Information]

{{Mountains of New Hampshire}}
{{Merrimack River}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monadnock, Mount}}
[[Category:Inselbergs of North America]]
[[Category:Jaffrey, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Mountains of Cheshire County, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Mountains of New Hampshire]]
[[Category:National Natural Landmarks in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:New Hampshire placenames of Native American origin]]
[[Category:Autumn equinox]]