Editing Monterey, California

{{redirect|Monterey|the city in northern Mexico|Monterrey|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Monterey 
| native_name        = 
| official_name      = City of Monterey
| settlement_type    = [[List of municipalities in California|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Aerial view - Monterey CA (cropped).jpg
| photo2a                 = Santa Catalina School, Monterey, CA (cropped).jpg
| photo2b                 = Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (cropped).jpg
| photo3a                 = Herrmann Hall - Naval Postgraduate School - DSC06807 (cropped).JPG
| photo3b                 = DowntownMonterey&Harbor.jpg
| photo4a                 = MontereyBayAquariumBackview (cropped).jpg
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 275
| foot_montage            = Clockwise: An aerial view of Monterey; [[Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Monterey, California)|Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo]]; Marina; [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]; [[Naval Postgraduate School]]; [[Santa Catalina School]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Monterey, California.svg
| image_seal         = Monterey,_CA_seal.png
| nickname           = Language Capital of the World,<ref name=lcow>{{Cite web|url= http://www.montereylanguagecapital.org/|title= Monterey – Language Capital of the World|access-date= February 18, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150315184144/http://www.montereylanguagecapital.org/|archive-date= March 15, 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref><br />California's "First" City
| image_map          = Monterey County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Monterey Highlighted.svg
| mapsize            = 250x200px
| map_caption        = Location of Monterey, California
| coordinates        = {{coord|36|36|11|N|121|53|37|W|region:US-CA|display= inline,title}}
| pushpin_map        = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the contiguous United States
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[California]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in California|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]]
| established_title  = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date   = May 30, 1850<ref name=HISTORY>{{Cite web
| url                      = https://monterey.org/city_hall/city_manager/newsroom/about_us/index.php#collapse1490b1
| title                    = City of Monterey, About Us
| format                   = Word
| publisher                = City of Monterey 
| access-date              = August 13, 2023
| df                       = mdy-all
}}</ref>
| named_for          = [[Monterey Bay]]
| government_type    = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
| leader_title       = [[City council]]<ref name=city_council/>
| leader_name        = Mayor Tyller Williamson <br /> Kim Barber <br /> Gino Garcia  <br /> Jean Rasch <br />Ed Smith 
| leader_title1      = [[City manager]]
| leader_name1       = Hans Uslar<ref>{{Cite web
| url  = https://www.monterey.org/City-Hall/City-Managers-Office
| title  = City Manager's Office
| publisher  = City of Monterey
| access-date  = January 18, 2018
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021228/https://www.monterey.org/City-Hall/City-Managers-Office
| archive-date  = January 28, 2018
| url-status  = live
}}</ref>
| leader_title2      = [[California's 17th State Senate district|State senator]]
| leader_name2       = {{Representative|casd|17|fmt=sleader}}<ref name=swd/>
| leader_title3      = [[California's 30th State Assembly district|Assemblymember]]
| leader_name3       = {{Representative|caad|30|fmt=sleader}}<ref name=swd>{{Cite web
| url = http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html
| title = Statewide Database
| publisher = UC Regents
| access-date = October 16, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html
| archive-date = February 1, 2015
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| leader_title4      = [[California's 19th congressional district|U. S. rep.]]
| leader_name4       = {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=usleader}}<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|19|access-date= September 24, 2014}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title= 2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url= https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher= United States Census Bureau|access-date= July 1, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 12.27
| area_total_km2     = 31.77
| area_land_sq_mi    = 8.65
| area_land_km2      = 22.41
| area_water_sq_mi   = 3.62
| area_water_km2     = 9.37
| area_water_percent = 28.03
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis>{{Cite GNIS|1659762|Monterey}}</ref>
| elevation_ft       = 26
| elevation_m        = 8
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=quif>{{Cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/montereycitycalifornia|title= Monterey (city) QuickFacts|publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
| population_total   = 30218
| pop_est_as_of      = 
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|date=May 24, 2020|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref>
| population_est     = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone           = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific]]
| utc_offset         = −8
| timezone_DST       = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −7
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = 93940–93944
| area_code_type     = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_code          = [[Area code 831|831]]
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code
| blank_info         = {{FIPS|06|48872}}<ref name=gnis/>
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs
| blank1_info        = {{GNIS 4|1659762}}, {{GNIS 4|2411145}}
| website            = {{URL|www.monterey.org}}
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
}}
'''Monterey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|audio=En-us-monterey.ogg}} {{respell|MON|tə|RAY}}; {{langx|es|Monterrey}}) is a city situated on the southern edge of [[Monterey Bay]], on the [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast of California]]. Located in [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]], the city occupies a land area of {{convert|8.466|sqmi|km2|abbr= on}}<ref name=gnis /> and recorded a population of 30,218 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].

The city was founded by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] in 1770, when [[Gaspar de Portolá]] and [[Junípero Serra]] established the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] and the [[Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Monterey, California)|Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo]]. Monterey was elevated to capital of the [[the Californias|Province of the Californias]] in 1777, servings as the administrative and military headquarters of both [[Alta California]] and [[Baja California]], as well as its only official [[port of entry]]. Following the [[Mexican War of Independence]], Monterey continued as the capital of the Mexican [[The_Californias#Department_of_Mexico|Department of the Californias]].

During the [[Conquest of California|United States conquest of California]], part of the [[Mexican-American War]], Monterey was seized by the American military in the [[Battle of Monterey]] in 1846. Following its capture, Monterey continued to serve as the capital of the American [[interim government of California]] until 1849, during which it hosted the [[California Constitutional Conventions|California's 1st Constitutional Convention]]. In the late 19th century, Monterey and its surrounding area began to attract communities of artists, writers, and other creatives, leading to the creation of an [[art colony]]. 

Today, Monterey is a popular tourist destination on the Central Coast, hosting notable attractions such as the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]], [[Cannery Row]], [[Fisherman's Wharf (Monterey, California)|Fisherman's Wharf]], [[California Roots Music and Arts Festival]], and the annual [[Monterey Jazz Festival]]. The city is also an important hub for the military and higher education, home to the [[Defense Language Institute]], the [[Naval Postgraduate School]], the [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]] and [[California State University, Monterey Bay]].

== History ==

=== Ohlone period ===
[[File:Indio de Monterey.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Rumsen people|Rumsen tribe]] of [[Ohlone|Ohlone people]] have inhabited the area for centuries.]]
Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the [[Rumsen people|Rumsen]] [[Ohlone]] tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henson|first=Paul|title=The Natural History of Big Sur|year=1996|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-20510-9|author2=Donald J. Usner |edition= illus. by Valerie A. Kells|page=265}}</ref> [[List_of_Ohlone_villages#Monterey_Bay_area|Ohlone villages]] in the area included Ichxenta ([[Point Lobos State Reserve|Point Lobos]]), Calendaruc, Wacharon ([[Moss Landing, California|Moss Landing]]), and Rumsien ([[Carmel-by-the-Sea]]), among others. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically rich [[Monterey Peninsula]]. 

Researchers have found a number of shell [[midden]]s in the area and, based on the archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted of various types of [[mussel]]s and [[abalone]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Gary S. |last=Breschini |author2=Trudy Haversat |title=Archaeological Investigations at CA-MNT-149, In the Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, California |url=http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0023.html |access-date=June 22, 2012 |year=1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015180657/http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0023.html |archive-date=October 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of midden sites have been located along about {{convert|12|mi}} of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Breschini|first=Gary S.|title=Radiocarbon Dating and Cultural Models on the Monterey Peninsula, California|url=http://www.pcas.org/assets/documents/V38N1a.pdf|author2=Trudy Haversat|journal=Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly|volume=38|number=1|date=Winter 2002|access-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712020614/http://www.pcas.org/assets/documents/V38N1a.pdf|archive-date=July 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Spanish period ===
[[File:GaspardeZugnigayAcevedo (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey]], namesake of [[Monterey Bay]], and thus the city and county]]
The city is named after [[Monterey Bay]]. The bay's name was given by [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] in 1602. He anchored in what is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named it ''Puerto de Monterrey'', in honor of the [[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey|Conde de Monterrey]], then the viceroy of [[New Spain]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Gudde | first = Erwin G. | title = California Place Names | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1949 | location = Berkeley, Calif. | page = 222 | asin = B000FMOPP4  }}</ref> Monterrey is an alternate spelling of [[Monterrei]], a municipality in the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia region]] of [[Spain]] from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey.<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|926}}</ref> Monterey Bay had been described earlier by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] as La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of the Pines).<ref name=HISTORY/> Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.

Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration of [[Alta California]], the Spanish [[Portolá expedition]], traveled north from [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]. They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=51–52}} The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far as [[San Francisco Bay]] before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=52–53}} [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]] noted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=240–241 |year=1927 |title=Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769–1774 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |publisher=HathiTrust Digital Library |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103835/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Father Serra Celebrates Mass at Monterey by Léon Trousset.jpg|thumb|left|Saint [[Junípero Serra]] celebrating mass in Monterey in 1770.]]
[[Gaspar de Portolá]] returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey by [[Junípero Serra]],{{sfn|Rolle|1987|p=54}} who traveled by sea. Portolá erected the [[Presidio of Monterey]] to defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by Captain [[Pedro Fages]], who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Paddison, Joshua|year=1999|title=A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush|publisher=Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-1-890771-13-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23 23]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23}}</ref>
[[File:William Smyth The Presidio and Pueblo of Monterey (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] was built in 1771 by [[Pedro Fages]], on a site selected by [[Miguel Costansó]] in 1770.]]
Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission in [[Mission San Carlos Borromeo|Carmel]] the next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood and [[adobe]] church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]].

Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]]. The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the present [[sandstone]] structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |title=Early History of the California Coast Travel Itinerary: Royal Presidio Chapel |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305061936/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of [[Saint Charles Borromeo]]. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along with [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|St. Louis Cathedral]] in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url= http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building|title= Royal Presidio Chapel |access-date= June 22, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121008221656/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building |archive-date= October 8, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
[[File:The city of Monterey, California 1842 (NYPL Hades-118665-54791) (cropped).tif|thumb|right|Monterey served as the capital of [[Alta California]] from 1770 until 1849,<ref>[https://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/previous-ca-capitals/ California State Library - Previous Capitols — and Capitals — of California]</ref> hosting its only official port-of-entry and the [[Provincial deputation in Spanish America|provincial legislature]].]]
The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the [[Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)|Custom House]], the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One.<ref>{{cite web   |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |title=California State Parks: Custom House   |access-date=June 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092045/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=live   }}</ref> Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |title= Custom House, Monterey |access-date= June 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073614/http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |archive-date= March 20, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

On November 24, 1818, [[Argentine]] [[Buccaneer|corsair]] [[Hippolyte Bouchard]] [[Argentine Invasion of Monterey|landed]]  {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] in a hidden [[Creek (tidal)|creek]]. The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat the [[Flag of Argentina|Argentine flag]] flew over it.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|p=180}} The Argentines took the city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|pp=180–181}}

=== Mexican period ===
[[File:Augustin_Zamorano.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Agustín V. Zamorano]] established his Monterey [[printer (publishing)|print shop]] in 1834, becoming California's first publisher.]]
Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when the [[secularization]] of the missions converted most of the mission pasture lands into private land grant [[Ranchos of California|ranchos]]. In 1834, the [[San Carlos Cemetery (Monterey, California)|San Carlos Cemetery]] was officially opened and [[interred]] many of the early local families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEwDwAAQBAJ |title=Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey |date=December 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22723-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Agustín V. Zamorano]] established the first print shop in California, when he brought a [[printing press]] to Monterey, in the summer of 1834.<ref>[https://dh.scu.edu/exhibits/collections/show/139#? Zamorano Printing Press History]Santa Clara University Digital Collections.</ref><ref>Roxburghe Club of San Francisco, and Grabhorn Press. 1934. ''To Commemorate the Centennial of the Printing Press in California''. [San Francisco]: [Roxburghe Club of San Francisco].</ref>

During the Mexican period, the city was determined the site of District Court of the Territory of Alta California (''Juzgado de Distrito del Territorio de la Alta California''), since 1834, when Luis del Castillo Negrete, the appointed district judge (Juez de Distrito), took possession of the court; until 1836, when due to the rebellion led by [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]], the judge left the city for the territory of Baja California, which ''de facto'' disqualified that instance and would close definitively until 1841, with a decree by [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lima Estrada |first=Eduardo |title=OJEADA SOBRE LOS JUZGADOS DE DISTRITO DE ALTA CALIFORNIA Y NUEVO MÉXICO O CRÓNICA DE SU EXISTENCIA A PARTIR DE LOS ARCHIVOS |year=2025 |isbn=9798305184969 |pages=100-125 |language=es}}</ref> Subsequently, in 1842, the Superior Court (''Superior Tribunal de Justicia del Departamento de las Californias'') was installed, which had a short life, as it stopped functioning in 1845.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lima Estrada |first=Eduardo |title=El tribunal supremo del departamento de las californias. Reflexiones sobre la importancia de la estabilidad política en el establecimiento de las instituciones |url=https://www.te.gob.mx/blogEje/front/publicaciones/busqueda/846 |access-date=}}</ref>

Monterey was the site of the [[Battle of Monterey]] on July 7, 1846, during the [[Mexican–American War]]. It was on this date that [[John D. Sloat]], Commodore in the [[United States Navy]], raised the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]] over the Monterey Custom House and claimed California for the United States.

In addition, many historic "firsts" occurred in Monterey. These include [[First theater in California]], brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press (which printed [[The Californian (1840s newspaper)|''The Californian'']], California's first newspaper.) Larkin House,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=larkin_house |title=Larkin House |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009023344/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=larkin_house |archive-date=October 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> one of [[Monterey State Historic Park]]'s [[National Historic Landmark]]s, built in the Mexican period by [[Thomas Oliver Larkin]], is an early example of [[Monterey Colonial]] architecture. The [[Old Custom House (Monterey, California)|Old Custom House]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=custom_house |title=Custom House |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154532/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=custom_house |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=presidio_chapel |title=Royal Presidio Chapel |access-date=March 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005093721/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=presidio_chapel |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cooper-Molera Adobe is a [[National Trust for Historic Preservation|National Trust]] Historic Site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=cooper_molera_adobe|title=Cooper-Molera Adobe|access-date=March 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154910/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=cooper_molera_adobe|archive-date=October 5, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== American period ===
[[File:Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg|thumb|The 1846 [[Battle of Monterey]], part of the [[Conquest of California|U.S. conquest of California]], resulted in American forces capturing the capital of Mexican California.]]
[[Colton Hall]], built in 1849 by [[Walter Colton]], originally served as both a public school and a government meeting place. It hosted the [[California Constitutional Conventions|1849 Constitutional Convention]], where American and [[Californio]] delegates drafted the first [[Constitution of California]], in both English and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=colton_hall |title=Colton Hall |access-date= March 14, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071005154625/http://www.historicmonterey.org/?p=colton_hall |archive-date= October 5, 2007 |url-status= live }}</ref>

Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed the documents necessary to apply to the United States for [[statehood]]. Today Colton Hall houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849).<ref name=CGN />

Pioneer [[Francis Doud]] built [[Doud House]] in the 1860s, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The house is one of the earliest and most well-preserved examples of an early wood frame residences in Monterey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5t1nf579/entire_text/|title=Finding aid of the Francis Doud Papers C058832|work=Online Archive California |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> Monterey was incorporated in 1890.<ref name=CGN />
[[File:Oldest known image of Colton Hall (c. 1858) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Colton Hall]] hosted the [[California Constitutional Conventions|1849 Constitutional Convention]], which drafted the [[Constitution of California]].]]
[[Thomas Albert Work]] built several of the buildings in Monterey, including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than 20 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seavey|first= Kent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6B_wTaed_-UC&q=%22T.%20A.%20Work%22 |title=Pacific Grove |work=Arcadia|place= Pacific Grove, California|date=2005|pages=81–88|isbn= 9780738529646 |access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93053820/t-a-work/ |title= T. A. Work Starts Life As Driver Of Milk Wagon |work=Salinas Morning Post|place=Salinas, California|date=December 19, 1930|page=1|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>

Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due to [[overfishing]]. A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood along [[Cannery Row]].

The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as [[Arthur Frank Mathews]], [[Armin Hansen]], [[Xavier Martinez]], [[Rowena Meeks Abdy]] and [[Percy Gray]] lived or visited to pursue painting in the style of either [[En plein air]] or [[Tonalism]].
[[File:Cannery Row (1938).jpg|thumb|[[Cannery Row]] was once one of the most productive fish canning hubs in the world, until its collapse in the 1950s due to overfishing.]]
Many noted authors have also lived in and around Monterey, including [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[John Steinbeck]], [[Ed Ricketts]], [[Robinson Jeffers]], [[Robert A. Heinlein]], and [[Henry Miller]].

More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California Governor [[Pete Wilson]] proclaimed Monterey "the Language Capital of the World".<ref name="lcow" />

On June 7, 2021, the [[macOS Monterey]] operating system was presented at Apple's [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC2021) and named after the Monterey region.

== Geography ==
{{one source|section|date=June 2012}}
[[File:Monterey rock break (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Rock sea wall near Coast Guard Station bordering [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]].]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|30.4|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|21.9|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|8.5|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}} (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources. The city has several distinct districts, such as [[New Monterey, Monterey, California|New Monterey]], [[Del Monte, Monterey, California|Del Monte]], and [[Cannery Row]].

Local soil is [[Quaternary]] [[Alluvium]]. Common soil series include the Baywood fine sand on the east side, Narlon loamy sand on the west side, Sheridan coarse sandy loam on hilly terrain, and the pale Tangair sand on hills supporting closed-cone pine habitat. The city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the active [[San Andreas Fault]] approximately {{convert|26|mi|km}} to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}} to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault {{convert|7|mi|km|spell=in}} to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are the Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults.

Monterey Bay's maximum credible [[tsunami]] for a 100-year interval has been calculated as a wave {{convert|9|ft|m|spell=in}} high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion.

The city is adjacent to the [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]], a federally protected ocean area extending {{convert|276|mi|abbr=on}} along the coast. Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay.
[[File:Lake El Estero, Monterey, CA, 4 December, 2011.JPG|thumb|right|[[Lake El Estero]]]]
[[Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area]], [[Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area]], [[Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area]], [[Lovers Point State Marine Reserve]], [[Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area]] and [[Asilomar State Marine Reserve]] are [[marine protected area]]s established by the state of California in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

The California [[sea otter]], a threatened subspecies, inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station of [[The Marine Mammal Center]] is located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. The rare San Joaquin [[kit fox]] is found in Monterey's oak-forest and [[chaparral]] habitats. The chaparral, found mainly on the city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants as [[manzanita]], [[chamise]] and [[ceanothus]]. Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinas [[kangaroo rat]] and the silver-sided legless lizard.
[[File:Beach - Monterey, CA - DSC06777.JPG|thumb|left|McAbee Beach.]]
There is a variety of natural habitat in Monterey: littoral zone and sand dunes; [[closed-cone pine forest]]; and [[Monterey Cypress]]. There are no dairy farms in the city of Monterey; the semi-hard cheese known as [[Monterey Jack cheese|Monterey Jack]] originated in nearby [[Carmel Valley, California]], and is named after businessman and land speculator [[David Jacks (businessman)|David Jacks]].

The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated by [[Monterey pine]], [[Knobcone pine]] and [[Bishop pine]], and contains the rare [[Arctostaphylos montereyensis|Monterey manzanita]]. In the early 20th century the botanist [[Willis Linn Jepson]] characterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as the "most important silva ever", and encouraged [[Samuel Finley Brown Morse|Samuel F.B. Morse]] (a century younger than the inventor [[Samuel F. B. Morse]]) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities.<ref>U.S. [[Federal Register]]: August 2, 1995 (Volume 60, Number 148), Pages 39326-39337</ref> The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plants [[Cordylanthus rigidus|Seaside birds beak]], [[Hickman's potentilla]] and Eastwood's [[Ericameria]]. Rare plants also inhabit the chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia (''[[Piperia yadonii]]'') and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson's [[delphinium]], Tidestrom [[Lupinus|lupine]], [[Gardner's yampah]] and [[Polygonum aviculare|Knotweed]], the latter perhaps already extinct.
[[File:Seals playing at the beach.jpg|thumb|[[California sea lion]]s in Monterey.]]
Monterey's noise pollution has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of the population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are the [[Monterey Regional Airport]], [[State Route 1 (California)|State Route 1]] and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Street, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60&nbsp;dB on the [[CNEL|Community Noise Equivalent Level]] (CNEL) scale. The most intense source is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1,600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets.

===Climate===
[[File:Beach walk.JPG|thumb|left|Portion of the [[Monterey Peninsula]] Recreational Trail, between Monterey Harbor and the Municipal Marina.]]
Monterey's climate is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, resulting in a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csb'') although with temperatures resembling an [[oceanic climate]]. The city's average high temperatures range from {{convert|58.2|°F}} in December to {{convert|68.2|°F}} in September. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|17.11|in|mm}}, with most occurring between October and April; little to no precipitation falls during the summer. There is an average of 72.1 days with measurable precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Monterey are similar to average temperatures found in other parts of the world with oceanic climates, including [[Puerto Williams]], [[Chile]], [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]], much of [[New Zealand]], the [[Atlantic]] coast of [[Spain]], [[southeastern Alaska]] and the western coast of [[Norway]].
Summers in Monterey are often cool and foggy. The cold surface waters cause even summer nights to be unusually cool for the latitude; this is in distinct contrast to the much warmer summer days and nights of the U.S. east coast. The extreme moderation of summer temperatures is further underlined by the fact that Monterey is geographically situated at a similar latitude within California as [[Death Valley]]⁠{{tsp}}{{mdash}}{{tsp}}one of the hottest areas in the world. 
[[File:Monterey, CA, USA - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|right|San Carlos Beach Park.]]
During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of the [[Santa Lucia Mountains]] and [[Gabilan Mountains]] that overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought a light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of {{convert|3.2|in|cm}} fell in Monterey, including {{convert|2.2|in|m|sigfig=2}} on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of {{convert|1.5|in|m|sigfig=2}}, is remembered for delaying the [[Bing Crosby]] golf tournament in nearby [[Pebble Beach, California|Pebble Beach]].

The record lowest temperature was {{convert|26|F|C|1}} on December 24, 1998, and January 13, 2007. Annually, there are an average of 1.3 days with highs that reach or exceed {{convert|90|°F|1|disp=or}} and an average of 1.5 days with lows at or below the freezing mark.

Combining the records for Monterey and Monterey WFO, the wettest "rain year" on record has been from July 1997 to June 1998 with {{convert|47.15|in|mm|1|disp=or}} of precipitation, and the driest from July 2013 to June 2014 with {{convert|7.67|in|mm|1|disp=or}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|13.73|in|mm|1|disp=or}} in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation was {{convert|3.55|in|mm|1|disp=or}} on December 11, 2014.

{{Weather box
| location = Monterey, California, 1991&ndash;2020 normals, extremes 1995&ndash;2019
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 80
| Feb record high F = 86
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 92
| May record high F = 97
| Jun record high F = 96
| Jul record high F = 86
| Aug record high F = 91
| Sep record high F = 101
| Oct record high F = 104
| Nov record high F = 91
| Dec record high F = 79
| year record high F = 104
| Jan avg record high F = 73.4
| Feb avg record high F = 73.8
| Mar avg record high F = 76.0
| Apr avg record high F = 78.4
| May avg record high F = 78.7
| Jun avg record high F = 79.2
| Jul avg record high F = 77.3
| Aug avg record high F = 79.7
| Sep avg record high F = 84.7
| Oct avg record high F = 86.6
| Nov avg record high F = 79.0
| Dec avg record high F = 71.0
| year avg record high F = 78.15
| Jan high F = 59.3
| Feb high F = 59.5
| Mar high F = 60.6
| Apr high F = 61.5
| May high F = 62.9
| Jun high F = 64.8
| Jul high F = 65.8
| Aug high F = 66.9
| Sep high F = 68.2
| Oct high F = 66.9
| Nov high F = 62.5
| Dec high F = 58.2
| year high F = 63.1
| Jan mean F = 51.2
| Feb mean F = 51.9
| Mar mean F = 53.2
| Apr mean F = 54.4
| May mean F = 56.5
| Jun mean F = 58.6
| Jul mean F = 60.1
| Aug mean F = 60.9
| Sep mean F = 61.1
| Oct mean F = 58.8
| Nov mean F = 54.2
| Dec mean F = 50.4
| year mean F = 55.9
| Jan low F = 43.1
| Feb low F = 44.4
| Mar low F = 45.8
| Apr low F = 47.3
| May low F = 50.2
| Jun low F = 52.4
| Jul low F = 54.4
| Aug low F = 54.9
| Sep low F = 54.1
| Oct low F = 50.8
| Nov low F = 46.0
| Dec low F = 42.7
| year low F = 48.8
| Jan avg record low F = 34.1
| Feb avg record low F = 37.0
| Mar avg record low F = 38.4
| Apr avg record low F = 41.0
| May avg record low F = 44.2
| Jun avg record low F = 47.1
| Jul avg record low F = 50.1
| Aug avg record low F = 50.2
| Sep avg record low F = 48.2
| Oct avg record low F = 43.9
| Nov avg record low F = 38.2
| Dec avg record low F = 33.6
| year avg record low F = 31.7
| Jan record low F = 26
| Feb record low F = 33
| Mar record low F = 35
| Apr record low F = 38
| May record low F = 41
| Jun record low F = 44
| Jul record low F = 47
| Aug record low F = 47
| Sep record low F = 44
| Oct record low F = 40
| Nov record low F = 33
| Dec record low F = 26
| year record low F = 26
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.45
| Feb precipitation inch = 3.46
| Mar precipitation inch = 2.89
| Apr precipitation inch = 1.15
| May precipitation inch = 0.50
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.14
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.02
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.09
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.08
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.83
| Nov precipitation inch = 1.64
| Dec precipitation inch = 2.86
| year precipitation inch = 17.11
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.7
|Feb precipitation days = 11.6
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 7.0
|May precipitation days = 3.9
|Jun precipitation days = 2.1
|Jul precipitation days = 1.1 
|Aug precipitation days = 2.0
|Sep precipitation days = 1.5
|Oct precipitation days = 4.2
|Nov precipitation days = 7.7
|Dec precipitation days = 10.2
|year precipitation days=

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00045802&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Monterey WFO, CA
|access-date = February 11, 2023
}}
</ref>
|source 2 = National Weather Service<ref name = NOWData>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=mtr
|publisher = National Weather Service
|title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS San Francisco
|access-date = February 11, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{US Census population
| 1850 = 1092
| 1860 = 1653
| 1870 = 1112
| 1880 = 1396
| 1890 = 1662
| 1900 = 1748
| 1910 = 4923
| 1920 = 5479
| 1930 = 9141
| 1940 = 10084
| 1950 = 16205
| 1960 = 22618
| 1970 = 26302
| 1980 = 27558
| 1990 = 31954
| 2000 = 29674
| 2010 = 27810
| 2020 = 30218
| estyear = 2023
| estimate = 26845
| estref = <ref name="State">{{cite web|url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/352/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2023PressRelease.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=September 5, 2023|archive-date=June 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622050408/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/352/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2023PressRelease.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|website=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="1860 census results">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1860/population/1860a-06.pdf|title=Population of the United States in 1860: California|website=census.gov|access-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref>
}}
[[File:The Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, Monterey, California LCCN2013630519.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo (Monterey, California)|Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo]] is the oldest cathedral in the United States, as well as the [[List of the oldest buildings in California|oldest stone building in California]].]]

The headquarters of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California]] is in Monterey, and one of the relatively few [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|Oratorian]] communities in the United States is located in the city. The city is adjacent to the historic Catholic [[Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo|Carmel Mission]].

===2020===
The 2020 United States census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/montereycitycalifornia/PST045222 |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Monterey city, California |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> reported that Monterey had a population of 30,218 people, with 12,912 households. The racial makeup of Monterey was 71.9% White, 3.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 7.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 19.0% of the population.

=== 2010 ===

The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0648872|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Monterey city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214032252/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0648872|archive-date=February 14, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> reported that Monterey had a population of 27,810. The population density was {{convert|2,364.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of Monterey was 21,788 (78.3%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 777 (2.8%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 149 (0.5%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2,204 (7.9%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 91 (0.3%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1,382 (5.0%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1,419 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 3,817 people (13.7%) of [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] origin, of any race.

The Census reported that 25,307 people (91.0% of the population) lived in households, 2,210 (7.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 293 (1.1%) were institutionalized.
[[File:Casa del Oro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Monterey_State_Historic_Park#Casa_del_Oro|Casa del Oro]], built in 1849.]]
There were 12,184 households, out of which 2,475 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,690 (38.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 902 (7.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. 4,778 households (39.2%) were made up of individuals, and 1,432 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 5,963 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.81.

The population was spread out, with 4,266 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 3,841 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,474 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 6,932 people (24.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,297 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.
[[File:The_House_Of_the_Four_Winds.JPG|thumb|[[House of the Four Winds|Casa de los Vientos]], built in 1835.]]
There were 13,584 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,154.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}, of which 4,360 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 7,824 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 9,458 people (34.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15,849 people (57.0%) lived in rental housing units.

=== 2000 ===
[[File:Father Junipero Serra late.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Statue of Junípero Serra (Monterey, California)|Junípero Serra Monument]], erected in 1891, has been decapitated since it was vandalized in 2015.]]
As of the census of 2000,<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,516.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,586.0|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 80.8% White, 10.9% Hispanic, 7.4% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.

There were 12,600 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 11.0% had a lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82.

The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $49,109, and the median income for a family was $58,757. Males had a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
[[File:Monterey, California - panoramio (10).jpg|thumb|right|[[Cannery Row]] is a popular tourist destination in Monterey.]]
[[File:Navy memorializes Presidio of Monterey Navy Yard for fallen linguist Image 12 of 12 5701036 190821-A-TW035-012.jpg|thumb|right|Established by [[Pedro Fages|the Spanish]] in 1770, the [[Presidio of Monterey]] is a military hub for the [[Monterey Bay]] region.]]
According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref name="cafr">{{cite web|url=http://www.monterey.org/Portals/0/Reports/Finance/CAFR/CAFR2014-15.pdf|title=City of Monterey, California Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the Year ended June 30, 2015|website=Monterey.org|access-date=November 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072724/http://www.monterey.org/Portals/0/Reports/Finance/CAFR/CAFR2014-15.pdf|archive-date=May 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the top private-sector employers in the city are (in alphabetical order):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| [[Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula]]
| 1,000 to 4,999
|-
| [[McGraw-Hill Education|Ctb Mc Graw-Hill LLC]]
| 500 to 999
|-
| [[Dole Fresh Vegetables]]
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[Hyatt|Hyatt Regency]] Monterey Hotel & Spa
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[LanguageLine Solutions|Language Line]]
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[Macy's]]
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]]
| 250 to 499
|-
| Monterey Plaza Hotel & Spa
| 250 to 499
|-
| Portola Hotel & Spa
| 250 to 499
|-
|}

The top public-sector employers are (in alphabetical order):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| City of Monterey
| 250 to 499
|-
| [[Defense Language Institute]]
| 1,000 to 4,999
|-
| [[Monterey Peninsula College]]
| 500 to 999
|-
| [[Monterey-Salinas Transit]]
| 250–499
|-
| [[Naval Postgraduate School]]
| 1,000 to 4,999
|}

Other private-sector employers based in Monterey include [[Monterey Peninsula Unified School District]], and [[Mapleton Communications]]. Additional military facilities in Monterey include the [[Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center]], and the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]] – Monterey.

==Arts and culture==

=== Attractions ===
{{Main article|List of tourist attractions in Monterey County, California}}
[[File:Calle Principal, Monterey, California (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Calle Principal in Downtown Monterey. Downtown is home to numerous examples of historic [[Culture_of_California#Architecture|Californian architecture]].]]
Monterey is well known for the abundance and diversity of its marine life,<ref name="historic">{{cite web|url=http://www.historicmonterey.org|title=Monterey Peninsula, CA|website=Historic Monterey|access-date=March 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513084537/http://www.historicmonterey.org/|archive-date=May 13, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> which includes [[sea lion]]s, [[sea otter]]s, [[harbor seals]], [[bat ray]]s, [[kelp forest]]s, [[pelican]]s and [[dolphin]]s and several species of whales. Only a few miles offshore is the [[Monterey Canyon]], the largest and deepest (at {{convert|3.2|km|mi|0|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=or}}) [[submarine canyon|underwater canyon]] off the Pacific coast of North America, which grants scientists access to the deep sea within hours.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053516/Monterey-Canyon Encyclopædia Britannica, Monterey Canyon.] Retrieved on March 14, 2008.</ref> The cornucopia of marine life makes Monterey a popular destination for scuba divers of all abilities ranging from novice to expert. Scuba classes are held at San Carlos State Beach,<ref>[http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/camontereycarmel/p/beach_sancarlos.htm California Travel, San Carlos State Beach, a guide by Betsy Malloy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220011402/http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/camontereycarmel/p/beach_sancarlos.htm|date=February 20, 2008}} Retrieved on March 14, 2008.</ref> which has been a favorite with divers since the 1960s. The [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] on Cannery Row is one of the largest aquariums in North America, and several [[marine science]] laboratories, including [[Hopkins Marine Station]] are located in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hopkinsmarinestation.stanford.edu/about/history |title=Hopkins Marine Station - History |access-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref>

Monterey is home to several museums and more than thirty carefully preserved historic buildings. Most of these buildings are adobes built in the mid-1800s. Some are museums and open to the public, including the Cooper Molera Adobe, Robert Louis Stevenson House, Casa Serrano, The Perry House, The Customs House, Colton Hall, Mayo Hayes O'Donnell Library and The First Brick House.<ref name="historic" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monterey.org/museum/|title=City of Monterey Museums website|website=monterey.org|access-date=March 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208012156/http://www.monterey.org/museum/|archive-date=December 8, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many others are only open during Monterey's annual adobe tour. The [[Monterey Museum of Art]] specializes in Early California Impressionist painting, photography, and contemporary art. Other youth-oriented art attractions include MY Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mymuseum.org/ |title=MY Museum - Monterey Country Youth Museum |access-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref> a children's museum, and YAC, an arts organization for teens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yacstudios.org/about |title=About Youth Art Collective - History |access-date=January 21, 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Monterey Bay Aquarium (4131549576).jpg|thumb|left|[[Monterey Bay Aquarium]], one of the most visited aquariums in the country.]]
What may be the only whalebone sidewalk still in existence in the United States lies in front of the Old Whaling Station,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=964|title=Old Whaling Station|first=California State Parks, State of|last=California|website=CA State Parks|access-date=October 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027075832/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=964|archive-date=October 27, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> left by New England whalers while California was still part of New Spain.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|p=81}}

Cannery Row is a historic industrial district west of downtown Monterey. Several companies operated large [[sardine]] canneries and packing houses from the 1920s until the 1950s when the sardines were overfished and the industry collapsed. The neighborhood was a minor tourist attraction until the late 1980s when the Monterey Bay Aquarium bought the former Hovden Cannery and built their aquarium around it. The Aquarium revitalized the neighborhood and it is now the number one tourist destination on the Monterey Peninsula. It is home to more than 600 species of plants and animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripstodiscover.com/top-things-to-do-in-monterey-california/|title=Top 8 Things to Do in Monterey, California|publisher=tripstodiscover.com|access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref> Several of the canneries burnt down in the 1970s and some of their empty foundations are still visible along the oceanfront. A free [[Tourist trolley|heritage trolley]] transports visitors between downtown Monterey and the Aquarium during the summer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oldmonterey.org/news/2021/06/monterey-trolley-returns-july-3-2021|title = Monterey Trolley Returns on July 3, 2021|date = June 18, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Casa Soberanes 2013.JPG|thumb|right|[[Casa Soberanes]], a [[Monterey Colonial]] style house built by Rafael Estrada in the 1840s.]]
Once called Ocean View Boulevard, the street was renamed Cannery Row in 1953 in honor of writer John Steinbeck,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-02-02/travel/tr-3643_1_cannery-row|title=John Steinbeck's Cannery Row: More Than a Literary Pilgrimage|website=google.com|date=February 2, 1986 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2024}} who had written a well-known novel of the same name. It has now become a [[tourist attraction]] with numerous establishments located in former cannery buildings, including Cannery Row Antique Mall which is located in the most historically intact cannery building open to the public. Other historical buildings in this district include Wing Chong Market, The American Tin Cannery which is a shopping mall, Doc Rickett's lab, next door to the aquarium and only open to the public a few times a year, and some of the water tanks written about by Steinbeck. A few privately owned and operated fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists. Cannery Row is now considered the historic cannery district from Foam St. to the ocean.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Pacific House Museum.JPG|thumb|left|[[Monterey_State_Historic_Park#Pacific_House_Museum|Pacific House Museum]].]]
The Governor [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]] House is [[California Historical Landmark]] number #348. The adobe house was seriously damaged in January 2023 during the [[2022–2023 California floods]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Dowd | first = Katie| title =Historic 1830s Monterey home crumbles as storms batter California | newspaper =[[SFGate]] | location =[[San Francisco]] | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =January 15, 2023 | url =https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/historic-monterey-home-crumbles-storms-17719477.php| accessdate = January 15, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Lake El Estero]] is a popular Monterey park. Recreation opportunities include paddleboats, the Dennis the Menace Park (named after the comics character [[Dennis the Menace (U.S.)|Dennis the Menace]]), and a skate park designed by local skaters. Birders are especially fond of this park due to its easy accessibility and the diversity of birdlife it attracts.

=== Arts ===
[[File:Monterey Museum of Art outside 002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Monterey Museum of Art]] is home to an important collection of works by [[Early California artists]].]]
Monterey is the home of the [[Monterey Museum of Art]], its annex museum La Mirada and the Salvador Dalí Museum. There are several commercial galleries in the historic district of [[Cannery Row]], New Monterey and Customs House Plaza.<ref name=Ryce>{{cite news|last1=Ryce|first1=Walter|title=Monterey's art scene was misrepresented for years on Wikipedia. Is it any better now?|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/blogs/arts_culture_blog/monterey-s-art-scene-was-misrepresented-for-years-on-wikipedia/article_2ad0f6b6-2295-11e4-bfa4-0017a43b2370.html|access-date=August 14, 2014|work=Monterey County Weekly|date=August 12, 2014}}</ref>

=== Music ===
The Monterey Jazz Festival began in 1958, presenting such artists as [[Louis Armstrong]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]], and [[Billie Holiday]], and now claims to be "the longest running jazz festival in the world" (the [[Newport Jazz Festival]] was established in 1954, but has changed venues since its founding).<ref>{{cite book|title = Jazz for Dummies | last=Sutro| first=Dirk| publisher = For Dummies; 2 edition|date = July 5, 2006| pages =[https://books.google.com/books?id=xvN_Jrmzi7cC&dq=started+the+Monterey+Jazz+Festival&pg=PT260 244]| isbn=978-0-471-76844-9 }}</ref>

In June 1967 the city was the venue of the [[Monterey Pop Festival]]. Formally known as the Monterey International Pop Music Festival, the three-day concert event was held June 16 to 18, 1967, at the [[Monterey County Fairgrounds]]. It was the first widely promoted and heavily attended [[rock festival]], attracting an estimated 200,000 total attendees with 55,000 to 90,000 people present at the event's peak at midnight on Sunday. It was notable as hosting the first major American appearances by [[Jimi Hendrix]] and [[The Who]], as well as the first major public performances of [[Janis Joplin]] and [[Otis Redding]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Grunenberg |first=Christoph |author2=Jonathan Harris |year=2005 |title=Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s |page=347 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |isbn=978-0-85323-929-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCLOIhHTAE4C |access-date=January 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618213823/http://books.google.com/books?id=gCLOIhHTAE4C |archive-date=June 18, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Old Fisherman's Wharf, Monterey, California LCCN2013630513 (cropped).tif|thumb|left|The [[Fisherman's Wharf (Monterey, California)|Old Fisherman's Wharf]] is a popular tourist attraction.]]
The Monterey Pop Festival embodied the themes of San Francisco as a focal point for the [[counterculture]] and is generally regarded as one of the beginnings of the "[[Summer of Love]]" in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walser |first=Robert |title=Pop III, North America. 3. 1960s |work=Grove Music Online |editor=L. Macy |access-date=January 24, 2008 |url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106012046/http://grovemusic.com/ |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also became the template for future music festivals, notably the [[Woodstock Festival]] two years later.

In 1986, the Monterey Blues Festival was created and ran continuously for over two decades.<ref>[http://www.montereyblues.com/history.html Monterey Bay Blues Festival Home Page – Official Web Site!] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616152135/http://www.montereyblues.com/history.html |date=June 16, 2009 }}</ref> It filed for bankruptcy in 2012<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/article/zz/20121024/NEWS/121028478|title=Monterey Bay Blues Festival files for bankruptcy|access-date=August 16, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816010633/http://www.montereyherald.com/article/zz/20121024/NEWS/121028478|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and was resurrected in 2017 as the [[Monterey International Blues Festival]].

=== Literature ===
[[File:Stevenson House Monterey.JPG|thumb|[[Robert Louis Stevenson House|Stevenson House]], built in 1836 by Rafael González, was home to Scottish author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] in the 1870s.]]
Steinbeck's friends included some of the city's more colorful characters, among them [[Ed Ricketts]], a marine biologist, and [[Bruce Ariss]], artist and theater enthusiast who designed and built the [[Wharf Theater]].

After Ricketts's death, the new owner of his lab and a group of friends assembled each Wednesday at the lab for drinks and [[jazz]] music. While visiting with the group, San Francisco [[disc jockey]] [[James L. Lyons|Jimmy Lyons]] suggested holding a jazz celebration in Monterey, which eventually became the [[Monterey Jazz Festival]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.viamagazine.com/top_stories/articles/monterey_today_sep09.asp| title=Monterey Today| access-date=February 9, 2009| website=Viamagazine.com| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214193827/http://www.viamagazine.com/top_stories/articles/monterey_today_sep09.asp| archive-date=December 14, 2009| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1879, [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] spent a short time in Monterey at the French Hotel while writing ''[[The Amateur Emigrant]]'', "The Old Pacific Capital", and "Vendetta of the West". The former hotel, now known as the [[Stevenson House (Monterey, California)|Stevenson House]], stands at 530 Houston Street and features items that belonged to the writer.<!-- <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripcart.com/usa-regions/Central-California-Coast/historical-sites/Robert-Louis-Stevenson-House-Monterey-California.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.tripcart.com |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221230410/http://www.tripcart.com/usa-regions/Central-California-Coast/historical-sites/Robert-Louis-Stevenson-House-Monterey-California.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -->

=== Theatre ===
[[File:Golden State Theatre (7299092224).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Golden State Theatre]], built in 1926 in a [[California Churrigueresque]]-style designed by [[Reid & Reid]].]]
The building in which the first paid public dramatic entertainment in California occurred is in Monterey and is called, appropriately, "[[First theater in California|California's First Theater]]". In 1847, a sailor, [[Jack Swan]], began construction on an adobe building at the corner of Pacific Street and Scott Avenue, near the Pacific House and Fisherman's Wharf. Between 1847 and 1848 several detachments of soldiers were stationed in Monterey and some of the sailors approached Swan with a proposition to lease a section of his building for use as a theater and money-making venture—a proposal Swan accepted. The enterprise collected $500 on its first performance, a considerable sum at that time. The primary mediums presented were melodramas and Olios (a form of musical revue and audience sing-along). In the spring of 1848, the play ''[[Putnam, the Iron Son of '76]]'', was presented. After the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849, much of the population, including Swan, traveled to northern California in search of riches. As a result, by the end that year, the company disbanded. In 1896, Swan died and the building was abandoned until 1906 when it was purchased by the California Historic Landmarks League, who deeded it to the [[State of California]]. In 1937, the building was leased to Denny-Watrous Management, which revived the tradition of melodrama at the now historic building. A resident company was created, the Troupers of the Gold Coast, which maintained the tradition for over 50 years, closing for renovation in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/data/13030/d9/kt058002d9/files/kt058002d9.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/data/13030/d9/kt058002d9/files/kt058002d9.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Guide to the California First Theater Collection|website=Oac.cdlib.org|access-date=August 12, 2018}}</ref> It is now permanently closed.
[[File:CAfirstTheatre.jpg|thumb|[[First theater in California|California's First Theater]], built by [[Jack Swan]] in 1845–47.]]
The Wharf Theater opened on Fisherman's Wharf on May 18, 1950, with a [[Theatrical production|production]] of ''[[Happy Birthday (play)|Happy Birthday]]'', featuring a set designed by Bruce Ariss. The theater also produced one of Ariss's plays and was successful enough to draw the attention of [[MGM]], which brought Ariss to Hollywood to work for several years. The theater was destroyed by fire on December 31, 1959. The company reopened in 1960 in a new location on Alvarado Street (formerly "The Monterey Theater") which in 1963 was renamed "The Old Monterey Opera House". It continued until the mid-1960s when it fell to [[urban renewal]]. In the early 1970s, discussions began about rebuilding back on the wharf itself, and theater plans began to take shape. Ariss and Angelo Di Girolamo began construction on The New Wharf Theater in 1975.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ventimiglia |first1=Mike |title=Italians of the Monterey Peninsula |date=2015 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location=Charleston, South Carolina |isbn=9781467133067 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj9XBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Wharf+Theater%22+Monterey&pg=PA124 |access-date=December 17, 2019}}</ref> The New Wharf Theater opened its doors on December 3, 1976, with a community theater production of ''[[Guys and Dolls]]'', directed by [[Monterey Peninsula College]] Drama Department chairman, Morgan Stock. At the northwest end of old Fisherman's Wharf, the theater is now known as the Bruce Ariss Wharf Theater..<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mctaweb.org/spotlight/00/May00_Wharf/wharf.html| title=SPOTLIGHT ON... The Bruce Ariss Wharf Theater| access-date=February 9, 2009| publisher=Monterey County Theater Alliance| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070921/http://www.mctaweb.org/spotlight/00/May00_Wharf/wharf.html| archive-date=September 5, 2008| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montereyherald/obituary.aspx?n=angelo-r-digirolamo&pid=172552106|title=Angelo R. DiGirolamo's Obituary on Monterey Herald|website=Monterey Herald|access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043559/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montereyherald/obituary.aspx?n=angelo-r-digirolamo&pid=172552106|archive-date=July 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, the [[Golden State Theatre]], a former [[movie palace]] on Alvarado Street, was refurbished to produce live theatrical events. The [[Forest Theater#Threat of Closure and revival of Forest Theater Guild|Forest Theater Guild]] produced several plays at the Golden State, including ''[[Aida (musical)|Aida]]'', ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'', ''[[Zoot Suit (play)|Zoot Suit]]'', and ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''. The theater's new owners, Eric and Lori Lochtefeld, have produced several musicals in the theater in conjunction with Broadway By the Bay.

==Sports==
[[File:Monterey,_United_States_(Unsplash_M8T7TMl5OHs).jpg|thumb|left|The marina at Monterey Harbor.]]
The [[Monterey Amberjacks]] are a professional baseball team that competes in the independent [[Pecos League]] which is not affiliated with [[Major League Baseball]] or [[Minor League Baseball]]. They play their home games at Sollecito Ballpark.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://montereyamberjacks.com/ |title=Official website of the Monterey Amberjacks |access-date=July 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806114145/http://montereyamberjacks.com/ |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Monterey Bay FC]] plays in the [[USL Championship]], the second tier of professional soccer in the US, and plays its home matches at [[Cardinale Stadium]] in [[Seaside, California]].

The [[Monterey Peninsula Soccer League]] is an adult amateur soccer league featuring teams from Monterey and the surrounding region.

The [[PURE Insurance Championship]] is a gold championship held in Monterey and neighboring [[Pebble Beach, California|Pebble Beach]].

== Government ==
[[File:Colton Hall and Old Monterey Jail.jpg|thumb|right|[[Colton Hall]] hosted [[California Constitutional Conventions|California's Constitutional Convention of 1849]].]]
[[File:Custon House Monterey Rear view from Plaza (cropped).JPG|thumb|Built by Mexican authorities in 1827, [[Old Custom House (Monterey, California)|Old Custom House]] is the oldest government building in California.]]
Monterey is governed by a [[mayor]] and four [[city council]] members.<ref name="city_council">{{cite web |title=City Council |url=https://monterey.org/City-Hall/City-Council |website=City of Monterey California |access-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004041/https://monterey.org/City-Hall/City-Council |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of December 2021, the mayor is Tyller Williamson and the city council members are Kim Barber, Gino Garcia, Alan Haffa, and Ed Smith.<ref name="city_council"/>

The City of Monterey provides base maintenance support services for the Presidio of Monterey and the Naval Postgraduate School, including streets, parks, and building maintenance. Additional support services include traffic engineering, inspections, construction engineering and project management.<ref name="City of Monterey">{{cite web|title=Military-Municipal Partnerships|url=http://monterey.org/en-us/Departments/Plans-Public-Works/Presidio-Municipal-Services/Monterey-Model|website=City of Monterey|access-date=February 2, 2016|ref=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203082313/http://monterey.org/en-us/Departments/Plans-Public-Works/Presidio-Municipal-Services/Monterey-Model|archive-date=February 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This innovative partnership has become known as the "Monterey Model" and is now being adopted by communities across the country. This service reduces maintenance costs by millions of dollars and supports a continued military presence in Monterey.<ref name="Military engineer">{{cite journal |last1=Seitchek |first1=Glenn |last2=Bonner |first2=Steve |title=Helping Defense Communities Save Money |journal=The Military Engineer |date=September–October 2013 |volume=September–October |issue=685 |pages=57–58 |url=http://monterey.org/en-us/Departments/Plans-Public-Works/Presidio-Municipal-Services/Monterey-Model/FileId/15382 |access-date=February 2, 2016 |ref=57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921234351/http://monterey.org/en-us/Departments/Plans-Public-Works/Presidio-Municipal-Services/Monterey-Model/FileId/15382 |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city government's Recreation and Community Services department runs the Monterey Sports Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monterey.org/sportscenter/|title=Monterey Sports Center|website=Monterey.org|access-date=April 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410104525/http://www.monterey.org/sportscenter/|archive-date=April 10, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== County, state, and federal representatives ===
Monterey is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by [[Mary Adams (politician)|Supervisor Mary Adams]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Monterey County 5th District Supervisor|url=http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/board-of-supervisors/district-5-mary-adams|publisher=County of Monterey|access-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503011319/http://co.monterey.ca.us/government/board-of-supervisors/district-5-mary-adams|archive-date=May 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[California State Legislature]], Monterey is in {{Representative|casd|17|fmt=sdistrict}}, and {{Representative|caad|29|fmt=adistrict}}.<ref name=swd />

In the [[United States House of Representatives]], Monterey is part of {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=district}}.<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|19}}</ref>

== Media ==
{{see also|Media in Monterey County, California}}

Local radio stations include [[KPIG-FM|KPIG-FM 107.5]], [[KAZU]]-FM – 90.3 [[KDON|KDON-FM – 102.5]], [[KCDU|KCDU-FM – 101.7]], [[KWAV|KWAV-FM – 96.9]], [[KDFG|KDFG-FM – 103.9]], [[KMBY (AM)|KMBY – 1240 AM]], [[KRML]] 94.7 FM jazz, and 1610-AM the city information station. Television service for the community comes from the Monterey-Salinas-Santa Cruz designated market area (DMA). Local newspapers include the ''[[Monterey County Herald]]'' and the ''[[Monterey County Weekly]]''.

==Infrastructure==

=== Transportation ===
[[File:KMRY On Final.JPG|thumb|left|[[Monterey Regional Airport]]]]
The city is serviced by [[California State Route 1|CA 1]], also known as the Cabrillo Highway, as it runs along the coastline of the rest of [[Monterey Bay]] to the north and [[Big Sur]] to the south. [[California State Route 68|CA 68]], also known as the Monterey-Salinas Highway, connects the city to [[U.S. Route 101 in California|US 101]] at [[Salinas, California|Salinas]] and to [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]].

Local bus service is provided by [[Monterey-Salinas Transit]].

[[Monterey Regional Airport]] connects the city to the large metropolitan areas in California, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada.

[[Monterey station|Monterey train station]] was served until 1971, when Amtrak took over intercity train service and the ''[[Del Monte (train)|Del Monte]]'' was discontinued.

== Education ==
[[File:Pool - Naval Postgraduate School - DSC06802.JPG|thumb|right|[[Naval Postgraduate School]] is the only [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] location of the [[Naval University System|U.S. Naval University System]].]]
Several institutions of higher education in the area: the [[Defense Language Institute]], located on the [[Presidio of Monterey, California]]; the [[Naval Postgraduate School]], on the site of a former resort hotel; the [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]] (a graduate school of [[Middlebury College]]); and [[Monterey Peninsula College]], part of the [[California Community Colleges system]]. The federal institutions (the Defense Language Institute (DLI) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)) are important employers in and strongly associated with the city.

[[California State University, Monterey Bay]] and the [[Monterey College of Law]] are located at the site of the former [[Fort Ord]] in neighboring [[Seaside, California|Seaside]]. CSU Monterey Bay has developed several programs in marine and watershed sciences.

The [[Monterey Peninsula Unified School District]] operates [[Monterey High School (Monterey, California)|a high school]], a middle school and three elementary schools.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Schools|url=http://www.mpusd.k12.ca.us/ourschools|publisher=[[Monterey Peninsula Unified School District]]|access-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920022014/http://www.mpusd.k12.ca.us/ourschools|archive-date=September 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Private schools include [[Santa Catalina School]] (girls, co-ed elementary and middle school) and [[Trinity Christian High School (Monterey)|Trinity Christian High School]] (co-ed).

== Notable people ==
* [[Mike Aldrete]], [[major league baseball]] player (1986–96); coach, [[St. Louis Cardinals]]
* [[Gina Aliotti]], [[International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness|IFBB]] professional figure champion
* [[John Whitby Allen]], model railroader
* [[Bruce Ariss]], artist 
* [[Jean Arthur]], actress
* [[Art Bell]], resident in the 1970s
* [[Tory Belleci]], ''[[MythBusters]]'' presenter
* [[Josh Billings]] ([[pen name]] of Henry Wheeler Shaw, 1818–1885<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 3, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 748.</ref>), second most famous humorist (after Mark Twain) of the mid-to-late 19th century; died at Monterey
* [[Lisa Bruce]], film producer
* [[Walter Colton]] (1797–1851), first Alcalde (mayor) of Monterey
* [[Juan B. R. Cooper]], rancher, merchant, land owner, builder of the Cooper-Molera Adobe
* [[Claude Crabb]] pro football player 1962 – 1968
* [[Nick Cunningham]], Team USA bobsledder; 2010–2014 Winter Olympian (2-Man & 4-Man)
* [[Peter J. Cutino]], educator and head coach of [[University of California, Berkeley]], water polo program
* [[Salvador Dalí]], artist; had a studio in the 1940s on the present-day [[Santa Catalina School]] grounds
* [[Doris Day]] (1922–2019), actress, singer.
* [[Olin Dutra]], 1934 [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]] [[golf]] champion
* [[Clint Eastwood]], film actor, Oscar-winning director, and producer<ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/clint-eastwood-9283502?page=3 Clint Eastwood Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529170219/http://www.biography.com/people/clint-eastwood-9283502?page=3 |date=May 29, 2013 }}. Biography.com (May 31, 1930). Retrieved on July 19, 2013.</ref>
* Darcie Edgemon, children's author
* [[Herman Edwards]], [[NFL]] player for [[Philadelphia Eagles]] (1977–1986); head coach with [[New York Jets]] (2001–2005) and [[Kansas City Chiefs]] (2006–2009); TV commentator
* [[Abe Espinosa]], professional golfer, winner of [[Western Open]]
* [[Chris Feigenbaum]], Puerto Rican international soccer player
* [[Joan Fontaine]], Oscar-winning actress, ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'', ''[[Suspicion (1941 film)|Suspicion]]''
* [[John W. Frost]], professional tennis player
* [[Percy Gray]], artist, early California [[impressionist]]
* [[Harry Ashland Greene]], businessman and philanthropist
* [[Milton B. Halsey]], U.S. Army major general<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |date=October 30, 1990 |title=Obituaries: Retired General Milton B. Halsey |url=https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings//njurvrklmpijdbjjzmyguepeyqptsovy_wma-gateway020_1694904732101 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |location=San Francisco, CA |page=B6 |via=[[GenealogyBank.com]] }}</ref>
* [[Richard Hamming]], mathematician whose work influenced [[computer science]] and [[telecommunications]]
* [[Lou Henry Hoover]] (1874–1944), wife of U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]]; First Lady of the United States, 1929–33<ref>Allen, Anne Beiser and Jon L. Wakelyn (2000). ''An independent woman: the life of Lou Henry Hoover''. Greenwood Press, p. 12.</ref>
* [[Pete Incaviglia]], [[major league baseball]] player (1986–98); manager, [[Grand Prairie AirHogs]] ([[minor league baseball]])
* [[Ron Johnson (wide receiver, born 1958)|Ron Johnson]], American football player
* [[Christopher Kasparek]], author, translator, physician
* [[Edward Kennedy (journalist)|Edward Kennedy]], journalist
* [[Gary Kildall]] (1942–1994), founder of [[Digital Research]], designer of the [[CP/M]] operating system, and teacher at the [[Naval Postgraduate School]]; lived in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] and later [[Pebble Beach]]
* Major General [[Walter E. Lauer]] (1893–1966), served in [[World War I]] and [[World War II|II]], commanded [[99th Infantry Division (United States)|99th Infantry Division]] in the [[Battle of the Bulge]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/27819/069_05.pdf;jsessionid=73D3B4E07C6A2412F6F9F85D0C7A8C9C?sequence=1
|journal=Cornell Alumni News 
|title=Necrology |date=December 1966
|access-date=October 22, 2020 |page=69
|quote=Ί9-Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer of 800 Via Mirada, Monterey, Calif., Oct. 15, 1966, commander of the 99th Infantry in Germany during World War II. He also had retired in 1946.}}</ref>
* [[Henry Littlefield]], author, historian, former headmaster of the [[York School (California)|York School]]
* [[Sondra Locke]] (1944–2018), Oscar-nominated actress, director
* [[James Lofton]], football player for [[Green Bay Packers]], [[Los Angeles Raiders]], [[Buffalo Bills]], [[Los Angeles Rams]], and [[Philadelphia Eagles]]; member of [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
* [[Jack London]] (1876–1916<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 17, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 700.</ref>), author
* [[Katerina Moutsatsou]], Greek actress
* [[Michael Nesmith]], member of the band [[The Monkees]], songwriter
* [[Kim Novak]], actress
* [[Leon Panetta]], [[Congressman]] (1977–93); [[White House Chief of Staff]] (1994–97); [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (2009–2011);   [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] (2011–2013)
* [[Wayne Rainey]], three-time [[500 cc Grand Prix]] champion (1990, 1991, 1992)
* [[Ed Ricketts]] (1897–1948), [[marine biologist]], pioneer [[ecologist]], influence on [[John Steinbeck]] and [[Joseph Campbell]]
* [[Moqut Ruffins]], American football player
* [[Allison Scagliotti]], actress
* [[Charles R. Schwab]], businessman
* [[Jean Bruce Scott]], actress
* [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] (1820–1891<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 24, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 706.</ref>), later [[U.S. Civil War]] Union general, lived in Monterey 1847–49.
* [[Vera Steadman]], actress
* [[John Steinbeck]] (1902–1968<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 25, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 674.</ref>), Nobel Prize-winning author of ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' and ''[[Of Mice and Men]]''
* [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] (1850–1894<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 25, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 707.</ref>)), Scottish author of ''[[The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]'' and ''[[Treasure Island]]''; stayed in Monterey, 1879
* [[Jeremy Sumpter]], actor
* [[Edward Weston]] (1886–1958<ref>''[[The Encyclopedia Americana]]'', vol. 28, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, p. 669.</ref>), photographer
* [[Douglas Yeo]], bass trombonist, Boston Symphony Orchestra (1985–2012)
* [[Frank Zappa]], composer and musician<ref>{{Cite news
| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-06-mn-64545-story.html
| title = Frank Zappa, Iconoclast of Rock, Dies at 52
| last = FELDMAN
| first = PAUL
| date = December 6, 1993
| newspaper = Los Angeles Times
| language = en-US
| issn = 0458-3035
| access-date = February 28, 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110527060244/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-06/news/mn-64545_1_frank-zappa
| archive-date = May 27, 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of sister cities in California}}
Monterey is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities|url=https://monterey.org/About-Monterey/Community-Partnerships/Sister-Cities|publisher=City of Monterey|access-date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=April 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120655/https://monterey.org/About-Monterey/Community-Partnerships/Sister-Cities|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Dubrovnik]], Croatia (2006)
*[[Isola delle Femmine]], Italy (2017)
*[[Cervia]], Italy (2014)
*[[Kuşadası]], Turkey (2007)
*[[Lankaran]], Azerbaijan (2011)
*[[Lleida]], Spain (1980)
*[[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]], Japan (1995)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Monterey Bay Area}}
* [[Coastal California]]
* "[[Monterey (Eric Burdon and the Animals song)|Monterey]]", a famous song by [[Eric Burdon & The Animals]]
* [[Hula's Island Grill]]
* [[Montrio Bistro]]
* [[macOS Monterey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last=Rolle |first=Andrew |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13333829 |title=California: A History |publisher=Harlan Davidson |year=1987 |isbn=0-88295-839-9 |edition=4th |location=Arlington Heights, IL |oclc=13333829}}

== Further reading ==

* Augusta Fink, ''Monterey: The Presence of the Past'', Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California (1972) {{ISBN|978-87-7010-720-4}}
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo71635 ''California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Monterey, California,''] U.S. Geological Survey (2015)
* ''City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Master Plan'', City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Department (1986)
* * {{cite book|last=De Marco|first=Miguel Ángel|year=2002|title=Corsarios Argentinos|place=Buenos Aires|language=es|isbn=950-49-0944-2}}
* ''Environmental Hazards Element, city of Monterey'', A part of the General Plan, February 1977
* ''Flora and Fauna Resources: City of Monterey General Plan Technical Study'', prepared for City of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., November 2, 1977
* ''General Plan, the City of Monterey'', (1980)
* Helen Spangenberg, ''Yesterday's Artists of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey museum of Art'' (1976)
* ''Prehistoric Sources Technical Study'', prepared for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., May 23, 1977

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Monterey, California}}
{{Wikivoyage|Monterey (California)|Monterey, California}}

* {{Official website}}
* {{cite web|title=Monterey|url=https://www.c-span.org/series/?citiesTour&city=720|publisher=[[C-SPAN]] Cities Tour|date=December 2015}}

{{Geographic location
 | Centre = Monterey
 | North = ''[[Monterey Bay]]''
 | Northeast = [[Sand City, California|Sand City]], [[Seaside, California|Seaside]]
 | South = [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|Carmel-By-The-Sea]]
 | East  = [[Corral de Tierra, California|Corral de Tierra (unincorporated)]], [[Del Rey Oaks, California|Del Rey Oaks]]
 | Southeast =
 | Southwest =
 | Northwest = [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]]
 | West = [[Del Monte Forest, California|Del Monte Forest (CDP)]]
}}
{{Monterey Bay Area|state=collapsed}}
{{Cities of Monterey County, California}}

{{California}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monterey, California| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Monterey County, California]]
[[Category:Monterey Bay]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in California]]
[[Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States]]
[[Category:Former state capitals in the United States|California]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1770]]
[[Category:1770 in The Californias]]
[[Category:1770 establishments in The Californias]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1890]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]]